English to Quapaw Dictionary

L

lace up - lend

length - liquid

listen to - long

look at - lying

 

lace up

► o-di-snoⁿ (odísnǫ) - lace up ► o-bdi-snoⁿ (obdísnǫ) - I, o-ti-snoⁿ (ottísnǫ) - you

► Dhegiha: u-thi-znoⁿ (uthíznoⁿ) - thread, lace, harness, to thread a needle, lace a shoe, harness a horse to a wagon [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-hoⁿ u-thi-znoⁿ (wahoⁿ uthiçnoⁿ) - thread [Omaha]; o-thi-naⁿ (oðíiną) - fasten, button (e.g., an old-fashioned shoe with buttons or a sweater with buttons), zip, tie up, rope (e.g., a calf) [CQ-Osage]

 

lace up, as a pack

► i-ba-zoⁿ-te (íbazǫ́tte) - lace up, as a pack ► i-pa-zoⁿ-te (íppazǫtte) - I, i-shpa-zoⁿ-te (íšpazǫtte) - you

► cf. i-ki-pa-zoⁿ-te (íkkippazǫ́tte) - fasten; ka-zaⁿ-te (kazą́tte) - weave, braid; wa-zoⁿ-te (wázǫtte) - mat

► Dhegiha: i-ba-zaⁿ-je (íbazaⁿje) - lace up with, fasten shut, to fasten, as the end skins of a tent, by running the sticks or cords from one side to the other [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-zoⁿ-de (ábazoⁿde) - to stitch up, sew up, or lace up [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-zoⁿ-dse (á-ba-çoⁿ-dse) - to lace a shoe, to lace up as a shoe [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zoⁿ-zoⁿ-de (zoⁿzoⁿde) - stitch [Omaha]; wa-zoⁿ-dse (wá-çoⁿ-dse) - any woven article, textile [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-zoⁿ-de (gaçoⁿde) - weave, braid [Omaha]; ga-zoⁿ-dse (ga-çóⁿ-dse) - to weave, to braid [FL-Osage]; ga-zaⁿ-je (gazáⁿje) - weave [Kaw]

 

lack, to have none, be lacking

► ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking ► aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I, di-ni-ke (diníke) - you

► niⁿ-ke (niñk͓é) - none [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (mątté-įkʰe ąnį́ke) - I do not have a paddle [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, mind [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat, “something to eat, they were lacking” [JOD]

► ex: wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we (wanį́kehiwé) - we have none at all [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-we (nikáwe) - they are not, there are none [JOD]

► ex: ni niⁿ-ke (ni nįké) - no water [JOD]

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hí) - there is none [OM]

► ex: ni-ge hi (ni-ge-i) - there is none [LH]

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk' (MS)]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke naⁿ-ta ni-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke nąttá niké nįkʰé) - the dog didn’t have no ear [MS]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good, “he has no woman/wife” [AG]

► ex: ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness”

► ex: wa-haⁿ-ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan, “without family/relation”

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha ni-ke (hǫbį́tteáha niké) - slippers, lit. “without moccasin flaps”

► ex: te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. “cow without balls”

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient, “lack hearing”

► ex: o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, lit. “without joints”

► ex: o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - no noise, “not even breathing” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

 

ladder, stairway

► i-da-ta-kde (idáttakde) - ladder, stairway

► hi-da-ta-kde (hidáttakde) - ladder [JOD]

► cf. a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing or perpendicular object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it, as in pitching a tent, placing a candle on a table, etc.; o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► ex: hi-da-ta-kde o-ha de (hidáttakde óha dé) - she ascended the ladder [JOD]

 

ladle

► ka-te (katté) - dip or ladle out, as food ► a-te (átte) - I, da-te (date) - you

► cf. ni-da-ta-iⁿ-yaⁿ ka-tʰe (nidáttąiyą́ katʰé) - ladle out with a cup

► Dhegiha: ga-ʰtse (ga-ṭsé) - to skim, to skim grease off the surface of water in a kettle [FL-Osage]; ga-tse (gacé) - skim a liquid, skim grease [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ga-ʰtse (í-ga-ṭse) - an implement for skimming grease from food that is cooking [FL-Osage]; o-yo-ga-tse (oyógace) - skim a liquid with an instrument [Kaw]

 

► ni-da-taⁿ-i-yaⁿ ka-tʰe (nidáttąiyą́ katʰé) - ladle out with a cup

► cf. ni i-da-taⁿ (ni ídattą́) - cup, “with which to drink water” [MS]; i-aⁿ (ią́), i-yaⁿ (iyą́) - with, by means of, “i + ʔǫ”; ka-te (katté) - dip or ladle out, as food

► Dhegiha: ni i-tha-toⁿ (ni ithatoⁿ) - cup [Omaha]; ni i-tha-ʰtoⁿ (ní i-tha-ṭoⁿ) - cup, mug, drinking glass, drinking cup, tankard, dipper [FL-Osage]; ni i-tha-ʰtaⁿ (níiðaaʰtą) - dipper, lsdle, lit., ‘with which to drink water’ [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni i-ya-taⁿ (zháⁿni iyátaⁿ) - dipper, cup made of wood [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-ʰtse (ga-ṭsé) - to skim, to skim grease off the surface of water in a kettle [FL-Osage]; ga-tse (gacé) - skim a liquid, skim grease [Kaw]

 

► ti-ke (ttíke) - cup, ladle made of horn, refers to clam shell spoon etymologically

► ti-ke (ttíke) - dipper [MS]

► ti-ke (tī gĕ) - wooden spoon, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► cf. ma-ze ti-ke (maze ttíke) - spoon, metal spoon; te-he ti-ke (ttehé ttíke) - buffalo horn spoon; ti-ke ma-ni (ttíke máni) - clam

► Dhegiha: ʰtsiu-ge (ṭsiu-ge) - a spoon, a shell spoon, before metal spoons were known to the Indians shells were used for spoons [FL-Osage]; ʰtsu-ke (ʰcúke) - spoon, abalone shell, Osage spoons were originally clamshells from creeks, used only for scraping corn, with little ones for children, larger ones for adults, this term is now used for spoons of other materials such as metal, plastic, or wood [CQ-Osage]

 

lady, old lady

► wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, old female animal; little old lady

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga hi (wa-ḳ’ó zhíⁿ-ga hi) - a woman who has reached old age [FL-Osage]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka xti (waxʔóžika xti) - aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xchi (qchi) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real [Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother (older uncle); iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt, older [OM]; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ pa ną́) - grown (old) women wore short dresses [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u naⁿ hi (wa-’u naⁿ hí) - to arrive at middle age, said of women only [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wa-ḳ’ó noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a woman of questionable chastity, a harlot, a prostitute [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫǫhǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow; prostitute, woman of bad reputation [CQ-Osage]

 

lake

► te (te) - lake

► te (te) - lake [MS, OM]

► te taⁿ (tech-tohn) - lake (lac) [GI]

► tʰe x’e (t'exʔe˙) - lake [FS]

► ex: te kʰe (té kʰe) - the lake

► ex: te shoⁿ-shoⁿ (té šǫ́šǫ) - circular lake [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse (ṭse), dse (dse) - a lake, small inland body of water [FL-Osage]; je (je) - lake [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse doⁿ (ṭsé doⁿ) - the great lake [FL-Osage]; je taⁿ (jé taⁿ), je daⁿ (jé dáⁿ) - great water, ocean [Kaw]; je taⁿ-ga (je taⁿga), je taⁿ (jé taⁿ) - ocean, great lake [Kaw]; je ni-oⁿ-zhu (jénioⁿzhú) - lowland lake [Kaw]

 

► ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake

► cf. ni wa-sh’a-ke hi ( ní wašʔáke hí) - bay, large body of water

► Dhegiha: ni (ní) - water [Omaha/Ponca]; ni (ni) - water, liquid, river [Omaha]; ni (ni) - water, river, rivulet, creek [FL-Osage]; ni (níi) - water, any fluid, liquid [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - water, river, any liquid [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni o-thi-shaⁿ (ni-ú-¢i-caⁿ) - a lake [JOD-Omaha]; ne u-the-shoⁿ (néutheshoⁿ) - lake, pool of water [Omaha]

► Dhegiha:

ni taⁿ-ga (ni-t͓añ́-ga) - “big water,” the sea; ocean [JOD-Omaha]; ni-u-ʰtoⁿ-ga (ni-u ṭoⁿ-ga) - “big water,” the osage name for the Mississippi River [FL-Osage]; ni ʰtaⁿ-ka (níi ʰtą́ka), ni ʰtaⁿ (níi ʰtą́ą) - ocean, sea, Mississippi River, lit., “big water” [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni oⁿ-zhu (ni óⁿzhu) - a highland lake [Kaw]; ni stse-je (ní scèje) - lake, longer than wide, long body of water [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-da-pa (nídapa) - pond, round lake [Kaw]; ni-da-ʰpa (ní-da-p̣a) - “round water,” a pond [FL-Osage]; ni-ta-ʰpa (niitáaʰpa) - pond, lit., “round water” [CQ-Osage]

 

lake, circular lake

► te shoⁿ-shoⁿ (té šǫ́šǫ) - circular lake [JOD]

► cf. te (te) - lake; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ) - round, spherical

► ex: te shoⁿ-shoⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (té šǫ́šǫ ettí nįkʰé) - there was the circular lake [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse (ṭse), dse (dse) - a lake, small inland body of water [FL-Osage]; je (je) - lake [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse doⁿ (ṭsé doⁿ) - the great lake [FL-Osage]; je taⁿ (jé taⁿ), je daⁿ (jé dáⁿ) - great water, ocean [Kaw]; je taⁿ-ga (je taⁿga), je taⁿ (jé taⁿ) - ocean, great lake [Kaw]; je ni-oⁿ-zhu (jénioⁿzhú) - lowland lake [Kaw]

 

lame

► hi di-ko (hi díkko) - lame, springhalt, be lame as horses

► hi di-ko (hi díkko) - cripple [OM]

► cf. hi (hi) - leg, stalk, tree, bush, vine; di-ko-ke (dikkóke) - cramp in the legs

► Dhegiha: thi-ku (thi kú) - cramp, convulsion [Omaha]; thi-ʰku-ge (thi-ḳú-ge) - a cramp [FL-Osage]; yu-ko-ge (yukóge) - be cramped [Kaw]

