Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

oak acorns - oh oil - on this side on top of - one side one thing - oneself onion - otter skin our, ours plural - ox

oak acorns

► pi-de (ppíde) - acorn, acorns of the ta-shka (ttaška) oak are different

► cf. pi-de kde-ze hi (ppíde kdéze hi) - red oak, lit. “striped tree”; pi-de sha hi (ppíde šá hi) - white oak, named for the color of its acorns; pi-de taⁿ-ka (ppíde ttą́ka) - a type of bird, “large acorn”; a bird called, pi-de taⁿ-ka (ppíde ttą́ka), or Large Acorn, red dots on middle of head, is larger than a hummingbird, dark on temples, bluish body, in the spring of the year it cries, “zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te (žǫ́xda žítte)! zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te (žǫ́xda žítte)!” Red buds! Red buds!]; pi-de ste-te hi (ppíde stétte hi) - water oak, lit. “tall acorn tree”

► Dhegiha: bu-de (búde) - nut, acorn [Omaha/Ponca]; bu-de (búde) - a nut resembling the acorn, but growing on a different tree, the trunk of which is red (the red oak?), eaten by the Omahas after some preparation, a red oak acorn [JOD-Omaha]; pi-si (p̣i-çí) - acorn, acorn of the red oak [FL-Osage]; ʰpo-su (ʰposú) - acorn [CQ-Osage]; pu-su zhiⁿ-ga (pusú zhiⁿga), pu-su hiⁿ-ga (pusúhiⁿga) - the smallest type of acorn [Kaw]

► ta-shka (ttašká) - acorn of the burr oak

► cf. ta-shka hi (ttaškáhi) - burr oak, Quercus macrocarpa

► Dhegiha: ta-shka (táshka) - acorn [Omaha]; ta-shka (táshka) - acorn [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-shka skiu-e (ṭa-shká-çkiu-e) - a sweet acorn [FL-Osage]; ta-ska sku-we (tàská skúwe) - acorn or the burr oak, hog acorns, these are fully 2 inches in diameter [Kaw]

oak colored

► hiⁿ-ta-zi (hįttazí) - brown, oak colored

► cf. sho-te ta-zi (šótte ttázi) - soot, yellowed by smoke

► Dhegiha: na-zi (názi) - smoked yellow, as an old tent; to scorch or smoke an object yellow; to be burnt or scorched yellow [JOD-Omaha]; da-zi-hi (dá-çi-hi) - to burn a stick until it becomes yellow [FL-Osage]; ta-zi-hi (taazíhi) - brown, become brown by application of heat; (be) browned, fried [CQ-Osage]; da-zi-hi (dázihi) - to become yellow; become grayish-yellow [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ (hį́į) - color, colors, bright colors [CQ-Osage]

oak, black oak

► zhaⁿ sha (žǫšá) - black oak, Q. velutina

► zhaⁿ sha (žą šá) - black tree [MS]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree, wood, fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber, stick, pole, woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sha-be (shábe) - dark [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-be (shabe) - dark [Omaha]; sha-be (shá-be) - dark in color [FL-Osage]; sha-pe (šápe) - dark in color, shaded, darkened [CQ-Osage]; sha-be (shábe) - dark, a distant black, brown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ sha-be hi (zhóⁿ sha-be hi) - dark wood, the redbud or Judas tree (Cercis Canadensis) [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ sha-be hu (zháⁿ shabe hu) - redbud tree, lit. “the dark wood tree” [Kaw]

oak, blackjack oak

► zhaⁿ-ha di-sha-sha-ke hi (žąhá díšašákehi) - blackjack oak, Q. marilandia

► cf. zhoⁿ-ha (žǫhá), zhaⁿ-ha (žąhá) - bark of a tree; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿha) - bark, tree bark (on the tree) [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿ-ha) - the outer bark of a tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ-ha (žą́ą háa) - outer bark of a tree [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - stalk, stem, trunk, leg, tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, tooth, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

oak, burr oak

► ta-shka hi (ttaškáhi) - burr oak, Quercus macrocarpa

► cf. ta-shka (ttašká) - acorn of the burr oak; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: ta-shka hi (táshkahi) - white oak tree [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-shka ska hi (ṭá-shka çka hi) - white oak tree [FL-Osage]; ʰta-shka hi (ṭá-shka hi) - buckeye (Aesculus), a kind of tea is made from this tree and taken just before a sweat bath to bring up bile, this is also the name given to the white oak tree [FL-Osage]; ta-shka hu (táshka hu) - the burr oak [Kaw]; ʰta-shka skiu-e hi (ṭa-shká-çkiu-e hi) - a sweet acorn tree, the oak family (Quercus alba) [FL-Osage]

oak, post oak

► zhoⁿ xo-te (žǫ xótte) - post oak, Q. stellata

► zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - gray tree [MS]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; xo-te (xótte) - gray

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhóⁿ-xu-dse) - white oak [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhoⁿ xú-dse) - gray oak tree (Quercus borealis), oak tree [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xo-dse hi (zhóⁿ-xo-dse hi) - the gray tree, the post oak, this tree is sometimes known as the iron oak, but should not be confused with ironwood [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ xo-je hu (zháⁿ xoje hú) - white oak tree, lit. “gray wood tree”, the white oak, it has a large trunk, about 2 1/2 ft. in diameter [Kaw]

oak, red oak

► pi-de kde-ze hi (ppíde kdéze hi) - red oak, lit. “striped tree”

► cf. pi-de (ppíde) - acorn, acorns; kde-ze (kdezé) - striped; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: bu-de hi (búde hi) - red oak [Omaha]; ʰpi-si hi (p̣i-çí hi) - red oak tree (Quercus rubra) [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-su hu (ʰpisúhu) - oak, lit., “acorn tree” [CQ-Osage]; pu-su hu (pusúhu) - jack oak, a species that bears smallest acorns [Kaw]

oak, water oak

► pi-de ste-te hi (ppíde stétte hi) - water oak, lit. “tall acorn tree”

► cf. pi-de (ppíde) - acorn, acorns; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: bu-de hi (búde hi) - red oak [Omaha]; ʰpi-si hi (p̣i-çí hi) - red oak tree (Quercus rubra) [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-su hu (ʰpisúhu) - oak, lit., “acorn tree” [CQ-Osage]; pu-su hu (pusúhu) - jack oak, a species that bears smallest acorns [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pi-si stse-dse (p̣i-çí-stse-dse) - long acorn, acorn of the white oak [FL-Osage]; pi-si stse-dse hi (p̣i-çí-stse-dse hi) - the long acorn tree [FL-Osage]

oak, white oak

► pi-de sha hi (ppíde šá hi) - white oak, named for the color of its acorns

► cf. pi-de (ppíde) - acorn, acorns; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: bu-de hi (búde hi) - red oak [Omaha]; ʰpi-si hi (p̣i-çí hi) - red oak tree (Quercus rubra) [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-su hu (ʰpisúhu) - oak, lit., “acorn tree” [CQ-Osage]; pu-su hu (pusúhu) - jack oak, a species that bears smallest acorns [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pi-si sha-be hi (p̣i-çí sha-be hi) - the dark acorn tree [FL-Osage]

oar, paddle

► maⁿ-te iⁿ-kʰe (mątté įkʰé) - oar, paddle [JOD]

► maⁿ-te iⁿ-kʰe (monnteh-ínkĭēh) - oar, paddle (aviron) [GI]

► cf. maⁿ-te (mątté) - boat, canoe

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (mątté-įkʰe ąnį́ke) - I do not have a paddle [JOD]

► ex: e maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe o-pʰe koiⁿ-xe aniⁿ de naⁿ, i-ya-we (e mąttéįkʰé opʰé kóįγe anį́ dé ną, iyáwe) - when he used the paddle, he went crooked (around and around), they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-de (moⁿ-de) - hunting bow, boat, ferry, boat deck, canoe [Omaha]; maⁿ-de (mandé) - boat [JOD-Omaha]; ba-dse (ba-dsé) - any kind of boat [FL-Osage]; pa-tse (páce) - boat [CQ-Osage]; ba-je (bajé) - boat, canoe [Kaw]

oblong, elliptical

► sto-ka (stokká) - oblong, elliptical

► cf. di-sto-ka (distókka) - round, make elliptical

► Dhegiha: snu-ʰka (çnú-ḳa) - oval, egg-shaped [FL-Osage]

obstruct, stop, impede

► wa-ba-t’o (wábatʔo) - stop, obstruct, impede ► wa-pa-t’o (wáppatʔo) - I, wa-shpa-t’o (wášpatʔo) - you

