English to Quapaw Dictionary

S

saber - scarf	scarlet - seeds	seesaw  -  shaman	shame - shore
short - sigh	sight - sitting	six - slivers	slow - soak
soap - soul	sound - spits	splash - stands	star - stockings
stomach - stretching	stride - Sunday	sunrise - syrup

 

slow, be late, to delay

► o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow, be late, to delay ► oⁿ-sti-te (ǫ́stitte) - I, o-di-sti-te (ódistítte) - you

► o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow [AG]

► ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te ni-kʰe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikʰé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

► Dhegiha: o-shtsu-tse (ošcúuce) - slowpoke, slow person, pokey one [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-sniⁿ-de (wasnińde) - delay [JOD-Omaha]; wa-sni-de (waçnide) - tardy, late [Omaha]; wa-stu-dse (wa-çtú-dse) - slow movements, slow walking or moving [FL-Osage]; wa-stsu-tse (wascúuce) - slow, pokey, slowly, late, overdue [CQ-Osage]

 

slow, go easy

► i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately; i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; ni-he (nihé) - imperative plural; hne (hné) - habitual aspect with female declarative

► Dhegiha: i-gi-thi-gthoⁿ (í-gi-thi-gthoⁿ) - to decide or plan for another, to have control of another [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one's mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

 

slowly, sing dancing songs slowly

► i-ni-da-he xo-ka (ínidáhe xókka) - sing dancing songs slowly ► i-ni-da-he a-xo-ka (ínidáhe axókka) - I, i-ni-da-he da-xo-ka (ínidáhe daxókka) - you

► cf. xo-ka (xókka) - sing dancing songs

► Dhegiha: xu-ka (qúka) - to sing when others dance, to sing a dancing song [Omaha/Ponca]; xo-ʰka (xóʰka) - sing dancing songs, singers and drummers, all singers of dancing songs [CQ-Osage]

 

small beads

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ si zhi-ka (waną́ʔį sížiká) - small beads

► cf. wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads; necklace, necktie, neckerchief, “something worn around the neck”; si (si) - seed, pit, grain, kernel; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, a general word used for all ornaments [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si (si) - seed [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - pit [Omaha]; si (si) - seed, in general; a seed [JOD-Omaha]; si (çi), su (çu) - seed [FL-Osage]; su (súu) - seed, pit, kernel [CQ-Osage]

 

► iⁿ-to-ska (įttóska) - beads, small white beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska sa (įttoská sa) - black beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska to (įttoská tto) - blue beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska zi (įttoská zi) - yellow beads

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-ska (híⁿskǎ) - beads [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿçka) - bead [Omaha]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿ-çká) - hiⁿ, modification of the word iⁿ, stone; ska, white, this is the word applied to beads of all colors by the Osage and Omaha [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hį́įska) - beads [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿska) - beads [Kaw]

 

small lake, pond

► te zhi-ka (te žíka) - pond, small lake [ASG]

► cf. te (te) - lake zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young; te taⁿ-ka (te ttą́ka) - large lake [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ne (né) - lake [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse), dse (dse) - a lake, small inland body of water [FL-Osage]; je (je) - lake [Kaw]

 

small mysterious ones, dwarfs

► wa-kaⁿ-ta-ke zhi-ka (wakką́ttáke žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small mysterious ones”

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta-ki (wakką́ttakí) - spirit, God, the supreme ruler, the white man’s God [JOD]; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young; pa-hi-ska zhi-ka (ppahíska žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small ones with white hair”

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi (wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi) - sacred, mysterious, holy, anything held sacred; a person who has knowledge of medicine, a doctor, a physician; one who pretends to communicate with the dead, a necromancer, occult, magic [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta-ki (waʰkǫ́taki) - doctor, physician, healer, minister of a religious group, preacher [CQ-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (wakáⁿdagi) - sacred, mysterious; doctor, medicine man; wonderful, mysterious; sacred; sometimes translated as “mysterious” but on the whole, it corresponds to the English concept of “sacred” [Kaw]

 

small objects, collect small objects in a group

► sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group

► cf. a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in

► Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-tʰe-the (itʰéthe) - to put or place, make stand: usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [Omaha/Ponca]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to place away [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

small objects, collect small objects in a heap

► sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap ► sto-de-a-zhi (stodéaží) - I, sto-de-da-zhi (stodédaží) - you, sto-de-oⁿ-zhi-we (stodéǫžíwe) - we

► cf. sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; put small objects onto something that serves as a platform; o-zhi (oží) - put into something

► Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

 

small ones with white hair, dwarfs

► pa-hi ska zhi-ka (ppahíska žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small ones with white hair”

► cf. pa-hi ska (ppahíska) - white head; bald eagle; name of Pawhuska, OK; pa-hi (ppahí) - head; ska (ska) - white; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young; wa-kaⁿ-ta-ke zhi-ka (wakką́ttáke žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small mysterious ones”

► Dhegiha: pa-hi-ska (pahíska) - head; hair; white (buffalo when shoulder hair is shed), male name [Omaha]; pa-hi-ska (pahískă) - personal name, white hair of the head [Omaha/Ponca]

ʰpa-hiu-ska (p̣a-hiú-çka) - white hair, personal name, refers to the sacred white buffalo [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-hiⁿ-ska (ʰpahį́įska) - Pawhuska, lit., “white head hair, white hair (of the head) [CQ-Osage]; pa-hu-ska taⁿ-ga (pahúska táⁿga) - Large one with White Hair, White Hair, Sr., male name [Kaw]

 

small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits

► wa-sa i-ba-xdo-xdo (wasá íbaxdoxdó) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits [JOD]

► cf. wa-sa (wasá) - black bear; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; i-ba-xdo (íbaxdo) - stuck in him [JOD]; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, lit. “something to stick food with”; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó), ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus plant; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear

► ex: wa-sa i-ba-xto-xto we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wasá íbaxtoxtó wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks with the fat around it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (ba-q¢ú) - to punch a hole in meat, put on both sides of a horse, to be carried, fastening an end of a cord to each hole; to pierce; to punch holes in moccasins [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

 

small pieces, cut into small pieces with knife

► pa-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (pášǫšǫ) - cut into small pieces with knife ► pa-a-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (páašǫšǫ) - I, pa-da-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (pádašǫšǫ) - you

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ) - round, spherical; di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (dišǫ́šǫ) - mould spherical with hands

► ex: e-shoⁿ ta ke pa-shoⁿ-shoⁿ naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttá ke pášǫšǫ́ ną, iyá) - so he cut the meat into small pieces with a knife, it is said [JOD]

 

small pieces, dice or cut into small pieces

► pa-shpa-shpa (pášpašpa) - dice, cut into small pieces ► pa-a-shpa-shpa (páašpášpa) - I, pa-da-shpa-shpa (pádašpášpa) - you

► cf. pa-shpe (pašpé) - cut out a piece with a knife, to cut it out with a knife (that portion) [JOD]

di-shpe (dišpé) - pull off something adhering; di-shpa-shpa (dišpášpa) - tear into pieces; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment

► Dhegiha: ma-shpa-shpa (máshpashpa) - to cut off many large pieces with a knife or saw [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-shpa-shpa (bá-shpa-shpa) - to cut an apple or a potato into many pieces with a knife [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ma-shpe (máshpe) - to cut off a large piece with a knife or handsaw [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-shpe (bá-shpe) - to cut a piece of fruit or vegetable with a knife [FL-Osage]; pa-shpe (paašpé), pa-shpu (paašpú) - cut corn, fresh corn cut off the cob [CQ-Osage]; ba-shpe (báshpe) - cut off a piece of something with a knife or saw [Kaw]; ba-shpe (bashpé) - push off a piece of something; push a piece off of the edge of an object by holding the end of a stick or something similar firmly against it [Kaw]

 

small puffy clouds

► ma-xpi ka-xde-xde (maxpí kaxdéxde) - small puffy clouds

► cf. ma-xpi (maxpí) - cloud; ka-xde-xde (kaxdéxde) - smash, break something brittle; ka-xde (kaxdé) - smash, break a brittle object

► Dhegiha: ma-xpi (maqpí) - cloud [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-xpi (moⁿ-xpí) - clouds; low clouds; thunder clouds [Omaha]; ma-xpi (ma-qpí) - cloud; clouds [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-xpi (moⁿ-xpí) - cloud; cloudy [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xpu (mą́xpu), moⁿ-xpu (mǫ́xpu) - cloud, cloudy [CQ-Osage]; ma-xpu (maxpú), maⁿ-xpu (maⁿxpú), mo-xpu (moxpú) - cloud; clouds; be cloudy [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-xthe-xthe-ge (ga-xthé-xthe-ge) - to crack into small pieces [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xthe-ge (ga-xthé-ge) - to crack something brittle like glass, china, or stone [FL-Osage]; ka-le-ke (kaaléke) - shatter or break, shatter by striking or by sudden movement, fracture; crack, break, be broken [CQ-Osage]; ga-xle-ge (gaxlége) - smash or break a solid, hard object, such as an egg, glass, ice, stone, wood, or bone [Kaw]

 

small string

► wa-hi-oⁿ zhi-ka (wahíǫ žíka), wa-hi-oⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (wahíǫ žį́ka) - small string

► wa-hi-oⁿ zhi-ka (wahíǫ žíka) - little rope, string [MS]

► cf. wa-hi-oⁿ (wahíǫ) - string, thread, lariat; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; ni-ka wa-hi-oⁿ (níkka wahíǫ) - rope; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph

 

small town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - small town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► cf. taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą), toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą) - town, village; toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-waⁿ (táⁿ-waⁿ) - a cluster of lodges, a camp, village, or Indian town [JOD-Omaha]; toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town; cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - a town or city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

small white beads

► iⁿ-to-ska (įttóska) - beads, small white beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska sa (įttoská sa) - black beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska to (įttoská tto) - blue beads

► ex: iⁿ-to-ska zi (įttoská zi) - yellow beads

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-ska (híⁿskǎ) - beads [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿçka) - bead [Omaha]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿ-çká) - hiⁿ, modification of the word iⁿ, stone; ska, white, this is the word applied to beads of all colors by the Osage and Omaha [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hį́įska) - beads [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿska) - beads [Kaw]

 

small, how big or small

► ha-na-ska (hánaská) - how big/small, what size

► cf. ha-na-ska-ska (hánaskáska) - how big (is) each; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big (is) each; ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big; de-na-ska (denaská) - size, of this size; e-naⁿ-ska (enąska) - size, of a certain; ka-na-ska (kanaská) - size, of that size; kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - size, of equal or like; koi-na-ska (kóinaská) - size of that distant object; miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size; she-na-ska (šenaská) - size, big enough, of that size

► ex: ti tʰe ha-naⁿ-ska e (tti tʰe hánąska e) - how big is the house?

