English to Quapaw Dictionary

Y

yard - you’all’s,

young - your uncle

 

yard

► wa-hiⁿ-ska i-kaⁿ-ska-de (wahį́ska íkąskáde) - yard, lit. “calico measure”

► cf. wa-hiⁿ (wahį́) - cloth; wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico, “white cloth”; wa-hiⁿ zhi-te (wahį́ žítte) - broadcloth, lit., “cloth red” [JOD]; i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; i-kaⁿ-ska (íkąska) - measure; na-ska (naská) - size

► Dhegiha: na-ska (naska), thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿska) - size [Omaha/Ponca]; thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿ-çka) - size [FL-Osage]; yoⁿ-ska (yoⁿska) - size [Kaw]

 

► wa-ni i-kaⁿ-ska-de (waní íkąskáde) - yard, “a calico measure”

► cf. i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; i-kaⁿ-ska (íkąska) - measure; na-ska (naská) - size

► Dhegiha: na-ska (naska), thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿska) - size [Omaha/Ponca]; thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿ-çka) - size [FL-Osage]; yoⁿ-ska (yoⁿska) - size [Kaw]

 

 

► zhoⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (žǫ íkąskáde) - a yard (measure); yard stick

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; i-kaⁿ-ska (íkąska) - measure

► ex: zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (žą ikąskáde mįxti) - one yard

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood; a tree; trees [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree; wood; fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber; stick, pole; woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-ska (naska), thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿska) - size [Omaha/Ponca]; thoⁿ-ska (thoⁿ-çka) - size [FL-Osage]; yoⁿ-ska (yoⁿska) - size [Kaw]

 

yarn

► te hiⁿ (tte hį) - buffalo fur

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; hiⁿ (hį) - hair of the body, down of bird, fur

► Dhegiha: te hiⁿ (téhiⁿ) - old hair, shed from a buffalo bull or cow, worn as a necklace by some members of the Buffalo dancing society [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse hiⁿ (ṭse-híⁿ) - buffalo hair; yarn; narrow woven bands of buffalo hair are used for belts and armlets, for straps for tying bundles, and for sacred articles [FL-Osage]; ʰtse hiⁿ (ʰceehį́į) - woman’s yarn belt (lit., ‘buffalo hair’) [CQ-Osage]; tse hiⁿ (cè híⁿ) - yarn made of buffalo hair; anything made of yarn such as a belt, lit. “the hair of the buffalo cow” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te-zhiⁿ-hiⁿ-de (tezhíⁿhiⁿde) - material made by interweaving yarn threads of various colors [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► wa-hi-oⁿ (wahíǫ) - string, thread, lariat

► Dhegiha: wa-hoⁿ (wahóⁿ) - thread: sewing cotton; wa-hoⁿ (wahoⁿ) - satin thread; thread; something spun [Omaha]; wa-hoⁿ (wa-hóⁿ) - the cross threads in weaving; the woof; a single thread or strand of worsted yarn; the material used was the soft wool from the buffalo calf [FL-Osage]; wa-haⁿ (wahą́) - yarn [CQ-Osage]; wa-hoⁿ (wahóⁿ), wa-haⁿ (waháⁿ) - thread; clothes [Kaw]

 

yarn, headdress of woven yarn

► wa-pa-hi o-knaⁿ (wappáhi okną́) - headdress of woven yarn

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; o-knaⁿ (ókną), o-kdaⁿ (ókdą) - put into; pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną), pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat, cap, “head is put inside”

 

yawn

► i-a-da (iáda) - yawn, gape ► i-a-bda (iábda) - I, i-a-ta (iátta) - you, i-oⁿ-da-we (iǫ́dawe) - we

► Dhegiha: i-a-tha (iátha) - to yawn or gape, open mouth wide [Omaha/Ponca]

 

year

► o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - new year, new year’s day

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka kde-bdaⁿ-hi (ománikka kdébdąhí) - century, a hundred years

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́) - fifteen years

► Dhegiha: u-maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (u-máⁿ-¢iñ-ka) - a season, a year [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (umoⁿ thiⁿka), u-ma-i-ka (umaika) - year [Omaha]; u-moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (u-móⁿ-iⁿ-ḳa) - year [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka (omą́įʰka) - year [CQ-Osage]; o-maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (omáⁿyiⁿka) - year [Kaw]

