English to Quapaw Dictionary

V

 

vagina

► iⁿ-zhe (įžé), (į́že) - vagina

► ex: iⁿ-zhe (įžé kʰe) - the vagina

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-zhe (íⁿzhe) - vagina [Omaha/Ponca]; iu-zhe (iú-zhe) - urethra [FL-Osage]; u-zhe (úže) - vagina [CQ-Osage]; u-zhe (uzhé), iⁿ-zhe (iⁿzhe) - vagina [Kaw]

 

valley

► ka-xo-we (káxowe), ka-x’o-we (kaxʔówe) - gap in mountains, ravine

► Dhegiha: o-ʰk’o-be (o-ḳ’ó-be), u-ʰk’u-be (u-ḳ’ú-be) - an abyss; a vale; a gulch; a gutter; dale; valley; ravine [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-be o-xlo-xla (ók’obe oxlóxla) - canyon, gorge [Kaw]; o-k’o-be zhiⁿ-ga (ók’obe zhíⁿga) - stream, smaller than a creek, a rill; a gorge [Kaw]

 

► o-ki-no-da (okinoda) - valley [JOD]

 

► o-ki-no-zha (okkinóža) - valley [OM]

 

► o-ki-noⁿ-te (okkínǫtté) - valley

 

► te-xe do-ka ta-ke (ttéγ dókka ttáke) - valley

► cf. te-xe (ttéγe) - prairie

 

► te-xe o-ka-xo-we (ttexé okáxowe) - prairie/hollow [JOD]

► cf. te-xe (ttéγe) - prairie; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; ka-xo-we (káxowe), ka-x’o-we (kaxʔówe) - gap in mountains, ravine

► Dhegiha: te-xe (texé) - a marshy place on high land, an upland marsh [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-xe (ṭsexé) - the open prairie [FL-Osage]; tse-ghe (ceghé) - flood plain, level ground without trees [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰk’o-be (o-ḳ’ó-be), u-ʰk’u-be (u-ḳ’ú-be) - an abyss; a vale; a gulch; a gutter; dale; valley; ravine [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-be o-xlo-xla (ók’obe oxlóxla) - canyon, gorge [Kaw]; o-k’o-be zhiⁿ-ga (ók’obe zhíⁿga) - stream, smaller than a creek, a rill; a gorge [Kaw]

 

vegetables, smell like decayed vegetables

► xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables

► cf. xdi (xdi) - mucous, pus, corruption; bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor

 

vegetation, dry up and die as vegetation from the sun

► ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold; ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching

 

vegetation, kill vegetation by punching

► po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching ► po-a-ta-t’e (poáttatʔe) - I, po-da-ta-t’e (pódattatʔe) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing, punching; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► Dhegiha: na-t’e-ga (ná-t’e-ga) - withered, dead, dried up, as leaves by the sun [JOD-Omaha]

da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]; da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]

 

vein, artery

► wa-pa-iⁿ kaⁿ (wappaį́ kką) - vein, artery

► cf. wa-pa-iⁿ (wappaį́) - blood; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line

► Dhegiha: wa-mi koⁿ (wamí koⁿ) - a vein or artery [Omaha/Ponca]; kaⁿ wa-biⁿ (káⁿ wabíⁿ) - vein or artery [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-mi (wamí) - blood; to bleed; to be bloody [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-biⁿ (wa-bíⁿ) - blood, bleeding [FL-Osage]; wa-piⁿ (wa-pį́), wa-peiⁿ (wapéį) - bleed, blood [CQ-Osage]; wa-biⁿ (wabíⁿ) - blood [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ (koⁿ) - a root; sinew; muscle; a vein or artery; something used for tying, sinew, root, string [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ (koⁿ) - blood vessel; veins; artery; root; string [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ) - a vein or blood vessel; roots of trees or plants; sinew [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ (ʰką́), ʰkoⁿ (ʰkǫ́) - vein, artery, blood vessel [CQ-Osage]; k’aⁿ (kʔą) - root [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ (kaⁿ) - vein or artery, root, sinew, string [Kaw]

 

venereal disease

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from “Virginia”

► wa-jhi-ni (ŭatschinni) - American (Américain) [GI]

► wa-tshi-ni (wâ-tci-ni) - Virginian, white man [LH]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ko-i (waǰíni kói) - he’s a white man [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn’t like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha hne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža hné) - you white people go home and dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease [probably from ‘Virginia’ (which may have been used to mean ‘white man’) [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

 

venison

► ta-zho (ttažó) - venison [JOD]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer, meat, venison, dried meat; zho (žo) - flesh, skin, meat

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhu (zhu) - flesh, body [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu (zhu) - flesh or body [FL-Osage]

 

Verdigris River

► wa-se-taⁿ ni (waséttą ni) - Verdigris River

► wa-se-taⁿ ni (wassétun ni) - Verdigris River [ASG]

► cf. wa-se (wasé) - red paint [JOD]; wa-se sa (wasé sa) - black paint; wa-se to (wasé tto) - blue paint; wa-se to-hi (wassé ttóhi) - green paint; wa-se zi (wasé zi) - yellow paint

► Dhegiha: wa-se ʰtoⁿ xo-e (wa-çé ṭoⁿ-xo-e) - the Verdigris River, green paint was secured here, this was the second camp of the second buffalo trail [FL-Osage]; wa-se ʰtoⁿ xo-dse ga-xa (wa-çé ṭoⁿ xo-dse ga-xa) - green clay creek, branch of the Verdigris River, Okla [FL-Osage]; wa-se-ʰtaⁿ xo-e (waséʰtą xóe) - Verdigris River, lit., “gray sycamore” [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-se tu xu-de (wa-sé-t͓u-qú-de) - verdigris, gray green clay or light blue clay [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-se tu (waçe tu) - blue paint [Omaha]; wa-se tu (wa-sé t͓u) - green clay or green paint, verdigris [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se to (waséto) - verdigris, patina [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-se saⁿ (wasésaⁿ) - white clay; made of white clay; earthenware; plaster; lime [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se zi (wasé zi) - yellow clay [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-se zhi-de ni-ka (waséjíde níka) - Indian red paint [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se zhi-de (waséjide) - red paint; red clay [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se zhu-dse (wa-çé-zhu-dse) - red clay, red paint, rouge [FL-Osage]

 

vertebra near the nape of a horse’s neck

► ta-i-ta-kde (ttáittákde) - spinal prominence, vertebra near the nape of a horse’s neck

► cf. ta-i-ta (ttáittá) - neck; a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it; o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► Dhegiha: ta-i-u-gthe (táiúgthe) - neck bone, bone in the lower back of the neck, into which the spine fits [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i-u-gthe (tá-i-ú-g¢ĕ) - the lower bone in the back of the neck, the place into which the spine fits [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i u-gthe (tai úgthe) - hollow at the nape of the neck [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ta-i-a-ta (taiáta) - at or near the back of the head [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i-a-ta (ta-i-á-t͓a) - at or near the back of the head [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tái) - back of the head, from the parting of the hair on the crown to the neck [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i (taí) - back of the head [Omaha]; ʰta-hiu (ṭá-hiu) - nape of the neck, the neck [FL-Osage]; ʰta-hu (ʰtáhu) - neck [CQ-Osage]; ta-hu (táhu) - neck [Kaw]

 

very

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

► a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too, great, exceeding; often, always [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

► de (dé), e-de (edé) - really, indeed, sure enough, surely, truely; intentive by agent; clause final partical; evidential

 

► hi (hi) - very; with numerals: just, only

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

► naⁿ-e-he (nąéhe) - exceedingly, very very

 

► taⁿ-da (ttą́da) - very, too

 

► xti (xti) - very, real, fully, intensifier suffix

► Dhegiha: xti (qti), xchi (qchi) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real [Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

 

very active

► si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - very active

► cf. si-si (sisí) - active; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha (ąsísi attahá) - me active/very [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - active/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha, i-ya (maštį́ke nį sisí áttaha, iyá) - the Rabbit was very active, it is said [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - active/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha e-naⁿ,” i-niⁿ-aⁿ i-ya sni-wa-te (“níkkašíka nį sisí áttaha éną,” ínįą́ iyá sniwátte) - “that person is extremely active!” thought Winter, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

► si-si hi (sisí hi) - very active

► cf. si-si (sisí) - active; hi (hi) - very

► ex: si-si hi naⁿ-we (sisí hi ną-wé) - they are very active usually [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to naⁿhaⁿ maⁿ-di-taⁿ si-si hi naⁿ-we e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šétto nąhą́ mądíttą sisí hi ną-wé ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like the grown boys who pull a bow and are very active (able to run swiftly and far),” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

very bad

► shi-ke-xti (šíke-xti) - very bad, really bad

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: shi-ke-xti (šíke-xti) - very bad [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-a-bde a-tʰaⁿ-he shi-ke-xti i-da-hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́abde atʰąhé šíke-xti idáhǫbde) - I’ve been dreaming, I dreamed a very bad dream [JOD]