 

lamp oil, coal oil, kerosene

► a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► cf. a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką) - lamp, lantern, light, candle; we-kdi (wékdi) - grease, lard, oil, fat; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - lamp, coal oil; ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]; we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - fat wrapped around [JOD]; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ-gthe we-gthi (wánakóⁿgthe wégthi) - lamp oil [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ we-gthiⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ we-gthiⁿ) - kerosene oil [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ we-li ni-ni (átaʰką wéli níini) - oil well, “lamp oil spring/well” [CQ-Osage]; we-li a-da-kaⁿ (wéli ádakaⁿ) - coal oil [Kaw]

 

lamp, coal oil lamp

► ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► cf. ta-xde (táxde) - coals, charcoal; we-kdi (wékdi) - grease, lard, oil, fat; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką) - lamp, lantern, light, candle

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ-gthe we-gthi (wánakóⁿgthe wégthi) - lamp oil [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ we-gthiⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ we-gthiⁿ) - kerosene oil [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ we-li ni-ni (átaʰką wéli níini) - oil well, “lamp oil spring/well” [CQ-Osage]; we-li a-da-kaⁿ (wéli ádakaⁿ) - coal oil [Kaw]

 

lamp, lantern, candle, light

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), ha-ta-kaⁿ (hattáką) - lamp, lantern, candle, light

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), a-ta-koⁿ (áttakkǫ) - lantern, light [MS, AB]

► ex: a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-da-ʰkoⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ) - a light, articial light [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ (átaʰką) - lamp, light [CQ-Osage]; a-da-kaⁿ (ádakaⁿ) - shine on, to give forth a light on an object; candle; light something up, illuminate [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-kaⁿ (ná-k͓aⁿ) - to shed a light, as a prarie-fire at night, or as a lamp or candle after dark [JOD-Omaha]; na-koⁿ (nakoⁿ) - when a light is on [Omaha]; da-ʰkoⁿ(dá-ḳoⁿ) - light, luminous [FL-Osage]; da-kaⁿ (dákaⁿ) - light; be a light [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ gthe (wánakóⁿgthe), we-a-na-koⁿ-gthe (weánakóⁿgthe) - candle, lamp [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ-gthe (á-da-ḳoⁿ-gthe) - a (a), on or upon (i.e., the surroundings); da-ʰkoⁿ (da-ḳoⁿ), light; gthe (gthe), placed upright or in a standing position: a lamp or candle [FL-Osage]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ-the (á-da-ḳoⁿ-the) - a lantern [FL-Osage]; a-da-kaⁿ o-le (ádakaⁿ olé) - lamp chimney, candlestick [Kaw]; maⁿ-ze a-da-kaⁿ o-le (máⁿze ádakaⁿ olé) - lantern, metal lamp [Kaw]

 

land

► ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land

► ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land [AB, OM]

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ kʰe (mažą́ kʰe) - the land

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (mažą́ ikąskáde) - mile, lit. “land measure”

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (mažą́ ikąskáde mįxti) - one mile

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ shi-ke (mažą́ šike) - war, lit. “bad land”

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ shi-ka-zhi (mažą́ šikáži) - prewar times, before civil war, lit. “when the land was good”

► ex: ma-zhoⁿ wa-da (mažǫ́ wadá), ma-zhaⁿ wa-da (mažą́ wadá) - acre of land

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (mažą́ kówanįkʰe) - yonder (piece of) land

► ex: ha-zi ma-zhoⁿ a-shi (házi mažǫ́ áši) - grapes, out in the country [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (síkka ttą́ka mažą́atti) - wild turkey

► ex: taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (ttądą́ kdéže mažą́atti) - bobcat, spotted cat

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿzhoⁿ) - world, country, land [Omaha]; ma-zhoⁿ (mazhóⁿ) - land [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿ-zhoⁿ) - earth, country, farm, world, land [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-zhaⁿ (mą́žą), moⁿ-zhoⁿ (mǫ́žǫ) - land, country, countryside, earth, world, allotment, farm [CQ-Osage]; mo-zhoⁿ (mozhóⁿ), ma-zhaⁿ (mazháⁿ), moⁿ-zhaⁿ (moⁿzháⁿ) - land, earth, country [Kaw]

 

land, bottom land

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom, same as o-zo-ti-o-we (ozóttiowé), name of a Quapaw town in Arkansas

► Dhegiha: o-zu (o-çú) - a lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber [Kaw]

 

► o-zo-ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: o-zu (o-çú) - a lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber [Kaw]

 

land, point of land

► pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top

► pa-si-kde (pásikdé) - point of land [JOD]

► cf. a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; pa-pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose; ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree top, tongue tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a pole [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil” [Kaw]

 

land, striped land turtle

► ke kde-ze (kké kdéze) - turtle, striped land

► ke kde-ze (kké kdéze) - turtle, terrapin [MS]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; kde-ze (kdezé) - striped

► Dhegiha: ke gthe-ze (kégtheçe) - tortoise, striped turtle [Omaha]; ʰke gthe-ze (ḳe-gthé-çe) - box turtle, “striped turtle” [FL-Osage]; ke le-ze (kè léze) - striped turtle, a land turtle, the male of which has red eyes [Kaw]

 

language

► i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - language

► cf. i-ye (íye) - word; i-ye (íye) - talk, speak; i-ye shtaⁿ (íyeštą́) - talker, loquacious person; i-ya-zhi (íyaži) - he/she spoke not [JOD]; i-ye si-ze-ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate; i-ye (iyé) - quotative, non-hearsay eviden.; i-ye (iyé) - say; i-ye wa-ska (iyéwaska) - interpreter, lit. “talk clear”; i-ye-ye (iyéye) - to have spoken

► Dhegiha: i-e (ié) - language [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ye (iye) - speak, talk, speaker, word, language [Omaha]; i-e (í-e) - language, to speak [FL-Osage]; i-e (íe) - word, words, language, teachings, one’s word, speech, prayer, speak a language, talk about, discuss, speak of, talk, say, speak, make a speech or talk [CQ-Osage]; i-e (íe) - speech, language, sentence, speak [Kaw]

 

lantern, lamp, candle, light

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), ha-ta-kaⁿ (hattáką) - lamp, lantern, candle, light

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), a-ta-koⁿ (áttakkǫ) - lantern, light [MS, AB]

► ex: a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-da-ʰkoⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ) - a light, articial light [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ (átaʰką) - lamp, light [CQ-Osage]; a-da-kaⁿ (ádakaⁿ) - shine on, to give forth a light on an object; candle; light something up, illuminate [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-kaⁿ (ná-k͓aⁿ) - to shed a light, as a prarie-fire at night, or as a lamp or candle after dark [JOD-Omaha]; na-koⁿ (nakoⁿ) - when a light is on [Omaha]; da-ʰkoⁿ(dá-ḳoⁿ) - light, luminous [FL-Osage]; da-kaⁿ (dákaⁿ) - light; be a light [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ gthe (wánakóⁿgthe), we-a-na-koⁿ-gthe (weánakóⁿgthe) - candle, lamp [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ-gthe (á-da-ḳoⁿ-gthe) - a (a), on or upon (i.e., the surroundings); da-ʰkoⁿ (da-ḳoⁿ), light; gthe (gthe), placed upright or in a standing position: a lamp or candle [FL-Osage]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ-the (á-da-ḳoⁿ-the) - a lantern [FL-Osage]; a-da-kaⁿ o-le (ádakaⁿ olé) - lamp chimney, candlestick [Kaw]; maⁿ-ze a-da-kaⁿ o-le (máⁿze ádakaⁿ olé) - lantern, metal lamp [Kaw]

 

lard, fat, grease, oil

► we-kdi (wékdi) - lard, fat, grease, oil

► we-kdi (wéktçi) - grease, fat [JOD]

► we-kdi (weghetih) - oil (huile) [GI]

► we-kdi (wékdi) - lard, grease [AB]

► we-kjhi (wékǰí) - lard, grease [OM]

► ex: ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”

► ex: we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► ex: wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► ex: ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► ex: we-kdi u-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - fat wrapped around [JOD]

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil

► ex: a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - lamp, coal oil               

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

 

large tendon in the arm

► a-koⁿ-ta (akkǫ́tta) - upper arm; large tendon in the arm of humans and monkeys and that of the foreleg in oxen, etc.

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ-ta (á-kaⁿ-ta) - the large tendon of the arm [JOD-Omaha]; a-kaⁿ-ta kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ-ta k͓áⁿ) - the muscle of the arm [JOD-Omaha]; te-a-kʰoⁿ-tʰa (teákʰoⁿtʰa) - large tendon in the arm of humans and monkeys, and in the upper foreleg of buffalo, oxen, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ka-toⁿ (akatoⁿ) - muscle [Omaha]; a-ʰkoⁿ (á-ḳoⁿ) - muscle of the arm [FL-Osage]; a-ʰkoⁿ-ʰtoⁿ-ga (á-ḳoⁿ-ṭoⁿ-ga) - muscle of the arm or foreleg [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-ʰtoⁿ-ga (ḳóⁿ-ṭoⁿ-ga) - large muscle [FL-Osage]; a-ʰkoⁿ (áaʰkǫ) - muscle [CQ-Osage]; a-kaⁿ (ákaⁿ) - muscle of the arm [Kaw]

 

large, be large

► wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke), (wášʔaké) - large, be large ► aⁿ-wa-sh’a-ke (ąwášʔake) - I’m, di-wa-sh’a-ke (diwášʔake) - you’re

► wa-sha-ke (wacak͓é) - very large [JOD]

► ex: ma-xpi wa-sh’a-ke (maxpí wašʔáke) - large clouds

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke (ní wašʔáke) - river, large/big river

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ní wašʔké ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing in the sand of the large body of water/river [JOD]

► ex: o-shta wa-sh’a-ke (oštá wašʔaké) - very large smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

► ex: ni wa-zha-ge (ní wážagé) - big river [LQ, OM]

► ex: ni wa-sa-ke (ni˙wasá˙Ge) - river [VG]

 

large, big

► taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large ► aⁿ-taⁿ-ka (ąttą́ka) - I’m, di-taⁿ-ka (dittą́ka) - you’re

► taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big [MS]

► toⁿ-ga (ttoⁿgá) - big [OM]

► tʰaⁿ-ka (t'ą́Ga) - big, large [FS]

► ex: zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka taⁿ-ka (žąhį́ška ttą́ka) - large black ant

► ex: to taⁿ-ka (tuk-tonkah) - apple of the earth, large potato, prairie turnip (pomme de terre) [GI]

► ex: wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka) - alligator, “large reptile”

► ex: pi-de taⁿ-ka (ppíde ttą́ka) - a bird called, pi-de taⁿ-ka (ppíde ttą́ka), or Large Acorn, red dots on middle of head, is larger than a hummingbird, dark on temples, bluish body, in the spring of the year it cries, “zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te (žǫ́xda žítte)! zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te (žǫ́xda žítte),” Red buds! Red buds!