► cf. a-ba-t’o (ábatʔo) - stop, impede progress; a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam; a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe (ákkippatʔo káγe) - close, as sliding doors

► ex: a-ba-t’o-i (ábatʔoi) - his progress was checked [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-t’u (ábat’u) - to brace or prop an object to keep it from falling [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-ʰt’u (á-ba-ṭ’u) - to prevent one from moving by holding one back [FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-pa-ʰts’u (á-ḳi-pa-ṭs’u) - the blocking of a narrow passage by men or animals [FL-Osage]; a-ba-ts’o (ábats’o) - brace something, prop something up; to hesitate or draw back through shame or diffidence; be bashful, hesitant [Kaw]

odor, armpit odor

► to-si zaⁿ-ze (tosí zą́ze) - armpit odor

► cf. to-si (tosí) - armpit; zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - offensive smell, , strong smell

► Dhegiha: nu-si (nusí) - armpit, underarm [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-si (nuçí) - armpit [Omaha]; thu-si (thu-çí), do-siu (do-çiú) - armpit, the pit of the arm [FL-Osage]; do-su (dosú) - armpits [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zaⁿ-ze (záⁿ-ze) - applicable to the strong odor of a negro, goat, buck, or that of a male of the black-tailed deer during the rutting season [JOD-Omaha]; zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-ze (zoⁿze) - stink [Omaha]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]

odor, emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną) - smell, emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną) - smell [OM]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ, pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą, ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną, iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good

► ex: bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad

► ex: di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands)

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something

► ex: ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► ex: xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, emit odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, fumes, odor [Omaha]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - odor, scent [FL-Osage]; braⁿ (brą́) - smell, emanate an odor, give off a fragrance, scent [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ (blaⁿ), bloⁿ (bloⁿ) - smell, odor, exhale or emit an odor [Kaw]

odor, offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink [MS]

► ex: si xwiⁿ (si xwį) - stink feet [OM]

► ex: ni xwiⁿ (ni xwį) - sulphur spring water [OM]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną iyáwe, “hǫhǫ, xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-a-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-bde, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te (šą́įtte, xwį́ nįkʰé páašpe ną ǫbdé, ną hóttą tte) - well, when I cut out the bad/offensive smelling part and I throw it away, then it will be good [JOD]

► ex: “shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te,” i-yi (“šą́įtte, xwį nįkʰe pášpe ną ǫde, ną hóttą tte,” iyí) - well, when the bad/offensive smelling part is cut out and thrown away, then it will be good, he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

off and on

► a-ta-pa-xti (áttapaxtí) - off and on, at regular intervals [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti ni koi-kʰe e-koⁿ i-da-hi-bda a-ta-pa-xti (ąžįkátti ní kóikʰe ekǫ́ idáhibdá áttapaxtí) - when I was small, I bathed in the water at regular intervals [JOD]

► i-da-da (idáda) - showing at intervals [JOD]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-da i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - he (rabbit) departed, his whitish tail being seen/showing off and on in the brush [JOD]

off white

► saⁿ (są) - white in the distance

► cf. saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance; ska (ska) - white, white nearby

► ex: xi-da pa saⁿ (xidá ppa są́) - bald eagle

► ex: zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental

► Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

► saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance

► saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish [JOD]

► cf. saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; ska (ska) - white, white nearby

► ex: ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora

► ex: to soⁿ-ha (tu soⁿho) - pale green [JOD]

► ex: tu sa-ho (tu sá-ho) - pale green [OM]

► ex: zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink

► ex: zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM)]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-de i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - he (rabbit) departed, his whitish tail being seen/showing off and on in the brush [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he hą́ba są́hą tihé) - dawn, daybreak [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he taⁿ (hą́ba są́hą tihé tą) - when it is daybreak [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

► Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

off, bite off

► da-zho (dažó) - bite off ► bda-zho (bdážo) - I, ta-zho (ttážo) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; di-zho-de (dižóde) - hull, peel

► Dhegiha: ya-zhu-zhu (yázhuzhu) - bite off the hull or skin, eat corn on the cob [Kaw]; ya-zhu-we (yazhúwe) - bite off the hull or skin, eat corn on the cob [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-zhu (gazhú) - to hull or husk [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-zhu (ga-zhú) - to hull walnuts by pounding [FL-Osage]; ga-zhu-we (gazhúwe) - hull walnuts by pounding; to remove bran from grains of corn [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhu-e (thi-zhú-e) - to hull; to take off the outer coating of grain, nuts, etc. [FL-Osage]; yu-zho-we (yuzhówe), yu-zhu-we (yuzhúwe) - hull nuts with the hands, to remove the hull or skin of any object with the hands; to hull walnuts, beans, hazelnuts, etc. when green, with the hands [Kaw]

off, bite off something

► da-ti-ze (dattíze) - bite off something ► bda-ti-ze (bdáttize) - I, ta-ti-ze (ttáttize) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; i-ti-ze (íttize) - clean out the house; ba-ti-ze (battíze), ba-tʰi-ze (batʰíze) - move something by pushing; bi-ti-ze (bittíze) - move something by pressing or blowing; di-ti-ze (dittíze) - move by pulling something; ka-ti-ze (kattíze), ka-tʰi-ze (katʰíze) - knock, sweep, brush away; naⁿ-ti-ze (nąttíze) - kick along, move something with feet; po-ti-ze (póttize), po-tʰi-ze (pótʰize) - move something by punching or shooting

off, bites off a teat

► ma-ze-pa wa-da-se (mazéppa wadáse) - katydid, lit. “bites off a teat”

► cf. ma-ze-pa (mazéppa) - nipple of the breast; da (da) - by mouth; pa-se (páse) - cut off with a knife

► Dhegiha: ba-ze wa-tha-se (ba-çé-wa-tha-çe) - katydid, the Osage women lived in fear of the katydid [FL-Osage]; si-pa wa-tha-se (sipá watháse) - stag beetle, “toe biter” [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze-pa (moⁿçépa) - woman’s nipple [Omaha]; ba-ze-pa (ba-çé-pa) - nipple, teat [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-se (¢asé) - biting off [JOD-Omaha]; ya-se (yasé) - bite off [Kaw]

off, blows cold on and off

► ka-sni-sni (kasnísni) - autumn, “blows cold on and off”

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, wind, water; sni (sni) - cold, to be cold

► Dhegiha: u-ga-sni (ugáçni) - breezy, ventilate [Omaha]

off, break off or out

► i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out

► cf. di-shpe (dišpé) - pull off something adhering; di-shpa-shpa (dišpášpa) - tear into pieces; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; pa-shpe (pášpĕ) - to cut out a piece or portion with a knife [JOD]; pa-shpa-shpa (pášpašpa) - dice, cut into small pieces; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► Dhegiha: thi-shpe (thishpe) - wound, gouge [Omaha]; thi-shpe (thíshpe) - to break off a piece [FL-Osage]; yu-shpe (yushpé) - pinch off, pull off a piece; to shell (corn) [Kaw]

off, burn off

► ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view; da-wa-di-shta (dawádištá) - declare a thing to be something; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; pa-wa-di-shta (páwadišta) - skin an animal; po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet

► Dhegiha: ba-wa-thi-shna (ba-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to punch at an object under the surface of the water, etc., making it appear [JOD-Omaha]; shi-wa-thi-shna (shíwathishna) - appear [Omaha]; thi-wa-thi-shna (thi wathishna) - reveal, show, bring out [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

off, close off

► a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam

► cf. a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe (ákkippatʔo káγe) - close, as sliding doors; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ba-t’o (ábatʔo) - stop, impede progress; wa-ba-t’o (wábatʔo) - stop, obstruct, impede; a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal; a-ki-pai-naⁿ (ákkippainą́) - collide, run into, to butt

