I alone, only I
►
wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone
►
wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, I alone
►
cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; e-naⁿ (éną),
e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; di-naⁿ
(díną) - you only; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną) - we,
only, only us
►
Dhegiha: wi-noⁿ (wínoⁿ) - only I [Omaha/Ponca];
wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I [CQ-Osage]
I indeed
►
mi-xti (míxti) - myself, I indeed, emphatic pronoun
►
cf. xti (-xti) - very, real, fully
►
Dhegiha: wi-xti (wíqti) - I myself [JOD-Omaha]; zhu-ga wi-xti (zhúga wíqti) - I myself [Omaha/Ponca];
wi-e-xtsi (wíexci) - I myself, more emphatic form of
wi-e (wíe) [CQ-Osage]
I myself, even I
►
wi-e-hi-taⁿ (wiéhittą́) - I myself, even I
I or whoever was meant
►
wi-e-te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant
►
cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; te te (tte tté)
- such and such, expresses uncertainty; e-te te (étte tté)
- perhaps, maybe
I to you
► wi (wi) - I to
you, first person singular acting on second person
►
ex: i-wi-ki-de (íwíkide) - I see you; from i-ki-de (íkide) - to see one’s own
►
ex: i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (íwíkide ą́dakní) - I’m glad
to see you [AB, OM]
►
ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní)
- my aunt, I’m glad to see you [FR]
►
ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ (winaxʔǫ) - I heard you; from
na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen
►
ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ zhi (winaxʔǫ́ ži) - I didn’t hear you
[MS]
►
ex: wi-toⁿ-we (witǫ́we) - I’m looking at you; from
toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at
something [MR]
►
ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ-ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwittąwe ažą́tta mįkʰe)
- I will lie watching you; from a-taⁿ-we (átąwe),
a-taⁿ-we (áttąwe) - look upon
►
ex: o-wi-bda (owíbda) - I tell you; from o-bda
(obdá) - I tell something
►
ex: wi-k’i (wikʔí) - I give to you; from k’i
(kʔi) - to give something to someone
►
ex: ti de wi-k’i (tti dé wikʔí) - I give you this
lodge [JOD]
►
ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí
ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her)
for me and return here I will give you this lodge [JOD]
►
ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te
(ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you
bring her, my own, back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]
►
ex: wi-bda-xta (wibdaxtá) - I bite you; from
bda-xta (bdáxta) - I bite something [MS]
►
ex: wi-ki-kaⁿ ta (wi-gi-kun-tâ) - I will help you;
from o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone [LH]
►
ex: o-wi-kaⁿ-shi-ka (owíkkąšiká) - I hate you; from
o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká) - hate
►
ex: o-wi-tʰiⁿ (owítʰį) - I hit you; from
o-tʰiⁿ
(otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit
►
ex: a-wi-aⁿ-bde (áwią́bde) - I give it (illness) to
you; from a-aⁿ-de (áąde) - to give an illness;
communicate a disease
►
ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit
close to you; from a-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (ábdaska aknį́) -
I sit close
►
ex: a-wi-bdi-xe (áwibdiγe) - I take you for my
husband; from a-bdi-xe (ábdiγe) - I take a man for a
husband, I marry a man
►
ex: a-wi-ka-zhi (áwikaži) - I command you, I tell you
to do something; from a-ka-zhi (ákaži) - command, tell
someone to do something
►
ex: e-koⁿ ka-xe a-wi-ka-zhi (ekǫ́ káγe áwikaži) - I
commanded you to do so
►
ex: wa-wi-ka-zhiⁿ (wáwikažį) - I tell you to do
something [JOD]
►
ex: a-wi-ki-bda (áwikkibda) - I attack you in return,
blow for blow; from a-a-ki-bda (áakkíbda) - I attack
in return, I return blow for blow
►
ex: a-wi-ki-bda ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkibda ttá mįkʰé) - I
will attack you in return
►
ex: a-wi-ki-pa (áwikkippá) - I meet you; from a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal
►
ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I
will meet you
►
ex: xta-wi-de (xtawidé) - I love you, from xta-de (xtadé) - love