► Dhegiha: a-thoⁿ-ska (athoⁿçka) - size [Omaha]; ha-thoⁿ-ska (há-thoⁿ-çka) - size as measurement [FL-Osage]; ha-tha-skaⁿ (háaðaską) - how big, how small [CQ-Osage]; ha-yaⁿ-ska (háyaⁿska), ha-yoⁿ-ska (háyoⁿska) - how big, what size? [Kaw]

 

small, little, young

► zhi-ka (žíka), (žiká), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka), (žįká), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young ► aⁿ-zhi-ka (ąžíka) - I, di-zhi-ka (dižíka) - you

► zhi-ka (žíka) - little, small [MS, AG, OM]

► zhi-ka (zhíka), zhiⁿ-ka (zhinká) - small, young [ASG]

► zhi-ka (jikkah) - small [GI]

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - small, little, child, young, cub [Omaha/Ponca]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿga) - small, little [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿ-gá) - small, little, young, little children [FL-Osage]; zhiⁿ (žį), zhiⁿ-ka (žįká) - a little, small amount of something, small, little, be little, small, children, little ones, kids [CQ-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - be small; small, the young of an animal, a child [Kaw]

 

small, make small

► di-zhiⁿ-ka (dižį́ka) - lessen, diminish, make small ► bdi-zhiⁿ-ka (bdížįka) - I, ti-zhiⁿ-ka (ttížįka) - you

► cf. di (di) - cause by using the hands; general causative; by hand, pulling; zhi-ka (žíka), (žiká), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka), (žįká), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: thi-zhiⁿ-ga (¢i-jíñ-ga) - to hold in the hand and press into a small compass [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-zhiⁿ-ga (thizhiⁿga) - condense, make small [Omaha]

 

smaller part, something small

► o-zhi-ka (ožíka), o-zhiⁿ-ka (óžįká) - smaller part, something small

► cf. zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young

► ex: a o-zhiⁿ-ka (á ožįka) - arm below elbow, forearm

► ex: de-ze o-zhi-ka (déze ožíka) - pharynx

► Dhegiha: u-zhiⁿ-ge (u-zhiⁿ-ge) - when it is yet small; the new moon [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a u-zhiⁿ-ga (á-u-zhiⁿ-ga) - lower or forearm, from the elbow down to the wrist [FL-Osage]; a o-zhiⁿ-ga (áozhiⁿga) - arm below the elbow, radius [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shi-be u-zhiⁿ-ga (shíbe uzhíⁿga) - small intestine [Omaha/Ponca]; shi-be u-zhiⁿ-ga (shíbe uzhiⁿga) - small imtestine [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be hi u-zhiⁿ-ga (noⁿbe hi uzhiⁿga) - little finger [Omaha]; noⁿ-be u-zhiⁿ-ga (noⁿ-be u-zhíⁿ-ga) - little finger [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-bo-zhiⁿ-ga (naⁿbóhiⁿga) - little finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sha-ge u-zhiⁿ-ga (shá-ge u-zhiⁿ-ga) - the small finger; the little finger [FL-Osage]; sha-ge u-zhiⁿ-ga (sháge ozhíⁿga) - the little finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-ʰkoⁿ u-zhiⁿ-ga (hí-ḳoⁿ u-zhiⁿ-ga) - ankle, small one [FL-Osage]; hu-kaⁿ o-zhiⁿ-ga (húkaⁿ ozhíⁿga) - lower part of the leg just above the ankle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi u-zhiⁿ-ga (sipáhi uzhíⁿga) - little toe [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa u-zhiⁿ-ga (çi-pá u-zhiⁿ-ga) - all the toes [FL-Osage]

 

smaller than the others

► a-ma-ka-ke (ámakaké) - smaller than the others [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-spe a-ma-ka-ke a-ki-te naⁿ kde, i-ya-we (į́spe ámakaké ákitte ną́ kdé, iyáwe) - ax/smaller than the others/she took hers in her arm/when/she started homeward/they say [JOD]

 

smallpox, smallpox pustules

► bnaⁿ-se (bną́se) - smallpox, smallpox pustules

► cf. bnaⁿ-se ’oⁿ (bną́se ʔǫ) - to have smallpox

► ex: bnaⁿ-se wa-ki-za aⁿ-ni-ke (bną́se wakkíza ą́nike) - I’m covered with smallpox

 

smallpox, to have smallpox

► bnaⁿ-se ’oⁿ (bną́se ʔǫ) - to have smallpox

► cf. bnaⁿ-se (bną́se) - smallpox, smallpox pustules;’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - have (as a disease), be, do, use

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ (ǫ́ǫ) - suffer from, have an illness, be sick from; wear use [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do [Kaw]

 

smash or break a brittle object

► ka-xde (kaxdé) - smash, break a brittle object ► a-xde (áxde) - I, da-xde (dáxde) - you

► cf. xte-xte (xtéxte) - disorderly (mass), broken up

► Dhegiha: ga-xthe-ge (ga-xthé-ge) - to crack something brittle like glass, china, or stone [FL-Osage]; ka-le-ke (kaaléke) - shatter or break (eg., glass), shatter by striking or sudden movement, fracture (e.g., one’s skull) [CQ-Osage]; ga-xle-ge (gaxlége) - smash or break a solid, hard object, such as an egg, glass, ice, stone, wood, or bone [Kaw]

 

► ka-xde-xde (kaxdéxde) - smash, break something brittle ► a-xde-xde (áxdexde) - I, da-xde-xde (dáxdexde) - you

► cf. ka-xde (kaxdé) - smash, break a brittle object; xte-xte (xtéxte) - disorderly (mass), broken up

 

smash or break glass

► di-xde-xde (dixdéxde) - break glass, smash ► bdi-xde-xde (bdíxdexde) - I, ti-xde-xde (ttíxdexde) - you

► cf. xte-xte (xtéxte) - disorderly (mass), broken up; ka-xde-xde (kaxdéxde) - smash, break something brittle; ma-xpi ka-xde-xde (maxpí kaxdéxde) - small puffy clouds; ka-xde (kaxdé) - smash, break a brittle object

► Dhegiha: thi-xthe-xthe-ge (thi-xthé-xthe-ge) - to shatter glass or other brittle substances with the hand [FL-Osage]; thu-le-ke (ðuuléke) - cause to break, cause to shatter, break or shatter with the hands (e.g., a dish, an egg, a light bulb, a window) [CQ-Osage]; yu-xle-ge (yuxlége) - crack something like an egg [Kaw]

 

smell bad

► bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad ► bdaⁿ aⁿ-shi-ke (bdą ą́šike) - I, bdaⁿ di-shi-ke (bdą dišíke) - you, bdaⁿ wa-shi-ka-we (bdą wášikáwe) - we

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly; bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ pi-a-zhi (bthoⁿ piazhi) - bad odor [Omaha]; bthoⁿ pi-zhi (bthóⁿ pi-zhi) - an offensive smell [FL-Osage]; braⁿ ʰpi-zhi (brą ʰpíiži) - it smells bad [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ pi-zhi (blaⁿ pízhi) - smell bad, emit a bad odor [Kaw]

 

smell bad

► xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink [MS]

► ex: si xwiⁿ (si xwį) - stink feet [OM]

► ex: ni xwiⁿ (ni xwį) - sulphur spring water [OM]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną iyáwe, “hǫhǫ, xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-a-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-bde, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te (šą́įtte, xwį́ nįkʰé páašpe ną ǫbdé, ną hóttą tte) - well, when I cut out the bad/offensive smelling part and I throw it away, then it will be good [JOD]

► ex: “shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te,” i-yi (“šą́įtte, xwį nįkʰe pášpe ną ǫde, ną hóttą tte,” iyí) - well, when the bad/offensive smelling part is cut out and thrown away, then it will be good, he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

 

► zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - offensive smell, strong smell

► ex: to-si zaⁿ-ze (tosí zą́ze) - armpit odor

► ex: zaⁿ-ze hi! (zązé hi!) - offensive odor/very [JOD]

► ex: zaⁿ-ze hi! (zązé hi!) - you very malodorous one! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zaⁿ-ze (záⁿ-ze) - applicable to the strong odor of a negro, goat, buck, or that of a male of the black-tailed deer during the rutting season [JOD-Omaha]; zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-ze (zoⁿze) - stink [Omaha]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]

 

smell good

► bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good ► bdaⁿ aⁿ-ho-taⁿ (bdą ą́hottą) - I, bdaⁿ di-ho-taⁿ (bdą dihóttą) - you, bdaⁿ wa-ho-taⁿ-we (bdą wáhottą́we) - we

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ u-doⁿ (bthoⁿ udoⁿ) - good odor [Omaha]; bthaⁿ u-daⁿ (b¢áⁿ údaⁿ) - a good odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ tha-gthiⁿ (bthoⁿ-thá-gthiⁿ) - odor smell good, fragrance, pleasing odor [FL-Osage]; braⁿ tha-liⁿ (brą ðáalį) - it smells good [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ ya-li (blaⁿ yali) - smell good, emit a good odor [Kaw]