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-ʰpa-ʰts’u (á-ḳi-p̣a-ṭs’u) - blocking a narrow passage by men or animals [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-t’u (ábat’u) - brace, prop, to brace or prop an object to keep it from falling [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-ʰts’u (á-ba-ṭs’u) - to push one back [FL-Osage]; a-ʰpa-ʰts’u (a-p̣a-ṭs’u) - to interfere in passing [FL-Osage]; a-ba-ts’o (ábats’o) - brace something, prop something up [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-tha-ba-ʰts’u (i-thá-ba-ṭs’u) - to brace or support that which is liable to fall [FL-Osage]; i-ya-ba-ts’o (iyábats’o) - a prop, support, brace, prop up: used with inanimate subjects only, such as a stick or girder [Kaw]

off, cut off all the hair

► a-di-ski (ádiski) - cut off all the hair, shave ► a-bdi-ski (ábdiski) - I, a-ti-ski (áttiski) - you

► cf. we-da-di-ski (wédadíski) - scissors

► ex: a-di-ski (adiskí) - wore the hair shingled [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - back then, the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: ni-zhi-ha a-di-ski (nižíha ádiski) - shave the head, crop short, to shave or cut off short, as the hair of the head

off, cut off causing to wither

► ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither ► a-ta-t’e (áttatʔe) - I, da-ta-t’e (dáttatʔe) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► Dhegiha: tha-na-t’e-ga (thanát’ega) - kill, bite, to kill plants by biting around the roots, as rabbits do [Omaha/Ponca]; da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]; thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (bádats’ega) - cause a tree or bush to wilt by cutting [Kaw]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (badáts’ega) - cause vegetation to wilt punching or by rooting up the ground [Kaw]; da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]; ga-da-ts’e-ga (gadáts’ega) - wind to dry something a little, especially fresh meat which is hung up, by blowing on it [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ga (naⁿdáts’ega) - trample, make vegetation wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ye (naⁿdáts’èye) - trample, make wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; ya-ts’e-ga (yats’éga) - wither from being gnawed on, as a plant [Kaw]; ya-da-ts’e-ga (yadáts’ega) - kill plants by gnawing on them, as rabbits, to make vegetation wither by gnawing on the bark or at the roots, as rabbits do in winter [Kaw]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

off, cut off something of one’s own

► pa-ki-shta (pákkišta) - cut off something of one's own ► pa-a-ki-shta (páakkišta) - I, pa-da-ki-shta (pádakkišta) - you

► cf. pa-shte (pášte) - cut; ki (kki) - one’s own

off, cut off with a knife

► pa-se (páse) - cut off with a knife ► pa-a-se (páase) - I, pa-da-se (pádase) - you

► cf. di-pa-se (dippáse) - to pull the hair ; ma-ze-pa wa-da-se (mazéppa wadáse) - katydid, lit. “bites off a teat”; di-se (disé) - pick, harvest corn

► Dhegiha: se (sĕ) - separated, as rope: broken in two of itself [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ba-se (ba-sĕ) - to saw wood, etc., entirely in two; to break off, as a stick, by punching with it, when thrust at the ob. from a little distance [JOD-Omaha]; ba-se (bá-çe) - to cut hair, cord, or rope with a knife [FL-Osage]; pa-se (páse) - cut with a sharp edge [CQ-Osage]; pa-se (paasé) - cut up, cut into pieces, lit., ‘cut by pushing down’, cut off by using a pushing motion [CQ-Osage]; ba-se (báse) - slice, cut bread meat, etc. [Kaw]

off, cut or knock off a piece

► ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece

► cf. i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump

► Dhegiha: ga-shpe (ga-cpé) - to separate, cut loose from; to cut off a piece with an ax or knife; to knock off a piece [JOD-Omaha]; ga-shpe (ga-shpé) - bit, a small coin valued at 12 1/2 cents [FL-Osage]; ka-shpe (kašpé) - bit, portion of any item, twelve and a half cents [CQ-Osage]; ga-shpe (gashpé) - cut in two, cut loose from, cut, chip, or knock a piece off from, as with an ax [Kaw]

off, drive something or someone off

► ba-zhi (baží) - drive something or someone off ► pa-zhi (ppáži) - I, shpa-zhi (špáži) - you

► cf. ba-zhi de-de (baží déde) - scare out, flush out; naⁿ-zhi-we (nąžíwe) - drive, flush out with the feet; a-ka-zhi (ákaži) - command; tell someone to do something

► ex: wa-ba-zhi (wábaží) - drive them off [MS, FR]

► Dhegiha: ba-si (basí) - to drive one animal [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-si (ba-çí) - to drive away [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-zhiⁿ (ga-zhíⁿ) - to drive a team of horses or an automobile [FL-Osage]; ka-zhi (kaaží), ka-zhiⁿ (kaažį́) - drive a vehicle, herd animals; make or force someone to do something, commnd someone to do something; blow with force [CQ-Osage]; ga-zhiⁿ (gazhíⁿ) - whip, drive a horse; blow to nose [Kaw]

off, head off

► a-na-se (ánase) - intercept, head off ► a-a-na-se (áanáse) - I, a-da-na-se (ádanáse) - you

► cf. a-na-se-ta (ánasétta) - isthmus; wa-na-se (wánase) - attack

► Dhegiha: a-na-se (ánasĕ) - to fasten a door or gate, to check, hinder, impede, cut off the retreat of, to prevent [JOD-Omaha]; wa-na-se (wanáse) - surrounding of a herd, to surround them, as a herd of buffalo or elk [Omaha/Ponca]; a-noⁿ-se (ánoⁿçe) - closed, shut, enclose, block, shutter [Omaha]; a-noⁿ-se (á-noⁿ-çe) - to intercept, to cut off a retreat, to surround [FL-Osage]; a-na-sa (ánasa), a-naⁿ-sa (ánaⁿsa) - to head off, cut off the retreat or anything; to surround [Kaw]

off, help one off

► ki-ha-knaⁿ (kihákną) - helped her off (the horse) [JOD]

► cf. ki-ha (kihá) - down; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; ki-ha-ti (kihátti) - down below, below, on the ground [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-ha (kihá) - down, downward, down into [Omaha/Ponca]

off, kick off

► o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ taⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tą oną́štotte ną dá tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the water, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-zhnu-de (naⁿɔnúde) - slipped off while running [JOD-Omaha]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe; to kick off moccasins on some object [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

off, knock off and cause to fall

► o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off ► o-a-ka-xpa-de (oákaxpade) - I, o-da-ka-xpa-de (odákaxpade) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw, people who went downstream; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, falling star; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something; o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - cause to fall by pressure or weight; o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall; o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down; o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa-the (u-gá-xpa-the) - to be thrown from a horse [FL-Osage]; o-ga-xpa-ye (ogáxpaye) - knock somebody off from a height, as from a horse, perch, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-xpa-the (uqpá¢ĕ) - to be lost, to lose his place; to fall from a height [JOD-Omaha]; u-xpa-the (uxpathe) - fell, fall [Omaha]; u-xpa-the (u-xpá-the) - lost, to become lost; to feel around with the hands in the dark, to grope; to fall [FL-Osage]; o-xpa-the (oxpáðe) - fall from a height; get lost, become lost, lose [CQ-Osage]; o-xpa-ye (oxpáye) - fall from a height, fall off, to fall from a height; get lost, become lost [Kaw]

off, knock or push off

► ba-xi-hi-a-de (baxíhi ade) - knock off, push off ► pa-xi-hi a-de (ppáxihi áde) - I, shpa-xi-hi a-da-de (špáxihi adadé) - you

► cf. ba-xi (baxí) - push off balance, shove off balance; ba-xi de-de (baxí dedé) - push, shove suddenly, forcibly; di-xi (dixí) - awaken, arouse; di-xi-xi (dixíxi) - awaken, arouse by shaking

► Dhegiha: ba-xi-a-tha (ba-qi-á-¢a) - to shove down by pushing: said of an object that extends to the ground or floor; to oppose; to offend against [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xi-tha (ba-xí-tha) - to push a person down [FL-Osage]; ba-xi-ya (baxíya) - push something down or cause it to fall with an instrument; to push an object to the ground with a stick, knife point, etc.; to make an object fall by pushing in this manner: said of anything of which one end touches the ground or floor [Kaw]; ba-xi-ya (báxiya) - cut something down; to make an object fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom (which touches the ground) with a knife blade or saw [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-xi (ba-qí) - to awaken one by pushing him; to contend or oppose: said of the contending parties (not fighting) [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xi (ba-xí) - to arouse one from sleep by pushing [FL-Osage]; pa-xi (paaγí) - push to awaken or make active, activate by pushing on [CQ-Osage]; ba-xi (baxí) - rouse by nudging [Kaw]

off, knock splinter(s) off causing them to fall on someone

► a-ka-ta de-de (ákatta déde) - knock splinter(s) off causing them to fall on someone