► ex: maⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (mont-teh-tonkah) - large boat (canot grand) [GI]

► ex: shoⁿ-zhi-ka koi-she taⁿ-ka to-wa ke (šǫ́žika koišé ttąká tówa ke) - they were four large pups [JOD]

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ hi taⁿ-ka (kdébdą hi ttą́ka) - thousand, “large stock of 10’s”

► ex: to-hi taⁿ-ka kʰe (tóhi ttąká kʰe) - the large thorn (the long object) [JOD]

► ex: wa-hi o-taⁿ-ka (wáhi óttąka), wa-hi o-taⁿ-ka (wáhi ottą́ka) - spine

► ex: zhaⁿ o-taⁿ-ka (žą́ ottą́ka) - tree trunk

► ex: hi o-taⁿka (hí ottą́ka) - teeth, molars

► ex: wa-taⁿ-ka (wattą́ka) - special, great, high rank, authority, principal, the great one, a master [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte miⁿ-xti wa-taⁿ-ka a-niⁿ (wažokte mį́xti wattą́ka anį́) - so they dance, one leader, special leader [MS]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-ga (toⁿgá) - large, big, great [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-ga (toⁿga) - large, immense, enlargement, big, ample [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-ga (ṭoⁿ-gá) - big, large [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-ka (ʰtą́ka) - big, large, great, grand [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-ga (táⁿga) - be large, big [Kaw]

 

large, cut into large pieces

► pa-to-we (páttowe) - cut into large pieces ► pa-a-to-we (páattowe) - I, pa-da-to-we (pádattówe) - you

► cf. ba-to-we (battówe) - break into pieces, cut up; bi-to-we (bittówe) - break, crumble into pieces; da-to-we (dattówe) - chew to pieces; di-to-we (dittówe) - plow, pulverize the soil

we-di-to-we (wédittówe) - plow; ka-to-we (kattówe) - shatter, break in pieces; ka-to-we de-de (kattówe déde) - throw at and shatter; naⁿ-to-we (nąttówe) - step on or kick and break something; po-to-we (póttowe) - punch or shoot to pieces; to-wa-de (ttowáde) - crumble of it’s own accord

► Dhegiha: a-ba-tu-be (ábatube) - crush, to crush on something by punching, pounding, or ramming [Omaha/Ponca]; bi-tu-be (bitúbe) - crumble, to make something crumble by weight or pressure, as an old log or stump [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-tu-be (gátube) - crumble [Omaha]; tha-tu-be (thátube) - crush with the teeth, chew [Omaha]; ba-ʰto-be (bá-ṭo-be) - to slice, to cut up [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰto-be (ga-ṭo-be) - to shatter, to pulverize [FL-Osage]; ba-to-be (batóbe) - grind, pound fine [Kaw]; yu-to-we (yutówe), yu-to-be (yutóbe) - plow, break virgin ground, to grind, grind up [Kaw]; i-yu-to-we (íyutowe), i-yu-to-be (íyutobe) - tear something up [Kaw]

 

large, hunt large animals

► ta-bde (tábde) - hunt large animals ► ta-bde bde (tábde bdé) - I, ta-bde te (tábde tté) - you, ta-bde de (tábde de) - he/she, ta-bde aⁿ-ka-de (tábde ąkáde) - we, I and one other, ta-bde da-we (tábde dáwe) - they

► ex: ta-bde bde koⁿ-bda miⁿ-kʰe (tábde bdé kkǫbdá mįkʰé) - I want to go hunting [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ta-bde bde a-kdi naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi hi da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šíną tábde bdé akdí ną ą́nąxʔǫ́ži hí datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - I went hunting again, when I came back, she had not listened to me, she was eating it and the little girl was crying [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de koⁿ-da (tábde de kǫdá) - he wanted to go hunting [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de (tábde de) - he went hunting [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ a-ka-sa-ni ta-bde de (šíną ákasáni tábde dé) - again, the next morning he went hunting [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de tʰe taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ tʰi (tábde de tʰé tą níkkašíka mį tʰí) - when you went hunting a person came [JOD]

► ex: e-ti e-naⁿ-hi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ tʰaⁿ ta-bde de naⁿ (étti enąhí ką-tʰą́ tʰą tábde dé ną) - she was there alone, when he went hunting [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-ho-shi a-ti shi-naⁿ naⁿ ta-bde de (íkihoší-áti šiną́-ną tábde dé) - after he forbade her (from eating it), he went hunting again [JOD]

► ex: ki-da-ha ta-bde da-we (kkidáha tábde dáwe) - they went hunting and separated/split up [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka wa-x’o i-da-kda-niⁿ ta-bde da-we (hą́tʰąhí níkka waxʔó idákdanį́ tábde dáwe) - once upon a time, a man and his woman went hunting [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ka zho-ki-kde ta-bde da-we (waxʔó nikká žókikde tábde dáwe) - a man went hunting with his woman/wife [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde aⁿ-ka-de, ni u-ha naⁿ-hi aⁿ-de aⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti shi-a-pe aⁿ-ka-de (tábde ąkáde, ní ohá nąhí ą́de ą́nį ną, kóišǫ́ttą étti šiápe ąkáde) - we went hunting, we were following along the course of the stream/water, then we went ashore there [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ ta t’e-de taⁿ a-zho-wa ta da-tʰe-wi (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną ttá tʔéde tą ážowa tta dátʰewi) - then he married her, when he hunted, he killed deer, they often ate deer [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka taⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą níkka tʰą tábde kaⁿ-tʰą́ ną) - then-man-the std.-hunting-he was standing so awhile-past sign) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰta-bthe (ṭá-bthe) - to hunt deer, deer hunting [FL-Osage]; ʰta-bre (ʰtáabre) - hunting for big game or small game [CQ-Osage]; da-ble (dáble) - hunt, go on a hunt [Kaw]

 

large, to walk all around in a large circle

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - to circumambulate at a distance, to walk all around in a large circle [JOD]

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - go around something at a distance ► o-a-ka-ki-xe (oákakixe) - I, o-da-ka-ki-xe (odákakixe) - you

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - going all around in a circle, to be going around [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi te-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi téti ttíže okákixe-xti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - when the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - he was going around it [JOD]

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe hi o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (okákixe hí oską́ską hí óažá ąmą́) - I usually dance, going around in the middle [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gi-xe (á-gi-xe) - all around a place [FL-Osage]; a-thi-gi-xe (á-thi-gi-xe) - a circle [FL-Osage]; a-ki-xe (ákiɣe) - move around, be all around, encircle a place or a person, be around especially in a bothersome way, pass by, circle around as in a tipi meeting “go clear around”, avoiding the center, around, skirting the edge of something [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-ghe (ágighe) - all around, a roll of something [Kaw]; o-gi-ghe (ógighe) - surround something [Kaw]; yu-gi-ghe (yugíghe) - tie something up by tying all around the object [Kaw]; ba-gi-ghe (bágighe) - cut around with a knife [Kaw]

 

large, very large

► wa-sh’a-ke hi (wašʔáke hi) - very large, very big [MS]

► wa-sha-ke hi (wášaké hi) - big [AG]

► cf. wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke), (wášʔaké) - large, be large; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke hi (ní wašʔáke hí) - bay, large body of water

► ex: ma-xpi wa-sh’a-ke (maxpí wašʔáke) - large clouds

► ex: wa-tʰi-shka wa-sh’a-ke hi (watʰíška wašʔáke hi) - big river [MS]

► ex: pe-te wa-sh’a-ke hi (ppétte wašʔáke hi) - big fire [MS]

► ex: ta wa-sh’a-ke hi (tta wašʔáke hi) - buck deer [MS]

► ex: si-po-za wa-sh’a-ke hi (sippóza wašʔáke hi) - big toe [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi (mątte wašʔáke hí) - large/broad canoe [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

 

larger, hunt any of the larger animals

► a-ba-zhi (ábaži) - hunt any of the larger animals ► a-pa-zhi (áppaži) - I, a-shpa-zhi (ášpaži) - you, oⁿ-ba-zhi-we (ǫbážiwe) - we

► Dhegiha: a-ba-e (ábae) - hunt, scout [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba e (aba e) - hunt, hunter [Omaha]; ’a-ba-e (’ábae) - to hunt [JOD-Omaha]

 

largest type of hawk

► xnaⁿ-shka (xnąšká) - largest type of hawk, Goshawk, feeds on rabbits and squirrels

► cf. i-be zi-ka (íbe zíkka) - hawk, red tailed or sparrow; kde-taⁿ (kdetą́) - hawk, smallest species; ma-ni he-ka (maní hékka) - brown hawk, “bird hawk”; si-ka di-ze (síkka díze) - chicken hawk

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ-shka (gthoⁿshká) - a type of hawk that has greyish feathers with white stripes [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-shka (gthoⁿshka) - red shouldered hawk [Omaha]