►
ex: o-wi-ki (owikki) - I say/talk to you; from
o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okki) - speak, talk with
one
►
ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe (owikki tta mįkʰé) - I’m going
to talk to you [MS]
►
ex: ka-shoⁿ o-wi-ki miⁿ-kʰe (kašǫ owikki mįkʰé) -
that’s all I have to say to you [MS]
►
ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe
she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé
šétto dábnį ą́kišté, šemi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell
you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already
lost a boy and a girl [MS]
►
ex: a-wi-ki-bde (áwikíbde) - I go
for/fetch for you; from a-ki-bde (akíbdé) - I go
for/fetch something, not my own [JOD]
►
ex: a-wi-ki-bde te (áwikíbde tté) - I will go after it
for you
►
ex: a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (áwikíbnį akdí) - I have
brought back your, I have brought for you; from a-ki-bniⁿ
a-kdi (ákibnį akdí) - I brought it back to him/her
►
ex: we-da-niⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (wédanį áwikíbnį akdí)
- I have brought back for you (my relation) clothing [JOD]
►
ex: a-wi-zha-miⁿ (áwižamį́) - I honor you; from
a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (ážąmį) - I think, regard; I treat as
►
ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke (ówikibdáke) - I tell you; from
o-ki-da-ke (ókibdake) - I tell it to my own [JOD]
►
ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe (ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé)
- I will tell you’all the news [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke
(hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - yes, I have
come, I have come to tell you something, the rabbit said to them,
they say [JOD]
►
ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (wikíkdakʔį́) - I carry you, my own
(around) on my back; from ki-kda-k’iⁿ (kikdakʔį) -
carry one’s own bundle or pack on one’s own back [JOD]
►
ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a (wikíkdakʔį́ tteá) - I will
carry you on my back [JOD]
►
ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́
tteá,” iké) - “all right! I will carry you (on my back),”
she said to him [JOD]
►
ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te iⁿ,” i-yi (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́
tté į́,” iyí) - “all right! I will carry you (on my back),”
he said [JOD]
►
ex: a-wi-kda a-tʰi (awíkda atʰí) - I have come for
you, my own; from a-kda a-tʰi (ákda atʰí) - I arrive
here (for the first time) to this place (not my home) to get my own
object (horse, child, gun, etc.)
►
ex: “a-wi-kda a-tʰi, iⁿ-kaⁿ,” i-ke (“awíkda atʰí, įkką́,” iké)
- he said to her, “I have come for you (my own), grandmother” [JOD]
►
ex: wi-bdi-ze (wibdíze) - I get for you [JOD]
►
ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka wa-da-ki-te naⁿ maⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe
a-shi-aⁿ-he a-ni-he (wažį́ka wadákkitté ną́ mą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe
ášią́he anihé) - when you shoot the birds, I’ll walk behind
you getting the arrows for you [JOD]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ
tʰe a-shi-aⁿ-he (šiną́ wažį́ka tʔédade nąhą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe
ášią́he) - if you kill a bird again, I’ll walk behind and
get it for you [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: wi (wi) - a pr. fragment, including both sub.
and ob.; I--you(s) [JOD-Omaha]; wi (wi) - combined
marker of 1st person sg. Subject and 2nd person object, “I …you”
[CQ-Osage]; wi (wi) - I/you, where 'I' is the subject
and 'you' is the object [Kaw]
I too, me too
►
wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, also “as for me”
►
wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ́), wi-e-haⁿ (wiehą́) - I
too, me too [JOD]
►
wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]
►
cf. di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́)
- it, he, she, too
►
ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni
(ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t
like me and I don’t like him either [MS]
►