► cf. a-ka-ta (ákatta) - splash; make spray fall on one accidentally by hitting the water; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► Dhegiha: a-ga-ta-ye (ágataye), a-ga-ta-ya (ágataya) - knock to pieces, smash, make fly in pieces, as a ball of snow or clod of earth, by throwing it at someone; shatter glass, as a bottle, by throwing at it or hitting it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

off, lift off as a door or plank

► di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank ► bdi-ki-kda (bdíkkikda) - I, ti-ki-kda (ttíkkikda) - you

► cf. di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over; ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down; ka-ki-kda-ti-zhe (kakkíkdattiže) - tumble over

off, pay off a wrong

► e-ki-k’aⁿ (ékikʔą́) - get even, pay off a wrong ► e-ki-a-k’aⁿ (ékiakʔą́) - I, e-ki-da-k’aⁿ (ékidakʔą́) - you

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-goⁿ-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - retaliation of one individual upon another [FL-Osage]; e-gi-wa-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-gi-wa-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - revenge, injury for injury received, retaliation of one tribe on another tribe [FL-Osage]

off, peel off

► xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab

► cf. di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface; xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord; di-xto (dixtó) - pull open, peel back; o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache; o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache

► Dhegiha: xthu-de (qthúde) - peel, slip; to be peeled off; to slip out of [Omaha/Ponca]; xlo-je (xlóje) - shed, as a locust’s shell; taken off, as bark; skinned, as when skin is abraded from the hand [Kaw]

► xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord

► cf. xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab; di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface; di-xto (dixtó) - pull open, peel back; o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache; o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache

► Dhegiha: xthu-da-the (qthúdáthe) - peeled; peeled off of its own accord, as the bark of certain trees [Omaha/Ponca]

► di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface ► bdi-xdo-te (bdixdótte) - I, ti-xdo-te (ttixdótte) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab; xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord; di-xto (dixtó) - pull open, peel back; o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache; o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache

► Dhegiha: thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthó-dse), thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthú-dse) - to pull the bark off a tree, to peel with the bare hands; to peel, as the peeling of potato [FL-Osage]; thi-lo-tse (ðiilóce) - peel [CQ-Osage]; yu-xlo-je (yuxlóje) - peel something; peel with the hand [Kaw]

off, to pull off

► di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot ► bdi-shto-te (bdíštotte) - I, ti-shto-te (ttíštotte) - you

► cf. o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - to pull off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]; o-shto-te (oštótte) - broken in, caved in

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

► o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - to pull off

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]; o-shto-te (oštótte) - broken in, caved in

► ex: o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]

► ex: ha kʰe bdo-ka hi o-di-shto-te (há kʰe bdóka hí odíštotte) - he pulled off all the skin [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-di-shto-te o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ ma-xi-wa-de tʰaⁿ i-ya-we, haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke i-niⁿ-aⁿ-we ke i-ya-we, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ i-ya-we (hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe odíštotte obáhą attą́ maγíwadé tʰą́ iyáwe, hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ inįą́we ké iyáwé, maštį́ke etʰą́ iyáwe) - he skinned Haⁿ-ka’s son, put on his skin and tricked them, they thought that rabbit was Haⁿ-ka’s son, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

► hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; o-naⁿ-shto-te (onąštotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he (hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-inihé) - pull off her other shoe, the one on the other side! [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then-just as they started home-when-shoe-other one-on one side-pull ye it off from her-he was saying it to them-it is said-police [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i (hǫp͓é kidíštotá-i) - shoe-they pulled off from her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ e-ti hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i niⁿ-kʰe-ta hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą étti hǫp͓é kidíštotá-i nįkʰétta hǫ́p͓é nįkʰé ánį žą́dittą́da žiká oknį áttą tʰíwe) - then-there-the next morning-when-there-shoe-they pulled off from her-to the st. one-shoe-the part-having it-when-wagon-small-sat in-and-they came [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - shoe-they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kde taⁿ hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́ tą ką́į kdé tą hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - then-horse-to the std.-she sat on her own-when-just as she was starting home-when-shoe-they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

off, pull off and cause to fall

► o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall ► o-bdi-xpa-de (obdixpade) - I, o-ti-xpa-de (ottixpade) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, falling star; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something; o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - cause to fall by pressure or weight; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down; o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down

► Dhegiha: u-thi-xpa-the (uthíxpathe) - drop, fumble, eliminate [Omaha]; o-yu-xpa-ye (oyúxpaye) - let fall from the hand, to lose [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-xpa-the (uqpá¢ĕ) - to be lost, to lose his place; to fall from a height [JOD-Omaha]; u-xpa-the (uxpathe) - fell, fall [Omaha]; u-xpa-the (u-xpá-the) - lost, to become lost; to feel around with the hands in the dark, to grope; to fall [FL-Osage]; o-xpa-the (oxpáðe) - fall from a height; get lost, become lost, lose [CQ-Osage]; o-xpa-ye (oxpáye) - fall from a height, fall off, to fall from a height; get lost, become lost [Kaw]

off, pull off balance

► di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance ► bdi-shoⁿ-da-da (bdíšǫdada) - I, ti-shoⁿ-da-da (ttíšǫdada) - you

► cf. di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́), di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shaⁿ (dišą) - spill, pull over a vessel; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning, said of a fire, not a personal act; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted

► di-ta-kiⁿ-kiⁿ (dittakkį́kkį) - pull off balance ► bdi-ta-kiⁿ-kiⁿ (bdíttakkįkkį) - I, ti-ta-kiⁿ-kiⁿ (ttíttakkįkkį) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; ta-kiⁿ-kiⁿ (ttakkį́kkį) - stagger

► Dhegiha: ta-kʰiⁿ-kʰiⁿ (tákʰiⁿkʰiⁿ) - stagger walking, totter walking, to stagger or trotter when walking on a secure foundation, used only for persons [Omaha/Ponca]

off, pull off something adhering

► di-shpe (dišpé) - pull off something adhering ► bdi-shpe (bdíšpe) - I, ti-shpe (ttíšpe) - you

► cf. di-shpa-shpa (dišpášpa) - tear into pieces; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; pa-shpe (pášpĕ) - to cut out a piece or portion with a knife [JOD]; pa-shpa-shpa (pášpašpa) - dice, cut into small pieces; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► Dhegiha: thi-shpe (thishpe) - wound, gouge [Omaha]; thi-shpe (thíshpe) - to break off a piece [FL-Osage]; yu-shpe (yushpé) - pinch off, pull off a piece; to shell (corn) [Kaw]

off, pull off string

► di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string ► bdi-ste (bdíste) - I, ti-ste (ttíste) - you

► cf. di-ste-ste (distéste) - pull into shreds, slivers; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; ba-ste-ste (bastéste) - cut to shreds, stab repeatedly; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; bi-ste-ste (bistéste) - split repeatedly, shred; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; da-ste-ste (dásteste) - chew into slivers; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds/slivers; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; naⁿ-ste-ste (nąstéste) - kick or tread to pieces; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; pa-ste-ste (pásteste) - cut to slivers, split often; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers

off, push and send off

► ba-taⁿ de-de (battą́ dedé) - push and send off [JOD]

► cf. de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

ex: maⁿ-te kʰe ba-taⁿ de-da-taⁿ kde, i-ya-we (mątté kʰe battą́ dedá-ttą kdé, iyáwe) - she pushed with a pole against the bank and sent the canoe off and headed home, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ba-daⁿ the-the (ba-dáⁿ ¢é-¢ĕ) - to push off a boat, said of the act of one std. on the shore, not on the boat [JOD-Omaha]; ba-daⁿ ye-ye (badáⁿ yéye) - to push a boat off, said of one standing on the bank or shore [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-doⁿ (padoⁿ), ba-doⁿ (badoⁿ) - push [Omaha]; ba-daⁿ (ba-dáⁿ) - to push or pole a boat along,i.e., by pushing with a pole or oar against the bank or bottom of a stream; to push a sled from behind [JOD-Omaha]; ba-doⁿ (ba-dóⁿ) - to push [FL-Osage]; ba-daⁿ (badáⁿ) - push, push away, push off, shove over [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-ʰpa-doⁿ (ḳi-p̣á-doⁿ) - to push one’s self along as in a boat [FL-Osage]; ki-pa-daⁿ (kipádaⁿ) - push oneself along in a boat (reflexive); push off one’s boat while sitting in it (suus) [Kaw]

off, push off and cause to fall

► o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall ► o-pa-xpa-de (oppaxpade) - I, o-shpa-xpa-de (ošpáxpade) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, falling star; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - cause to fall by pressure or weight; o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down; o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down