 

smell like decayed vegetables

► xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables

► cf. xdi (xdi) - mucous, pus, corruption; bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor

 

smell of something burning

► ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor

► Dhegiha: da-bthoⁿ (dá-bthoⁿ) - to smell something cooking or burning [FL-Osage]; ta-braⁿ (táabrą) - dmell from heating or body heat, emanate an odor while being heated, as in cooking/burning, refers to either a good or bad odor [CQ-Osage]; da-bla (dáblaⁿ) - smell, give off a burning odor, give off a smell due to burning, as gum or cedar [Kaw]

 

smell something, inhale something

► o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something ► o-bdi-bnaⁿ (obdíbną) - I, o-ti-bnaⁿ (ottíbną) - you

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands)

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - he sniffed/smelt [JOD]

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ, i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną, iyáwe, “hǫhǫ xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► ex: o-wa-di-bnaⁿ (ówadíbną) - he smelled them [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - scent an odor, smell an odor, inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, lit., “wherein one causes there to emanate an odor” [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

 

smell with hands

► di-bnaⁿ (dibną), di-bnaⁿ (dibdą́) - smell (hands) ► bdi-bnaⁿ (bdíbną) - I, ti-bnaⁿ (ttíbną) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: yu-blaⁿ (yubláⁿ) - to get the odor of onions, etc. on the hands from handling them; to make grass, etc. smell by handling it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - scent an odor, smell an odor, inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, literally, wherein one causes there to emanate an odor [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, emit odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - odor, scent [FL-Osage]; braⁿ (brą́) - smell, emanate an odor, give off a fragrance, scent [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ (blaⁿ) - smell, odor, emit an odor, exhale [Kaw]

 

smell, emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną) - smell [OM]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ, pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą, ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną, iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good

► ex: bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad

► ex: di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands)

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something

► ex: ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► ex: xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, emit odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, fumes, odor [Omaha]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - odor, scent [FL-Osage]; braⁿ (brą́) - smell, emanate an odor, give off a fragrance, scent [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ (blaⁿ), bloⁿ (bloⁿ) - smell, odor, exhale or emit an odor [Kaw]

 

smell, offensive or strong smell

► zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - offensive smell, strong smell

► ex: to-si zaⁿ-ze (tosí zą́ze) - armpit odor

► ex: zaⁿ-ze hi! (zązé hi!) - offensive odor/very [JOD]

► ex: zaⁿ-ze hi! (zązé hi!) - you very malodorous one! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zaⁿ-ze (záⁿ-ze) - applicable to the strong odor of a negro, goat, buck, or that of a male of the black-tailed deer during the rutting season [JOD-Omaha]; zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-ze (zoⁿze) - stink [Omaha]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]

 

smile, laugh

► i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile ► i-da-xa (idáxa) - I, i-da-xa (ídaxa) - you

► i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile [MS, AG]

► i-xa (ich-hah) - laugh, laughter (rire) [GI]

► i-xa (íxa) - laugh [ASG]

► cf. i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much; i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► ex: i-da-xa (idáxa), i-da-xa miⁿ-kʰe (idáxa mįkʰé) - I laugh [ASG]

► ex: i-da-xa koⁿ-bda a-ni-he (idáxa kkǫbdá ánihé) - I wanted to laugh [JOD]

► ex: i-da-xa-zhi (idáxaží) - I laugh not [JOD]

► ex: i-da-xa naⁿ o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ i-da-xa-zhi i-yi (idáxa ną ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį́, idáxa-ží iyí) - I thought, if I laugh the man eater will see/find me, I didn't laugh, she said [JOD]

► ex: i-xa-zhi (ixaží) - he/she laugh not [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe i-xa koⁿ-da niⁿ-kʰe e-ni-te o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ i-da-xa-zhi (waxʔó nįkʰe íxa kǫ́da nįkʰe énitte, ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį idáxa-ži) - the woman wanted to laugh, although she thought he will see/find me, I won't laugh [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-xa (íkixa) - laughing at her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa (íqa) - laugh, laugh at, to laugh, to laugh at someone or something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-xa (íxa) - chuckle, giggle, laugh, smile [Omaha]; i-xa (í-xa) - to laugh, to titter [FL-Osage]; i-xa (íixa) - laugh, laugh at [CQ-Osage]; i-xa (íxa) - laugh; smile [Kaw]

 

smoke

► sho-te (šótte) - smoke

► sho-te (šótte) - smoke [MS]

► sho-te (šótte) - smoke [ASG]

► cf. ni sho-te (níšótte) - Missouri River [ASG]; ma-sho-te (mašótte) - fog; ma-sho-sho-te (mášošótte) - dust; i-ka-sho-te (íkašótte) - blizzard; a-ka-sho-te (ákašótte) - to have fine dust blown upon one

► Dhegiha: shu-de (shúde) - smoke [Omaha/Ponca]; shu-de (shude) - smoky; smoke, as a fire [Omaha]; shu-de (cú-de) - to smoke, as a fire; smoke [JOD-Omaha]; sho-dse (shó-dse) - smoke [FL-Osage]; sho-tse (šóce) - smoke, smoky, dingy, gray [CQ-Osage]; sho-je (shóje) - smoke, fog, to smoke [Kaw]

 

smoke hole

► ti-ho-kaⁿ (ttíhokką) - smoke hole

► cf. ti-ho-kaⁿ i-da-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką idákabnį) - smoke hole flaps; ti-ho-kaⁿ a-kabniⁿ (ttíhokką ákabnį) - to close the triangular ends of the tent skins forming the smoke-hole

► Dhegiha: ti-hu-koⁿ (tíhukoⁿ) - smoke hole at the top of a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-hu-koⁿ (ti hukoⁿ) - stovepipe, smoke hole, flue chimney [Omaha]; ʰtsi-hu-ʰkoⁿ (ṭsí-hu-ḳoⁿ) - smoke hole of a tent or lodge, smoke vent [FL-Osage]; tsi-ho-ka (cíhoka) - smoke hole of a lodge, chimney [Kaw]

 

smoke hole flaps

► ti-ho-kaⁿ i-da-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką idákabnį) - smoke hole flaps

► cf. ti-ho-kaⁿ (ttíhokką) - smoke hole; a-ka-bniⁿ (ákabnį) - cover, hang down evenly over an object

► ex: ti-ho-kaⁿ a-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką ákabnį) - to close the triangular ends of the tent skins forming the smoke-hole

► Dhegiha: ti hu-ga-bthiⁿ tha (ti hugabthiⁿ tha) - smoke flaps [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ti hu-koⁿ (ti hukoⁿ) - stovepipe, smoke hole, flue chimney [Omaha]; ti-hu-koⁿ (tíhukoⁿ) - smoke hole at the top of a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-hu-ʰkoⁿ (ṭsí-hu-ḳoⁿ) - smoke hole of a tent or lodge, this was generally made in the top of the tent or lodge, so that the smoke in rising would pass out [FL-Osage]; tsi-ho-ka (cíhoka) - smoke hole of a lodge, chimney [Kaw]

 

smoke hole, chimney

► sho-ti-o-he-de (šóttiohéde) - smoke hole, chimney

► cf. sho-te (šótte) - smoke

 

smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar

► xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► cf. xoⁿ-te (xǫtté) - cedar; o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-tso-thi-bra (xǫǫcóðibra) - xoⁿ-tse (xǫ́ǫce) + o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą), smoke cedar, cause cedar to smoke, smell cedar, smoke a house with cedar or use in a peyote meeting to smoke a person [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-dse (xóⁿ-dse) - the red cedar [FL-Osage]; xoⁿ-tse (xǫ́ǫce) - cedar [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-je (xóⁿje) - cedar, the red [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - scent an odor, smell an odor, inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, lit., “wherein one causes there to emanate an odor” [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

 

smoke, to smoke

► ki-ta-ni (kitáni) - to smoke [JOD]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco

► ex: ki-ta-ni (kitáni) - he smoked [JOD]

► ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

 

► a-ta-ni (atáni), a-ta-ni a-ni-he (atáni anihé) - I smoke [ASG]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; a-ni-he (anihé) - 1^st person singular continuative aux moving

 

smoke, tobacco smoke

► ta-ni sho-te (taní šótte) - tobacco smoke [AB, OM]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; sho-te (šótte) - smoke

 

smoke, yellowed by smoke

► sho-te ta-zi (šótte ttázi) - soot, yellowed by smoke

► cf. sho-te (šótte) - smoke; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; zi (zi) - yellow; hiⁿ-ta-zi (hįttazí) - brown, oak colored

► Dhegiha: shu-de na-zi (cú-de-na-zi) - “turned yellow or brown by smoke”; soot [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: shu-de (shúde) - smoke [Omaha/Ponca]; shu-de (shude) - smoky; smoke, as a fire [Omaha]; shu-de (cú-de) - to smoke, as a fire; smoke [JOD-Omaha]; sho-dse (shó-dse) - smoke [FL-Osage]; sho-tse (šóce) - smoke, smoky, dingy, gray [CQ-Osage]; sho-je (shóje) - smoke, fog, to smoke [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: da-zi-hi (dá-çi-hi) - burned yellow; smoke tanned; to burn a stick until it becomes yellow [FL-Osage]; ta-zi-hi (taazíhi) - brown, become brown by application of heat; be browned, fried [CQ-Osage]; da-zi-hi (dázihi) - to become yellow; become grayish-yellow [Kaw]

 

smooth out, as feathers

► ka-sto-de (kastóde) - smooth out, as feathers ► a-sto-de (ástode) - I, da-sto-de (dástode) - you

► cf. di-sto-de (distóde) - flatten from pulling something

 

smooth, a smooth place

► o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► ex: pe o-shta (ppé oštá) - forehead