ex: wi-e-haⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ hi-we (wiehaⁿ́ ą́nį-hiwé) - they
took me there also [JOD]
►
ex: wi-e-hoⁿ t’e-aⁿ-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde i-ye tʰaⁿ i-ya (wíehǫ
tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde iyé tʰą iyá) - he said, “me too, they
killed me, I dreamed that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]
I, as for me
►
wi-e e-miⁿ-kʰe-ti (wíe émįkʰétti) - I, as for me
►
cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé)
- 1sg continuative aux sitting
I, but I, whereas I, contrastive
►
wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I, contrastive
►
cf. di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive; oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža - we (contrastive), “we, on the one
hand”
►
Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - I, in contrast to others,
marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else [Omaha/Ponca]
I, if it were I
►
wi-e-taⁿ (wíettą) - I, if it were I
►
cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; taⁿ (tą) - when,
if
I, me
►
wi-e (wíe) - I, 1st singular actor
►
wi-e (wíe) - me [MS, OM]
►
wi-e (wi-eh) - me (moi) [GI]
►
cf. di-e (díe) - you, disjunctive 2nd singular; e (e) - he, she, it, that;
oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) -
we
►
ex: wi-e bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe bdé tta mįkʰé) - I’m
going [MS]
►
ex: wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I
will go in this direction [JOD]
►
ex: wi-e a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe akdé tta mįkʰé) - I
want to go home (I will be going home) [AG]
►
ex: wi-e a-wa-naⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-khe (wíe awaną́bde ta mįkʰé)
- I’m going to eat [AG]
►
ex: wi-e a-gi-ta (wíe ágítta) - I’m getting up [AG]
►
ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi
o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá,
šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my
elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left,
I am the eldest [JOD]
►
ex: wi-e ho-taⁿ (wíe hóttą) - I am happy [MW], would
expect aⁿ-ho-taⁿ (ąhóttą) - I’m good, happy
►
ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé)
- I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]
►
ex: hoⁿ-zhi wi-e i-da-de (hǫží wíe idáde) - no, I
didn't see it [AG]; would expect, i-da-da zhi (idáda zhi)
- I don’t/didn’t see
►
ex: e wi-e a-de (ée wíe áde) - yes, I saw it [AG];
conjugates i-de (íde) - to see, as a-de (áde),
expected conjugation i-da-de (idáde) - I see
►
ex: wi-e i-xa (wíe íxa) - I laugh [AG]; would expect
i-da-xa (idáxa) - I laugh
►
ex: wi-e maⁿ-niⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe mąnį́ tta mįkʰé) - I
am going to go walking [AG]; would expect conjugated form of verb,
a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ (amą́bdį) - I walk
►
ex: wi-e o-ka-xpa (wíe okáxpa) - I’m Quapaw [AG]
►
ex: wi-e toⁿ ni miⁿ-kʰe (wíe tǫ́ ni mįkʰé) - I see you
[AG]; would expect same as, wi-toⁿ-we (witǫ́we) - I’m
looking at you [MR]
►
ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni)
- I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow); a-kde (akdé)
- I go home, I start homeward [AG]
►
Dhegiha: wi-e (wíe), wi (wi) - I, me
[Omaha/Ponca]; wi (wi) - me [Omaha]; wi-e (wí-e)
- I, me [FL-Osage]; wi (wi) - I am [FL-Osage]; wi-e (wíe),
wi (wí) - me, I [CQ-Osage]; we (we),
wi-e (wie) - I, me [Kaw]; wi-e
(wié), we (we) - me, I am the one who...; it
is I who... [Kaw]
ice
►
to-xe (tóγe) - ice
►
Dhegiha: nu-xe (núxe) - ice [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-xe
(núxe) - ice, iceberg, icicle, icy [Omaha]; noⁿ-xe
(noⁿ´-xe) - ice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xe (ną́γe) -
ice [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-ghe (náⁿghe), na-ghe (nághe)
- ice [Kaw]
►
to-xa-ta (toγátta) - ice
►
to-xa-ta (toγátta) - ice [MS]
►
to-xa-ta (toγátta) - on the ice
►
to-xe snaⁿ-ka (tú-xe snañ́-ka), (túqe snañ́ka)
- masculine name of the Kwapa ho e-ni-ka-shi-ka
(hu énikacik͓a) or Fish gens; Perpendicular Ice, or Ice
Standing-on-end: a name of John Hañk͓a, the head man of the gens.