► Dhegiha: u-thu-ba-xpa-the (uthubaqpathe) - to make something fall by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ba-xpa-the (u-bá-xpa-the) - to push one down from a height [FL-Osage]; o-ba-xpa-ye (obáxpaye) - to make someone fall by pushing him, push off, shove something off [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-xpa-the (uqpá¢ĕ) - to be lost, to lose his place; to fall from a height [JOD-Omaha]; u-xpa-the (uxpathe) - fell, fall [Omaha]; u-xpa-the (u-xpá-the) - lost, to become lost; to feel around with the hands in the dark, to grope; to fall [FL-Osage]; o-xpa-the (oxpáðe) - fall from a height; get lost, become lost, lose [CQ-Osage]; o-xpa-ye (oxpáye) - fall from a height, fall off, to fall from a height; get lost, become lost [Kaw]

off, push or shove off balance

► ba-xi (baxí) - push off balance, shove off balance ► pa-xi (ppáxi) - I, shpa-xi (špáxi) - you

► cf. ba-xi de-de (baxí dedé) - push, shove suddenly, forcibly; ba-xi-hi-a-de (baxíhi ade) - knock off, push off; di-xi (dixí) - awaken, arouse; di-xi-xi (dixíxi) - awaken, arouse by shaking

► Dhegiha: ba-xi (ba-qí) - to awaken one by pushing him; to contend or oppose: said of the contending parties (not fighting) [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xi (ba-xí) - to arouse one from sleep by pushing [FL-Osage]; pa-xi (paaγí) - push to awaken or make active, activate by pushing on [CQ-Osage]; ba-xi (baxí) - rouse by nudging [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-xi-a-tha (ba-qi-á-¢a) - to shove down by pushing: said of an object that extends to the ground or floor; to oppose; to offend against [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xi-tha (ba-xí-tha) - to push a person down [FL-Osage]; ba-xi-ya (baxíya) - push something down or cause it to fall with an instrument; to push an object to the ground with a stick, knife point, etc.; to make an object fall by pushing in this manner: said of anything of which one end touches the ground or floor [Kaw]; ba-xi-ya (báxiya) - cut something down; to make an object fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom (which touches the ground) with a knife blade or saw [Kaw]

off, scare off an animal

► di-hi de-de (dihí dede) - scare off (an animal) ► bdi-hi de-a-de (bdíhi déade) - I, ti-hi de-a-de (ttíhi dédade) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-hi (thi-hí) - disturb an animal by fright; to cause an animal to leave its hiding place through fright [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-hi (wathíhi) - to startle game, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; gthe-doⁿ thi-hi (gthedóⁿthihi) - hawk; to scare by approaching, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; ke thi-hi (kethíhi) - turtle; to scare animals, male personal name [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

off, scrub or rub off

► di-kaⁿ-da (dikką́da) - rub off, scrub ► bdi-kaⁿ-da (bdíkkąda) - I, ti-kaⁿ-da (ttíkkąda) - you

off, send off

► de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go ► de-a-de (déadé) - I, de-da-de (dédadé) - you, de-oⁿ-da-we (deǫ́dawe) - we, de-da-we (dédawe) - they

► ex: de-a-de (deáde) - I sent it off or thither [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ zho-wa hi a-te-zhe zhi-ka de-a-de kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (éką nį žówa hí atéže žíka deáde ką́-mįkʰé) - so, I uriniated a little bit, I sent a little off as I was sitting there [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-a-de (į́tʰį deáde) - I threw the stick/club [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ pʰi-a-ki-de i-niⁿ-haⁿ,” i-da-a-ki-he de-a-de (“hąnį́ttą pʰi-ákkidé inįhą́,” idáakihé déadé) - “how can I get myself there?” I said to him [JOD]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te pa-xa-taⁿ a-toⁿ-we de-a-de miⁿ-kʰe (ištá xixítte ppaγ[e]á-ttą atǫ́we deáde mįkʰé) - I was peeping out of the corner of my eyes looking at him [JOD]

► ex: de-de (déde) - to throw it off; he sent it off or thither; he threw it away or off [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o kʰe ni-ka tʰaⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de i-ke (waxʔó kʰe níkka tʰą į́tʰį déde iké) - the woman told the man to throw the stick/club away/off' (JOD)]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de naⁿ ni-ti chʰo-kʰe hi niⁿ (į́tʰį dedé ną nítti čʰokʰé hi nį) - when he threw the stick/club in the water, it made the sound “chʰo” [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de (į́tʰį déde) - stick, club-to throw it off [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de (į́tʰį dedé) - stick, club-he threw it away or off [JOD]

► ex: “haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ pʰi-a-ki-de i-niⁿ-haⁿ,” i-ke de-de (“hąnį́ttą pʰi-ákkidé inįhą́,” iké déde) - “how can I get myself there?” he said to him [JOD]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te ka-xa-taⁿ toⁿ-we de-de kaⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (ištá xixítte kaγ[e]á-ttą tǫ́we dedé ką-kʰé iyáwe) - peeping out of the corner of the eyes in intervals-she did it-when-she looked at him-she sent it off-so she lay awhile-they say [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ kʰe de-de (mą́ kʰe déde) - arrow-the lg. ob.-he sent it off [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha wa-zhiⁿ-ka naⁿ maⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, maⁿ kʰe de-de naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we (ną́ža wažį́ka ną mą kidizé ką-nį iyáwe, wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé ką-nį́ iyáwe, mą́ kʰe déde nąhą akidé ną kikʔí ką-nį́ iyáwe) - when he would shoot at a bird, he would get his arrow for him, when he killed a bird, he got it for him, if he shot an arrow off, he would go after it and give it back to him, he was moving around doing this for awhile, they said [JOD]

► ex: de-da-we (dédawe) - they sent it off (JOD)]

► ex: aⁿ-da de-da-we (ą́da dédawe) - threw it away-they sent it off (JOD)]

► ex: ki-ki-aⁿ-da de-da-we (kíkią́da dédawe) - threw away her own for him-they sent it off ' (JOD)]

► ex: de-da (dedá) - send/throw it away or off! [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da (į́tʰį dedá) - club,stick-throw it away or off! [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ka-ki de-da (étti káki dedá) - throw it (send it) there, in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club yonder!” she said to me [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club/stick there again!” she said to me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

off, send saliva off

► chʰo de-de (čʰo déde) - spit, send saliva off ► a-chʰo de-a-de (ačʰó déade) - I, da-chʰo de-da-de (dačʰó dédade) - you

► cf. chʰo (čʰo) - saliva; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► Dhegiha: tshu (tcu) - to spit, expectorate [JOD-Omaha]; ta-xe chu (taxechu) - saliva [Omaha]; tu (tu) - expectorate [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

off, shorten by biting off

► da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten ► bda-te-shka (bdátteška) - I, ta-te-shka (ttatteška) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; di-te-shka (dittešká, dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching; ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off; ta-te-shka-a-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

off, shorten by burning off

► ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; ta-te-shka-a-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká, dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching;

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

► ta-te-shka-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off ► ta-te-shka a-de (tátteška áde) - I, ta-te-shka da-de (tátteška dáde) - you

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; de (de) - cause to; ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká, dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

off, shorten by chopping off

► ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off ► a-te-shka (átteška) - I, da-te-shka (dátteška) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká, dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching; ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off; ta-te-shka-a-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

off, shorten by sawing or cutting off

► di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off ► bdi-te-shka (bdítteška) - I, ti-te-shka (ttítteška) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching; ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off; ta-te-shka-a-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

off, slipped off of its own accord

► e-wa-ki-k’aⁿ o-shi-we (éwakkikʔą́ ošíwe) - slipped off of its own accord

► cf. e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ (éwakkikʔǫ́), e-wa-ki-k’aⁿ (éwakkikʔą́) - do something for onself; di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open; i-di-shi-we (ídišíwe) - key