 

lariat

► i-kaⁿ-de (íkkąde) - lariat

► cf. koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line; zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; ta-kaⁿ (ttakką́) - thread, deer’s sinew; i-ki-kaⁿ-de (íkikką́de) - string one's bow; maⁿ-te-kaⁿ (mą́ttekką́) - bow string; wa-hi ko-ke kaⁿ (wahí kkóke kką́) - fishing line; hoⁿ-be-koⁿ (hǫbékkǫ) - shoelaces, moccasin strings; maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de (mąté-kkąde) - canoe string/rope [JOD]; maⁿ-te kaⁿ (mąté-kką) - canoe string/rope [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-kaⁿ-ye (íkaⁿye) - line, strap, lead [Kaw]; we-kaⁿ-ye (wékaⁿye) - lariat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-koⁿ-the (ikoⁿthe) - handle [Omaha]; i-ʰkoⁿ-the (í-ḳoⁿ-the) - the pot hanger [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-ke-de i-ʰkoⁿ-the (iⁿ-ké-de i-ḳoⁿ-the) - shoulder strap [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ta-koⁿ (takóⁿ) - deer sinew, sinew taken from the backs of deer and buffalo and used for thread, bows, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-koⁿ-ha (takóⁿha) - sinew, special deer or buffalo sinew used for sewing [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-goⁿ-ha (tagoⁿ ha) - sinew [Omaha]; ʰta-ʰkoⁿ (ṭa-ḳóⁿ), ʰkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ) - sinew, the sinew made from deerskin was used for sewing [FL-Osage]; ta-kaⁿ (tàkáⁿ) - deer sinew used for sewing [Kaw]

 

► wa-hi-oⁿ (wahíǫ) - string, thread, lariat

► ex: wa-hi-oⁿ zhi-ka (wahíǫ žíka) - little rope, string [MS]

► ex: wa-hi-oⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (wahíǫ žį́ka), wa-hi-oⁿ zhi-ka (wahíǫ žíka) - small string

► ex: ni-ka wa-hi-oⁿ (níkka wahíǫ) - rope

► ex: ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire

► ex: ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph

 

lariat, braid or plait a lariat in two strands

► a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands

► cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ni thi-be-bthiⁿ (zhoⁿní thibébthiⁿ) - twisted or plaited candy, twisted sugar, striped stick candy, candy cane, candy of any type [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

 

lark, meadowlark

► to-ti-niⁿ-ke (ttóttinį́ke) - meadowlark

► to-ti-niⁿ-ke (ttóttinį́ke) - meadowlark [MS]

► Dhegiha: tʰa-tʰi-thiⁿ-ge (tʰátʰithíⁿge), tʰa-chʰi-thiⁿ-ge (tʰáchʰithíⁿge) - meadowlark [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ti thiⁿ-ge (táti thiⁿge) - meadowlark [Omaha]; to-tsiⁿ-yiⁿ-ge (tóciⁿyiⁿge), to-i-tsiⁿ-yiⁿ-ge (toíciⁿyiⁿge) - meadow lark [Kaw]

 

last

► we-ha-ke (wéhake) - last [JOD]

► cf. o-do-ha-ke (odóhake) - last one [JOD]

► ex: de we-ha-ke, de zhiⁿ-ka tʰaⁿ (dé wéhake, dé žįká tʰą) - this last one, this small/young one [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we-ha-ge (wé-ha-ge) - the last one in line [FL-Osage]; wa-ha-ge (wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers [FL-Osage]

 

last of a party or series

► a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series

► cf. a-shi-aⁿ-he (ášią́he) - behind, or after him [JOD]; a-shi-aⁿ-he (ášiąhé) - afterward [JOD]; a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago); a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ (ášiǫhéttą) - later, afterward; a-shi-ta (ašítta) - behind; at or to the back or rear

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he hi tʰaⁿ tʰi-da-taⁿ t’e-de (ášiǫhe hí tʰą tʰidáttą tʔéde) - the last of the (hunting) party came, passed and killed it (the buffalo)

► ex: zhi-ka a-shi-oⁿ-he niⁿ-kʰe (žiká ášiǫhé nįkʰé) - the last of the young ones; the youngest one

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ a-shi-aⁿ-he de (wahą́nįké tʰą ášiąhé dé) - the orphan went afterward (behind them, after them) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ha-shi (háci) - last, after [JOD-Omaha]; ha-shi (hashi) - last [Omaha]; ha-shi (há-shi) - end, the last, omega [FL-Osage]; ha-shi (haaší) - last, in the back of, behind [CQ-Osage]; ha-shi (háshi) - last, tail end [Kaw]

 

last one

► o-do-ha-ke (odóhake) - last one [JOD]

► ex: de o-do-ha-ke miⁿ-xti o-shte (de odóhake mį́xti ošté) - this last one was left; this last one remained [JOD]

► ex: e o-do-ha-ke (é odóhake) - that last one [JOD]

► ex: she o-do-ha-ke de (šé odóhake dé) - that’s sure enough the last one [JOD]

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-thu-ha-ge (a¢úhage) - last, at the last [JOD-Omaha]; u-thu-ha-ge (u-thú-ha-ge) - the last time [FL-Osage]; u-thu-ha-ge tse (u-thú-ha-ge tse) - the last, final, the final act [FL-Osage]; o-tho-ha-ke (oðóhake) - more, last, final [CQ-Osage]; o-yo-ha-ge (oyóhage) - last, to be the last [Kaw]

 

last, then at last

► koi-she-taⁿ (koišétą) - then at last [JOD]

► cf. koi-she (kóiše) - aforementioned words or manner; koi-she (koišé) - that [JOD]; koi-she (kóiše) - that part [JOD]; koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity

 

late Autumn

► wa-sa zhoⁿ aⁿ-he (wasá žǫ́ ąhé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter or late Autumn, precedes sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska)

► cf. wa-sa (wasá) - black bear; zhoⁿ (žǫ), zhaⁿ (žą) - sleep, lie, recline; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay sg/ly/in inside something, put

 

late, be late, slow, to delay

► o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow, be late, to delay ► oⁿ-sti-te (ǫ́stitte) - I, o-di-sti-te (ódistítte) - you

► o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow [AG]

► ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te ni-kʰe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikʰé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

► Dhegiha: o-shtsu-tse (ošcúuce) - slowpoke, slow person, pokey one [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-sniⁿ-de (wasnińde) - delay [JOD-Omaha]; u-wa-sniⁿ-de (ú-wa-s͓nin-de) - delay, tardiness [JOD-Omaha]; shkoⁿ wa-zniⁿ-de (shkóⁿ wazníⁿde) - slow, movement, to be slow and deliberate in one's movements, to work slowly or take a long time to do something [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-sni-de (waçnide) - tardy, late [Omaha]; we-sni-de (weçnide) - slow [Omaha]; wa-stu-dse (wa-çtú-dse) - slow movements, slow walking or moving [FL-Osage]; wa-stsu-tse (wascúuce) - slow, pokey, slowly, late, overdue [CQ-Osage]

 

later, afterward

► a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ (ášiǫhéttą) - later, afterward

► cf. a-shi-aⁿ-he (ášiąhé) - afterward [JOD]; a-shi-aⁿ-he (ášią́he) - behind or after one [JOD]; a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series; a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago)

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́ [tta ǫkatʰą́]) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► Dhegiha: ha-shi (háci) - last, after [JOD-Omaha]; ha-shi (hashi) - last [Omaha]; ha-shi (há-shi) - end, the last, omega [FL-Osage]; ha-shi (haaší) - last, in the back of, behind [CQ-Osage]; ha-shi (háshi) - last, tail end [Kaw]

 

laugh much, giggle

► i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much ► i-da-xa de-a-de (idáxa déade) - I, i-da-xa de-da-de (ídaxa dédade) - you

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► Dhegiha: i-xa wa-the-the (íxa wathethe) - comical [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-xa (íqa) - laugh, laugh at, to laugh, to laugh at someone or something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-xa (íxa) - chuckle, giggle, laugh, smile [Omaha]; i-xa (í-xa) - to laugh, to titter [FL-Osage]; i-xa (íixa) - laugh, laugh at [CQ-Osage]; i-xa (íxa) - laugh; smile [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: the-the (thé-the) - to send to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - cause to go [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

 

laugh often, make fun of

► i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha ‘oⁿ-we (wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe: disísike hínįhá ʔǫ́wé) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were very cruel to mankind [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa-xa (í-qa-qa) - to laugh at, ridicule, make fun of; to get a laugh on one, as by playing a trick on him; to abuse, or maltreat a person [JOD-Omaha]; i-xa-xa (ixaxa) - humiliate, ridicule, harass [Omaha]; i-xa-xa (i-xá-xa) - to ridicule [FL-Osage]

 

laugh, smile

► i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile ► i-da-xa (idáxa) - I, i-da-xa (ídaxa) - you

► i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile [MS, AG]

► i-xa (ich-hah) - laugh, laughter (rire) [GI]

► cf. i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much; i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► ex: i-da-xa koⁿ-bda a-ni-he (idáxa kkǫbdá ánihé) - I wanted to laugh [JOD]

► ex: i-da-xa-zhi (idáxaží) - I laugh not [JOD]

► ex: i-da-xa naⁿ o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ i-da-xa-zhi i-yi (idáxa ną ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį́, idáxa-ží iyí) - I thought, if I laugh the man eater will see/find me, I didn't laugh, she said [JOD]

► ex: i-xa-zhi (ixaží) - he/she laugh not [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe i-xa koⁿ-da niⁿ-kʰe e-ni-te o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ i-da-xa-zhi (waxʔó nįkʰe íxa kǫ́da nįkʰe énitte, ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį idáxa-ži) - the woman wanted to laugh, although she thought he will see/find me, I won't laugh [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-xa (íkixa) - laughing at her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa (íqa) - laugh, laugh at, to laugh, to laugh at someone or something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-xa (íxa) - chuckle, giggle, laugh, smile [Omaha]; i-xa (í-xa) - to laugh, to titter [FL-Osage]; i-xa (íixa) - laugh, laugh at [CQ-Osage]; i-xa (íxa) - laugh; smile [Kaw]

 

laugh, tickle and make laugh

► di-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́da) - tickle and make laugh ► bdi-sh’iⁿ-da (bdíšʔįda) - I, ti-sh’iⁿ-da (ttíšʔįda) - you

► cf. shi-we di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (šíwe dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs; di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs repeatedly; di-x’i-x’i-da (dixʔíxʔida) - scratch an itch

► Dhegiha: thi-’i-’i-tha (thi’í’itha) - tickle, to tickle someone [Omaha/Ponca]; shi-be thi-i-tha (shíbe thi ítha) - tickle [Omaha]; thi-ʰk’i-tha (thi-ḳ’í-tha) - to tickle [FL-Osage]; thi-k’i-the (ðikʔíðe) - scratch, tickle [CQ-Osage]; yu-k’i-k’i-ya (yuk’ík’iya) - scratch an itch repeatedly, to tickle [Kaw]; yu-k’i-ya (yuk’íya) - scratch an itch once [Kaw]