This name was given as tu-ha snaⁿ-ka (tú-ha snañ́-ka),
in 1883 by K.; John Hañ́k͓a of the to-xe a haⁿ-ka (túqe a
hañk͓a) people [JOD]
icicle
►
maⁿ-ta (mą́tta) - icicle
►
Dhegiha: nu-xe (núxe) - ice, iceberg, icicle, icy
[Omaha]; noⁿ-xe u-ba-doⁿ-the (nóⁿ-xe u-ba-doⁿ-the) -
icicle [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-ghe o-ja (náⁿghe ojá) - icicle
[Kaw]
if
►
wi-e-taⁿ (wíettą) - I, if it were I
►
cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; taⁿ (tą) - when,
if
►
i-naⁿ (inaⁿ) - when, if [JOD]
►
naⁿ-haⁿ (naⁿhą́) - if, when [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ kʰe de-de naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we
(mą́ kʰe déde nąhą akidé ną kikʔí ką-nį́ iyáwe) - if he shot
an arrow off, he would go after it and give it back to him, he was
moving around doing this for awhile, they said [JOD]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ
te a-shi-aⁿ-he (šiną́ wažį́ka tʔédade nąhą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tte
ášią́he) - if you kill a bird again, I’ll walk behind and
get it for you [JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-zha wa-zhiⁿ-ka naⁿ maⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we,
wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, maⁿ kʰe de-de
naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we (ną́ža wažį́ka ną mą
kidizé ką-nį iyáwe, wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé ką-nį́ iyáwe, mą́ kʰe
déde nąhą akidé ną kikʔí ką-nį́ iyáwe)
- when he would shoot
at a bird, he would get his arrow for him, when he killed a bird, he
got it for him, if he shot an arrow off, he would go after it and
give it back to him, he was moving around doing this for awhile,
they said [JOD]
►
taⁿ (tą) - when, if, following subjunctive verb
►
ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąp͓ą́ ąbą
híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I
will go [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: doⁿ (doⁿ) - because, when, did [FL-Osage];
taⁿ (tą) - if, when, provided that, since, because
[CQ-Osage]; daⁿ (daⁿ), da (da) - and,
when, so [Kaw]
►
taⁿ-he (tąhé) - if only, irrealis modal, postposed to
verb phrase
►
e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe
►
ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ
kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi
tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village
anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi
ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge
very near [JOD]
►
ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, “ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e
aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te,” i-ye (atéže ną, “táttą ke ą́teže hidé,
mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé étte tté,” iyé) - when I urinated,
“what is this urinating on me, I wonder if it’s the stars urinating
on me,” he said [JOD]
►
ex: koi ta-taⁿ te-zha-i ke, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zha-i ke e-te te
(kói táttą téžai ké, mikkáxʔe ątežai ke étte tté) - what is
that urinating, I wonder if the stars are urinating on me [JOD]
►
ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we a, e-te te (íšpahąwé a, étte tté) -
do you’all know? I wonder. [JOD]
ignore, heed not, disobey
►
a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (ánaxʔǫži) - ignore, heed not, disobey
►
a-a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (áanaxʔǫ́ži) - I,
a-da-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (ádanaxʔǫ́ži) - you
►
cf. a-na-x’oⁿ (ánaxʔǫ) - listen to;
zhi (ži)
- not, negation; na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen;
wa-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (wanáxʔǫží) - to be deaf;
ki-na-x’oⁿ
(kínaxʔǫ) - listen to someone, heed someone;
o-na-x’oⁿ
(ónaxʔǫ) - hear about something, hear a report;
o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-zo-zo (ónaxʔǫ íkazózo) - newspaper, lit.
“paper that hears”; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ
onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ
i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph;
o-na-x’oⁿ-de (onáxʔǫde) - tell, lit. “cause to hear
something”
►
ex: a-a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi pʰi (áanaxʔǫ́ži pʰí) - I did not
heed him-I was coming, (I ignored him as I was coming) [JOD]
►
ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi (ą́nąxʔǫ́ži) - she had not
listened to me, she ignored me [JOD]
►