 

► shi-ke de (šíke dé) - very bad, really bad

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; de (dé), e-de (edé) - really, indeed

► ex: shi-ke de (šíke dé) - bad/indeed [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ shi-ke de! (ettǫ́ šíke dé!) - but it is extremely bad! [JOD]

 

very bad mood

► wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke-xti (wažą́ąníkextí) - a very bad mood

► cf. wa-zhaⁿ-ni-ke (wažą́nike) - ill humored; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke-xti (wažą́ąníkextí) - I in a very bad humor [JOD]

► ex: i-kaⁿ aⁿ-xdi hi tʰe, e-koⁿ wa-zhaⁿ-aⁿ-ni-ke-xti pʰi a-ni-he,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ikką́ ą́xdi hi tʰe, ekǫ́ wažą́ąníkextí pʰí anihé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - my grandmother almost beat the life out of me, so I have come here in a very bad mood,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

 

very bitter

► pa hi (ppa hí) - very bitter

► cf. pa (ppa) - bitter; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: pʰa (pʰa) - bitter [Omaha/Ponca]; pa (pa) - bitter taste [Omaha]; ʰpa (p̣a) - bitter [FL-Osage]; ʰpa (ʰpa) - bitter [CQ-Osage]; pa (pa) - bitter, sour [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

very close

► a-shka hi (ašká hi) - very close

► cf. a-shka (ašká) - near, close; hi (hi) - very

► ex: a-shka hi (ašká hi) - close/very [JOD]

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke kʰe a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké kʰe áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-shka (áshka) - near, close by [Omaha/Ponca]; a-shka (á-shka) - near, close by, short distance [FL-Osage]; a-shka (áška) - nearby, close, a short distance away [CQ-Osage]; a-shka (áshka) - near, something nearby; close, close at hand [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

very cold

► sni hi (sní hi) - cold (very cold) [MS, OM]

► cf. sni (sni) - cold, to be cold; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: zni (zni) - cool, cold [Omaha/Ponca]; zni (çni) - cold [Omaha]; sni (çni), hni (hní), ni (ni) - cold [FL-Osage]; ni-ni (níni) - (be) cold (used for inanimates only), cool to the touch, cool, as weather; cool weather [CQ-Osage]; hni-hiⁿ (hníhiⁿ) - something inanimate to be cold (not the body) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

► sni-wa-te hi (sníwatte hi) - very cold

► cf. sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - cold, cold weather; north, winter; power of winter (male); hi (hi) - very

► ex: sni-wa-te shi-naⁿ sni-wa-te hi ka-xe naⁿ, shi-naⁿ de, i-ya (sniwátte šíną sniwátte hí káγe ną, šíną dé, iyá) - Winter made it very cold again and again departed, it is said [JOD]

► ex: i-ka-sho-te ka-xe, i-ya, sni-wa-te hi, i-ya (íkašótte káγe, iyá, sníwatte hi, iyá) - he made a blizzard, it is said, it was very cold, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hni-wa-tse (hní-wa-tse), ni-wa-tse (ní-wa-tse) - to be cold; cold weather; a cold day; it is cold [FL-Osage]; ni-wa-ʰtse (níwaʰce) - (be) cold (an impersonal weather expression, not used for people) [CQ-Osage]; ʰni-wa-tse (ʰniwace) - cold, as the weather; winter, the cold months [Kaw]

 

very far away

► ko-zhi hi (kkóžihi) - far away, very far

► ko-zhi hi (kkóži hi) - way off, far away [MS]

► cf. ko-zhi (kkóži) - far; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóži hi bdé tta mįkʰé) - I go a long ways (I will be going very far away) [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi taⁿ o-xde naⁿ t’e-da-we, i-ya (kkóži hí-tą oxdé ną tʔédawé, iyá) - they went a long distance, when they overtook him, they killed him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰku-zhi (ḳú-zhi) - far away, at a great distance [FL-Osage]; go-ji (gojí) - far off, remote, long way off [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

very fast

► so-te hi (sotté hi) - very fast; very rapid; very swift

► cf. so-te (sotté) - fast, swift of an animal, rapidly; hi (hi) - very

► ex: maⁿ-niⁿ so-te hi (mąnį́ sotté hi) - walk fast [MS]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ so-te hi (ttą́nį sotté hi) - run fast [MS]

► ex: so-te hi kde niⁿ (sótte hí kde nį́) - very rapidly, she went homeward [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa-xti so-te hi kde kʰe (ážowáxti sótte hí kde kʰé) - with great effort/with all her might, very fast/rapidly, she went homeward [JOD]

 

very fat

► shiⁿ hi (šį hí) - very fat

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; hi (hi) - very

► ex: te miⁿ shiⁿ hi t’e-de naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (tté mį́ šį hí tʔéde-ną iyá maštį́ke) - Rabbit killed a very fat buffalo, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ te miⁿ shiⁿ hi t’e-de naⁿ, i-ya (šíną tté mį́ šį hí tʔéde-ną, iyá) - he killed a very fat buffalo again, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, obese, plump, fleshy [Omaha/Ponca]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, husky [Omaha]; shiⁿ (shíⁿ) - to be fat [FL-Osage]; shiⁿ (šį́) - be fat [CQ-Osage]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ), shi (shi) - be fat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

► shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - fat, very, really

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: te-naⁿ-te de niⁿ-kʰe shiⁿ-xti ta-ta-we ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe (tteną́tte dé-nįkʰé šįxtí ttatáwe hóttą nitʰé) - it would have been good for you’all to eat this very fat buffalo heart [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-xti (shíⁿqti) - very fat [Omaha/Ponca]; shiⁿ-xti (shiⁿxti) - fatty [Omaha]

 

very fine

► da-taⁿ-ha (dattą́ha) - chew very fine ► bda-taⁿ-ha (bdáttąha) - I, ta-taⁿ-ha (ttáttąha) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-taⁿ-ha (battą́ha) - pulverize; bi-taⁿ-ha (bittą́ha) - crush, pulverize; di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill; wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal; wa-di-taⁿ-ha wa-ske (wadíttąha waské) - cornbread; ka-taⁿ-ha (kattą́ha) - pound, pulverize; naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (nąttą́ha) - crush with feet, trample to bits; pa-taⁿ-ha (páttąha) - cut up very fine, as tobacco; po-taⁿ-ha (póttąha) - pulverize by punching/shooting; ta-taⁿ-ha (táttąha) - burn to ashes, burn up

► Dhegiha: ga-ʰtoⁿ-he (ga-ṭoⁿ-he) - to pound into fine powder, as seeds for perfume [FL-Osage]; ga-taⁿ-haⁿ (gatáⁿhaⁿ) - mash and break something up, pound up [Kaw]

 

► pa-taⁿ-ha (páttąha) - cut up very fine, as tobacco ► pa-a-taⁿ-ha (páattąha) - I, pa-da-taⁿ-ha (pádattąha) - you

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; ba-taⁿ-ha (battą́ha) - pulverize; bi-taⁿ-ha (bittą́ha) - crush, pulverize; da-taⁿ-ha (dattą́ha) - chew very fine; di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill; wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal; wa-di-taⁿ-ha wa-ske (wadíttąha waské) - cornbread; ka-taⁿ-ha (kattą́ha) - pound, pulverize; naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (nąttą́ha) - crush with feet, trample to bits; po-taⁿ-ha (póttąha) - pulverize by punching/shooting; ta-taⁿ-ha (táttąha) - burn to ashes, burn up

► Dhegiha: ga-ʰtoⁿ-he (ga-ṭoⁿ-he) - to pound into fine powder, as seeds for perfume [FL-Osage]; ga-taⁿ-haⁿ (gatáⁿhaⁿ) - mash and break something up, pound up [Kaw]

 

very good

► ho-taⁿ hi (hóttą hi) - very good

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; hi (hi) - very

► ex: iⁿ-da ho-taⁿ hi (įdá hóttą hi) - very good mother [MS]

► ex: she-mi ho-taⁿ hi (šémi hóttą hi) - pretty girl [MS]

► ex: we-ta-sta-de ho-taⁿ hi (wétástáde hóttą hi) - good iron [MS]

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi (wahį́ska hóttą hí) - calico/good/very [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-ta-te, i-ni-naⁿ-haⁿ ho-taⁿ hi koⁿ-bda,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“įttatté, inínąhą́ hóttą hí kkǫbdá,” iyí iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nįkʰe) - “my father, I want to wear very fine clothing,” it is said the Rabbit’s son said [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te a (wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á) - I will bring you (his own daughter) back some kind of really good calico cloth [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhaⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žąppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they (the other girls) went back, he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-daⁿ (údaⁿ) - good, to be good [Omaha/Ponca]; u-doⁿ (údoⁿ) - good, better, nice [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, peaceful and beautiful, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid  [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį), tha-ʰliⁿ (ðáaʰlį) - good, be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good or well-behaved person, or good food; good, pleasant [Kaw]