► ex: o-shta-ti (oštátti) - at a smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta wa-sh’a-ke (oštá wašʔaké) - very large smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth [JOD-Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless; destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

 

smooth, bald, bare

► shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► ex: a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house

► ex: ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane

► ex: di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand

► ex: kaⁿ-te shta (kkątté šta) - plum

► ex: siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, “smooth/bald tail”

► ex: siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “grey smooth/bald tail”

► ex: ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head

► ex: shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded

► ex: a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top

► ex: a-ni shta-shta-ha (ani štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► ex: naⁿ-ka-a-knaⁿ shta-ha (ną́kkakną štahá) - side saddle, “saddle-smooth” [JOD]

► ex: o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]

► ex: pe o-shta (ppé oštá) - forehead

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth [JOD-Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless; destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

 

smooth, rounded

► shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded

► cf. shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► ex: naⁿ-ka-a-knaⁿ shta-ha (ną́kkakną štahá) - side saddle, “saddle-smooth” [JOD]

► ex: a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top

► ex: a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► Dhegiha: zhna-ha (zhnahá) - smooth, slippery [Omaha/Ponca]; shna-ha (shnáha) - slippery, smooth [Omaha]; shna-ha (c͓na-há) - smooth, slippery [JOD-Omaha]; shta-ha (shtá-ha), shda-ha (shdá-ha) - slick, smooth [FL-Osage]; shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta-ha (shtáha) - smooth, slippery, slick [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth [JOD-Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless, destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - root smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

 

smooth, rub smooth

► bi-kʰa (bikʰá) - rub smooth ► pi-kʰa (ppíkʰa) - I, shpi-kʰa (špíkʰa) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing

► Dhegiha: bi-ka (bika) - wipe; dust [Omaha]; bi-ka (bi-k͓á) - to rub; to wipe, as with a towel or a wisp of grass [JOD-Omaha]; bi-ka (bi-ká) - to efface; to erase; to obliterate; to wipe out [FL-Osage]; pu-kxa (púkxa) - rub or wipe to efface, obliterate, erase, clean off or dust off by wiping, dry by wiping [CQ-Osage]; bu-kha (bukhá) - wipe, erase [Kaw]

 

smoothe, plane, sand

► ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane ► pa-shta (ppášta) - I, shpa-shta (špášta) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► Dhegiha: ba-shta (ba-shtá) - coneflower; a hair cut [FL-Osage]; ba-shta (bashtá) - scrape hair from a hide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-shta-ha (ba-shtá-ha) - to polish, wood or stone [FL-Osage]; ba-shta-ha (bashtáha) - plane or stretch something smooth; to be swollen till free from wrinkles, till smooth [Kaw]

 

► di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand ► bdi-shta (bdíšta) - I, ti-shta (ttíšta) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► Dhegiha: thi-shna (thishna) - pluck [Omaha]; thu-shta (thu-shtá) - to pluck, as a fowl [FL-Osage]; thu-shta (ðuuštá) - make bald or bare, jerk someone’s hair out; dunude [CQ-Osage]; thu-shta-ha (ðuuštáha) - iron [CQ-Osage]; yu-shta (yushtá) - pull out, as weeds; pluck out, as whiskers [Kaw]

 

Snake gens (clan)

► we-s’a e-ni-ʰka-shi-ka (wésʔa énikkašíka) - the Serpent gens, obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► we-s’a ni-ʰka-shi-ka (wésʔa nikkašíka) - Snake people [ASG]

► cf. we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people

 

snake with a head at each end about 18 inches long

► we-s’a pa-kdaⁿ-ka-haⁿ (wésʔa pákdąkkahą́) - snake with a head at each end about 18 inches long; rarely seen

► cf. we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake; pa (pa) - head; a-kdaⁿ-ka-haⁿ (ákdąkkahą́) - both sides

► Dhegiha: a-gthoⁿ-ga-hoⁿ (agthoⁿgahoⁿ) - both sides [Omaha]; a-gthaⁿ-kaⁿ-haⁿ (a-g¢añ́-k͓aⁿ-haⁿ) - on both sides [JOD-Omaha]; a-loⁿ-ka-ha (alóⁿkaha) - on both sides [Kaw]

 

snake, garter snake

► we-s’a i-shta-xe (wésʔa ištáxe) - garter snake

► cf. we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake; i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - frenchman, whiteman

► Dhegiha: we-s’a (wés’a) - snake, serpent [Omaha/Ponca]; we-s’a (wéç’a) - snake, serpent [Omaha]; we-s’a (wĕ́-s’ă) - a serpent, a snake [JOD-Omaha]; we-ʰts’a (wé-ṭs’a) - reptile, snake [FL-Osage]; we-ts’a (wécʔa) - snake, serpent, viper [CQ-Osage]; we-ts’a (wéts’a) - snake [Kaw]

 

snake, rattlesnake

► we-s’a-xti (wésʔaxti) - rattlesnake, “real snake”

► we-s’a-xti (wésʔaxti) - rattlesnake [ASG]

► cf. we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: we-s’a-xti kde-zhe (wésʔaxti kdežé) - spotted rattle snake, “spotted real serpent” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we-s’a sa-thu (wés’a sathú) - rattlesnake [Omaha/Ponca]; we-s’a sa-thu (wĕ́-s’a sa-¢ú) - a rattlesnake [JOD-Omaha]; sa-thu (çathu) - rattle snake [Omaha]; she-ʰki (shé-ḳi) - rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; we-ʰts’a siⁿ-dse e-goⁿ (wéṭs’a-çiⁿ-dse e-goⁿ) - resembling a rattlesnake’s tail [FL-Osage]; we-ts’a siⁿ-je o-ya-ha (wéts’a síⁿje oyáha) - rattlesnake, lit. “the snake with a tail” [Kaw]; we-ts’a siⁿ-je yi-shkaⁿ-shke (wéts’a síⁿje yishkáⁿshke) - rattlesnake [Kaw]

we-ts’a she-ku (wéts’a shekú) - rattlesnake [Kaw]

 

snake, serpent

► we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake

► we-s’a (wésʔa) - snake [MS]

► we-s’a (wé˙sʔa) - snake [FS]

► we-s’a (wés’a) - snake [ASG]

► ex: we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe (wésʔa odóhi kʰe) - she changed into a serpent [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we-s’a (wés’a) - snake, serpent [Omaha/Ponca]; we-s’a (wéç’a) - snake, serpent [Omaha]; we-s’a (wĕ́-s’ă) - a serpent, a snake [JOD-Omaha]; we-ʰts’a (wé-ṭs’a) - reptile, snake [FL-Osage]; we-ts’a (wécʔa) - snake, serpent, viper [CQ-Osage]; we-ts’a (wéts’a) - snake [Kaw]

 

snap or bite at and miss

► da-kʰiⁿ-te (dakʰį́tte) - bite at and miss, snap at ► bda-kʰiⁿ-te (bdákʰįtte) - I, ta-kʰiⁿ-te (ttákʰįtte) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-kʰiⁿ-te (bakʰį́tte) - miss, slip pushing something; bi-kʰiⁿ-te (bikʰį́tte) - rub a slippery surface; di-kʰiⁿ-te (dikʰį́tte) - lose grip, slip over; bi-kʰiⁿ-te (bikʰį́tte) - rub a slippery surface; ka-kʰiⁿ-te (kakʰį́tte) - strike at and miss; kiⁿ-kʰiⁿ-te (kkį́kkįtté) - slippery; naⁿ-kʰiⁿ-te (nąkʰį́tte) - kick at and miss, pass by; pa-kʰiⁿ-te (pákʰįtte) - cut at something and miss it; po-kʰiⁿ-te (pókʰįtte) - graze something while shooting

► Dhegiha: ya-khiⁿ-je (yakhíⁿje) - snap at and miss, fail in speaking [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-kshiⁿ-dse (ba-kshíⁿ-dse) - to miss an object at which a thrust is made, to scrape a hide [FL-Osage]; wa-kshiⁿ-dse (wá-kshiⁿ-dse) - to miss hitting them [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-kshiⁿ-dse (noⁿ-kshíⁿ-dse) - barely missing an object in kicking at it [FL-Osage]; thi-kshiⁿ-dse (thi-kshíⁿ-dse) - failure to get a good grasp or hold [FL-Osage]; ka-kshiⁿ-tse (kakšį́ce) - miss a target, miss out on by arriving late [CQ-Osage]; thi-kshiⁿ-tse (ðikšį́ce) - miss, fail at, be incorrect at, not get right, drop, let slip, let slip away [CQ-Osage]; ba-khiⁿ-je (bakhíⁿje) - miss, slip with a spear, to fail in cutting an object with a knife [Kaw]

 

► da-knoⁿ-da (daknǫ́da) - snap at and miss ► bda-knoⁿ-da (bdáknǫda) - I, ta-knoⁿ-da (ttáknǫda) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-knoⁿ-da (baknǫ́da) - miss when thrusting at; bi-knoⁿ-da (biknǫ́da) - miss, slip from under; di-kdoⁿ-da (dikdǫ́da) - fumble, let slip, fail to hold; ka-knoⁿ-da (kaknǫ́da) - fail in hitting at something; naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (nąknǫ́da) - kick at and be evaded; pa-knoⁿ-da (páknǫda) - miss cutting something elusive; po-knoⁿ-da (póknǫda) - miss in shooting or thrusting

► Dhegiha: ya-laⁿ-ya (yaláⁿya), ya-laⁿ-ye (yálaⁿye) - miss with the mouth, as when trying to bite or swallow something, deceive, call names, lie [Kaw]

 

snap the fingers

► di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers ► bdi-ta-zhe (bdíttaže) - I, ti-ta-zhe (ttíttaže) - you