ex: “tʰi-we, tʰi-we, wi-he,” i-ye naⁿ a-na-x’aⁿ-zhi hi kde
i-ya-we (“tʰiwé, tʰiwé, wihé,” iyé ną ánaxʔąži hí kdé iyáwe)
- “come, come, younger sister,” he said, she was not listening to
(ignoring) him as she headed home, they say [JOD]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ ta-bde bde a-kdi naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi hi da-tʰe
niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šíną tábde bdé akdí ną
ą́nąxʔǫ́ži hí datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - I went
hunting again, when I came back, she had not listened to me, she was
eating it and the little girl was crying [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: a-na-’aⁿ-zhi (ána’aⁿ́ji) - he did not listen
to, he does not listen to [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-tha-na-’aⁿ-zhi
(aⁿ́¢ana’aⁿ́ji) - you do not listen to me [JOD-Omaha];
a-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ-zhi (á-noⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ zhi) - to disobey [FL-Osage];
aⁿ-tha-na-k’oⁿ-zhi-e (ą́ðanakʔǫžíe)
- you did not
listen to me [CQ-Osage]
ill behaved
►
wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, ill behaved
►
aⁿ-wa-hoⁿ-ka zhi (ąwáhǫkáži) - I,
di-wa-hoⁿ-ka
zhi (diwáhǫkáži) - you
►
wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (wáhąká ži) - crazy, wild [MS, AG, MW]
►
cf. wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved
►
ex: wa-x’o wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (uahŭ-uahunkajih) - whore,
hooker (putain) [GI]
►
Dhegiha: wa-hoⁿ-ga zhi (wáhoⁿgazhi) - fearless,
unafraid of the cold, not to be afraid of the cold, as said of one
who does not seek a shelter, but continues traveling on foot or
horseback [Kaw]
ill humored
►
wa-zhaⁿ-ni-ke (wažą́nike) - ill humored
►
wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke (wažą́ąnike) - I
►
cf. wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-de (wážǫį́ níwade) - hateful
ill, sick
►
ha-t’e (hátʔe) - to be sick, ill
►
aⁿ-ha-t’e (ąhátʔe) - I, di-ha-t’e (dihátʔe)
- you, wa-ha-t’a-we (wáhatʔawe) - we
►
ha-t’e (hátʔe) - sick [MS, AB, OM]
►
cf. ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good
health; ha-t’e wa-shkoⁿ (hátʔe waškǫ́) - relapse
►
ex: ha-t’e miⁿ-kʰe (hátʔe mįkʰé) - I’m sick [MS]
►
ex: ha-t’e shtaⁿ (hątʔé štą) - sickly [JOD]
►
ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ
(įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active
and I’m very sickly [JOD]
►
ex: ha-t’e niⁿ-kʰe (hátʔe nįkʰé)
- he’s/she’s sick
[MS]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ, ti-aⁿ-zhi, ha-t’e (kóišǫ́ttą, ttią́ži hí,
hatʔé) - then, in a very short time, he became sick [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ
kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha
(ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną,
ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband
had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he
became sick with a severe fever [JOD]
►
ex: ha-t’e naⁿ di-sh’a i-ki-ba-haⁿ (hatʔé ną dišʔá íkibahą́)
- he knew he would fail because of his sickness [JOD]
ill, speak ill of one’s own
►
kda-shi-ke (kdášike) - speak ill of one’s own
►
a-kda-shi-ke (akdášike) - I, da-kda-shi-ke
(dakdášike) - you
►
cf. da-shi-ke (dašíke) - speak badly of or
incorrectly; shi-ke (šíke) - bad
►
Dhegiha: u-gtha-shi-ge (ugtháshige) - to complain of
his relations, friends, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-shi-ge
(ú-tha-shi-ge) - to complain [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-shi-ge
(wa-thá-shi-ge) - to slander [FL-Osage]
►
Dhegiha: gtha-pi-a-zhi (gthápiázhi) - to speak one’s
own badly, speak one’s native language incorrectly or speak babdly
of one’s relative [Omaha/Ponca]
►
Dhegiha: tha-pi-a-zhi (thápíazhi) - speak badly,
mispronounce, speak evil, to speak a language incorrectly, to
pronounce a word or phrase badly, to speak evil of someone
[Omaha/Ponca]; tha-ʰpi-zhi (tha-p̣í-zhi) - execrate
[FL-Osage]; wa-tha-ʰpi-zhi (wa-thá-p̣i-zhi) - to
disparage, to speak evil of one [FL-Osage]
illness, to give an illness
►
a-aⁿ-de (áąde) - to give an illness; communicate a
disease
► a-a-aⁿ-bde (áaąbde)
- I, a-da-aⁿ-te (ádaątte) - you, oⁿ-ka-aⁿ-da-we
(ǫ́kaądawe) - we
►
cf. a (a) - on, upon; oⁿ-de (ǫdé) -
throw away, abandon, leave; oⁿ-da (ǫ́da) - threw it
away [JOD]; oⁿ-de de-de (ǫ́de déde) - throw away
suddenly; ki-oⁿ-de de-de kiǫ́de déde) - throw
something at someone suddenly
►
ex: a-wi-aⁿ-bde (áwią́bde) - I give it (illness) to
you
►
ex: a-di-aⁿ-de (ádią́de) - he has thrown it on you, he