 

very green

► to-hi (ttóhi) - very green, dark green [ASG]

► cf. to (tto) - blue, green, grue; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ma-hiⁿ to-hi (mahį́ ttóhi) - green grass [MS]

► Dhegiha: tu-xti (túqti) - green, dark green, very dark green [Omaha/Ponca]

 

very high

► maⁿ-shi hi (mąší hi) - very high

► maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative

► cf. maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, heaven, high; hi (hi) - very

► ex: pe-te-shte maⁿ-shi hi (ppettéšte mą́ši hí) - very high blaze, flame [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mąší hi) - cliff

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

 

very hot

► ka-te hi (kkátte hí) - hot [OM]

► cf. ka-te (kkátte), ta-ka-te (tákkatte) - hot, to be hot; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ka-te hi a-shi-ti (kkátte ášitti) - it’s awful hot outside [MS]

► Dhegiha: ʰka-tse (ʰkace) - heat, hot [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰka-tse (óʰkace) - cook, grill, barbecue, cook outside (refers only to cooking meat on a rack, as for barbecue) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: na-kʰa-de (nákʰade) - hot; to be hot [Omaha/Ponca]; na-ka-de (nákade) - heat [Omaha]; da-ʰka-dse (dá-ḳa-dse) - hot [FL-Osage]; ta-ʰka-tse (táaʰkace) - (be) hot to the touch, (be) warm, (an object or a substance; or a person only in special circumstances, such as with fever; does not apply to weather) [CQ-Osage]; da-ka-je (dákaje) - hot, as a person, stove [Kaw]

 

very hungry

► naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha (nąppéhi áttaha) - very hungry

► cf. naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha-wi (nąppéhi attaháwi) - they were very hungry [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-pe-hiⁿ (naⁿpéhiⁿ) - hungry [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-pe-hi (noⁿpehi) - starvation; famine; hungry [Omaha]; noⁿ-ʰpe-hi (noⁿ-pé-hi) - to be hungry [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ʰpe-hi (nǫʰpéhi) - be hungry [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-pe-hi (noⁿpéhi) - be hungry [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

► naⁿ-pe-hi-xti (nąppéhi-xti) - very hungry [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: “naⁿ-pe-hi-xti niⁿ a-zha-miⁿ,” i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (“nąppéhi-xti nį́ ážąmį́,” iyí iyá sniwátte) - I think that he is very hungry,” it is said Winter said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-pe-hiⁿ-xti (naⁿpéhiⁿqti) - very hungry [JOD-Omaha]

 

very kind

► da-x’e-de hi (daxʔéde hí) - very kind

► cf. da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; hi (hi) - very

► ex: da-x’e-de hi (daxʔéde hí) - was kind to him/very [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ zhi-ka a-shi-oⁿ-he niⁿ-kʰe ma-shtiⁿ-ke da-x’e-de hi naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ žiká ášiǫhé nįkʰé maštį́ke daxʔéde hí ną, iyá) - and the youngest one was very kind to Rabbit, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha’éthe) - to consider him miserable; to pity him; to have mercy on him [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

 

very large

► wa-sh’a-ke hi (wašʔáke hi) - very large

► wa-sha-ke hi (wášaké hi) - big [AG]

► cf. wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke), wa-sha-ke (wašaké) - very large, large, be large; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ni-wa-sh’a-ke hi (ní wašʔáke hí) - bay, large body of water

► ex: pe-te wa-sh’a-ke hi (ppétte wašʔáke hi) - big fire [MS]

► ex: si-po-za wa-sh’a-ke hi (sippóza wašʔáke hi) - big toe [MS]

► ex: ta wa-sh’a-ke hi (tta wašʔáke hi) - buck deer [MS]

► ex: wa-tʰi-shka wa-sh’a-ke hi (watʰíška wašʔáke hi) - big river [MS]

 

► wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke), wa-sha-ke (wašaké) - very large, large, be large ► aⁿ-wa-sh’a-ke (ąwášʔake) - I’m, di-wa-sh’a-ke (diwášʔake) - you’re

► ex: ma-xpi wa-sh’a-ke (maxpí wašʔáke) - large clouds

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke (ní wašʔáke) - river, large/big river

► ex: ni wa-zha-ge (ní wážagé) - big river [LQ, OM]

► ex: ni wa-sa-ke (ni˙wasá˙Ge) - river [VG]

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ní wašʔaké ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing in the sand of the large body of water/river [JOD]

► ex: o-shta wa-sh’a-ke (oštá wašʔaké) - very large smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

 

very light, not very heavy

► ha-ha hi (háha hi) - very light, not very heavy [MS]

► cf. ha-ha (háha) - light, not heavy; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: ha-ha-da (hahada) - lightweight [Omaha]; ha-ha-daⁿ (háhadáⁿ) - light [JOD-Omaha]; ha-ha (há-ha) - light weight [FL-Osage]; ha-ha (háha) - light, lightweight [Kaw]

 

very long time

► ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]

► cf. ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago; ti-aⁿ-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time; ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - not a long time, soon [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ-miⁿ-kʰe maⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́-mįkʰé mą́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi ki-zhi i-ya ma-shti-ke (eką́ nį́kʰétti ttią́hi kíži iyá maštį́ke) - rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

very many, very much

► zho-hi hi (žóhi hi) - very many, very much

► cf. zho-hi (žóhi) - much, many; hi (hi) - very

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief, the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wítteke, níkkašíka žóhi hi škǫ́wadáwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke niⁿkʰe) - “my uncle (my mother’s brother), many people are here and will dislodge us,” said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi, níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe, iyá) - then, a great many people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi (síkka ttą́ka žóhi hi) - many turkeys [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi, wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-da-we (ešǫ́hi, wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔédawe) - after some time, they killed many birds [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka zho-hi hi (šižíka žóhi hi) - family, “a lot of children” [MS]

► ex: maⁿ zho-hi hi ka-xe naⁿ, i-ya (mą́ žóhi hí káγe ną, iyá) - he (Rabbit) made a lot of arrows for him (Rabbit’s son), it is said [JOD]

► ex: zho-hi hi ka-xa-we (žohí hi káγawe) - they made many [JOD]

 

very motionless

► kaⁿ-zhe-hi-ti (kkąžéhitti) - very motionless

► cf. kaⁿ-zhi (kką́ži) - still, motionless; hi (hi) - very

► ex: kaⁿ-zhe-hi-ti kniⁿ-zhi (kkąžéhittí knį́ži) - very motionless/when/he did not sit [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-zhe-hi-ti kniⁿ-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (kkąžéhittí knį́ži iyá maštį́ke) - Rabbit could not sit still, it is said [JOD]

 

very offensive odor

► xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► cf. xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

► xwiⁿ hi (xwį hí) - smell very bad

► cf. xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor; hi (hi) - very

► ex: o-di-bnaⁿ i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną iyáwe, “hǫhǫ, xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

► zaⁿ-ze hi (zązé hi) - very offensive odor [JOD]

► cf. zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - offensive smell, strong smell; hi (hi) - very

► ex: “si taⁿ-ka! zaⁿ-ze hi! i-shta taⁿ-ka! i-ha-shka!” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“si ttą́ka! zązé hi! ištá ttą́ka! íhašká!” iyí iyá mątʰó) - “big foot! stinky! big eyes! split lip!” it is said Grizzly bear said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zaⁿ-ze (záⁿ-ze) - applicable to the strong odor of a negro, goat, buck, or that of a male of the black-tailed deer during the rutting season [JOD-Omaha]; zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-ze (zoⁿze) - stink [Omaha]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw

 

very old person

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - very old, very aged, old man, elder

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one’s father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one’s father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

very old woman

► wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - really old woman, very aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, little old lady; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka-xti (waxʔóžikaxti) - really old woman, very aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, little old lady; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

 

very rich

► wa-she-xti (wašé-xti) - very rich, very prosperous

► cf. wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: wa-she-xti (wašé-xti) - very rich [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké ną, iyá) - and then they lived very prosperously together, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-wa-she-xti (íwashéqti) - to have a great abundance of various kinds of property, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: wa-she (wacĕ́) - rich [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

 

very short

► shte-ka hi (šteká hi) - short, “very short” [MS]

► cf. shte-ka (štéka), (šteká) - short; hi (hi) - very

 

very short time

► di-o-za hi (dióza hí) - in a very short time

► cf. di-o-za (dióza) - just now, a short time ago; in a little while; a little while ago; hi (hi) - very

► ex: di-o-za hi (dióza hí) - in a little while/very [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha di-o-za hi o-xde (ną́ža dióza hí oxdé) - then in a very short time he overtook her [JOD]