 

lawyer

► wa-ki-ya (wákkiyá) - lawyer

► Dhegiha: wa-u-i-e (waúie), wa-wí-u-’e (wáwiu’é), wa-wi-u-e (wawíue) - lawyer, he who gives council or advice; the advice, counsel, law [JOD-Omaha]; wa-o-we (wao we), wa-o-we ga-xe (wao we ga-xe) - lawyer [Omaha]; wa-ʰki-e (wá-ḳi-e) - lawyer, a jurist [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰki-e (wáʰkie) - lawyer, attorney, lit., “taking up for a person” [CQ-Osage]

 

lay a long/inanimate object on something

► aⁿ-he (ą́he) - lay a long/inanimate object on something ► aⁿ-he (ąhé) - I, a-daⁿ-he (ádąhe) - you

► cf. oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something, put; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; wa-sa zhoⁿ aⁿ-he (wasá žǫ́ ąhé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter or late Autumn, precedes sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska); i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► ex: ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he), ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he) - wind, ta-te (ttátte) + aⁿ-he (ą́he)

► ex: siⁿ-ti-oⁿ-he (sįttiǫ́he) - crupper, saddle strap, a piece of tack used on horses to keep a saddle, harness or other equipment from sliding forward

 

lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object

► a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object ► a-i-ha-de (áiháde) - I, a-i-he-da-de (áihedáde) - you, oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-de (ǫ́kahiǫdé) - we, I and one other, oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-da-we (ǫ́kahíǫdawé) - we

► cf. i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam; a-toⁿ-wi-he-de (áttǫwihéde) - put horizontal object down carefully; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; kaⁿ i-he-de (ką ihéde), gaⁿ i-he-de (gą ihéde) - prone; na-xnaⁿ i-he-de (naxną́ ihéde) - hide someone’s singular/lying/inanimate object; pi i-he-de (ppi ihéde) - put down safely; so i-he-de (só ihéde) - cut lengthwise; shoⁿ i-he-de (šǫ́ ihéde) - bequeath, will, leave something

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (ithé¢ĕ) - laid down [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

 

lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something, put

► oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something, put ► o-woⁿ-he (owǫ́he) - I, o-doⁿ-he (odǫ́he) - you, oⁿ-koⁿ-ha-we (ǫkǫ́hawe) - we

► cf. aⁿ-he (ą́he) - lay a long/inanimate object on something; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; wa-sa zhoⁿ aⁿ-he (wasá žǫ́ ąhé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter or late Autumn, precedes sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska); i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► ex: sa-ti o-kdaⁿ oⁿ-he (sátti ókdą ǫhé) - joists, cross timbers of house

► ex: ma-hiⁿ oⁿ-he (máhį ǫhe) - knife sheath

► Dhegiha: (u-oⁿ-he) - lay [FL-Osage]; o-he (óhe) - to lay a horizontal object down, such as a pencil or a fork onto a table [Kaw]; oⁿ-he (oⁿhé) - classifier for sitting or lying broad object, this is used followng another verb when a large or large and broad object is acted on [Kaw]

 

lay something down, to lay out

► k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out

► cf. a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze aⁿ-taⁿ ki-k’aⁿ-he (kattíttize ą́ttaⁿ kíkʔąhé) - when he swept away/cleared a spot, he put it down (his own item) [JOD]

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze ki-ha naⁿ we-da-ba-zo ki-k’oⁿ-he (kattittíze kihá ną wédabázo kíkʔǫhe) - when he finished clearing a spot, he placed the index finger down [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhe-’oⁿ-he (zhé’oⁿhe) - roast, to place a long object, such as an ear of corn, in front of the fire to roast [Omaha/Ponca]; k’oⁿ-he (kʔǫ́he) - lay into [CQ-Osage]; k’o-he (k’óhe) - lay down an inanimate object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-k’oⁿ-he (ák’oⁿhe), a-k’o-he (ák’ohe) - lay something on top of something else [Kaw]; a-ku-k’o-he (ákuk’ohe) - lay one’s own object on a surface for one’s own benefit [Kaw]; a-gu-k’o-he (águk’ohe) - lay one’s own horizontal object on a surface; lay something on surface for someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰkoⁿ-he (ú-ḳ’óⁿ-he) - to place in a scabbard, to sheathe [FL-Osage]; o-k’oⁿ-he (ok’óⁿhe), o-k’o-he (ok’óhe) - put a lying inanimate object into something, as when putting a fork or spoon into a drawer [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰki-k’oⁿ-he (oʰkíkʔǫhe) - interrupt, lit., “insert oneself into” [CQ-Osage]

 

lay, put a horizontal object 

► i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object  ► i-he-a-de (ihéade) - I, i-he-da-de (ihédade) - you

► cf. i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► ex: ni-ti ni i-he-de (nítti ní ihéde) - he laid it in the water [JOD]

► ex: a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object

► ex: a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight

► ex: a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board

► ex: a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch

► ex: a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam

► ex: a-toⁿ-wi-he-de (áttǫwihéde) - put horizontal object down carefully

► ex: di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long

► ex: kaⁿ i-he-de (ką ihéde), gaⁿ i-he-de (gą ihéde) - prone

► ex: na-xnaⁿ i-he-de (naxną́ ihéde) - hide someone’s singular/lying/inanimate object

► ex: pi i-he-de (ppi ihéde) - put down safely

► ex: so i-he-de (só ihéde) - cut lengthwise

► ex: shoⁿ i-he-de (šǫ́ ihéde) - bequeath, will, leave something

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

 

lay, to sink and lay or lie

► o-spe (ospé kʰe) - to sink and lay or lie

► cf. spe (spe) - sink; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► ex: o-spe kʰe (ospé kʰe) - it sank and lay [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kdo tʰaⁿ o-spe kʰe (odákdo tʰą́ ospé kʰe) - gnawed holes in it and it sank [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-spe (u-spé) - to sink in water of its own accord, as a person, animal, boat, or tool [JOD-Omaha]; u-spe (u-spé) - a sunken or hollow place; the bed of a stream which has dried up; a valley [JOD-Omaha]; u-spe (uspe) - lowland, ravine, sink, anything dented [Omaha]

 

lazy

► o-di-sh’a-ke hi (odíšʔake hi) - very lazy [MS]

► o-di-sh’a-ke (odíšʔake) - refuse, be unwilling, decline ► o-bdi-sh’a-ke (obdíšʔake) - I, o-ti-sh’a-ke (ottísʔake) - you

► ex: o-di-sh’a-ke (odíš’aké) - he refused [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-sh’a-ge (uthísh’age) - to be unwilling, to refuse [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thu-ʰts’a-ge (u-thú-ṭs’a-ge) - anything that becomes a nuisance; offensive; vexatious or annoying; not willing; lazy; idle; one who shirks, avoids work, evades responsibility [FL-Osage]; u-thi-sh’a-ge (u-thí-sh’a-ge) - lazy man, an idler [FL-Osage]; o-thu-ts’a-ke (oðúucʔake) - laziness, lazy, be or become tired or weary of [CQ-Osage]; o-thu-ts’a-ke (óðuucʔake) - be lazy [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-ts’a-ge (óyuts’age) - be unwilling, refuse, deny, lazy [Kaw]

 

lead

► we-da-ka-bni (wédakabni) - lead

 

lead, pull along

► di-sto-we (distówe) - lead, pull along ► bdi-sto-we (bdístowe) - I, ti-sto-we (ttístowe) - you

► cf. a-sto-we (ástowe) - slide; ki-kdi-sto-we (kkikdístowe) - crawl on one’s stomach

► Dhegiha: we-thi-znu (wéthiznu) - something to pull or drag along by, as a lariat fastened to a sled [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-znu (thiçnu) - drag, pull, tow [Omaha]; a-ga-stu-e (a-ga-çtu-e) - slides [FL-Osage]

 

leader, chief

► ka-hi-ke (kahíke), ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief

► ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief [MR, OM]

► ka-hi-ke (k͓a-hí-k͓e) - masculine name, Chief [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - Chief, male name [Omaha]; ga-hi-ge (ga-hí-ge) - the great one, the chief [FL-Osage]; ka-hi-ke (ka-hí-ke) - chief [CQ-Osage]; ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief, leader, ruler, be chief, rule over; JOD (reflecting his times): to rule over, as a chief or U.S. agent does [Kaw]

 

leader, stomp dance leader

► ki-we-zho-xte (kiwéžoxkte), ki-we-zho-kte (kiwéžokte) - stomp dance leader [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte o-zha (wažokte óža), wa-zho-xte o-zha (wažoxte óža) - stomp dance [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte ho-ta-iⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we got some good leaders here [MS]

► ex: o-zha wa-zho-kte ho-ta-iⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (óža wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we have good leaders [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte miⁿ-xti wa-taⁿ-ka a-niⁿ (wažokte mį́xti wattą́ka anį́) - so they dance, one leader, special leader [MS]

 

leader, war captain, war chief

► to-taⁿ haⁿ-ka (totą́hąka) - war captain, war chief

► cf. to-taⁿ (totą́) - war; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral/first gens

► Dhegiha: nu-doⁿ hoⁿ-ga (nudoⁿ hoⁿga) - master, overseer, captain, colonel, director, emperor, boss, chairman, officer, leader, commander [Omaha]; do-doⁿ hoⁿ-ga (do-dóⁿ hoⁿ-ga) - chief commander of the army [FL-Osage]; to-taⁿ-ha (totą́ ha), to-taⁿ haⁿ-ka (totą́ hąka) - committeeman, member of war 
dance committee, one with rank of war dance committee, one with rank of 
authority, ranking member [CQ-Osage]; do-daⁿ haⁿ-ga (dodáⁿ háⁿga) - leader of a war party, captain of a team [Kaw]

 

leaf, leaves

► a-pe (apé) - leaf

► cf. zhoⁿ a-pe (žǫ́ape) - leaf; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]; a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage

► Dhegiha: ’a-be (’ábe) - leaf, leaves of a plant, leaf, leaves [Omaha/Ponca]; a-be (á-be) - foliage, leaves, leaf [FL-Osage]; a-pe (ápe) - leaf [CQ-Osage]

 

► zhoⁿ a-pe (žǫ́ape) - leaf

► zhaⁿ a-pe (žą́ ape) - leaves [MS]

► zhaⁿ a-pe (jaⁿ́-a-p͓ĕ) - masculine name, Leaf. Dead; son of ni ka-xe (ni k͓axĕ) [JOD]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; a-pe (apé) - leaf

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ ’a-be (zhóⁿ’abe) - leaf, leaf of a tree or bush [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ a-be (zhoⁿabe) - leaf [Omaha]; zhoⁿ a-be (zhoⁿ΄-a-be) - the leaves of trees [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ-pe (žąąpé) - leaf [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ-ya-be (zháⁿyabe) - leaf, leaves [Kaw]

 

lean near the ground but not touching it

► a-da-bda (ádabda) - bend near the ground, lean near the ground but not touching it, as tree branches

 

 

lean on

► a-bi-ta (ábitta) - lean on ► a-pi-ta (áppitta) - I, a-shpi-ta (ášpitta) - you, oⁿ-ka-bi-ta-we (ǫkábittawe) - we

► ex: a-wi-pa-ta (áwippatta) - I lean on you

► ex: aⁿ-shpi-ta na-ha (ą́špitta nahá) - beware lest you lean on me!