has left his illness with you
►
ex: aⁿ-da-aⁿ-te (ą́daątte) - you have thrown away
yours (illness) on me
►
Dhegiha: a-oⁿ-tha (áoⁿtha) - throw, give, to throw
something on someone, to gove someone a disease [Omaha/Ponca]
impede
►
a-ba-t’o (ábatʔo) - stop, impede progress
►
a-pa-t’o (áppatʔo) - I, a-shpa-t’o (ášpatʔo)
- you
►
cf. a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close
off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam; a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe
(ákkippatʔo káγe) - close, as sliding doors;
wa-ba-t’o
(wábatʔo) - stop, obstruct, impede
►
ex: a-ba-t’o-i (ábatʔoi) - his progress was checked
[JOD]
►
Dhegiha: a-ba-t’u (ábat’u) - to brace or prop an
object to keep it from falling [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-ʰt’u
(á-ba-ṭ’u) - to prevent one from moving by holding one back
[FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-pa-ʰts’u (á-ḳi-pa-ṭs’u) - the
blocking of a narrow passage by men or animals [FL-Osage]; a-ba-ts’o (ábats’o) - brace something, prop something up; to
hesitate or draw back through shame or diffidence; be bashful,
hesitant [Kaw]
►
wa-ba-t’o (wábatʔo) - stop, obstruct, impede
►
wa-pa-t’o (wáppatʔo) - I, wa-shpa-t’o (wášpatʔo)
- you
►
cf. a-ba-t’o (ábatʔo) - stop, impede progress;
a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up,
clog, as in a traffic jam; a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe (ákkippatʔo káγe)
- close, as sliding doors
►
Dhegiha: a-ba-t’u (ábat’u) - to brace or prop an
object to keep it from falling [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-ʰt’u
(á-ba-ṭ’u) - to prevent one from moving by holding one back
[FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-pa-ʰts’u (á-ḳi-pa-ṭs’u) - the
blocking of a narrow passage by men or animals [FL-Osage]; a-ba-ts’o (ábats’o) - brace something, prop something up; to
hesitate or draw back through shame or diffidence; be bashful,
hesitant [Kaw]
imperative
►
ka (ká) - imperative, command, male speech [JOD]
►
ex: da-we ka (dá-weká) - you’all begone! [JOD]
►
ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka (okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká) - give ye
the scalp yell often! [JOD]
►
ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ
o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hi
wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé, ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke
iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first,
immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell!” the rabbit said
to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: ga (ga) - male imperative, command, male
[Omaha]
►
a (a) - imperative, appearing at the end of a command,
it replaces the final e (e) of the verb
►
ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!; command form of
a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut, cave in
►
ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it! [MS]
►
ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it! (imperative)
►
ex: a-kda-da (ákda dá) - go get your own!; command
form of a-kda de (ákda dé) - go after, fetch one's own
►
ex: a-shi-niⁿ a-kda da (ášinį ákda dá) - go get your
coat! [MS]
►
ex: a-kda da (ákda dá) - go get your own! (imperative
sg.)
►
ex: a-ki-toⁿ-wa (ákkittǫwá) - take care!; command form
of a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware
of, take great care of, refrain from
►
ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take
great care of the infant!
►
ex: aⁿ-ki-a (ą́kkiá) - talk to me!; command form of
o-ki-e (okkie) - speak, talk with one
►
ex: aⁿ-ki-a (ą́kkiá) - talk to me! [MS]
►
ex: da (dá) - go!; command form of de (de)
- go
►
ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da, a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį
étti dá, ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first!, and
I will join you later on
►
ex: di-e e-ti da (díe ettí dá) - you go! (you go
there!) [MS]
►
ex: ki-te da (kkítte dá) - go shoot him! [MS]
►
ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go
to town! [MS]
►
ex: ba-shoⁿ de-da (bašǫ́ de-dá) - throw it out! [MS]
►
ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte
kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]
►
ex: a-ba-taⁿ-de da (ábattąde da) - push away!, push
it! [MS]
►
ex: ka-xa (kaγá) - make it!, do it!; command form of
ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause
►
ex: ki-ka-xa (kikaγá) - make it for him!