 

► ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - in a very short time

► cf. ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago; ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]; ti-aⁿ-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-zhi hi (ttią́ži hí) - not a long time/very (very soon) [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e (kóišǫ́ttą ttią́ži hí hatʔé) - then in a very short time, he became sick [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

 

► o-di-o-za hi (odióza hí) - in a very short time

► cf. o-di-o-za (ódióza) - in a little while; hi (hi) - very

► ex: o-di-o-za hi (odióza hí) - in a little while/very [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha o-di-o-za hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (ną́ža ódióza hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - then, in a very short time the man eater had come [JOD]

► ex: bdo-ka o-di-o-za hi o-wa-xde (bdoká odióza hí ówaxde) - in a very short time, he overtook the entire group [JOD]

 

very sickly

► ha-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha (hatʔé štą attahá) - very sickly

► cf. ha-t’e (hátʔe) - to be sick, ill; shtaⁿ (štą) - habitual; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► ex: haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha (hątʔé štą attahá) - me sickly/very [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active and I’m very sickly [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

very silent

► a-pe-hi (appéhi) - very silent

► a-pe hi (appé hi) - noiseless/very [JOD]

► cf. a-pe (áppe) - silent, noiseless, speechless; hi (hi) - very

 

very straight

► do-taⁿ hi (dóttą hí) - very straight

► cf. do-taⁿ (dóttą), do-toⁿ (dóttǫ) - straight; hi (hi) - very

► ex: o-zhoⁿ-ke do-taⁿ hi (ožǫ́ke dóttą hí) - a very straight road [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thu-tʰoⁿ (thútʰoⁿ) - straight, correct [Omaha/Ponca]; thu-toⁿ (thu tóⁿ) - beeline; straight [Omaha]; thu-taⁿ (¢ú-taⁿ) - straight, correct [JOD-Omaha]; tho-ʰtoⁿ (thó-ṭoⁿ) - in the middle of the heaven [FL-Osage]; yo-taⁿ (yótaⁿ) - straight up [Kaw]

 

very tired of

► i-bnaⁿ hi (íbną hi) - tired of it, satiated, to have enough, surfeited, satisfied, sufficient

► cf. i-bnaⁿ (íbną) - tired of it, satiated, to have enough, surfeited, satisfied, sufficient; hi (hi) - very

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ hi miⁿkʰe, i-ye niⁿ-kʰe (ąnąbną́ hi mįkʰé, iyé nįkʰé) - I’ve really had enough (of being lonesome), she was saying [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-bthoⁿ (íbthoⁿ) - enough, sufficient; satisfied [Omaha/Ponca]; i-bthaⁿ (í-b¢aⁿ) - to have sufficient of, to be satisfied [JOD-Omaha]; i-braⁿ (íibrą) - have enough of, get enough of, have one’s fill of, be sated with (either a positive or negative thing); be satiated with; be tired of, be negatively affected by too much of something [CQ-Osage]

 

very well, do well at something precociously

► pi-oⁿ (ppiǫ́) - very well; know how, knew how [JOD]

► pi-’oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity ► pi-moⁿ (ppímǫ) - I, shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you

► pi-naⁿ (ppíną) - do well at something precociously

► cf. pi (ppi) - safely, well; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use

► ex: wa-pi-naⁿ (wappíną), wa-pi-na (wappína) - chief of a gens (clan); one who tells about old ways; while endeavoring to obtain a full list of personal names of the tribe, I met with considerable difficulty on account of the reluctance of the people to communicate to me the information which they regarded as the peculiar right of a class of men whom the called wa-pi-naⁿ. A wa-pi-naⁿ they divined as a ni-ka xo-we or mysterious man [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-di-taⁿ pi-oⁿ (mądíttą ppiǫ́) - pulling the bow/very well [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to maⁿ-di-taⁿ pi-oⁿ taⁿ-niⁿ tʰi-da-da naⁿ e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šétto mądíttą ppiǫ́ ttą́nį tʰidáda ną ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like a boy that knows how to pull a bow well and begins to run now and then for short distances,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰpi-oⁿ (p̣i-óⁿ) - expert, skillful [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-oⁿ (ʰpíǫ) - know how to do something; learn; be skilled at or expert in [CQ-Osage]; i-e pi-oⁿ (íe píoⁿ) - talk well, correctly [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pi (pi) - good, not used as a separate word; well, anew [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ (ǫ́ǫ) - suffer from, have as an illness, be sick from, perhaps more literally “be enveloped by (sickness)”, “(sickness) lies upon someone”, wear, use [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do; use; stay, live (reside); put in, put into [Kaw]

 

very wild

► ma-xi-ka-zhi a-ta-pa (máxikáži áttappá) - very wild

► cf. ma-xi-ka (máxika) - shy, modest; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation; a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too, great, exceeding; often, always [JOD]

► ex: ma-xi-ka-zhi a-ta-pa-we (máxikáži áttappáwe) - they are very wild [JOD]wild

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xi-ga (móⁿ-xi-ga) - shy, to be shy, modest, diffident [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

very, not very

► hi-zhi (híži) - not very

► cf. hi (hi) - very; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ (sniwátte hí-ži ną) - cold/not very/regularly [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ, sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ, i-ya (éttǫttítʰą, sniwátte hí-ži ną, iyá) - therefore, from that time on, it has not been very cold, it is said (before that it was much colder than it is now, now we have the female Winter) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

 

very, speak very plainly

► i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi (íye dašną́šnąži) - speak very plainly, making no mistakes now and then [JOD]

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; i-e (íe), i-ye (íye) - talk, speak; word; da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi (dašną́šnąži) - eat without dribbling; da-shnaⁿ-zhi (dašną́ži) - talk correctly; da-shnoⁿ-da (dašnǫ́da) - slip in eating, talking, etc.

► ex: i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa (íye dašną́šnąži-ppá) - speak very plainly, making no mistakes now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa e-koⁿ koⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá ékǫ kkǫ́,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “Oh my son I hope that you become like children who speak to one another very plainly without missing a word, it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-de-tha-zhnoⁿ-e-zhi (edéthazhnóⁿezhi) - to speak plainly, without missing any words or syllables; to speak like a child that is about two or three years old [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnoⁿ (thazhnóⁿ) - miss, misspeak, mispronounce, to miss with the mouth, to slip in putting something in the mouth, speaking, reading, or singing [Omaha/Ponca]

 

very, to not go very far

► ko-zhi da-zhi hi (kkóži dáži hi) - to not go very far

► cf. ko-zhi (kkóži) - far; de (de) - go; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ko-zhi da-zhi hi (kkóži dáži hi) - far/went not/very [JOD]

► ex: ko-zhi da-zhi hi (kkóži dáži hi) - it didn’t go very far [JOD]

 

very, what is so very important?

► haⁿ-e hi (hą́e hi) - what is so very important?

► cf. hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what’s the matter?; what happened?; haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; e (e) - question sign; hi (hi) - very

► ex: haⁿ-e hi (hą́e hi) - what is the great trouble [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-e hi da-maⁿ-tiⁿ ni-she?” i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (hą́e hi damą́ttį nišé?” iyí iyá sniwátte) - on what very important business are you traveling?” it is said Winter said (shows that there must have been some great trouble or important business which forced the Rabbit to wander from his home at such a time) [JOD]

 

vessel

► de-xe (déγe) - pot, kettle

► de-xe (déxe) - kettle [JOD]

► ex: de-xe zhi-te (deγé žítte) - copper, lit. “kettle-red”

► ex: de-xe zi (deγé zi) - brass, lit. “kettle-yellow”

► ex: ma-ni-ka de-xe (maníkka déγe) - pottery, clay pottery; not made after 1840

► Dhegiha: the-xe (théxe) - kettle, pot, pail, bucket [Omaha/Ponca]; the-xe (¢é-xe), ne-xe (néxe) - a kettle, pot; pail, bucket [JOD-Omaha]; ne-xe (nexe) - pot [Omaha]; ʰtse-xe (ṭsé-xe) - kettle; a pot for cooking; a tin pail [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-xe (ʰcéγe), tse-xe (céγe) - bucket, pail; kettle; pot [CQ-Osage]; je-ghe (jéghe) - kettle, bucket, pot [Kaw]

 

► iⁿ-ni-da-ki (į́nidaki) - bucket

► i-ni-da-ki (ínidaki) - bucket [MS]

► cf. ni (ni) - water

 

► ni i-da-taⁿ (ni ídattą́) - cup, “with which to drink water” [MS]

► ni-da-taⁿ (nídattą́) - cup, drinking glass

► cf. ni (ni) - water; i (í) - with which to; da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink

► Dhegiha: ni i-tha-tʰoⁿ (ní-i-¢á-taⁿ) - a drinking vessel; a tin cup [Omaha/Ponca]; ni i-tha-toⁿ (ni ithatoⁿ) - cup [Omaha]; ni i-tha-ʰtoⁿ (ní i-tha-ṭoⁿ) - cup, mug, drinking glass, drinking cup, tankard, dipper [FL-Osage]; ni i-tha-ʰtaⁿ (níiðaaʰtą) - dipper, ladle, lit., ‘with which to drink water’ [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni i-ya-taⁿ (zháⁿni iyátaⁿ) - dipper, cup made of wood [Kaw]

 

► o-zhi (oží) - jug, bottle, container; put collection into something, plant, fill

► ex: ma-ze ni o-zhi (mazé ni oží) - milk bottle [MS]

► ex: ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle [MS]

► ex: zhoⁿ o-zhi (žǫ́ oží) - dipper or cup of wood

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]; u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

 

► ti-ke (ttíke) - cup, ladle made of horn; refers to clam shell spoon etymologically

► ti-ke (ttíke) - dipper [MS]

► ti-ke (ttíke) - wooden spoon, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► ex: ma-ze ti-ke (maze ttíke) - spoon, “metal spoon” [MS, OM]

► ex: te-he ti-ke (ttehé ttíke) - buffalo horn spoon, from Louis Angel Tallchief [MH]

► Dhegiha: ʰtsiu-ge (ṭsiu-ge) - a spoon, a shell spoon; mussel shell [FL-Osage]; ʰtsu-ke (ʰcúke) - spoon, Osage spoons were originally clamshells from creeks, used only for scraping corn, with little ones for children, largers ones for adults; this term is now used for spoons of other materials such as metal, plastic, or wood; abalone shell; shovel [CQ-Osage]

 

► wi-o-hoⁿ (wíohǫ) - pot, kettle (of metal) [ASG]

► cf. wi (wí) - with which to; o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► Dhegiha: wi-u-hoⁿ (wíuhoⁿ) - a boiler [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-u-hoⁿ (wi-u-hoⁿ) - with which to cook [FL-Osage]; wi-o-hoⁿ (wióohǫ) - cooking utensils, lit., ‘with which to cook things [CQ-Osage]; wi-o-haⁿ (wióhaⁿ) - boil things together in a kettle [Kaw]

 

► zhe-ka taⁿ (žeká ttą) - pot, lit. “it has legs” [MS]

► zhe-ka taⁿ (shȁgátaⁿ) - pot, kettle [ASG]

► cf. zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► Dhegiha: zhe-ga (zhéga) - upper part of the leg, thigh [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe-ga (zhega) - leg [Omaha]; zhe-ga (zhe-gá) - leg, upper part [FL-Osage]; zhe-ka (žeká) - leg [CQ-Osage]; zhe-ga (zhegá) - leg; thigh, leg above the knee [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; taⁿ (taⁿ) - to abound; there is; to have or possess [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

 

vessel, spill or pull over a vessel

► di-shaⁿ (dišą) - spill, pull over a vessel ► bdi-shaⁿ (bdíšą) - I, ti-shaⁿ (ttíšą) - you

► di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́) - pull over and spill (liquid) ► bdi-shoⁿ (bdíšǫ) - I, ti-shoⁿ (ttíšǫ) - you

► cf. di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth; di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over; ba-shoⁿ (bašǫ́) - spill, push over and spill; naⁿ-shoⁿ (nąšǫ́) - dislocate, trip and break

► Dhegiha: thi-shoⁿ (thi-shóⁿ) - to dislocate by pulling [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shaⁿ (caⁿ) - dislocated; fallen off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - dislocated, fallen, fallen off [Omaha/Ponca]

 

vest

► o-ka-sto-te (okástotte) - vest

► ta-shiⁿ-ne o-ka-shto-te (táshĭnne ugáshtute) - vest [ASG]

 

view, knock into view

► ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view ► pa-wa-di-shta (ppáwadišta) - I, shpa-wa-di-shta (špáwadišta) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain; da-wa-di-shta (dawádištá) - declare a thing to be; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet; po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view; ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning

► Dhegiha: ba-wa-thi-shna (ba-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to punch at an object under the surface of the water, etc., making it appear [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-shna (wathíshna) - bold, visible [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

 

view, punch or shoot into view

► po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view ► po-a-wa-di-shta (póawádišta) - I, po-da-wa-di-shta (pódawádišta) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing, punching; wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view; da-wa-di-shta (dawádištá) - declare a thing to be something; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet; ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning; pa-wa-di-shta (páwadišta) - skin an animal

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-shna (wathíshna) - bold, visible [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

 

view, push into view

► ba-naⁿ-pe (baną́pe) - push into view ► pa-naⁿ-pe (ppánąpe) - I, shpa-naⁿ-pe (špánąpe) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; bi-naⁿ-pe (biną́pe) - push out into the open; di-naⁿ-pe (diną́pe) - cause to appear, show; ka-naⁿ-pe (kaną́pe) - uncover, unearth; naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (nąną́pe) - scuff into view with the feet; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise, “sun appears, comes into view”

► Dhegiha: e-tho-ⁿbe (éthoⁿbe) - to appear in sight; to emerge from, as from the water [Omaha/Ponca]; e-thoⁿ-be (é-thoⁿ-be) - rises and appears [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise, emerge, as from water [Kaw]

 

view, scuff into view with the feet

► naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (nąną́pe) - scuff into view with the feet ► a-naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (aną́nąpe) - I, da-naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (daną́nąpe) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; ba-naⁿ-pe (baną́pe) - push into view; bi-naⁿ-pe (biną́pe) - push out into the open; di-naⁿ-pe (diną́pe) - cause to appear, show; ka-naⁿ-pe (kaną́pe) - uncover, unearth; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise, “sun appears, comes into view”

► Dhegiha: e-tho-ⁿbe (éthoⁿbe) - to appear in sight; to emerge from, as from the water [Omaha/Ponca]; e-thoⁿ-be (é-thoⁿ-be) - rises and appears [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise, emerge, as from water [Kaw]

 

village

► toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą)

► taⁿ (ttą́), toⁿ (ttǫ́) - town [MS, OM]

► toⁿ (ton) - town or village (ville ou village) [GI]

► toⁿ (tû́ng) - town; name of all big cities [ASG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ (nísni ttǫ) - Baxter Springs, Kansas, “cold water town”

► ex: toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti (ttǫ nįkʰétti) - village/at the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ ti bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tti bdé tta mįkʰé) - I’m going to go to town [MS]

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why are you going to town? [MS]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta (tǫ́ nįkʰettá) - village/to the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (tǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de ta-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi (ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží) - village/where/soever (=anywhere)/there/it sits not [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► ex: de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé) - this direction/village/there/it sits [JOD]

► ex: “de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe e-de,” i-ke (“dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé edé,” iké) - “sure enough, there is a village in this direction,” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti toⁿ ko-zhi taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą étti ttǫ́ kkoží tą) - then/there/village/distant/when [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti toⁿ ko-zhi taⁿ o-zha i-ki-pʰe tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ttǫ́ kkoží tą óža íkipʰe tʰíwe) - then from a distant village they came to invite them to dance [JOD]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą)

► ex: toⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► taⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́ žíka), taⁿ o-zhi-ka (ttą́-ožíka) - village [ASG]

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-taⁿ-knaⁿ (óttąkną) - tribe, nation

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► Dhegiha: o-taⁿ-maⁿ-laⁿ (otáⁿmaⁿlaⁿ) - to dwell within village [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - tribe, nation, people, city, town; tribe or nation dwelling in a town or village [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (toⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - village, town [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ) - the common name for the gens (clans) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ-la (ʰtą́wąla) - clan [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-tti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; o-tti (ótti) - camp, dwell, camp in or by, a place to camp; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in

► Dhegiha: u-ti (utí) - to remain in camp for one night, as when the people are going on a hunting expedition [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ti (uti) - location [Omaha]; u-ʰtsi (u-ṭsí) - dwell; an abode; abiding place; a home; a site suitable for a house or camp [FL-Osage]; o-tsi (ocí) - camp, encamp in (as in a valley) or by (as by a stream); go camping [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢íⁿ) - sit, dwell [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ), gliⁿ (glíⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside, continue [Kaw]

 

► ti-kde (ttikdé) - village, collection of lodges; to set up housekeeping, to live together in same tent

► ex: ti-kde ke ta (ttikdé ke tta) - lodges(=village)/to the many [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother said to him, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke (ttikdé ke) - lodge(plural)/the (plural) inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe, i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že, iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the (plural) inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the plural [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ti-gthe (tígthe) - to live/dwell in a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gthe (tigthe) - home [Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsí-gthe) - to reside, to dwell, to set up and keep house [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-le (ʰcíle) - live, reside, make a home, set up a household, set up housekeeping, house, home, family [CQ-Osage]