► Dhegiha: e-wa-ki-’aⁿ (ewaki’aⁿ) - of himself, of his own accord, without advice [JOD-Omaha]; e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ (éwakikʔǫ) - do to oneself [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shi-be (shi-be) - unfasten or open [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-shi-be (thishibe) - open, unlock, uncap, unhitch [Omaha]; thi-shi-be (thi-shí-be), thi-shu-be (thi-shú-be) - to open anything that has a lid or a door, to open a covered box, to open as a door, to open or unfasten a door [FL-Osage]; thi-shu-pe (ðiišúpe), thu-shu-pe (ðuušúpe) - open, unlock and open [CQ-Osage]; yu-shu-be (yushúbe), yu-shu-we (yushúwe) - open, as a door or a sacred bundle, unlock, gate [Kaw]

off, spin someone off balance

► di-ko-wiⁿ-xe hi-de (dikkówįγe híde) - spin someone off balance ► bdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe hi-a-de (bdíkkówįγe híade) - I, ti-ko-wiⁿ-xe hi-da-de (ttíkkówįγe hídade) - you

► cf. di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► Dhegiha: thi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (thi wiⁿxe) - turn [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-koiⁿ-xe (ðiiʰkóįɣe) - turn someone or something around [CQ-Osage]; yu-ko-miⁿ-ghe (yukómiⁿghe) - turn something around and around with the hands, to crank [Kaw]

off, strip off

► di-ka (diká) - strip off, as leaves ► bdi-ka (bdíka) - I, ti-ka (ttíka) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-ga (thi-gá) - to husk corn [FL-Osage]; yu-ga (yugá) - husk corn, shell nuts [Kaw]; wa-thi-ga (wathi ga) - husk corn [Omaha]; wa-thi-ga (wa-thí-ga), wa-thu-ga (wa-thú-ga) - to husk corn [FL-Osage]

off, strip one’s clothing off

► wa-di-ha-ki-zhi (wadíhakkíži) - strip one’s clothing off ► wa-di-ha-a-ki-zhi (wadíhaakkíži) - I, wa-di-ha-da-ki-zhi (wadíhadakkíži) - you, wa-di-ha-oⁿ-ki-zhi-we (wadíhaǫ́kkižiwe) - we

► cf. di-ha-knaⁿ (dihákną) - take off, remove a garment

off, Sun Way Off

► mi ko-zhi (mi kkóži) - Sun Way Off, female personal name [MS]

► cf. mi (mi) - sun; ko-zhi (kkóži) - far

► Dhegiha: miⁿ (miⁿ) - sun, moon [Omaha/Ponca]; mi (mi) - sun [Omaha]; mi (mi) - sun [FL-Osage]; mi (mí), miⁿ (mį́į) - sun [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ (miⁿ) - sun [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰku-zhi (ḳú-zhi) - far away, at a great distance [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi si-gthe (ḳó-zhi-çi-gthe) - tracks - far - away, Personal name [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi moⁿ-iⁿ (ḳó-zhi-moⁿ-iⁿ) - travels-in-distant-lands, Personal name [FL-Osage]; go-ji (gojí) - far off, remote, long way off [Kaw]

off, take off

► di-ha-knaⁿ (dihákną) - take off, remove a garment ► bdi-ha-knaⁿ (bdíhakną) - I, ti-ha-knaⁿ (ttíhakną) - you

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress!, “go take off your dress and press it” [AG]

off, take off or remove one’s own

► kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own ► a-kdi-shto-te (akdíštotte) - I, da-kdi-shto-te (dakdíštotte) - you

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

off, turn off the light

► di-da-zhi (didáži), di-ta-zhi (dittáži) - to extinguish or put out a fire or light; turn off

► cf. a-da-zhi (ádaži) - extinguish, scatter; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature

► ex: a-ta-kaⁿ di-ta-zhi (áttakką dittáži) - turn off the light, extinguish the light

► Dhegiha: thi-da-zhi (thi-dá-zhi) - to put out a light; to put out a fire with the hands [FL-Osage]; thu-ta-zhi (ðuutáaži), thi-ta-zhi (ðiitáaži) - turn off, switch off, extinguish [CQ-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaiⁿ thu-ta-zhi (átaʰkaį ðuutáaži) - turn off the light [CQ-Osage]; yu-da-zhi (yudázhi) - extinguish a fire by scattering it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-da-zhi (ba-dá-zhi) - to extinguish a fire by poking [FL-Osage]; ba-da-zhi (badázhi) - extinguish a fire, push dirt on a fire to extinguish it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bi-da-zhi (bi-dá-zhi) - to extinguish; to cause to become extinct [FL-Osage]; bu-da-zhi (budázhi) - extinguish, put out by pressure [Kaw]; bo-da-zhi (bódazhi), bo-da-zhe (bódazhe) - extinguish a light by shooting or blowing it out with the mouth [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-na-zhi (ganazhi) - extinguish [Omaha]; ga-da-zhi (ga-dá-zhi) - to extinguish a fire by beating it with wet clothes [FL-Osage]; ga-da-zhi (gadázhi), ga-da-zhe (gadázhe) - extinguish, put out by striking; rain to extinguish a fire [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-da-zhi (noⁿ-dá-zhi) - to stamp out a fire [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-da-zhe (naⁿdázhe) - extinguish coals or a fire by stamping on it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-zhi (názhi) - go out; to go out, as a fire [Omaha/Ponca]; da-zhi (da-zhi) - burn out; extinguish; put out (a fire) [FL-Osage]; ta-zhi (táaži) - go out, not burn, become extinguished [CQ-Osage]; da-zhi (dázhi) - be extinguished, to have gone out, as a fire [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na (na) - prefix showing that the act is the effect of heat or cold, frost, fire, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; da (da) - a prefix denoting fire or the effects of fire in it’s destruction [FL-Osage]; ta (táa) -by extreme of temperature, by heat or cold [CQ-Osage]; da (dá) - instrumental prefix indicating effect of fire, heat, or extreme cold (more often heat than cold) [Kaw]

off, twist off the head

► di-pa-x’a (dipáxʔa) - to twist off the head [JOD]

► cf. di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling

► ex: bdi-pa-x’a (bdípaxʔá) - I twist off its head [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka miⁿ-xti bdi-pa-x’a taⁿ a-wa-k’i aⁿ -maⁿ (wažį́ka mį́xti bdípaxʔá tą awákʔi ąmą́) - I usually give them just one bird, I twist it’s head off [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-ba-xe (thi-bá-xe) - to snap; to break a string in half [FL-Osage]; yu-ba-ghe (yubághe) - break or snap a cord by pulling with the hands [Kaw]

off, way off

► ko-zhi hi (kkóžihi) - far away, very far

► ko-zhi hi (kkóži hi) - way off, far away [MS]

► cf. ko-zhi (kkóži) - far; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóži hi bdé tta mįkʰé) - I go a long ways (I will be going very far away) [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi taⁿ o-xde naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya (kkóži hí-tą oxdé ną tʔédawé iyá) - they went a long distance, when they overtook him, they killed him, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰku-zhi (ḳú-zhi) - far away, at a great distance [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi si-gthe (ḳó-zhi-çi-gthe) - tracks - far - away, Personal name [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi moⁿ-iⁿ (ḳó-zhi-moⁿ-iⁿ) - travels-in-distant-lands, Personal name [FL-Osage]; go-ji (gojí) - far off, remote, long way off [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several, many, more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

► ko-zhi (kkóži) - far

► ko-zhi (kkóži) - far [JOD]

► cf. ko-zhi hi (kkóžihi) - far away, very far

► ex: mi ko-zhi (mi kkóži) - Sun Way Off, female personal name [MS]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi to-ke-taⁿ wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze, ko-zhi da-zhi hi bdi-ze (síkka ttą́ka žóhi hí tokétą wabdíxe attą́ wábdíze, kkóži dáži hi bdíze) - there were many turkeys there then, I chased them and I caught them, it didn’t go very far, I caught it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰku-zhi (ḳú-zhi) - far away, at a great distance [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi si-gthe (ḳó-zhi-çi-gthe) - tracks - far - away, Personal name [FL-Osage]; ʰko-zhi moⁿ-iⁿ (ḳó-zhi-moⁿ-iⁿ) - travels-in-distant-lands, Personal name [FL-Osage]; go-ji (gojí) - far off, remote, long way off [Kaw]

offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink [MS]

► ex: si xwiⁿ (si xwį) - stink feet [OM]