► Dhegiha: a-bi-ta (á-bi-tă) - to touch, as a table, by leanng on it; to touch, as with the hand when one falls [JOD-Omaha]; a-bi-ta (abita) - touch [Omaha]; a-bi-ʰta (á-bi-ṭa) - to touch with the flat (palm) of the hand [FL-Osage]; a-bu-ta (ábuta) - hold, hold down, as to put the hands down gently on and around an object pressing it in order to hold it [Kaw]

 

lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall ► a-a-kʰaⁿ hi-a-zhoⁿ (áakʰą híažǫ) - I, a-da-kʰaⁿ hi-da-zhoⁿ (ádakʰą hídažǫ) - you, oⁿ-ka-kʰaⁿ hi-oⁿ-zhoⁿ (ǫ́kakʰą híǫžǫ) - we, I and one other, oⁿ-ka-kʰaⁿ hi-oⁿ-zhoⁿ-we (ǫ́kakʰą híǫžǫwé) - we

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object, make an upright object lean by pulling it; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ) - leaing against [JOD-Omaha]; a-ʰkoⁿ (á-ḳoⁿ) - to lean on, to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lie down, as to sleep or rest, lie against, lean up against [CQ-Osage]; akhaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ (ágaⁿ) - against [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ zhiⁿ-he (ágaⁿ zhíⁿhe) - to lie against an object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-za-da hi-zhoⁿ (ga-çá-da hi-zhoⁿ) - to lie prostrate, as to spread out flat from a fall [FL-Osage]

 

lean, make an upright object lean by pulling it

► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object; make an upright object lean by pulling it ► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (ádikʰą itʰédade), a-ti-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (áttikʰą itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► Dhegiha: a-thi-ʰkoⁿ (á-thi-ḳoⁿ) - lay on either side; to recline as when attacking [FL-Osage]; a-thi-kxaⁿ (áðiikxą) - lie down against; lean up against, recline, rest [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-khaⁿ (áyukhaⁿ) - lean on something, as a door [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ) - leaing against [JOD-Omaha]; a-koⁿ (á-koⁿ) - to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lean up against; lie against; lie down, as to sleep or rest [CQ-Osage]; a-khaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]

 

lean, set up a movable object so that it leans against something

► a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something ► (ákʰą itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object; make an upright object lean by pulling it; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ i-te-the (akaⁿ ité¢ĕ) - to place, a stick, etc., against any object [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ) - leaing against [JOD-Omaha]; a-ʰkoⁿ (á-ḳoⁿ) - to lean on, to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lie down, as to sleep or rest, lie against, lean up against [CQ-Osage]; akhaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ (ágaⁿ) - against [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ zhiⁿ-he (ágaⁿ zhíⁿhe) - to lie against an object [Kaw]

 

lean, skinny, thin

► xda (xdá) - skinny

► xda (xdá) - skinny [AG]

► ex: si-ke xda (síke xdá) - skinny girl (daughter) [AG]

► Dhegiha: xtha (qtha) - lean, thin, poor [Omaha/Ponca]; xtha (xtha) - reduce [Omaha]; xtha (xtha) - haggard; weary from work [FL-Osage]; xla (xla) - be thin, lean, skinny, poor, weak [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xtha zhiⁿ-ga (xtha-zhíⁿ-ga) - lean, gaunt, haggard, slender, slim, thin, lean [FL-Osage]; la-zhiⁿ (lažį́į) - skinny, slim, slender, thin, lean, poor, pitiful, gaunt, haggard [CQ-Osage]

 

leap, jump

► zha-ko-i-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump ► zha-ko-i-bde (žakkóibde) - I, zha-ko-i-te (žakkóitte) - you

► cf. zha-ka i-de (žákka íde), zha-ko-i-de (žakóide) - jump a rope; zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną), zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną) - jump, make sudden leaps; zha-ko-i-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance; a-zha-ki i-de (ážakki íde) - jump rope; a-zha-ko-i-de (ážakkóidé) - jump over something; jump and go over a stream, log, etc.

► ex: o-zha taⁿ maⁿ-shi zha-koi-de taⁿ (óža tą mą́ši žakóide tą) - when he danced, he leaped high [JOD]

 

► zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną), zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną) - jump, make sudden leaps

► cf. zha-ko-i-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump; zha-ka i-de (žákka íde), zha-ko-i-de (žakóide) - jump a rope; a-zha-ki i-de (ážakki íde) - jump rope; a-zha-ko-i-de (ážakkóidé) - jump over something; jump and go over a stream, log, etc.; i-naⁿ (iną́) - sign of sudden effect; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - suddenly and often [JOD]; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - unsteady, ungainly

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakóiną́ną) - he leaped often, or each time [JOD]

 

leave a mark

► o-we-tiⁿ (owéttį) - to leave a mark ► o-a-we-tiⁿ (oáwettį) - I, o-da-we-tiⁿ (odáwettį) - you

► cf. taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

► Dhegiha: u-we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (u-wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - a mark of some kind by which a thing may be found; a sign, something placed to aid in the memory of a place; identification mark; a register, a token, a keepsake; to register [FL-Osage]; we-toⁿ-iⁿ (wétoⁿiⁿ) - distinction, difference [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - mark of identification [FL-Osage]; we-tiⁿ (wétiⁿ) - difference, distinction [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

► o-ka-maⁿ-te (okámątte) - leave a mark or track ► o-a-ka-maⁿ-te (oákamątte) - I, o-da-ka-maⁿ-te (odákamątte) - you

 

leave none, exterminate

► ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none” ► ni-a-wa-de (niawade) - I, ni-wa-da-de (niwadade) - you, ni-oⁿ-wa-da-we (niǫwadawe) - we

► cf. ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all; ni-ki-de (níkide) - to expend someone’s property; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous, give away; wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property

► ex: o-ki-hi-ta-zhi ni-ki-de tʰe (okíhittaži níkide tʰe) - he is anxious to expend it all [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to exterminate; to destroy utterly; annihilate; to spend money; to give away one’s own possessions, till all are gone [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - give away, divest oneself of, be out of, be lacking [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi e-the (wathi éthe) - give away [Omaha]; wa-ni-the (waníðe) - give things away, hold a giveaway, giveaway at i-loⁿ-shka (ilǫ́ǫška) dances and other special occasions [CQ-Osage]; wa-yiⁿ-ye (wayíⁿye) - give away freely, as gifts at a dance; to give to a stranger or to a member of another tribe [Kaw]

 

leave something, bequeath, will

► shoⁿ i-he-de (šǫ́ ihéde) - bequeath, will, leave something ► shoⁿ i-he-a-de (šǫ́ ihéade) - I, shoⁿ i-he-da-de (šǫ́ ihédade) - you

 

► shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (šǫ́ iną́de) - bequeath sg/si/in/ob or cloth ► shoⁿ i-naⁿ-a-de (šǫ́ iną́ade) - I, shoⁿ i-naⁿ-da-de (šǫ́ iną́dade) - you

 

► shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-de (šǫ́nįkʰéde) - bequeath sg/si/an/ob to someone ► shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-a-de (šǫ́nįkʰéade) - I, shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-da-de (šǫ́nįkʰédade) - you

 

leave, abandon

► a-di-o-te (ádiótte) - abandon, leave ► a-bdi-o-te (ábdiótte) - I, a-ti-o-te (áttiótte) - you, oⁿ-ka-di-o-ta-we (ǫkádióttawe) - we

 

leave, abandon one’s own

► i-ki-ti-ze (íkittize) - leave, abandon one’s own ► i-da-ki-ti-ze (idákittíze) - I, i-da-ki-ti-ze (ídakittíze) - you

 

leave, abandon, throw away

► oⁿ-de (ǫdé) - throw away, abandon, leave ► oⁿ-bde (ǫbdé) - I, oⁿ-te (ǫtté) - you, oⁿ-oⁿ-da-we (ǫ́ǫdawe) - we, oⁿ-da-we (ǫdáwe) -they

► cf. oⁿ-de de-de (ǫ́de déde) - throw away suddenly; ki-oⁿ-de de-de (kiǫ́de déde) - throw something at someone suddenly; oⁿ-de de-da-da (ǫ́de dédadá) - throw back and forth, as the arms when running; a-aⁿ-de (áąde) - to give an illness; communicate a disease

► ex: oⁿ-bde (ǫbdé) - I throw it away [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-i-te xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-a-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-bde naⁿ ho-taⁿ te (šą́įtte xwį́ nįkʰé páašpe ną ǫbdé ną hóttą tte) - well, when I cut out the bad/offensive smelling part and I throw it away, then it will be good [JOD]

► ex: oⁿ-de (ǫdé) - to throw it away [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-i-te xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de naⁿ ho-taⁿ te, i-yi (“šą́įtte xwį nįkʰe pášpe ną ǫdé ną hóttą tte, iyí) - well, when the bad/offensive smelling part is cut out and thrown away, then it will be good, he said [JOD]

► ex: oⁿ-da-we (ǫdáwe) - they threw them away [JOD]