 

villages, names of the five original Quapaw villages

► When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages, described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha, Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi, Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1, o-ka-xpa-xti (uʞáqpa-qti), Real Kwapa; 2, ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (tí-u-á-d¢i-maⁿ) (Toriman), tí-u-a-d¢í maⁿ (of Mrs Stafford); 3, o-zo ti-o-we (u-zú-ti-ú-wĕ) (Southois, etc). The fourth was taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (taⁿ́waⁿ jíʞa), Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the fifth village, i-ma-ha (imaha), was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people. [JOD]

 

► i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► i-ma-ha (ímăha) - a band of Omaha, or perhaps more probably Kwâpâ, who lived with the Kä́dohadä́cho, but retained their own distinct language. There are still a few living with the Caddo, but they retain only the name. It will be remembered that when the Caddo lived in eastern Louisiana the Arkansas or Kwâpâ were their nearest neighbors on the north, and these Imaha may have been a part of the Kwâpâ who lived “upstream” (úmañhañ) on the Arkansas. The Caddo call the Omaha tribe by the same name. [J. Mooney-Caddo]

► ma-ha (maha) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other; i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on the other side

► Dhegiha: u-ma-ha (u-má-ha), u-maⁿ-haⁿ (umaⁿ-haⁿ) - “those that went upstream,” the Omahas, a tribe of the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family, see Pañka, Wajaje, K͓aⁿze, and Ugaqpa [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (u-móⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for Omaha [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-haⁿ (omą́hą) - Omaha (tribe or tribal member) [CQ-Osage]; o-ma-ha (omáha), oⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (oⁿmóⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha tribe or people, “those who went upstream,” so called because they (as well as the Ponca, Osage, and Kansa) went up stream when they left the Quapaw [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► ga-pa (gappa) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; ka-xpa (káxpa) - south wind

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (u-gá-qpa) - “those who went downstream,” the Kwapas or Quapaws, they were known to the Illinois tribes as the “Arkansas” or “Alkansas” [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “the down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

 

► o-zo ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom

► Dhegiha: u-zu (u-çú) - lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - 1) wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber; ozó táⁿga éji ayé góⁿyabe che aó, paháⁿle ché. They first desired to go to an extensive bottom land, abounding in timber, where Junction City now stands; 2) hilltops JOD uses this term in reference to the noⁿnóⁿbahu tó, “a kind of grape or berry found on the ozú (hill tops)” but the term more commonly refers to lowlands, as in sense 1. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zu u-gthoⁿ (ú-çu-u-gthoⁿ) - lowland forest in the bend of a stream [FL-Osage]; u-zu i-ha zhiⁿ-ga (u-çú-i-ha zhiⁿ-ga) - at one time there was a large bend in the stream, which was nearly closed; the meaning of the name is small mouth; it is near the u-zu (u-çu) or woods, what is known as Bartlesville, Kans. This was the site of the fourth camp in the fisrt trail, also of the third trail [FL-Osage]; o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber, the name of a village, literally, “they live in the timber”. JOD identifies this as a proper town, that is, it refers to a specific village, also called cexúliⁿ ‘village on a highland or lowland level, destitute of trees.’ The second name seems to contradict the first name but MR’s comments might be intended to clarify: “There used to be three branches, like Pawhuska, and some of them lived in that and some of them lived along the creek, Gaxó’oliⁿ and Zaⁿjóliⁿ. Those people lived in the [_?_], why they used to live north of Kaw there, at Washunga there. And those others, they used to [_?_] on top of the hill. And I think they called Waxága-oliⁿ ‘where the cactus grows.’ Zaⁿjóliⁿ is where they live in the timber, zaⁿjé. And Gaxá-oliⁿ, they used to live along the edge of [creek?] over there at Washunga.” [Kaw]

 

► taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► taⁿ zhi-ka (táⁿ zhika) - village [ASG]

► cf. taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą), toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą) - town, village; toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-waⁿ (táⁿ-waⁿ) - a cluster of lodges, a camp, village, or Indian town [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town; cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - a town or city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (ttíoádimą) - one of the five original Quapaw villages mentioned in early French narratives, often spelled Toriman or Thoriman by the French [JOD]; the village of tourima or Pommes de Terre (potato, apple or fruit of the ground) is a league to the west distant from Ougapa [La Harpe]

 

vine

► hi (hi) - stalk, tree, bush, vine, leg

► hi (hi) - stalk, trunk of tree [FS]

► ex: ha-zi kaⁿ-hiⁿ (házi ką́hį) - grape vine

► ex: pa-shte-ka hi (paštéka hi) - strawberry vine

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - the stock or trunk of a plant or vine; the leg or legs of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

 

vine, grape vine

► ha-zi kaⁿ-hiⁿ (házi ką́hį) - grape vine

► cf. ha-zi (házi) - grape; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant, sinew, string, line; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: ha-zi hi (há-çi hi) - grapevine [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ha-zi (háçi) - grape [Omaha]; ha-zi (háçi) - grapes [FL-Osage]; ha-zu (háazu) - grape [CQ-Osage]; ha-zu (házu) - grapes, esp. fox grapes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - the stock or trunk of a plant or vine; the leg or legs of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

 

vine, strawberry vine

► pa-shte-ka hi (paštéka hi) - strawberry vine

► cf. pa-shte-ka (paštéka) - strawberry; hi (hi) - stalk, tree, bush, vine, leg

► Dhegiha: ba-stse-ga hiu (ba-stsé-ga-hiu) - strawberry vine [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ba-shte (bashte) - strawberry [Omaha]; ba-stse-ga (ba-stsé-ga) - strawberry [FL-Osage]; pa-shtse-ka (paašceka), paⁿ-shtse-ka (pąąšcéka) - strawberry [CQ-Osage]; paⁿ-shtse-ga (paⁿshcéga) - strawberry [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - the stock or trunk of a plant or vine; the leg or legs of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

 

vines, crisscrossed or interlaced as vines

► a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.

► cf. a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream

► ex: a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-thi-te (ákʰithíte) - to cross each other; to lie across one another [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across the breast [FL-Osage]

 

violin, fiddle

► ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin ► pa-kiⁿ-te (ppákįtte) - I, shpa-kiⁿ-te (špákįtte) - you

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža), ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman’s dance; di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - to make creak by pulling; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion

► Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak, to play the fiddle, to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-ze (ba-gí-ze) - to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing hence, to play a fiddle [JOD-Omaha]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - a fiddle, violin; ba (ba), an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse), squeak [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle, music, play the guitar [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gi-ze (gíze) - creak, to creak [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-ze (gí-ze) - to creak [JOD-Omaha]; gi-dse (gi-dse) - squeak [FL-Osage]; ki-tse (kice) - squeak [CQ-Osage]

 

► ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža), ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman’s dance

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin; o-zha (óža) - dance

 

virgin

► wa-di-xa-zhi (wádiγáži) - unmarried woman; virgin

► wa-di-xa-zhi hi (wádiγáži hí) - unmarried woman, spinster

► cf. a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xe a-zhi (wathixe azhi) - unmarried [Omaha]; wa-thi-xa ba-zhi (wá¢ixa-bají) - had not married [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-xa-zhi (wá-thi-xa-zhi) - a woman not yet married; a maiden [FL-Osage]; wa-thu-xa-zhi (wáðuγaži) - female who has not married; virgin [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-gha-zhi (wáyughazhi) - maiden, unmarried woman [Kaw]

 

Virginia, Virginian, American

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from “Virginia”

► wa-jhi-ni (ŭatschinni) - American (Américain) [GI]

► wa-tshi-ni (wâ-tci-ni) - Virginian, white man [LH]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ko-i (waǰíni kói) - he’s a white man [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn’t like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha hne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža hné) - you white people go home and dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease [probably from ‘Virginia’ (which may have been used to mean ‘white man’) [CQ-Osage]

wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

 

viscous, slimy, muddy, ropy

► kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous

► cf. o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - become mired, stuck in mud; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand

► ex: wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”

► ex: wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup [OM]

► ex: we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy

► ex: we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy [LQ, AG, OM]

► ex: di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy

► ex: a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]

► ex: a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]

 

visible, in sight

► taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

► cf. taⁿ-hi-de (ttąhíde) - to have passed by in sight

► ex: taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttą́įži) - invisible, out of sight

► ex: taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa (ttą́į-hi-ppá) - in sight/were coming/the moving ones [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka a-na-hi-te-xti taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa i-ya, kaxną́ (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka anáhittéxti ttą́į-hi-ppá iyá, kaxną́) - then a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa (ttą́į-hi-ppá) - in sight/were coming/the moving ones [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-xnaⁿ a-na-hi-te taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa-naⁿ, i-ya (šiną́ kaxną́ anáhitte ttą́į-hi-ppá-ną, iyá) - again a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight, it is said [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha a-shi o-a-te naⁿ taⁿ-iⁿ tʰi (ną́ža áši oatté ną ttą́į́ tʰi) - then when I looked back, he appeared in sight, he had come [JOD]