► ex: ni xwiⁿ (ni xwį) - sulphur spring water [OM]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną iyáwe, “hǫhǫ, xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-a-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-bde, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te (šą́įtte, xwį́ nįkʰé páašpe ną ǫbdé, ną hóttą tte) - well, when I cut out the bad/offensive smelling part and I throw it away, then it will be good [JOD]

► ex: “shaⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te,” i-yi (“šą́įtte, xwį nįkʰe pášpe ną ǫde, ną hóttą tte,” iyí) - well, when the bad/offensive smelling part is cut out and thrown away, then it will be good, he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

offering, make offering

► a-da ka-xe (áda káγe) - share, divide with, part with, make offering ► a-da pa-xe (áda ppáγe) - I, a-da shka-xe (áda škáγe) - you

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

offering, make offering or sacrifice

► o-k’i (ókʔi) - make offering or sacrifice ► o-a-k’i (oákʔi) - I, o-da-k’i (odákʔi) - you, oⁿ-ko-k’i-we (ǫkókʔiwe) - we

► cf. o-k’i (okʔí) - lend something; give food to someone; k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone; ki-k’i (kíkʔi) - give back, return; ki-k’i (kikʔí) - give to one’s own (kin)

► Dhegiha: u-’i (ú’i) - to give food to another [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰki (ú-ḳí) - to feed [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (ókʔu) - give, provide, furnish, give stuff to someone, feed, giving, giveaway, event of giving or giving away [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-’i (u’í) - to lend anything, to lend something [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’i (ui) - loan, lend, treat [Omaha]; u-ʰk’i (u-ḳ’í) - to lend [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (okʔú) - lend, give, provide, furnish, supply [CQ-Osage]

often, abundance

► a-zho-wa (ážowa) - often, abundance [JOD]

► cf. zho-wa (žowá) - few, insufficient, some; zho-wa (žówa) - little [JOD]; di-zho-wa (dižowá) - lessen; a-zho-wa (ažowá) - having a good time; a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]; a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all one’s might [JOD]; ki-zho-wa (kižówa) - quick, handy; ki-zho-wa-zhi (kkižówaži) - pull lightly on something

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ ta t’e-de taⁿ a-zho-wa ta da-tʰe-wi (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną ttá tʔéde tą ážowa tta dátʰewi) - then he married her, when he hunted, he killed deer, they often ate deer [JOD]

often, abuse one as much and as often as one can

► di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha oⁿ (disísíke hínįhá ǫ́) - to abuse one as much and as often as one can [JOD]

► cf. di-si-si-ke (disísike) - mistreat, abuse; hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ (hínįhá ʔǫ́) - to do one’s utmost; to the limit

► ex: di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha oⁿ-we (disísíke hí nį há ǫ́wé) - they’all abuse one as much and as often as they can [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha oⁿ-we (wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe disísike hínįhá ǫ́we) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were extremely cruel to mankind [JOD]

often, always, great, exceeding

► a-ta-pa (áttappa) - great, exceeding, often, always [JOD]

► a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too

► cf. a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much

► ex: aⁿ-ki-da-zhi hi tʰe aⁿ-shoⁿ-zhi a-ta-pa (ą́kidáži hí tʰe ąšǫ́ži áttappá) - I did not like it much that he did not tell me at all

► ex: a-ta-pa pa (áttappa ppá) - great, exceeding-3pl [JOD]

► ex: ma-xi-ka-zhi a-ta-pa-we (máxikáži attappáwe) - they are very wild [JOD)]

► Dhegiha: a-ta (áta) - extreme, exceedingly, excellent, chief one, beyond, over, far beyond, furthest [JOD-Omaha]; a-ta-shoⁿ (atashoⁿ) - severe, too much, exceed, excess [Omaha]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

often, always, too, exceedingly, much, very

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very, often, always

► a-ta-ha (attahá) - often, always [JOD]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha (níkkašíka bną́ attahá) - sure enough smells like a human being [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ, pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą, ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną, iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha (ąsísi attahá) - me very active [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active and I’m very sickly [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ ataha) - I felt an extreme urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (níkka šʔaké tʰą tta tʔéde attahá) - the old man killed many deer [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítą ttią́ži hí hátʔe žókkatte áttaha) - then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: i-ye a-ta-ha naⁿ (iyĕ átahá naⁿ) - he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: o! ka-tʰaⁿ wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi hi e-de, i-ye a-ta-ha (o! kátʰą wažį́ dédaži hi edé, íye attahá) - pshaw! I have sure enough lost my patience with him, he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: o-ki-hoⁿ a-ta-ha ti-te-ki-da-zhi (ókihǫ attahá títtekidáži) - cooking-much-she had not caused it to be done [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha-wi (nąppéhi attaháwi) - they were very hungry [JOD]

► ex: ki-ho-taⁿ a-ta-ha-zhi (kíhottą áttaháži) - dislike something intensely

► Dhegiha: a-ta (á-ta) - beyond, more than, extreme, excessive [JOD-Omaha]; a-ta shoⁿ (ata shoⁿ) - severe, too much, exceed, excess [Omaha]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

often, cough often

► ho-xpa-xpa (hoxpáxpa) - cough often, tuberculosis ► a-ho-xpa-xpa (ahóxpaxpa) - I, da-ho-xpa-xpa (dahóxpaxpa) - you

► cf. ho-xpe (hóxpe) - cough; ho-xpe shi-ke (hóxpe šíke) - tuberculosis, “a bad cough”

► Dhegiha: hu-xpa-xpa (húqpaqpa) - cough, to cough often [Omaha/Ponca]; hu-xpa-xpa (hú-qpa-qpa) - freq. of huqpe, to cough often [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: hu-xpe (húqpe) - cough [Omaha/Ponca]; hu-xpe (huxpe) - cough, coughing [Omaha]; hu-xpe (hú-qpe) - to cough [JOD-Omaha]; hu-xpe (hú-xpe) - to cough, to hawk, to clear one’s throat [FL-Osage]; ho-xpe (hóxpe) - cough, cold with sniffles and fever [CQ-Osage]; ho-xpe (hóxpe) - cough [Kaw]

often, digs out often

► di-ko-ko (dikóko) - digs out often [JOD]

► cf. di-ko-te (dikótte) - dig out, probe; di-k’o (dikʔó) - dig with knife, spade or paws

► ex: ti xe-tʰe-ti ma-ni-ka di-ko-ko a-taⁿ e-ti o-kniⁿ naⁿ (ttí xetʰétti maníkka dikóko áttą étti oknį́ ną) - in the corner of the lodge, he (toad) digs out the dirt and lives there [JOD]

often, laugh often

► i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ-we (wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe: disísike hínįhá ʔǫ́wé) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were very cruel to mankind [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa-xa (í-qa-qa) - to laugh at, ridicule, make fun of; to get a laugh on one, as by playing a trick on him; to abuse, or maltreat a person [JOD-Omaha]; i-xa-xa (ixaxa) - humiliate, ridicule, harass [Omaha]; i-xa-xa (i-xá-xa) - to ridicule [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-xa (íqa) - laugh, laugh at, to laugh, to laugh at someone or something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-xa (íxa) - chuckle, giggle, laugh, smile [Omaha]; i-xa (í-xa) - to laugh, to titter [FL-Osage]; i-xa (íixa) - laugh, laugh at [CQ-Osage]; i-xa (íxa) - laugh; smile [Kaw]

often, leap often or each time

► zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakóiną́ną) - to leap often or each time

► zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną), zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną) - jump, make sudden leaps

► cf. zha-ko-i-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump; zha-ko-i-de (žakóide), zha-ka i-de (žákka íde) - jump a rope; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - suddenly and often [JOD]; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - unsteady, ungainly; i-naⁿ (iną́) - sign of sudden effect

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakóiną́ną) - he leaped often, or each time [JOD]

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance

often, move often

► shkoⁿ-shkoⁿ (škǫškǫ́) - move often ► a-shkoⁿ-shkoⁿ (aškǫ́škǫ) - I, da-shkoⁿ-shkoⁿ (daškǫ́škǫ) - you