► ex: zho-i-ka bdo-ka di-shpa-shpa taⁿ oⁿ-da-we, i-ya (žoíka bdóka dišpášpa attą ǫdáwe, iyá) - tearing his entire body to pieces and scattering the pieces all around, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ki-ki-aⁿ-de (kikkią́de) - she threw away her own for him [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da (ą́da) - threw it away [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da de-da-we (ą́da dédawe) - threw it away-they sent it off [JOD]

► ex: ki-ki-aⁿ-da de-da-we (kíkkią́da dédawe) - threw away her own for him-they sent it off [JOD]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-the (ǫ́ǫðe) - throw away, discard, leave behind, remove, as from office, quit someone, divorce or separate from [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ-ye (óⁿye) - leave, throw away, abandon, forsake [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-tha (oⁿtha) - forsake, abandon, leave, throw away [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ-tha (oⁿtha) - oust, discard, abandon, discharge, disqualify, desert, abandoned [Omaha]; oⁿ-tha (óⁿ-tha) - to throw away, to dispense [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-tha (ǫ́ǫða) - throw away, throw, leave or quit someone, discard someone or something, toss out [CQ-Osage]

 

leave, cause to leave, move, cause to move, dislodge, stirrup

► shkoⁿ-de (škǫ́de) - move, cause to move, leave, cause to leave, dislodge, stirrup [JOD]

► cf. shkoⁿ (škǫ) - move; de (de) - cause to, to cause

► ex: shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de (škǫ́ądé) - they cause me to move [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de ni-hoⁿ?” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (“hǫnį́ttą škǫ́ądé nihǫ́?” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - how would it be possible for anyone to make me move?, said the black bear, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: shkoⁿ-wa-da-we (škǫ́wadáwe) - they cause us to move [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wítteke níkkašíka žóhi hi škǫ́wadáwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke niⁿkʰe) - “my uncle, many people are here and will dislodge us,” said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ-ki-de (wakákaγe škǫkíde) - movie, show, picture show, “picture that causes itself to move”

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) - do you want to go to the show? [OM]

► Dhegiha: shkoⁿ-the (shkóⁿthe) - move, dislodge, to cause to move, to dislodge, make restless; stir up [Omaha/Ponca]; shkaⁿ-the (ckaⁿ́¢ĕ) - made to move, to cause to move; to dislodge game or foe; to make restless; to stir up or start up; to cause deer, etc., to move out from a thicket [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: shkoⁿ (shkoⁿ) - move, act, do, to act, be active, move around, do [Omaha/Ponca]; shkaⁿ (ckaⁿ) - to move about, stir; to act, do [JOD-Omaha]; shkoⁿ (shkoⁿ) - to move, to stir, to be active [FL-Osage]; shkaⁿ (šką́) - move, change, as weather, go on, continue, start [CQ-Osage]; shkaⁿ (shkaⁿ) - move around, stir [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: the (the) - to cause [Omaha/Ponca]; the (the) - to cause [FL-Osage]; the (ðe) - make, have or make someone do something, cause something to happen to someone or something [CQ-Osage]; ye (ye) - causative, make happen, to cause, to make, to persuade one to do something [Kaw]

 

leaves, strip off as leaves

► di-ka (diká) - strip off, as leaves ► bdi-ka (bdíka) - I, ti-ka (ttíka) - you

► cf. thi-ga (thi-gá) - to husk corn [FL-Osage]; yu-ga (yugá) - husk corn, shell nuts [Kaw]; wa-thi-ga (wathi ga) - husk corn [Omaha]; wa-thi-ga (wa-thí-ga), wa-thu-ga (wa-thú-ga) - to husk corn [FL-Osage]

 

leaving a mark or dent

► di-ski-ta (diskítta) - to tie tightly leaving a mark or dent ► bdi-ski-ta (bdískitta) - I, ti-ski-ta (ttískitta) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-sku-da (thiskúda) - mark by tying or drawing rope over, to mark across the grain by tying or drawing a rope over the surface [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ski-da (thi-çkí-da) - to tie something tightly, to make an indention [FL-Osage]; yu-ski-da (yuskída) - mark, make a mark with the hands, to make a groove or depression in a bag, or a mark on the leg of a person or animal by tying it very tightly [Kaw]

 

left

► de (de) - go ► bde (bdé) - I, te (tté) - you, de (dé) - he/she, aⁿ-ka-de (ąkáde) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-ka-da-we (ąkádawe) - we, da-we (dáwe), da-wi (dáwi), da-i (daí) - they

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-do-tʰe niⁿ de a-taⁿ wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe ki-ha kdi (kóišǫ́ttą odotʰé nį dé áttą waxʔó nįkʰé kihá kdí) - then when the man eater left, the woman came back down (from up in the tree) [JOD]

 

left hand

► da-ta (dátta) - left hand or side

► cf. naⁿ-pe da-ta te-ta (nąpé dátta ttétta) - left hand; a da-ta kʰe (á dátta kʰe) - the left arm

► Dhegiha: tha-ta ta-thi-shoⁿ (thata tathishoⁿ) - left side [Omaha]; tha-ta (¢áta) - left handed [JOD-Omaha]; tha-ʰta (thá-ṭa) - the left, on the left, left handed [FL-Osage]; tha-ʰta (ðáʰta) - left, leftward, lefthand [CQ-Osage]; ya-ta (yáta) - left, left side, be left handed [Kaw]

 

► naⁿ-pe da-ta te-ta (nąpé dátta ttétta) - left hand

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; da-ta (dátta) - left hand or side; tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the, at the [JOD]; a da-ta kʰe (á dátta kʰe) - the left arm

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be tha-ʰta tse (nóⁿ-be tha-ṭa tse) - the left hand [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-be ya-ta che (noⁿbé yáta che), noⁿ-be ya-ta yiⁿ-khe (noⁿbé yáta yiⁿkhé) - the left hand [Kaw]

 

left over, remain

► o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over ► oⁿ-shte (ǫ́šte) - I, o-di-shte (odíšte) - you

► cf. o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]; o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► ex: miⁿ-xti o-shte (mį́xti ošté) - just one remained [JOD]

► ex: de o-do-ha-ke miⁿ-xti o-shte (de odóhake mį́xti ošté) - this last one was left; this last one remained [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: e-da-te naⁿ-hi a-kda-niⁿ o-shte (edátte nąhí akdánį ošté) - her father-only-keeping his own-remained [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe, she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé, šétto dábnį ą́kišté, šemi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive (my own remaining), I have already lost (I’m lacking) a boy and a girl [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-shte (ucté) - to remain, to be left over; the remainder, the balance, the rest; remaining, remainder [JOD-Omaha]; u-shte (ushte) - remainder [Omaha]; u-shtse (u-shtsé), u-stse (u-stsé) - the rest, remainder, remained, remnant, left over [FL-Osage]; o-shtse (ošcé) - remain, be left or left over, leave (as leftovers), spare, remainder, rest, leftover [CQ-Osage]; o-shtse (óshce) - remain, be left, be left over [Kaw]

 

► o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]

► cf. o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over; o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► ex: o-ka-shte (okášte) - remained after striking [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and one female, two remained after the striking down of the others, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-shte (úgacte) - to leave a remnant; to reserve, as a part of another’s wages, yet to be paid him [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-shte (u-gá-shte) - exempt, free from [FL-Osage]; o-ga-shtse (ogáshce) - to remain after being struck; save something, set aside, spare, reserve [Kaw]; o-wa-ga-shtse (ówagàshce) - to allow them to remain after killing the rest by blows; to spare them instead of killing them by blows [Kaw]

 

► o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► cf. o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over; o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-mu-shte (umúcte) - to leave after shooting, as bullets, cartridges, or arrows; what remains after shooting, as bullets, cartridges, or arrows [JOD-Omaha]; o-bo-shtse (obóshce) - remain after filing, rubbing, or painting, as bullets or arrows; remnant, that which remains after shooting, such as arrows or bullets [Kaw]

 

leg

► zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal

► zhe-ka (žeká) - legs [MS]

► zhe-ka (jaccah) - leg (jambes) [GI]

► cf. zhe-ka taⁿ (žeká ttą) - pot, lit. “it has legs” [MS]; zhe-ka ta (žekátta) - leg of a chair; wa-zhiⁿ-ka zhe-ka (wažį́ka žeká) - bird’s legs

► Dhegiha: zhe-ga (zhéga) - upper part of the leg, thigh [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe-ga (zhega) - leg [Omaha]; zhe-ga (zhe-gá) - leg, upper part [FL-Osage]; zhe-ka (žeká) - leg [CQ-Osage]; zhe-ga (zhegá) - leg; thigh, leg above the knee [Kaw]

 

leg above the knee, thigh

► de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh

► cf. de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg; de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

 

leg below the knee

► hi-naⁿ-pe-hi (hinąppéhi), hi-noⁿ-pe-hi (hinǫppéhi) - leg below the knee

► cf. hi-naⁿ-pe-hi wa-hi (hinąppéhi wahí) - tibia; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xpe-hi (noⁿxpehi) - shin [Omaha]; noⁿ-xpe-hi (nóⁿ-xpe-hi) - the shin, that part of the leg between the knee and the ankle [FL-Osage]; na-xpe-hu (náxpehu) - shin; tibia and fibula (the two bones of the lower leg) [Kaw]

 

leg of a chair

► zhe-ka ta (žekátta) - leg of a chair

► cf. zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal

► Dhegiha: zhe-ga (zhéga) - upper part of the leg, thigh [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe-ga (zhega) - leg [Omaha]; zhe-ga (zhe-gá) - leg, upper part [FL-Osage]; zhe-ka (žeká) - leg [CQ-Osage]; zhe-ga (zhegá) - leg; thigh, leg above the knee [Kaw]

 

leg, back of leg joint

► hi-ko-xa-ni-ka (híkkoxaníkka) - back of leg joint

► cf. hi (hi) - leg, tree, bush, vine, stalk

► Dhegiha: hi-u-kʰi-tʰe (híukʰítʰe) - the leg joint, under or back of the knee [Omaha/Ponca]; hi-u-ki-te  (hiúkite) - knee joint [Omaha]; hi-ʰkoʰ-i-noⁿ-doⁿ (hí-ḳoⁿ-i-noⁿ-doⁿ) - a hamstring [FL-Osage]; hu-kaⁿ o-zhiⁿ-ga (húkaⁿ ozhíⁿga) - lower part of the leg just above the ankle [Kaw]