► ex: mi-taⁿ-iⁿ (mittą́į) - sun sure up [MS]

► ex: mi-taⁿ-iⁿ (mi taⁿ́-iⁿ) - female name of the Kwapa Sun gens, Visible Moon, mother of ka-hi-ke ste-te (k͓ahík͓e stĕ́tĕ) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-iⁿ (tóⁿiⁿ) - visible, plain [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿiⁿ), tiⁿ (ṭiⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; toiⁿ (tǫ́į), toⁿ-pe (tǫ́pe) - see, observe, watch, look, look at, on, or upon [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - pronounced ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į), ʰtiⁿ-e (ʰtį́e) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

visible, plain

► wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain ► aⁿ-wa-di-shta (ąwádištá) - I, di-wa-di-shta (diwádištá) - you, wa-wa-di-shta-we (wawádištawe) - we

► ex: ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view

► ex: da-wa-di-shta (dawádištá) - declare a thing to be something

► ex: ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up

► ex: naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet

► ex: pa-wa-di-shta (páwadišta) - skin an animal

► ex: po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view

► ex: ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-shna (wathíshna) - bold, visible [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

 

visible, that distant visible object

► ko-i (kói) - that, there, that distant object

► ko-i (kói) - that [JOD]

► ko-i (koí), ko-e (koé) - he, she, it, that [ASG]

► ex: si-ka ko-i (síkka koí) - that chicken [ASG]

► ex: si-ka ko-i t’e-a-de (síkka koí tʔeáde) - I kill that chicken [ASG]

► ex: pe-te ko-i (ppétte koi) - that fire [MS]

► ex: ko-i ko-ta wi-ta (kói kkóta wítta) - that’s my friend [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ko-i (waǰíni kói) - he’s a white man [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni miⁿ ko-i (waǰíni mį kói) - she’s a white woman [MS]

► ex: ki-ho-taⁿ ye wa-x’o ko-i (kíhottą ye waxʔó kói) - she liked it [MS]

► ex: ko-i ta-taⁿ (kói táttą) - that/what [JOD]

► ex: ko-i ta-taⁿ te-zha-i ke, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zha-i ke e-te te (kói táttą téžai ké, mikkáxʔe ątežai ke étte tté) - what is that urinating, I wonder if the stars are urinating on me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi (gú-a-hi) - the object beyond (another place); yonder [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gu-a (gúa), gu-da (gúda) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

 

► ko-i-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that remote singular/sitting/visible

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; hi-de (hidé) - to send it hither [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe-ti (áni kóihidénįkʰetti) - hill/at yonder distant visible place [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé niⁿkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond yonder distant bluff [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-the-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-a-hi-¢é-¢iñ-ke), gu-da-hi-the-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-da-hi-¢é-¢iñ-ké) - the an. ob. st. or kneeling at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

 

► ko-i-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote singular/lying/visible/animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular, lying, animate or inanimate; de-kʰe (dékʰe) - this lying, inanimate; de-kʰe-koⁿ (dekʰekǫ́) - this kind [JOD]; ka-kʰe (kákʰe) - that singular, lying, invisible, inanimate; ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular, lying, animate or inanimate, yonder; she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular, lying, visible object; to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side; to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side

► ex: ni koi-kʰe (ní kóikʰe) - water/that lying object [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti ni koi-kʰe e-koⁿ i-da-hi-bda a-ta-pa-xti (ąžįkátti ní kóikʰe ekǫ́ idáhibdá áttapaxtí) - when I was small, I bathed in the water at regular intervals [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-kʰe (gú-a-kĕ) - the recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob. in sight and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-kʰe (gú-a-hi-kĕ́) - the recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob. at a short distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-the-kʰe (gúa-hi-¢é-kĕ) - the recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob. at a great distance and beyond (another place); it lies yonder [JOD-Omaha]

 

► ko-i-niⁿ (kóinį) - that remote singular/moving/visible/animate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: gu-a-thiⁿ (gú-a-¢iⁿ), gu-da-thiⁿ (gú-da-¢iⁿ) - the visible an, ob. mv. beyond or on that side of a person or place [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-thiⁿ (gú-a-hi-¢íⁿ) - the an. ob. mv. (in a crowd) at a short distance and beyond (another place), but not traveling [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-the-thiⁿ (gú-a-hi-¢é-¢iⁿ) - the an. ob. mv. (in a crowd) at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - the moving [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - a man or animal moving about [FL-Osage]; yi (yi) - continuative, moving/animate [Kaw]

 

► ko-i-niⁿ-kʰe (kóinįkʰe) - that remote singular/sitting/visible/animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - that; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-a-hi-¢iñ-ké), gu-da-hi-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-da-hi-¢iñ-ké) - the an. ob. st. at a short distance and beyond; refers to one unseen but heard [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that remote singular/standing/visible/animate

► ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that [ASG]

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, it, there; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ko-i-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́ke kóitʰą) - that dog [ASG]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-tʰaⁿ (gú-a-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-tʰaⁿ (gú-a-hi-táⁿ) - the an. ob. std. at a short distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]; gu-a-hi-the-tʰaⁿ (gú-a-hi-¢é-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

 

► ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular/standing/visible/inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate; the act; past, completive aspect

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te ko-i-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your (that) dress! [AG]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-tʰe (gú-a-hi-tĕ́) - the std. in. ob. or the col. of in. objects at a short distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

 

visible, that visible object nearby

► she (šé) - that, that visible, that visible thing [JOD]

► ex: she o-do-ha-ke de (šé odóhake dé) - that/last (one)/indeed [JOD]

► ex: she o-do-ha-ke de (šé odóhake dé) - that’s sure enough the last one [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ-e she iⁿ (įkką́-e šé į) - o grandmother/that visible thing/period [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ-e she iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“įkką́-e šé į,” iyí iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “my grandmother, that’s him,” it is said that the rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - scrotum/the part/that visible/period [JOD]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she, shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše, šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here is his scrotum [JOD]

► Dhegiha: she (she) - that; refers to an object to the right of or near the speaker [Omaha/Ponca]; she (she) - that one; there [FL-Osage]; she (še) - that (near you) [CQ-Osage]; she (she) - that (visible) [Kaw]

 

► she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular/lying/visible object

► cf. she (šé) - that, that visible, that visible thing; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► Dhegiha: she-kʰe (shékʰe) - that visible recl. an. ob., lg. in. ob., or rectilinear col. of in. objects, near the speaker or the one addressed [Omaha/Ponca]; she-kshe (shé-kshe) - that long object [FL-Osage]; she-kshe (šée kše) - that one near you lying down [CQ-Osage]

 

► she-niⁿ (šénį) - that moving/visible/animate

► cf. she (šé) - that, that visible, that visible thing; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: she-thiⁿ (shéthiⁿ) - that moving animate object not going on a journey; that collection of growing (i.e. moving) inanimate objects, as grasses, refers to what is visible and near [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► she-niⁿ-kʰe (šénįkʰe) - that sitting/visible/animate or inanimate

► cf. she (šé) - that, that visible, that visible thing; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: wi-te-ke, she-niⁿ-kʰe ta-ska pa-hi miⁿ (wítteké, šénįkʰé ttaská ppahí mį) - mother’s brother/that cv. ob./rocky mountain sheep/head/one [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, she-niⁿ-kʰe ta-ska pa-hi miⁿ,” i-yi- i-ya (“wítteké, šénįkʰé ttaská ppahí mį,” iyí iyá) - “my uncle (my mother’s brother), that object by you is the head of a Bighorn sheep,” it is said that he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: she-thiⁿ-kʰe (shéthiⁿkʰe) - that visible and near sitting animate object; that visible and near sitting subject of an action at the request of another (not a free action); that curved inanimate object [Omaha/Ponca]; she-iⁿ-kshe (šée įkšé), she-thiⁿ-kshe (šée ðįkšé) - that one sitting (animate or inanimate), that one over there, closer to the hearer than to the speaker; that thing there [CQ-Osage]; she-yiⁿ-khe (shéyiⁿkhe) - that (visible/sitting; animate or inanimate; object of verb) [Kaw]

 

► she-tʰaⁿ (šétʰą) - that standing/visible/animate

► cf. she (šé) - that, that visible, that visible thing; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: she-toⁿ (shé-toⁿ) - that one standing [FL-Osage]; she-txaⁿ (šée txą), she-kxaⁿ (šée kxą), she-tkxaⁿ (šée tkxą) - that one standing (animate) [CQ-Osage]

 

visible, those distant visible objects

► ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual/standing/visible/inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular/standing/visible/inanimate