► cf. di (di) - cause by using the hands; general causative; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - popping sound, make with mouth; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže), ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

 

snapping or crackling sound

► di-ta-ze (dittáze) - crackling sound, snapping ► bdi-ta-ze (bdíttaze) - I, ti-ta-ze (ttíttaze) - you

► cf. di (di) - cause by using the hands; general causative; bi-ta-ze (bittáze) - crackle when squeezed; da-ta-ze (dattáze) - crackling sound by biting; ka-ta-ze (kattáze) - crackling sound of sticks; naⁿ-ta-ze (nąttáze) - crack, make noise by stepping; ta-ta-ze (tattáze) - crackle while burning

► ex: naⁿ-pe di-ta-ze hi (nąpé dittáze hí) - spice bush, spicewood tree lit. “cracks across the grain”

► Dhegiha: thi-da-ze (thidáze) - to make the sound “z+!” once, as thunder does [Omaha/Ponca]

 

snapping, make a popping or snapping sound

► di-to-pe-de (dittóppedé) - make popping, snapping sound ► bdi-to-pe-de (bdíttoppedé) - I, ti-to-pe-de (ttíttoppedé) - you

 

snarl or growl as a dog or wolf

► xniⁿ-ke (xnįké), xdiⁿ-ke (xdįké) - growl, snarl as a dog or wolf

► cf. di-xdiⁿ-ke (dixdį́ke), di-xniⁿ-ke (dixnį́ke) - to make growl

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ (qthiⁿ) - to snarl or growl, like a dog or wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl [Omaha]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl of an animal [FL-Osage]; xliⁿ (xlíⁿ) - growl, as a dog or wolf [Kaw]

 

snatch up bits

► o-ti-ti wa-ba-hi (óttitti wabahi) - snatch up bits

► cf. o-ti-ti (óttitti) - hurry in doing something, quickly; wa-ba-hi (wabáhi) - pick up food as birds, animals; ba-hi (báhi) - to pick, grab; ki-ba-hi (kibáhi) - to pick up one’s own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-ba-hi (wá-ba-hi) - to gather them together [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ba-hi (wa-bá-hi) - to graze as animals; a grazing place, a place of resort for game; to gather together or collect pieces of meat to give to the chiefs, the act of a brave; wa-ba-hi (wábahi) - collection; graze [Omaha]; wa-ba-hi (wa-bá-hi) - to graze, grazing; to pick, choose, or select them [FL-Osage]; wa-pa-hi (wapáahi) - pick, choose, or select people or things [CQ-Osage]

 

sneeze

► he-shiⁿ (héšį) - sneeze ► a-he-shiⁿ (ahéšį) - I, da-he-shiⁿ (dahéšį) - you

► cf. he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (héšį tią́) - feel a sneeze coming on

► Dhegiha: he-chʰiⁿ (héchʰiⁿ) - sneeze, to sneeze [Omaha/Ponca]; he-chiⁿ (he chiⁿ) - sneeze [Omaha]; he-tshiⁿ (hétciⁿ) - to sneeze [JOD-Omaha]; he-tsiⁿ (hé-tsiⁿ) - to sneeze [FL-Osage]; he-tsʰiⁿ (héchį) - sneeze [CQ-Osage]; he-chiⁿ (héchiⁿ) - sneeze [Kaw]

 

sneeze, feel a sneeze coming on

► he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (héšį tią́) - feel a sneeze coming on ► a-he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (ahéšį tią́) - I, da-he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (dahéšį tią́) - you

► cf. he-shiⁿ (héšį) - sneeze; ti-aⁿ (tią́) to feel like, somewhat

► Dhegiha: he-chʰiⁿ (héchʰiⁿ) - sneeze, to sneeze [Omaha/Ponca]; he-chiⁿ (he chiⁿ) - sneeze [Omaha]; he-tshiⁿ (hétciⁿ) - to sneeze [JOD-Omaha]; he-tsiⁿ (hé-tsiⁿ) - to sneeze [FL-Osage]; he-tsʰiⁿ (héchį) - sneeze [CQ-Osage]; he-chiⁿ (héchiⁿ) - sneeze [Kaw]

 

sniff

► o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something ► o-bdi-bnaⁿ (obdíbną) - I, o-ti-bnaⁿ (ottíbną) - you

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands)

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - he sniffed/smelt [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-di-bnaⁿ taⁿ, “ho-hoo! xwiⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ye (kóišǫ́ttą odíbną tą, “hohoó xwį́ attahá,” iyé) - then when he sniffed, he said, Why! That smells really bad!

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ, i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną, iyáwe, “hǫhǫ xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► ex: o-wa-di-bnaⁿ (ówadíbną) - he smelled them [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - scent an odor, smell an odor, inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, lit., “wherein one causes there to emanate an odor” [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

 

snip into shreds (with scissors)

► ka-zi-zi-di (kazízidí) - snip into shreds (with scissors) ► a-zi-zi-di (ázizidi) - I, da-zi-zi-di (dázizidi) - you

► cf. ka-zi-zi-te (kazízitte) - fringe; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge

 

snipe

► ni-taⁿ i-ki-he (nittą́ ikihé) - aquatic wader, loon, snipe, etc.

► cf. ni-taⁿ i-ki-he taⁿ-ka (nittą́ ikihé ttą́ka) - snipe, “jack snipe”

 

► ni-taⁿ i-ki-he taⁿ-ka (nittą́ ikihé ttą́ka) - snipe, “jack snipe”

► cf. ni-taⁿ i-ki-he (nittą́ ikihé) - aquatic wader, loon, snipe, etc.; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

 

snot, nasal mucus

► pa-xni (ppaxní) - snot, nasal mucus

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; xdi (xdi) - mucous, pus, corruption

► Dhegiha: pa-xthiⁿ (paqthíⁿ) - nasal mucus, nasal excretion, snot [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-xthiⁿ (paxthiⁿ) - snot [Omaha]; ʰpa-xthiⁿ (p̣a-xthíⁿ) - mucus from the nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-liⁿ (ʰpalį́), ʰpa-ʰliⁿ (ʰpaʰlį), ʰpa-li (ʰpali) - mucus from the nose, runny nose, snot [CQ-Osage]; pa-xliⁿ (paxlíⁿ) - nasal mucus, snot [Kaw]

 

snow

► po-i-de (poíde) - snow

► po-i-de (póide) - snow [MS, MR, OM]

► po-i-de (púite) - snow [ASG]

► po-i-de (p'wíDe) - snow [FS]

► po-i-de tʰe (púĭte t’é) - it snows (falls) [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ba hiu-the (ba hiú-the) - snowing; snowstorm [FL-Osage]; pa hu-the (pá húðe) - snow, snowfall, snow coming down, falling snow [CQ-Osage]; ba hu-ye (ba húye) - to snow, be snowing; the time when snow come [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ma (ma) - snow [Omaha/Ponca]; ma (ma) - snow [Omaha]; ba (ba) - snow [FL-Osage]; pa (pá) - snow [CQ-Osage]; ba (ba) - snow [Kaw]

 

snow, cover as with snow

► a-ka-ti-ze (ákattize) - cover, as with snow; said with snow is blown on top of other snow, logs, the ground, etc.

► ex: aⁿ-ka-ti-ze (ą́kattize) - cover, as with snow onto me

► ex: a-di-ka-ti-ze (ádikattize) - cover, as with snow onto you

 

snow, hide something by covering it up with blowing snow

► a-ka-naⁿ-da (ákaną́da) - hide something by covering it up with blowing dust, snow, shoveled dirt, etc. ► a-a-ka-naⁿ-da (áakaną́da) - I, a-da-ka-naⁿ-da (ádakaną́da) - you

► Dhegiha: a-ga-naⁿ-tha (á-ga-naⁿ́-¢a) - to blow dust or snow over an object and conceal it, as wood, footprints, etc.; to hoe the ground, throwing the displaced soil over an object hiding it from view [JOD-Omaha]; a-ga-noⁿ-ya (áganoⁿya) - fill up, knock a cover onto, conceal a hole by hitting the ground with a stick [Kaw]

 

snow, pelt or hit with snow

► o-do-tʰiⁿ (odótʰį) - pelt, hit with snow, mud, etc. ► o-do-a-tʰiⁿ (odóatʰį) - I, o-do-da-tʰiⁿ (odódatʰį) - you

► cf. o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit

► Dhegiha: u-tʰiⁿ (utʰíⁿ) - to hit or strike him [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tiⁿ (utiⁿ) - beat, hit, spank, strike, a blow, club [Omaha]; u-tsiⁿ (ú-tsiⁿ) - to maul, to beat, to pound, to strike, to give a drubbing, to thrash [FL-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ocʰí) - whip strongly, beat up, spank or get someone, drub, thrash [CQ-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ócʰį) - hit or beat things, such as a drum [CQ-Osage]; o-chiⁿ (ochíⁿ) - hit [Kaw]

 

snow, stick or adhere as snow

► a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow

► cf. a-da (áda) - glue on, glue feathers on an arrow

► ex: aⁿ-da-ska (ą́daska) - it sticks to me

► ex: naⁿ-pe ti aⁿ-da-ska (nąpé-tti ą́daska) - it sticks to my hands

► ex: a-di-da-ska (ádidáska) - it sticks to you

► ex: wa-da-ska-we (wádaskáwe) - it sticks to us

► Dhegiha: a-tha-ska-be (áthaskabe) - to stick to, to adhere to, as mucilage, (said of one object) [Omaha/Ponca]; a-tha-ska-be-the (áthaskábethe) - to cause to adhere; to seal [Omaha/Ponca]; we-a-tha-ska-ba-the (weatha çka bathe) - paste; glue; adhesive tape [Omaha]

 

snow, to walk while fine snow is blowing on him

► a-ka-sho-te maⁿ-niⁿ (ákašótte mąnį́) - to walk while fine dust or snow is blowing on him