►
ex: a-ki-di-be-niⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it
in two strands!
►
ex: wa-ske ka-xa hne (wáske káγa hné) - you making
bread (make bread!) [MS]
►
ex: naⁿ-pe bi-ze ka-xa (nąpé bizé kaγá) - make dry
hands! (dry your hands!) [MS]
►
ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the
light burn! (turn on the lantern, make it burn!) [MS]
►
ex: kda (kdá) - go home!, start homeward!; command
form of kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward
►
ex: ti-a-di kda (ttíadi kdá) - go in the house! [MS]
►
ex: a-kda kda (ákda kdá) - go back and get yours!
(imperative sg.)
►
ex: o-da (odá) - tell it!; command form of o-da
(odá) - tell something
►
ex: kdi-za (kdizá) - take your own!; command form of
kdi-ze (kdíze) - take one's own
►
ex: maⁿ-niⁿ kdi-za (mąnį́ kdizá) - go get it! [MS]
►
ex: toⁿ-wa (tǫ́wá) - look!; command form of
toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at
something
►
ex: toⁿ-wa (tǫ́wá) - look! [AG, OM]
►
Dhegiha: a (a) - female imperative [Omaha]; a
(a) - imperative, particle appearing at the end of a
command, replaces final ‘e’ of verb [CQ-Osage]; a (a) - imperative, used to form commands, used with 3S verb form,
regardless of subject, similar to English, ‘please do,’ ‘please be,’
‘do now,’ or ‘be now’ [Kaw]
►
ʰne (ʰne) - imperative, possible alternate
pronunciation of ni-he (nihé)
►
ex: di-e toⁿ ti da ʰne (díe ttǫ tti dá ʰné) - you go
to town! [MS]
►
ex: wa-ske ka-xa ʰne (wáske káγa ʰné) - make bread!
[MS]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi ʰne za-ni (šíną óža kdi ʰné zaní)
- you’all come back again and dance [MS]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi ʰne (šíną zaní kdi ʰné) -
everybody come back again! [MS]
►
ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha ʰne za-ni (ą́ba óža ʰné zaní) - whole
bunch of them dance all night! [MS]
►
ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha ʰne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža
ʰné) - you white people go home and dance all night! [MS]
►
ex: di-maⁿ-shi ʰne (dimą́ši ʰné) - raise it up! [MS]
►
ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ ʰne (íkidikdą ʰné) - slow!, go easy!,
think about it! [MS]
►
ex: aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi ʰne (ąkitoį tʰi ʰné) - come see me!
[MS]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi ʰne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi ʰné) -
come back and see me again! [MS]
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi ʰne (mą́tʰe datʰí ʰné) - come back
inside! [MS]
►
Dhegiha: thiⁿ-he (thiⁿhé) - strong suggestion or
imperative, sign of strong prohibition, strong warning, express a
strong urging [Omaha]; thiⁿ-hau (thiⁿ-haú) - be sure,
used at the end of a sentence [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ (ðį),
thi (ði), niⁿ (nį), ni (ni)
- imperative marker, sentence final marker for command to sg.
addressee [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-he (hníⁿhe) - strong
imperative or prohibition marker [Kaw]
►
ni-he (nihé) - imperative plural
►
ex: da ni-he (dá-nihé) - go thou!, you go! [JOD]
►
ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidédĕ dá nihé) -
you go in that direction! [JOD]
►
ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, wa-zhiⁿ ki-te da ni-he (įkną́, wažį́ kkíte
dá-nihé) - first son, go shoot some birds! [JOD]
►
ex: shka-te da ni-he (škátte dá-nihé) - go play! [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he (hǫpé
imą́tta masáni kidíštottá-inihé) - you’all pull off/remove
the other shoe, the one on the other side! [JOD]
►
ex: hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - come thou!, you come! [JOD]
►
ex: kdi ni-he (kdí-nihé) - come back! [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi
aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska
hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters
said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]
►
ex: shoⁿ-hi-te aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe, aⁿ-t’e taⁿ zho za-ni
ta-x’aⁿ-ki-da ni-he, aⁿ-naⁿki-ye (šǫ́hite ątʔé tta mįkʰé, ątʔé tą žó
zaní táxʔąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye) - well/at any rate I am going
to die, when I'm dead barbecue all my flesh for me, he said to me
[JOD]
►
ex: o-ta-shti-te a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te ni-he,” i-ke niⁿ
(otáštitétti ašítti hesą́ okítte-nihé, iké nį) - look for
lice on yourself outside in the sunshine, he said to her [JOD]
►
ex: o-zha tʰaⁿ e taⁿ-we ni-he (óža tʰą é tą́we-nihe) -
that one dancing, you’all look at him! [JOD]
►
ex: na-zhiⁿ ni-he (nažį́ nihé) - stand up!