► cf. shkoⁿ (škǫ) - move

► Dhegiha: shkoⁿ-shkoⁿ (shkóⁿshkoⁿ) - motion, move; to be in constant motion, moving back and forth [Omaha/Ponca]; shkaⁿ-shkaⁿ (škąšką́) - keep moving, move again and again [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shkoⁿ (shkóⁿ) - move, act, do; to act, be active, move around, do [Omaha/Ponca]; shkoⁿ (shkoⁿ) - to move, to stir, to be active, motion [FL-Osage]; shkaⁿ (shką́) - move, change (as weather), go on, continue, start [CQ-Osage]; shkaⁿ (shkaⁿ) - move around, stir [Kaw]

often, once in a while

► kda-he-he (kdahéhe) - often, once in a while

► Dhegiha: gtha-he thoⁿ-thoⁿ (gthahe thoⁿthoⁿ) - frequently [Omaha]

often, push at a fire often sending off sparks

► pe-te ki-ba-xniⁿ-xniⁿ-zhe (ppétte kíbaxnįxnį́že) - to push at a fire often sending off sparks

► cf. di-xni-zhe (dixníže) - make sparks from poking fire

► ex: pe-te a-ki-ba-xniⁿ-xniⁿ-zhe (ppétte akíbaxnįxnį́že) - I pushed at the fire often (sending off sparks) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰpe-dse ga-xthiⁿ-zhe (pé-dse ga-xthiⁿ-zhe) - shooting sparks from a fire or from burning brands [FL-Osage]; ga-xliⁿ-xliⁿ-zhe (gaxlíⁿxliⁿzhe) - sparkle, give off sparks like a meteor or a descending rocket as it falls [Kaw]; ga-xthiⁿ-zhe (ga-xthíⁿ-zhe) - steel and flint [FL-Osage]; ka-liⁿ-zhe (kaalį́įže), ka-li-zhe (kaalíiže) - sparks that are struck (as by hitting the “iron” against the flint to create sparks to make the sponge-like material from a tree catch fire), flint used to make flint fire (for peyote meetings or swear lodge) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ-zhe (qthíⁿzhe) - spark, sparkle, sparkling, sending out sparks [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ-zha (xthiⁿ-zhá) - sparks of a fire, sparks that fly upward from the sticks or fire drills used for starting a fire [FL-Osage]; liⁿ-zhe (lį́įže) - sparks that fly from a fire [CQ-Osage]

often, scalp yell often

► o-kda-x’a-x’a (okdáxʔaxʔá) - scalp yell often, in succession [JOD]

► o-kda-x’a-x’a (okdáxʔaxʔá) - whoop, give the scalp yell

► cf. o-kda-x’a (okdáxʔa) - whoop

► ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka (okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká) - give ye the scalp yell often! [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká!” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔa taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: “haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell,” rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we,” i-ya, “bdo-ka hi” (“edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe,” iyá, “bdóka hi”) - “but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we,” i-ya (“hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe,” iyá) - “then, a great many people gave the scalp yell,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we,” i-ya, “ni-ka-shi-ka ke” (“zaní hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe,” iyá, “níkkašíka ke”) - “all of the people gave the scalp yell,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gtha-’a-’a (ugthá’a’á) - give the scalp yell [JOD-Omaha]; i o-la-k’a-k’a (í olák’ak’a) - to give the war whoop or scalp yell, lit. “to make a succession of arrested sounds come from one’s own mouth”, war whoop, scalp yell [Kaw]

often, scrape the dirt away often

► ka-ti-ti-ze (kattittíze) - to scrape away surface earth with one’s hand; scrape the dirt away often [JOD]

► cf. ka-ti-ze (kattíze), ka-tʰi-ze (katʰíze) - knock, sweep, brush away; we-ka-ti-ze (wékattíze) - broom; kda-ti-ze (kdattíze) - sweep out one’s house; ba-ti-ze (battíze), ba-tʰi-ze (batʰíze) - move something by pushing; ba-ti-ze (battíze) - move something by pushing; bi-ti-ze (bittíze) - move something by pressing/blowing; di-ti-ze (dittíze) - move by pulling something; ki-pa-ti-ze (kíppattíze) - move one's possession by pushing; ki-kdi-ti-ze (kkíkdittíze) - move something for one’s own benefit; naⁿ-ti-ze (nąttíze) - kick along; po-ti-ze (póttize) - move something by punching/shooting

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze (kattittíze) - scraped away surface earth with his hand; scraped the dirt away often [JOD]

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze aⁿ-taⁿ ki-k’aⁿ-he (kattittíze ą́tą kíkʔąhé) - when he swept away/cleared a spot, he put it down (his own item) [JOD]

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze ki-ha naⁿ we-da-ba-zo ki-k’oⁿ-he (kattittíze kihá ną wédabázo kíkʔǫhe) - when he finished clearing a spot, he placed the index finger down [JOD]

often, split often

► pa-ste-ste (pásteste) - cut to slivers, split often ► pa-a-ste-ste (páastéste) - I, pa-da-ste-ste (pádastéste) - you

► cf. pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; ba-ste-ste (bastéste) - cut to shreds, stab repeatedly; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; bi-ste-ste (bistéste) - split repeatedly, shred; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; da-ste-ste (dásteste) - chew into slivers, v. split; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; di-ste-ste (distéste) - pull into shreds, slivers; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds/slivers; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; naⁿ-ste-ste (nąstéste) - kick or tread to pieces; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers

► Dhegiha: ba-zne-zne (baznézne) - fringe [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-zne-zne (ba-s͓né-s͓ne) - fringe [JOD-Omaha]; ba-stse-stse-ge (bá-stse-stse-ge) - to cut skin or meat into many strips with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba-stse-stse-ge (báscescége) - gash the skin in many places using a blade [Kaw]

often, tell them often to look at

► wa-kda-ti-ti (wákdattítti) - to tell them often to look at

► cf. o-da (odá) - tell something; o-ki-da (okída) - tell something to another; o-da-ke (odáke) - tell about something; o-ki-da-ke (okídake) - tell it to (some)one; o-kda (okdá) - confess, tell of one’s own; o-ki-kda-ke (ókkikdáke) - speak of oneself

► ex: wa-kda-ti-ti (wákdattítti) - he told them often to look at him (the dancer) [JOD]

► ex: “ni-kshi-ka za-ni hi taⁿ-we-ni-he,” i-ki-wa-ta-ta tʰaⁿ, i-ya-we, wa-kda-ti-ti tʰą́, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka zaní hi tą́we-nihe,” íkiwattátta tʰą́, iyáwe, wákdattítti tʰą́, iyáwe) - “everyone, you’ll look at him!” he cried aloud often,they say, he told them often, to look at him, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gtha (úg¢a) - to tell about his relations [JOD-Omaha]; u-gtha (ugtha) - confess [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰki-gtha-ge (u-ḳí-gtha-ge) - to speak of one’s self [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-la-ke (oʰkílaake) - tell about oneself, speak of oneself [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-tha (uthá) - tell anything, tell anything about another [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha (útha) - to tell them about [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha (utha) - announce, report, warn, inform, tell [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-tha-ge (u-thá-ge) - to tell a tale or a story; to make a statement [FL-Osage]; u-tha-ge (ú-tha-ge) - a story, narrative, a legend, tradition [FL-Osage]; o-tha-ke (oðáake) - tell e.g., news, stories, relate, narrate, recite, state, proclaim, inform, say so [CQ-Osage]; o-tha-ke (óðaake) - tell things, inform; story, tale, legend, narrative, telling of something, reporting of news [CQ-Osage]; o-ya-ge (oyáge) - tell someone; promise [Kaw]; o-ya-ge (óyage) - tell something to someone [Kaw]

often, usually

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ), ʰnaⁿ (ʰną) - habitual postclitic

► ex: bda-taⁿ naⁿ (bdattą́ ną) - I drink, I’m a drunkard

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► ex: hoⁿ-i-she naⁿ (hǫišé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ (ttattą́ ną) - you drink, you're a drunkard

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-he naⁿ (étti tté nahá ihé ną) - you do not go there, I’ve been saying [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-toⁿ-we-naⁿ-we (ątǫ́we-ną-wé) - they usually look (watch) at me [JOD]

► ex: pi-naⁿ (ppíną), pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ) - do well at something precociously

► Dhegiha: hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - customary [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually, customarily [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

oh oh oh, cry of pain

► haⁿ-haⁿ-haⁿ (hą́hąhą́) - oh oh oh, cry of pain

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ (hóⁿ! hoⁿ! hóⁿ!) - ouch, interjection of pain, ow!, ouch! [Omaha/Ponca]

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