 

leg, bird’s legs

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka zhe-ka (wažį́ka žeká) - bird’s legs

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga te zhe-ga (wazhiⁿga te zhega) - drumstick (bird’s leg) [Omaha]

 

leg, calf of the leg

► hi-zho (hížo), hiⁿ-zho (hįžó) - calf of the leg

► Dhegiha: hi-zhi (hi-zhú) - calf of the leg [FL-Osage]

 

leg, front part of upper leg

► de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg

► cf. de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg; de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

 

leg, tree, bush, vine, stalk

► hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► hi (hi) - stalk, trunk of tree [FS]

► cf. hi di-ko (hi díkko) - lame, springhalt, be lame (horses); hi-ko-xa-ni-ka (híkkoxaníkka) - back of leg joint; hi-naⁿ-pe-hi (hinąppéhi), hi-noⁿ-pe-hi (hinǫppéhi) - leg below the knee; hi-niⁿ-ke (hinį́ke), hi-ni-ke (hiníke) - leggings; hi-zho (hížo), hiⁿ-zho (hįžó) - calf of the leg; di-xe hi (díγe hi) - willow tree; di-zho-de hi (dižóde hi) - peach tree, free stone; e-hi (ehí) - elm tree; hiⁿ-te naⁿ-be hi (hį́tte ną́be hi) - slippery elm tree; kaⁿ-te hi (kkąttéhi) - apple tree; kaⁿ-te i-iⁿ-xe (kką́tte íįxé hi) - apple tree; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka hi (kkątté ttą́ka hi) - peach tree, clingstone; pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree; pi-de kde-ze hi (ppíde kdéze hi) - red oak, lit. “striped tree”; pi-de sha hi (ppíde šá hi) - white oak, named for the color of its acorns; pi-de ste-te hi (ppíde stétte hi) - water oak, lit. “tall acorn tree”; poⁿ hi (ppǫhí) - hickory tree; shta-naⁿ hi (štaną́hi) - persimmon tree; ta-ke hi (ttakéhi) - black walnut tree; ta-shka hi (ttaškáhi) - burr oak; ta-shna hi (ttašną́hi) - ash tree, Fraxinus; wa-ta-sto-ta hi (watástottá hi) - pecan tree; we-sa-de hi (wésade hi) - soft maple, “black dye tree”; xoⁿ-te hi (xǫttéhi) - cedar tree; zhaⁿ-ha di-sha-sha-ke hi (žąhá díšašákehi) - blackjack oak, Q. marilandia; zhoⁿ-ni hi (žǫní hi) - maple tree, Acer saccharum; zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te hi (žǫ́xda žítte hi) - redbud tree, Cercis Canadensis; maⁿ-sa hi (mą́sa hí) - dogwood bush or tree, Cornus; naⁿ-pe di-ta-ze hi (nąpé dittáze hí) - spice bush, spicewood tree, lit. “cracks across the grain”; po hi (póhi) - black hawthorn bush; pe-zi-ka hi (ppézika hí) - gooseberry bush; sha-zhi-ka hi (šážika hí) - whortleberry bush(es); ta-ni-ba-he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus); to-di-xa-ta hi (ttódixátta hi) - cockleburs; to-di-xa-ta taⁿ-ka hi (ttódixátta ttą́ka hi) - the large cockleburr; Jimpson weed; ti-o-spaⁿ hi (ttióspąhi) - red hawthorn bush or tree; wa-ta-sto-ta sha-ka hi (watástotta šákka hi) - hazel bush; wa-xe-ka hi (waxéka hi) - blackberry bush; wa-xe-ka ma-ni hi (waxéka máni hí) - dewberry bush; wa-xe-ka xo-te hi (waxéka xótte hí) - raspberry bush; zhi-we taⁿ-ka hi (žíwe ttą́ka hi) - wahoo bush, euonymus atropurpureus; ha-zi kaⁿ-hiⁿ (házi ką́hį) - grape vine; pa-shte-ka hi (paštéka hi) - strawberry vine; wa-hi (wahí) - cornstalk; o-we wa-hi (ówe wahí) - cornstalk; wa-tʰaⁿ-zi hi (watʰą́zi hí) - cornstalk

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - stalk, stem, trunk, leg, tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, tooth, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

 

leg, upper part of leg

► de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg

► cf. de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg; de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

 

leggings

► hi-niⁿ-ke (hinį́ke), hi-ni-ke (hiníke) - leggings

► hi-niⁿ-ke (hinį́ke) - leggings [MS]

► hinį́ke (ī nǐ kya), (ī nī kya) - leggings, from John Quapaw, Pete Claber, Mrs. Hominy [MH]

► cf. ta-ha hi-niⁿ-ke (ta ha hǐ nǐ kya) - buckskin leggings, from Louis Angel Tallchief [MH]; hi-niⁿ-ke zi-zi (hinį́ke zizí) - stockings [MS]; hi-ni-ke zi-zi-ke (hiníke zizíke) - stockings, hose

► Dhegiha: hiu-iⁿ-ge (hiú-iⁿ-ge) - leggings (man’s) [FL-Osage]; hu-iⁿ-ke (húuįke), hiⁿ-oⁿ-ke (hį́įǫke) - hosiery, stockings, socks, leggings [CQ-Osage]; hu-yoⁿ-ge (húyoⁿge), hu-yu-yiⁿ-ge (húyuyiⁿge) - leggings [Kaw]

 

leggings, buckskin leggings

► ta-ha hi-niⁿ-ke (ta ha hǐ nǐ kya) - buckskin leggings, from Louis Angel Tallchief [MH]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer, meat, especially dried meat; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta-ha (ttahá) - deerskin; hi-niⁿ-ke (hinį́ke), hi-ni-ke (hiníke) - leggings; ta-ha hoⁿ-pe (ttahá hǫpé) - moccasins made of deerskin; ta-ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - shirt, coat, man’s tunic, made of buckskin; ta-ha wa-ka-xe (ttahá wakáγe) - to tan deerskin

► Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta-ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta-ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu-iⁿ-ge (hiú-iⁿ-ge) - leggings (man’s) [FL-Osage]; hu-iⁿ-ke (húuįke), hiⁿ-oⁿ-ke (hį́įǫke) - hosiery, stockings, socks, leggings [CQ-Osage]; hu-yoⁿ-ge (húyoⁿge), hu-yu-yiⁿ-ge (húyuyiⁿge) - leggings [Kaw]

 

leggings, put on shoes or leggings

► o-tʰaⁿ (otʰą́), o-tʰoⁿ (otʰǫ́) - put on shoes or leggings, wear ► o-a-tʰaⁿ (oátʰą) - I, o-da-tʰaⁿ (odátʰą) - you

► cf. o-ki-tʰoⁿ (okítʰǫ) - put on, as leggings or moccasins

► Dhegiha: u-taⁿ (u-taⁿ́) - to put on leggings; to put on moccasins [JOD-Omaha]; se-hiⁿ-be u-tʰoⁿ (séhiⁿbe utʰóⁿ) - put on, snowshoe; to put on snow shoes [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-be u-toⁿ (hoⁿ-bé u-toⁿ) - to put on moccasins or shoes [FL-Osage]; o-txaⁿ (otxą́), o-kxaⁿ (okxą́) - put on (e.g., pants, shoes) [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-ki-tʰoⁿ (okítʰǫ) - put on, as leggings or moccasins ► o-a-ki-tʰoⁿ (oákitʰǫ) - I, o-da-ki-tʰoⁿ (odákitʰǫ) - you

► cf. o-tʰaⁿ (otʰą́), o-tʰoⁿ (otʰǫ́) - put on shoes or leggings, wear

► Dhegiha:; u-gi-taⁿ (u-gí-taⁿ) - to put on his own leggings or pants [JOD-Omaha]; o-ki-txaⁿ (okítxą), o-ki-kxaⁿ (okíkxą) - put on one’s own pants or shoes [CQ-Osage]

 

legs, cramp in the legs

► di-ko-ke (dikkóke) - cramp in the legs (only) ► bdi-ko-ke (bdíkkoke) - I, ti-ko-ke (ttíkkoke) - you

► cf. hi di-ko (hi díkko) - lame, springhalt, be lame (horses); hi di-ko (hi díkko) - cripple [OM)]

► Dhegiha: thi-ku (thi kú) - cramp, convulsion [Omaha]; thi-ʰku-ge (thi-ḳú-ge) - a cramp [FL-Osage]; yu-ko-ge (yukóge) - be cramped [Kaw]

 

legs, stretch or straighten one’s legs

► naⁿ-sa-ta (nąsátta) - stretch or straighten one’s legs ► a-naⁿ-sa-ta (aną́satta) - I, da-naⁿ-sa-ta (daną́satta) - you

► Dhegiha: ki-naⁿ-sa-da (k͓i-naⁿ́-sa-da) - refl. of naⁿ-sa-da (naⁿsada); to stretch his limbs by running or walking; to take a walk for the sake of exercise [JOD-Omaha]

noⁿ-sa-da (noⁿ-çá-da) - to stretch anything with the foot, as one stretches a tight pair of moccasins [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: sa-da (sáda) - stretched, straightened out, as an arm or leg [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-da (çá-da) - stretched, stretch, stiff, rigid, stiff-jointed [FL-Osage]; sa-ta (sáta) - stiff, rigid, stiffened [CQ-Osage]; sa-da (sáda) - stiff, straightened out [Kaw]

 

lend, loan

► o-k’i (okʔí) - lend something; give food to someone ► o-a-k’i (oákʔi) - I, o-da-k’i (odákʔi) - you, oⁿ-ko-k’i-we (ǫkókʔiwe) - we

► cf. k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone; o-k’i (ókʔi) - make offering or sacrifice; ki-k’i (kíkʔi) - give back, return; ki-k’i (kikʔí) - give to one’s own (kin)

► Dhegiha: u-’i (u’í) - to lend anything, to lend something [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’i (ui) - loan, lend, treat [Omaha]; u-ʰk’i (u-ḳ’í) - to lend [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (okʔú) - lend, give, provide, furnish, supply [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-’i (ú’i) - to give food to another [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰki (ú-ḳí) - to feed [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (ókʔu) - give, provide, furnish, give stuff to someone, feed, giving, giveaway, event of giving or giving away [CQ-Osage]

 

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