►
Dhegiha: thiⁿ-he (thiⁿhé) - strong suggestion or
imperative, sign of strong prohibition, strong warning, express a
strong urging [Omaha]; thiⁿ-hau (thiⁿ-haú) - be sure,
used at the end of a sentence [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ (ðį),
thi (ði), niⁿ (nį), ni (ni)
- imperative marker, sentence final marker for command to sg.
addressee [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-he (hníⁿhe) - strong
imperative or prohibition marker [Kaw]
►
na-ha (nahá) - prohibitive, beware lest...
►
ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ, “te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we,” i-yi iya
(ínąpą́, “tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe,” iyí iyá)
- a
second time she said, “do not go to those lodges!, they are
disobedient,” they say [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti te na-ha i-he naⁿ (étti tté nahá ihé ną) -
you do not go there!, I’ve been saying [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá
idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there!, they will sure
enough abuse you [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha (wasá ttikdé ke tta étti
tté nahá) - do not go to the village of the black bears!
[JOD)]
►
ex: da-xa-ke naⁿ-ha (daγáke nąhá) - beware lest you
cry out! [JOD]
►
ex: aⁿ-shpi-ta na-ha (ą́špitta nahá) - beware lest you
lean on me!
►
ex: maⁿ-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá)
-
beware lest the bank cave in on you!
►
ex: a-da-ka-xdi-we da-na-zhiⁿ na-ha (ádakaxdíwe danážį nahá)
- beware lest you stand gazing on it!
►
ex: ka-she-naⁿ na-ha (kašéną nahá) - don’t do that!
[AB]
►
Dhegiha: naⁿ-ha (naⁿha), noⁿ-ha (noⁿha)
- imperative [Kaw]; na-ha-o (nahao) - imperative,
masculine singular [Kaw]
►
she-do (šedó) - get out of the way!, imperative
function
►
she-do (šedó) - get away! [MS]
►
cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there
►
Dhegiha: she-thu (shé-thu) - yonder, there where you
are [FL-Osage]; she-tho (šeeðo), she-thoⁿ (šeeðǫ́)
- there where you are, right there where you are, that person there
[CQ-Osage]; she-yo (shèyó) - there in the distance,
yonder [Kaw]
impermissive
►
niⁿ-kʰe de (nįkʰe dé) - impermissive, done without
permission
►
cf. ni-ke (niké), niⁿ-ke (nįké) - to
have none, be lacking; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative
auxiliary sitting
impetuous
►
wa-ki-xdo-zhi (wákkixdoži) - rash, impetuous
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aⁿ-wa-ki-xdo-zhi (ąwákkixdóži) - I, wa-di-ki-xdo-zhi (wadíkkixdóži) - you
improbability
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ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - improbability post clitic, dubitative
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ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we i-ya
wa-sa ke (hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́ iyáwe iyá wasá ke) -
the black bears said, “how could anyone kill all of us?”,
they say [JOD]
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ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ t’e-da-de ni-hoⁿ (hǫnį́ttą tʔédade nihǫ́)
- how would it be possible for you to kill him? [JOD]
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ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de ni-hoⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe
(hǫnį́ttą škǫ́ądé nihǫ́ iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - “how would it
be possible for anyone to make me move?” said the black bear, it is
said
improve
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ki-ho-taⁿ (kíhottą) - convalesce, improve
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aⁿ-ho-taⁿ (ą́hottą) - I, di-ho-taⁿ (díhottą)
- you
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cf. we-ki-ho-taⁿ de-de (wékihóttą déde) - medicine,
“make you get better”; di-ho-taⁿ (dihóttą) - do well,
to excel; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good
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