► cf. a-ka-sho-te (ákašótte) - fine dust, to have fine dust blown upon one; maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► ex: aⁿ-ka-sho-te a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ (ą́kašótte amą́bdį) - I walk while dust is blowing on me

► ex: a-di-ka-sho-te da-maⁿ-tiⁿ (ádikašótte damą́tį) - you walk while dust is blowing on you

► Dhegiha: a-ga-shu-de moⁿ-thiⁿ (ágashude moⁿthíⁿ) - walk while dust or fine snow is blowing on him [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ga-shu-de (gashúde) - to raise a dust or smoke, to blow up a cloud of dust, sand, or snow, as the wind does; said also of a driving snow-storm; to raise a dust, as by beating carpets out of doors [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-sho-dse (ga-shó-dse) - the filling of the air by dust blown by strong wind [FL-Osage]

 

snowballs, pack with hands as snowballs

► di-ski-ski-ke (diskískike) - pack, e.g. snowballs, with hands ► bdi-ski-ski-ke (bdískiskike) - I, ti-ski-ski-ke (ttískiskike) - you

► cf. di-ski-ke (diskíke) - clench, pack in the hands; noⁿ-pe di-ski-ke (nǫpé diskíke) - clench the fist

► Dhegiha: thi-ski-ke (ðiiskíke) - wad up, bring the parts of a whole together with pressure, bring components into contact, make a fist, grind together, gather [CQ-Osage]; yu-ski-ge (yuskíge) - clench [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be thi-ski-ge (noⁿ-bé thi-çki-ge) - hand folded, the fist [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-pe a-ski-ke (nǫǫpé askíke) - fist [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-be yu-ski-ge (naⁿbé yuskíge) - to make a fist, clench the fist [Kaw]

 

snowbird

► po-i-de-tiⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka (poídettį́ wažį́ka) - snowbird

► cf. po-i-de (poíde) - snow; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird

 

snowstorm, blizzard

► i-ka-sho-te (íkašótte) - blizzard

► cf. ► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; sho-te (šótte) - smoke; a-ka-sho-te (ákašótte) - fine dust, to have fine dust blown upon one; ma-sho-te (mašótte) - fog; ma-sho-sho-te (mášošótte) - dust

► Dhegiha: i-ga-shu-de (ígashúde) - blizzard, severe storm such as is known in Nebraska and Dakota [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-sho-de (iga shude) - blizzard, snowstorm [Omaha]; ba-ga-sho-dse (bá-ga-sho-dse) - a blizzard [FL-Osage]

 

so

► kaⁿ (ką́) - so

► ex: kaⁿ naⁿ (ką ną) - so/when [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-de hi-de naⁿ aⁿ-di-xe (ką ną ąną́de híde ną́ ądixe) - so when he saw me, he chased me [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi éži kaⁿ hi (ką hí) - another or different one/like/very [JOD]

► ex: de haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ-zhi hi e-de, e-zhi hi e-koⁿ, ma-shtiⁿ-ke kaⁿ hi (de hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ži hí edé, éži hí ekǫ́, maštį́ke ką hí) - surely this is not Haⁿ-ka’s son, he’s different, sure enough looks like a rabbit [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ (ką́ hi ažą́) - so/very/I laid [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: di-e-hoⁿ e-ti-koⁿ i-ha pa-zhiⁿ-zhe e-naⁿ-pa o-do-ki-di-shpa-shpa-zhi koⁿ iⁿ (díehǫ ettikǫ́ íha ppažį́že eną́p͓a odókkidíšpašpaží kǫ́ į) - you too/that way/mouth/nose/it too/you (are) split in many places/so (=like)/period [JOD]

► ex: ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - into the house/so/she carried her own [JOD]

► ex: e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - because it was hers, she took it (her own), she took it into the house [JOD]

 

► kaⁿ-iⁿ (ką́į), kaⁿ-hiⁿ (kąhį́) - so

► ex: kaⁿ-iⁿ de (ką́į dé) - so she went [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ki-kniⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ de (šǫ́keáknį akíknį ą́tą baháhatta hóttą ką́į dé) - horse/she sat on her own/when/trotting/good/so/she went [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-iⁿ hi (ką́į hi) - started off [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-iⁿ kde (ką́į kdé) - just as she was starting home [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kde taⁿ hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́ tą ką́į kdé tą hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - then/horse/to the standing/she sat on her own/when/just as she was starting home/when/shoe/they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then/just as they started home/when/shoe/other one/on one side/pull ye it off from her/he was saying it to them/it is said-police [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ (kąhį́ knį) - so she sat awhile [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-iⁿ te (ką́į tté) - so dressed as a female [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka ho-taⁿ a-ta-pa-xti kaⁿ-iⁿ te ki de (mižiká hóttą áttapáxti ką́į tté ki dé) - girl/good/altogether/so dressed as a female/when/she went [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-iⁿ tʰaⁿ (ką́į tʰą́) - she stood so awhile [JOD]

 

so ever

► e-hi-te (ehitté) - so ever [JOD]

► cf. hi-te (hitté) - indefinite pronoun, (what)-ever; i-te (itté) - indefinite pronoun marker, -ever

► ex: ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté) - where/so ever = anywhere [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

 

so far, the end

► ka e-she-tʰaⁿ-ki (ká-ešétʰąkí), ka i-she-tʰaⁿ-kʰi (ká-išétʰąkʰí) - so far, the end, used as ending of a story [JOD]

► ka i-she-tʰaⁿ (ká-išetʰą́) - so far, the end, used as ending of a story [JOD]

► cf. ka (ká) - that; she-tʰaⁿ (šetʰą) - long enough, a certain length

► ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-tʰaⁿ hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą ká-išétʰą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]

► Dhegiha: she-tʰoⁿ (shetʰóⁿ) - that far (and no farther); that long (and no longer); the end [Omaha/Ponca]; she-tʰoⁿ (shétʰoⁿ) - that length; that short [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: e-she-tʰoⁿ (éshetʰóⁿ) - that so far; as far as that; till then (and no longer); past time; from that time onward [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: she-tʰoⁿ-ki hnoⁿ (shétʰoⁿki hnóⁿ) - about that length would be long enough [Omaha/Ponca]

 

so I moved

► koi-sha-ni-he (kóišánihe) - so I moved [JOD]

► cf. ko-i-she (kóiše) - so [JOD]; koi-shaⁿ (kóišą) - so or of that sort; a-ni-he (anihé) - 1^st person singular, I continuative moving

 

so it is

► e-te (etté) - so it is [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-da-kʰe de, e-te a-zhaⁿ (mį́dakʰe dé, etté ažą́) - I think you are telling the truth [JOD]

 

so much as, even

► ke-hi-te (kéhitte) - even, so much as

► cf. e-hi-te (éhitte) - so ever [JOD]; ► cf. hi-te (hitté) - indefinite pronoun, (what)-ever; i-te (itté) - indefinite pronoun marker, -ever

 

so shall it be

► e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte), e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that [JOD]

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall

► ex: e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte) - so/will be [JOD]

► ex: “hau, e-kaⁿ te,” i-yi (“hau, eką́ tte,” iyí) - “yes, it will be like that,” he said; “yes, so shall it be,” he said [JOD]

► ex: “hau, e-kaⁿ te,” i-yi i-ya-we (“hau, eką́ tte,” iyí iyáwe) - he said, “yes, it will be like that,” they say; he said, “yes, so shall it be,” they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ toⁿ-we taⁿ naⁿ-zha, “e-koⁿ te,” i-ke (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte íkazózo káγe attą́ akínį hí tą tǫ́we tą ną́ža, “ekǫ́ tte,” iké) - then he wrote the letter (asking) to marry and took it to her, when she looked at it she said, “so shall it be (it will be so)” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-gaⁿ (e-gáⁿ) - as; so; that being the case [JOD-Omaha]; e-gaⁿ (é-gaⁿ) - so; to be so; to do as another has said or done; to be as another has said; used as the equivilant of the English adverbial ending, -ly (like); as, so; for the same purpose; used in forming a strong imperative; used in formimg a strong optative [JOD-Omaha]; e-goⁿ (egoⁿ) - as, like, kind, type, certainly, action [Omaha]; e-goⁿ (e-goⁿ) - like [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ (ékǫ) - like, similar to, like that, likewise, similarly, somewhat, kind of, rather, slightly, a bit, right, correctly, correct, appropriate, appropriately, that is right, true!, correct!, that’s the way!, thus, therefore, mean, signify, happen, be so, be as [CQ-Osage]; e-go (égo) - like, as, so; to be that kind, be such [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - future sign, will, let, please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, let, allow, have, tell, let’s; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

 

so they were so

► koⁿ pa (kǫ pá) - so they were so [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; a-pa (apa) - 3^rd person plural continuative aspect marker, plural of nį; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

 

so, aforementioned words or manner

► ko-i-she (kóiše) - so [JOD]

► ko-i-she (kóiše) - aforementioned words or manner

► cf. ko-i-she (koišé), (kóiše) - that; that part [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-she aⁿ-niⁿ (kóiše ą́nį) - he has been treating me so [JOD]

 

so, after being so awhile

► shoⁿ-ni-kʰa (šǫ-nikʰá) - after they had been so awhile [JOD]

► cf. ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - they, 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones [JOD]

 

► shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫ-nį́) - as she moved, after he ran awhile, after he moved awhile [JOD]

► cf. niⁿ (nį) - 3^rd person singular, he or she continuative moving; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫnį́ wašką́ kdé šǫnį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha i-de i-ya-we, o-te shoⁿ-niⁿ i-de, i-ya-we (ną́ža íde iyáwe, otté šǫ-nį́ íde, iyáwe) - then, after he had sought him for some time, he found him, they said [JOD]

 

► shoⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́-nįkʰé) - after sitting awhile