 

► ko-i-ke (kóike) - yonder ones [JOD]

► ko-i-ke (kóike) - those remote plural/standing/visible/animate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; the scattered

► ex: ti ko-i-ke (tti kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]

► ex: ti ko-i-ke, ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (tti kóike, niγítte nikáwe) - those lodges over there, they are disobedient [JOD]

 

► ko-i-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying/visible

► cf. koi (kói) - that, there; ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones

 

► ko-i-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural/moving/visible/animate

► cf. koi (kói) - that, there; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects; plural continuative aspect marker; de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate; ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural/moving/invisible/animate; ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder; she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving/visible/animate; to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

 

visible, those visible objects nearby

► she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual/standing /visible/inanimate objects

► cf. she (šé) - that; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or collection/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: she-a-tʰe (shéatʰé) - those two visible std. in. objects or col. of in. objects [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/visible

► cf. she (shé) - that [JOD]; ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones

 

► she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving/visible/animate

► cf. she (šé) - that; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects; plural continuative aspect marker; de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate; ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural/moving/invisible/animate; koi-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural/moving/visible/animate; ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder; to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

► Dhegiha: she-ma (shéma) - those near the one addressed [Omaha/Ponca]; she-a-ma (shéamá) - that visible an. ob., coming or going, but not distant; those visible an. objects, coming or going, but not distant; those visible an. objects, the pl. sub. of a voluntary action [Omaha/Ponca]; she apa (šée apa) - those ones in motion, there near you [CQ-Osage]; she-ba (shéba) - those yonder (plural/visible/animate) [Kaw]

 

visit

► ki-toⁿ-we tʰi (kkitǫ́we tʰi) - to visit, to go see one’s own

► cf. toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; ki-taⁿ-we (kkitą́we) - to look at one’s own [JOD]; tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here

► ex: aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come see me (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come back and see me again (request) [MS]

► Dhegiha: gi-doⁿ-be tsi (gidóⁿbe cí) - visit, go/come to see someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wi-ki-ʰtoⁿ-e a-tsi-e (wíikiʰtǫe acʰíe) - I have come to see you [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gi-toⁿ-be (gitóⁿbe) - to look at or see his own [Omaha/Ponca]; kʰi-toⁿ-be (kʰitóⁿbe) - to look at each other (du.) or at one another (pl.); to see each other or one another [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-toⁿ-be (kitóⁿbe) - to look at himself [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-doⁿ-be (gi-dóⁿ-be) - to view one’s own property [FL-Osage]; ʰki-ʰtoⁿ-be (ḳi-ṭoⁿ-be) - look over one’s self [FL-Osage]; ki-toⁿ-pe (kitǫ́pe) - see someone; look with regard to someone, look down on (benevolently), watch over [CQ-Osage]; ki-toⁿ-pe (kítǫpe) - look at something that belongs to someone [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (ʰkíʰtǫpe) - look at oneself; look at one’s own [CQ-Osage]; ki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (kiʰtǫ́pe) - watch one’s own things, look at one’s own things [CQ-Osage]

 

voice

► ho (ho) - voice

► ex: ho-ho-wi (hohówi) - barking (plural)

► ex: ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar

► ex: ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]

► ex: ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► ex: ga-ho-taⁿ (gahóttą) - whirr, roar

► ex: ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde) - whirr, hum, roar

► ex: naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on

► ex: o-ho (oho) - bark, as a dog [MS]

► Dhegiha: hu (hu) - a voice or sound [Omaha/Ponca]; hu (hu) - voice; vocal; howl [Omaha]; hu (hu) - voice [FL-Osage]; ho (hóo) - voice; bark, moo, quack, etc., make an animal noise [CQ-Osage]; ho (ho) - voice [Kaw]

 

► ta-ta (ttattá) - voice

► cf. da-te (daté) - read aloud, call or name something; a-da-te (ádate) - read, say aloud

► ex: a-ta-ta a-tʰaⁿ-he (attátta atʰąhé) - I am speaking now [ASG]

► ex: ta-ta wa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttattá watą́įži) - hoarse voice, to whisper

► Dhegiha: tha-de (thadé) - call, name, speak, utter, pronounce [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-de (¢a-dé) - to call; to utter, speak, pronounce [JOD-Omaha]; tha-dse (tha-dsé) - to call as by name, to pronounce; uttered or spoken [FL-Osage]; tha-tse (ðaacé) - call on someone’s name; say the name of something or someone; call, define as; assign a name to something or someone; use a name for something or someone; say; pronounce; read [CQ-Osage]; ya-je (yajé) - read, pronounce; to call by name [Kaw]

 

voice, fail using the mouth or voice

► da-iⁿ-zhi (daį́ži) - fail using the mouth or voice ► bda-iⁿ-zhi (bdáįži) - I, ta-iⁿ-zhi (ttáįži) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; zhi (ži) - negative, not; ba-iⁿ-zhi (baį́ži) - fail or miss pushing at something; bi-iⁿ-zhi (biį́ži) - fail/miss pressing/blowing; di-iⁿ-zhi (díįži) - fail in pulling, rowing, etc.; ka-iⁿ-zhi (kaį́ži) - fail in throwing or striking; naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (nąį́ži) - fail in walking or with machine; pa-iⁿ-zhi (páįži) - fail in cutting or sawing; po-iⁿ-zhi (póįži) - to be unsuccessful shooting or punching; ta-iⁿ-zhi (táįži), (ttáįži) - fail in cooking, as when fire is not hot enough

 

voice, hoarse voice

► ta-ta wa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttattá watą́įži) - hoarse voice, to whisper ► aⁿwa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ąwátąįží) - I, wa-di-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (wadítąįží) - you

► cf. ta-ta (ttattá) - voice; iⁿ-zhi (įži) - fail, miss, unsuccessful

 

voice, make cry in weak voice

► di-xda-xda-zhe (dixdáxdaže) - make cry in weak voice ► bdi-xda-xda-zhe (bdíxdaxdaže) - I, ti-xda-xda-zhe (ttíxdaxdaže) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-xtha-xtha-zhe (thiqtháqthazhe) - to make cry out repeatedly with a quavering voice, by holding, pinching, or pulling [Omaha/Ponca]; xtha-xtha-zhe (qthaqtházhe) - to scream out often, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]; xtha-zhe (qthazhé) - to scream out, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]

 

volition

► wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi (wažį́ dédaži) - to lose patience

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ kde-taⁿ (wažį́ kdetą́) - masculine name, “Disposition of a Hawk; Will Power of a Hawk” [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ ska (wažį́ ska) - masculine name, “White Disposition, Wise” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wa-jíⁿ) - disposition, temper, mind [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]

 

volley, fire a volley

► a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession; fire a volley

► cf. a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events; indirectly, not even second hand; ki-te (kkítte) - shoot at something; to shoot; o-ki-kde-kde (ókikdékde) - set up in a row [JOD]; a-ki-kde-kde a-na-x’oⁿ (ákkikdekde anáxʔǫ) - I heard it indirectly

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-kʰi-gthe (ákʰikʰígthe) - to fire in guns in rapid succession, as when a national salute is fired [Omaha/Ponca]

 

vomit

► kde-we (kdéwe) - to vomit ► a-kde-we (akdéwe) - I, da-kde-we (dakdéwe) - you, oⁿ-kde-wa-we (ǫkdewawe) - we

► cf. i-kde-we (íkdewe) - vomit up, vomit because of

► Dhegiha: gthe-be (gthébe) - to vomit [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-be (gthébe) - vomit; gag; throw up [Omaha]; gthe-be (gthé-be) - to vomit; retch; spew [FL-Osage]; le-pe (lépe) - vomit [CQ-Osage]; le-be (lébe) - to vomit [Kaw]

 

► i-kde-we (íkdewe) - vomit up, vomit because of

► cf. kde-we (kdéwe) - to vomit

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-kde-we naⁿ (maštį́ke íkdewe ną) - rabbit/vomited him up/past sign [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-kde-we naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé maštį́ke íkdewe ną, iyá) - then the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth vomited Rabbit up, it is said [JOD]

► ex: we-kde-wa-zhi naⁿ (wékdewaží ną) - vomited him not up/past sign [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-hi di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe we-kde-wa-zhi naⁿ, i-ya (ettíhi dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé wékdewaží ną, iyá) - at that time the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth did not vomit him up, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-gthe-be (ígthebe) - to vomit on account of something [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: we-gthe-be (wégthebe) - to vomit on account of them; to vomit them up [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: gthe-be (gthébe) - to vomit [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-be (gthébe) - vomit; gag; throw up [Omaha]; gthe-be (gthé-be) - to vomit; retch; spew [FL-Osage]; le-pe (lépe) - vomit [CQ-Osage]; le-be (lébe) - to vomit [Kaw]

 

 

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