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate

► ex: e-ti da-tʰe shoⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-niⁿ da-we (étti datʰé šǫ́-nįkʰé ttą́nį dáwe) - he sat there eating while they ran away [JOD]

 

► shoⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šǫ-tʰą́) - after he stood awhile [JOD]

► cf. tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing one; the standing object [JOD]

 

so, do so or as someone has said or done

► e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ), e-ki-’oⁿ (ékiʔǫ) - do as someone has said or done ► e-ki-moⁿ (ékimǫ) - I, e-ki-zhoⁿ (ékižǫ) - you

► cf. ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - use, do, be

► ex: e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ́) - do that [JOD]

► ex: “aⁿ-naⁿ-de ta-i, e-koⁿ te e-ki-oⁿ!” sni-wa-te i-yi i-ya (“ąną́de ttaí, ékǫ tte ékiǫ́!” sniwátte iyí iyá) - “we shall see, do so!” it is said that Winter said [JOD]

► ex: kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de (kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé) - he caused him to do so at short intervals [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ e-ti-hi kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną ettíhi kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé tʰą ną, iyá) - at that time, he (Rabbit) made him (Rabbit’s son) do it repeatedly, it is said [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-oⁿ (ą́kiǫ́) - he treated mine [JOD]

► ex: “ko-i-she aⁿ-ki-oⁿ a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ, e-ta-ni wi-ta,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“kóiše ą́kiǫ́ ážąmį́, ettáni wítta,” iyí iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nįkʰe) - I think that he has been treating my kinsman so,” it is said the Rabbit’s son said

► Dhegiha: e-gi-oⁿ (é-gí-oⁿ) - to do so [FL-Osage]; e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ) - do something, proceed or go ahead with something, can, be able to [CQ-Osage]; e-gi-’oⁿ (égi’oⁿ), ’e-gi-’oⁿ (’égi’oⁿ) - do so, do that to another, do something [Kaw]

 

so, is that so

► hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e) - is that so? [OM]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; e (e) - question sign

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter? [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (hǫ́e níkka dítta, ikeáwe, ątʔé, iyí) - “what is the matter/what happened with your man/husband,” they said to her, “dead to me (he died on me),” she said [JOD]

 

so, just so

► e-kaⁿ-xti (ékąxtí), e-koⁿ-xti (ekǫ́xti) - really, just so

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-koⁿ-xti tʰi-kde naⁿ, iya (ešǫ́ ekǫ́xtí tʰikdé ną, iyá) - then suddenly it became just like that (as rabbit had hoped), it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ-xti do-ti te (ekǫ́xti dótti tté) - just so/it came up [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-gaⁿ-xti (é-gaⁿ-qti) - just so; exactly so; to be just so [JOD-Omaha]; e-goⁿ-xti (egoⁿxti) - truly, truth, truthful [Omaha]; e-goⁿ-xtsi (e-góⁿ-xtsi) - exaxt, precise, downright, real, in reality [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ-xtsi (ekǫ́xci) - correct, correctly [CQ-Osage]

 

► e-shoⁿ-xti (ešǫ́xti) - just so [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-xti (shóⁿqti), shoⁿ-xchi (shóⁿqchi) - just so, in spite of, not withstanding, all at once, right away [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-xtsi ʰpa-xe (shoⁿ-xtsi p̣a-xe) - all of them I have made to be [FL-Osage]

 

so, laying so awhile

► kaⁿ-kʰe (ką-ké) - she lay so for awhile (or, doing nothing); so she lay awhile [JOD]

► cf. koⁿ (kǫ), kaⁿ (ką) - so, as, since; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► ex: wa-tʰe naⁿ ki-ka-ze kaⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (watʰé ną kikáze ką-kʰé iyáwe) - dress/only(?)/it flew up on her/she lay so for awhile (or, doing nothing)/they say [JOD]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te ka-xa-taⁿ toⁿ-we de-de kaⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (ištá xixítte kaγ[e]á-ttą tǫ́we dedé ką-kʰé iyáwe) - peeping out of the corner of the eyes in intervals/she did it/when/she looked at him/she sent it off/so she lay awhile/they say [JOD]

 

so, like, as, thus, like that

► e-koⁿ (ekǫ́), (ékǫ), e-kaⁿ (eką́), (eką), a-kaⁿ (áką) - so, like, as, thus, like that

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą éką) - then/so [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke taⁿ a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (kóišǫ́ttą éką nį hąp͓á hąke tą́ atéže tią́ attahá) - so then it was almost day when I had a strong urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ! e-koⁿ zhamiⁿ (hǫ! ekǫ́ žąmį́) - yes/so/I thought that [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ! e-koⁿ zhamiⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ! ekǫ́ žąmį́,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “yes, I thought it was so!” said the Rabbit [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ (ékǫ nį) - so/the moving one or it was [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ niⁿ zho-wa hi a-te-zhe zh-ka da-a-de kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (ékǫ nį žowá hi atéže žíka déadé ką́ mįkʰé) - so, I urinated a little bit, I sent a little off as I was sitting there [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ pa-xe te (eką́ ppáγe tté) - so or like that/very/I make it/will [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ pa-xe te (eką́ ppáγe tté) - I will make it like that [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-koⁿ naⁿ, iya (ešǫ́ ekǫ́ ną, iyá) - and it was so, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ ka-xe a-wi-ka-zhi (ekǫ́ káγe áwikaži) - I commanded you to do so

► ex: e-koⁿ do-ti te-ka-ha ka-xe (ekǫ́ dótti ttekaha káγe) - so/to come up or forth/he made it [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ (eką́) - did so (3rd. person) [JOD]

► ex: shi e-koⁿ (ši ekǫ́) - you reached there/as [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ, t’e-di-da-we,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́, tʔédidawĕ,” iyé nį, iyá) - then you went and thus, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said [JOD]

► ex: o-do-wa-ki e-kaⁿ (odówaki eką́) - he sided with them/as [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka o-do-wa-ki e-kaⁿ, za-ni-xti t’e-wa-de koⁿ-da naⁿ, i-ya (ettǫ́ maštį́ke, níkkašíka odówaki eką́, zaní-xti tʔéwade kǫ́da ną, iyá) - therefore rabbit, who sided with the Indians, wanted to kill all of the black bears, it is said [JOD]

► ex: si-kde di-ta e-koⁿ wi-ta zhi (sikdé dítta ekǫ́ wítta ži) - it looks just like your tracks, not mine [MS]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka e-koⁿ (šižíka ekǫ́) - child/like [JOD]

► ex: “ee!” i-yi i-ya wa-pa-iⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, shi-zhi-ka e-koⁿ (“ee!” iyí iyá wappaį́ nįkʰé, šižíka ekǫ́) - the blood said, “Yes,” just like a child [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi hi e-koⁿ (éži hí ekǫ́) - another or different one/very/like [JOD]

► ex: de haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ-zhi hi e-de, e-zhi hi e-koⁿ, ma-shtiⁿ-ke kaⁿ hi (de hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ži hí edé, éži hí ekǫ́, maštį́ke ką hí) - surely this is not Haⁿ-ka’s son, he’s different, sure enough looks like a rabbit [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke-xti pʰi a-ni-he (ekǫ́ wažą́ąníkextí pʰí anihé) - as/I in a very bad humor/I have been coming [JOD]

► ex: i-kaⁿ aⁿ-xdi hi tʰe, e-koⁿ wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke-xti pʰi a-ni-he (ikką́ ą́xdi hi tʰe, ekǫ́ wažą́ąníkextí pʰí anihé) - my grandmother almost beat the life out of me, so I have been coming in a very bad mood [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-gaⁿ (e-gáⁿ) - as; so; that being the case [JOD-Omaha]; e-gaⁿ (é-gaⁿ) - so; to be so; to do as another has said or done; to be as another has said; used as the equivilant of the English adverbial ending, -ly (like); as, so; for the same purpose; used in forming a strong imperative; used in formimg a strong optative [JOD-Omaha]; e-goⁿ (egoⁿ) - as, like, kind, type, certainly, action [Omaha]; e-goⁿ (e-goⁿ) - like [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ (ékǫ) - like, similar to, like that, likewise, similarly, somewhat, kind of, rather, slightly, a bit, right, correctly, correct, appropriate, appropriately, that is right, true!, correct!, that’s the way!, thus, therefore, mean, signify, happen, be so, be as [CQ-Osage]; e-go (égo) - like, as, so; to be that kind, be such [Kaw]

 

so, moving so awhile

► kaⁿ a-ni-he (ką́-anihé) - so I move awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; a-ni-he (anihé) - 1^st person singular, I continuative moving

► ex: ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

 

► kaⁿ niⁿ (ką-nį́) - so he was moving awhile, so he moved awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; niⁿ (nį) - 3^rd person singular, he or she continuative moving; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate

► ex: naⁿ-zha wa-zhiⁿ-ka naⁿ maⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, maⁿ kʰe de-de naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we (ną́ža wažį́ka ną mą kidizé ką-nį iyáwe, wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé ką-nį́ iyáwe, mą́ kʰe déde nąhą akidé ną kikʔí ką-nį́ iyáwe) - when he would shoot at a bird, he would get his arrow for him, when he killed a bird, he got it for him, if he shot an arrow off, he would go after it and give it back to him, he was moving around doing this for awhile, they said [JOD]

 

so, not so

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫží) - not so [JOD]

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ži) - no [MS, AG, OM]

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ži), (hǫží) - no

► hoⁿ-zhi (hongi) - no or nothing (non ou rien) [GI]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi, wi-ti-mi, wi-e-hi-taⁿ naⁿ-pe aⁿ-taⁿ (hǫží, wíttimí, wiéhittą́ ną́ppe ąttą́) - no! my aunt (my father’s sister), even I have something to fear [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhiⁿ-de, hoⁿ-zhi! (wižį́de, hǫ́ži!) - no, elder brother! [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi e-de, wi-zhiⁿ-de (hǫ́ži edé, wižį́de) - no indeed, elder brother!

► ex: “hoⁿ-zhi, wi-zhiⁿ-de, he-be a-ki-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ́ži, wižį́de, hébe akíkʔį kkǫbdá,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “no, my elder brother, I want to carry my own piece,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi, di-e k’iⁿ e-ka! (hǫ́ži, díe kʔį́ eká!) - no, carry it yourself! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-zhi (hoⁿ-zhi) - not good [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ka-zhi (añ́kajǐ) - no [JOD-Omaha]; uⁿ-ka-zhi (uⁿkazhi) - no, never [Omaha]; hoⁿ-ʰka-zhi (hóⁿ-ḳa-zhi), oⁿ-ʰka-zhi (óⁿ-ḳa-zhi) - no, not so, not [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ka-zhi (hą́ąʰkaži) - no [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ka-zhi (háⁿkazhi) - no, used by both male and female [Kaw]

 

► hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ąží) - no [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (hǫ́ąží ihĕ ąmą́) - I usually say no [JOD]

 

so, of that sort, in that case

► koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ) - so or of that sort [JOD]

► koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so, or in that case [JOD]

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding

► ex: koi-shoⁿ pa naⁿ, i-ya-we (kóišǫ ppá ną, iyáwe) - so they did (in the past), they say [JOD]

 

so, sitting so awhile

► kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (ką́-miⁿkʰé) - I was so for awhile; I stay there awhile; so I sat awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - I, 1^st person singular continuative sitting; I who sit

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe maⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́-mįkʰé mą́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ zho-wa hi a-te-zhe zhi-ka de-a-de kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (éką nį žówa hí atéže žíka deáde ką́-mįkʰé) - so as I was sitting there, I urinated a little, I sent a little off [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn’t want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ miⁿ-kʰeʰ ta miⁿ-kʰe (gaⁿmiñke ta miñke) - I will sit here for sometime [JOD-Omaha]

 

► kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ką-nįkʰé) - so he or she sat awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe wa-te-zo-knaⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé wattézokną́ tą ką́ nįkʰé) - the woman was pregnant [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną, iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te wa-tʰe kdi-da-ki aⁿ-taⁿ he-saⁿ t’e-wa-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ášitti hesą́ okítté watʰé kdídaki ą́tą hesą́ tʔéwade ką́-nįkʰé) - so she sat awhile outside, she turned down the waist of her skirt, looking for lice on herself and killing them [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-te, i-ya-we, a-ba-ko koi-shoⁿ maⁿ-shi kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we (žą átte iyáwe, abakkó kóišǫ́ mąši ką́-nįkʰé, iyáwe) - she climbed high up into a crooked tree and sat there, they say [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti ka-xta-i ke o-ki-te a-taⁿ i-de-ki-de naⁿ da-tʰe kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ášitti kaxtąi ke okítte áttą ídekidé ną datʰé ką́-nįkʰé) - the things (food) that were poured outside, she searched for them and she found/saw them, so she sat awhile eating [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we, o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe a-te-zhe naⁿ, i-ya-we (téže žíka híde ką́-nįkʰé, iyáwe, ódotʰe nįkʰé áteže ną, iyáwe) - as she sat awhile, she urinated a little, they say, she urinated upon the man eater, they say [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ką-nįkʰé šǫ-nįkʰé) - so he sat awhile/he acted differently as he sat [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti, ke naⁿ, iya (ešǫ́ ką́-nįkʰé tti, ké ną, iyá) - when he sat for some time [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti, ke naⁿ, iya (ešǫ́ ką́-nįkʰé tti, ké ną, iyá) - and when he (Rabbit’s son) had sat for some time, he (Rabbit’s son) said the following, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ thiⁿ-kʰe (gaⁿ ¢iñke) - he sits a little while [JOD-Omaha]

 

► kaⁿ ni-kʰa (ką́-nikʰá) - so they were awhile; so they had been awhile; so they were [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - they, 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones

 

► kaⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ką-ąnį́kʰe) - we sit awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ąnį́kʰe), oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe) - I and one other, 1^st person dual continuative sitting

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

 

► kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ (kąhį́ knį) - so she sat awhile [JOD]

► cf. kaⁿ (ką́) - so; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp, sit, be sitting

 

► koⁿ-de tʰe (kǫdé tʰe) - they were all sitting [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke naⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi ki-pa-tʰe koⁿ-de tʰe niⁿ naⁿ (mižíka éži ke-ną wahį́ska hóttą hí kippátʰe kǫdé tʰe nį́ ną) - girl/other/the plural/only/calico/good/very/sewing their own/they were all sitting/the (class.)/past sign [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ tʰe (gáⁿ-te) - awhile, for some time [JOD-Omaha]

 

so, standing so awhile

► kaⁿ a-tʰaⁿ-he (ką́-atʰą́he) - while I stood [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

 

► kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (ką-tʰą́) - he was standing so awhile; so he stood awhile [JOD]

► kaⁿ-iⁿ tʰaⁿ (ką́į tʰą́) - she stood so awhile [JOD]

► cf. koⁿ (kǫ), kaⁿ (ką) - so, as, since; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kda-i ke-ni-te ka-ki niⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kʰi a-taⁿ we-da-niⁿ shi-ke he-naⁿ i-da-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ taⁿ ki-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettą́nį kdá-i kenitté kaki nį ettą́nį kʰí áttą wédanį šíke héną idákikdánį áttą ką-tʰą́ tą kíwe) - then they (her step-sisters) started home first, although she arrived home first, before them (her step-sisters), and she put on her bad clothes and was there awhile when they (her step-sisters) reached home [JOD]

► ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there alone [JOD]

► ex: e-ti e-naⁿ-hi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ tʰaⁿ ta-bde de naⁿ (étti enąhí ką-tʰą́ tʰą tábde dé ną) - she was there alone, when he went hunting [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

 

so, then, at length, and when

► e-shaⁿ (éšą), e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then, at length, and when, so

► e-shaⁿ (éšą) - then or at length [JOD]

► cf. e-shaⁿ-hi (ešąhí) - at length, after some time [JOD]; e-shaⁿ-taⁿ (ešą́ttą) - then, at that time; e-shoⁿ-we (ešǫ́we) - then

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: “e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we,” i-ye niⁿ i-ya (“ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawe,” iyé nį iyá) - “then, you went and thus, like that, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttí tʰétta kʰí ną iyá) - then, when he returned to his home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ o-kʰe a-da-shtaⁿ-taⁿ (ešǫ́ okʰé ádaštąttą) - and when he stopped talking to him....

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti pa-ze he-be hi a-kde (ešǫ́ ettí ppáze hébe hí akdé) - so already (that) evening I started home

► ex: e-shaⁿ e-ti shi-a-pe da-we (éšą ettí šiápe dáwe) - then or at length/there/ashore/they went [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-iⁿ-te, t’e paⁿ-ze, e-shaⁿ kde xa-da (šą́įtte, tʔé ppą́ze, éšą kdé xáda) - well, I pretended to be dead, then he went back again [JOD]

 

so, thus, accordingly, in that way, then, therefore

► koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą, (kóišǫ́tta), (kóišǫttą) - so, thus, accordingly, in that way, then, therefore

► koⁿi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kǫišǫ́ttą) - so

► ex: koⁿi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ki-zhi bde ta-ni-he (kǫišǫ́ttą ekíži bdé ttánihé) - so I am going to go somewhere else

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫnį́ wašką́ kdé šǫnį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke kʰe a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké kʰe áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

 

so, well, sentence connective

► shaⁿ-iⁿ-te (šą́įtte) - well, so, sentence connective

► cf. shaⁿ-hi-te (šą́hitte) - anyhow, at any rate, despite, notwithstanding

► ex: “shaⁿ-iⁿ-te, iⁿ-spe i-ba-shte a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ,” i-yi (šą́įtte į́spe íbašte ážąmį́,” iyí) - “well, I think it was accidentally split by falling against an axe,” he said [JOD]

► ex: “shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te,” i-yi (“šą́įtte, xwį nįkʰe pášpe ną ǫde, ną hóttą tte,” iyí) - well, when the bad/offensive smelling part is cut out and thrown away, then it will be good, he said [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-iⁿ-te, t’e paⁿ-ze, e-shaⁿ kde xa-da (šą́įtte, tʔé ppą́ze, éšą kdé xáda) - well, I pretended to be dead, then he went back again [JOD]

 

soak, be wet

► shpoⁿ (špǫ) - be wet, soak ► aⁿ-shpoⁿ (ąšpǫ́) - I, di-shpoⁿ (dišpǫ́) - you

► shpoⁿ (špǫ) - wet [MS]

► ex: shpoⁿ a-niⁿ ni (špǫ anį́ nį) - when a baby is wet (soaked diaper) [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe shpoⁿ hi shka-xe (nąpé špǫ hi škáγe) - you made (make) hand wet [MS]

► Dhegiha: shpoⁿ (shpoⁿ) - soaked through and through [Omaha/Ponca]; shpoⁿ (shpoⁿ) - sodden; softened by soaking in water [FL-Osage]; shpoⁿ (špǫ́ǫ) - softened by soaking in water; soften, become soft, sodden [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shpoⁿ-the (shpóⁿthe) - to soak a hide, etc., in water [Omaha/Ponca]; shpoⁿ-the (shpoⁿ-the) - to soak a skin in water in precess of tanning [FL-Osage]; shpaⁿ-ye (shpáⁿye) - soak a hide in water, the fourth stage in dressing it [Kaw]

 

► ka-sta-ke (kastáke) - be soaked

► ex: sta-ke (stáke) - wet

► Dhegiha: ga-na-xe (ganáxe) - soaked through [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-na-xe (ganaxe) - drench [Omaha]; ga-da-xe (ga-dá-xe) - to drench; to saturate; to soak through [FL-Osage]

 

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