 

year, an entire year

► o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; bdo-ka (bdóka) - whole, entire, circular, round

► Dhegiha: u-maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (u-máⁿ-¢iñ-ka) - a season, a year [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (umoⁿ thiⁿka), u-ma-i-ka (umaika) - year [Omaha]; u-moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (u-móⁿ-iⁿ-ḳa) - year [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka (omą́įʰka) - year [CQ-Osage]; o-maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (omáⁿyiⁿka) - year [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; bthu-ga (b¢ú-ga) - round; round and long, as a cane’ circular, as a tribal circle: hence, the extra meaning of entire, all, the whole party or lot [JOD-Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

 

year, new year

► o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - new year

► o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - New Year’s Day (New Year)

► cf: o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; te-ka (ttéka) - new; o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year; o-ma-ni-ka kde-bdaⁿ-hi (ománikka kdébdąhí) - century, a hundred years

► Dhegiha: o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka ʰtse-ka (omą́įʰka ʰcéka) - new year, January [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (u-máⁿ-¢iñ-ka) - a season, a year [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (umoⁿ thiⁿka), u-ma-i-ka (umaika) - year [Omaha]; u-moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (u-móⁿ-iⁿ-ḳa) - year [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka (omą́įʰka) - year [CQ-Osage]; o-maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (omáⁿyiⁿka) - year [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te-ga (ttéga) - new; newly, freshly [Omaha/Ponca]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew, right now, just now [Kaw]

 

years, a hundred years

► o-ma-ni-ka kde-bdaⁿ-hi (ománikka kdébdąhí) - century, a hundred years

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; kde-bdaⁿ hi (kdébdą hí) - hundred, a stock of tens

► Dhegiha: u-ma-i-ka ghte-boⁿ hiⁿ-wiⁿ (umáika gtheboⁿ hiⁿwiⁿ) - century [Omaha]

 

years, fifteen years

► o-ma-ni-ka sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (ománikka sáttą áknį) - fifteen years

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (sáttą áknį) - fifteen

 

► o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́) - fifteen years

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́) - fifteen (long form), same as sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (sáttą áknį), the contracted and more common form

► ex: e-ti o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ e-aⁿ-na-ska a-ni-he maⁿ (etí ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́ eą́naska aníhe mą́) - I was fifteen years of age there

 

years, I was fifteen years old

► o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ e-aⁿ-na-ska a-ni-he maⁿ (ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́ eą́naska aníhe mą́) - I was fifteen years old

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́) - fifteen (long form), same as sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ (sáttą áknį), the contracted and more common form; e-aⁿ-na-ska (eą́naska) - I that size; a-ni-he (aníhe) - 1^st person singular continuative moving; maⁿ (mą́) - I used to

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ e-aⁿ-na-ska a-ni-he maⁿ (ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́ eą́naska aníhe mą́) - year/ten/when/five/sitting on/I that size/I was [JOD]

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ sa-taⁿ a-kniⁿ e-aⁿ-na-ska a-ni-he maⁿ (ománikka kdébnąttą́ sattą́ aknį́ eą́naska aníhe mą́) - I was fifteen years of age

 

yell

► baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo ► paⁿ (ppą́) - I, shpaⁿ (špą́) - you, aⁿ-baⁿ-we (ąbą́we) - we

► cf. ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”; wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - to give the attacking cry [JOD]; wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ (ąbą́) - he called to me [JOD]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąp͓ą́ ąbą híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I will go [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ-wi (ąbą́wi) - they called me [JOD]

► ex: di-baⁿ (dibą́) - call to you [JOD]

► ex: be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-haⁿ (bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhą́) - who could this person be, that called to you? [JOD]

► ex: wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I call to them

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ ta (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą ta) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: boⁿ (boⁿ) - call, to call out [Omaha/Ponca]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - scream [Omaha]; poⁿ (poⁿ) - yell [Omaha]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call [FL-Osage]; paⁿ (pą́) - holler, yell, scream, shout [CQ-Osage]; baⁿ (baⁿ) - call to [Kaw]

 

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar

► ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]

► ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► cf. ho (ho) - voice; o-ho (oho) - bark, as a dog [MS]; ga-ho-taⁿ (gahóttą) - whirr, roar; ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde) - whirr, hum, roar; naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on

► ex: shoⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka za-ni ho-taⁿ x’a-naⁿ-we, i-ya (šǫ wažį́ka zaní hóttą xʔáną-we, iyá) - and all the birds used to make a great noise by crying out, it is said [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰaⁿ wa-naⁿ-ho-taⁿ ną-we i-ya (įtʰą́ waną́hottą́ năⁿ-wé iyá) - he made the owls hoot as he walked, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hu tʰoⁿ (hútʰoⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, said of the cries of all animals except humans and hogs [Omaha/Ponca]; hu-toⁿ (hutoⁿ) - bellow, hoot [Omaha]; hu-taⁿ (hútaⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; ho-ʰtoⁿ (hóṭoⁿ) - the cry or call of animals or birds [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ (hóoʰtą) - yell, holler, shout, lit., “loud voice”, sing or sound out, make a loud sound, make animal sounds [CQ-Osage]; ho-taⁿ (hótaⁿ) - cry of an animal; an animal’s characteristic cry, a single term used to convey notions such as roar, bellow, whinny, caw, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; hu taⁿ-ga (hú-t͓añ-ga) - a Winnebago, the Winnebagos, a tribe of the Siouan Family [JOD-Omaha]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútonga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho toⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ka (hótąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago tribe or person “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice.” [Kaw]

 

► o-kda-x’a (okdáxʔa) - whoop

► cf. o-kda-x’a-x’a (okdáxʔaxʔá) - whoop, give the scalp yell

► Dhegiha: u-gtha-’a (ugthá’a) - to hit the mouth and yell (once) [Omaha/Ponca]; u-gtha-’a (ugtha a) - bellow [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-gtha-’a-’a (ugthá’a’á) - give the scalp yell [JOD-Omaha]; i o-la-k’a-k’a (í olák’ak’a) - to give the war whoop or scalp yell, lit. “to make a succession of arrested sounds come from one’s own mouth”, war whoop, scalp yell [Kaw]

 

► o-kda-x’a-x’a (okdáxʔaxʔá) - whoop, give the scalp yell ► o-da-kda-x’a-x’a (odákdax’áx’a) - you; o-kda-x’a-x’a-we (okdáxʔaxʔáwe) - they

► cf. o-kda-x’a (okdáxʔa) - whoop

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔa taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we (okdáxʔaxʔáwe) - they whoop, they give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe, iyá) - then, a great many people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya ni-ka-shi-ka ke (zaní hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá níkkašíka ke) - all of the people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gtha-’a-’a (ugthá’a’á) - give the scalp yell [JOD-Omaha]; i o-la-k’a-k’a (í olák’ak’a) - to give the war whoop or scalp yell, lit. “to make a succession of arrested sounds come from one’s own mouth”, war whoop, scalp yell [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-gtha-’a (ugthá’a) - to hit the mouth and yell (once) [Omaha/Ponca]; u-gtha-’a (ugtha a) - bellow [Omaha]

 

► wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - to give the attacking cry ► wa-te-paⁿ (wattéppą́) - I, wa-te-shpaⁿ (wattéšpą́) - you

► cf. baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo; ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”; wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal

► ex: wa-te-paⁿ (wattéppą́) - I give the attacking cry [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - he gave the attacking cry [JOD]

► ex: wa-te-baⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (wattébą́ iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - the rabbit gave the attack signal, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰtse-boⁿ (wa-ṭsé-boⁿ) - a cry of triumph, given as a victorious war party approaches the village as it returns [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-tʰe (watʰé) - victory; touching the foe [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ʰtse (wa-ṭsé) - a triumph, victory, the touching of a living or fallen foe to win one of the prescribed war honors [FL-Osage]; wa-tse (wacé) - count coup, to touch a fallen foe, victory [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: boⁿ (boⁿ) - call, to call out once [Omaha/Ponca]; boⁿ (boⁿ), poⁿ (poⁿ) - scream, yell [Omaha]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call to shout [FL-Osage]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call [CQ-Osage]; baⁿ (baⁿ) - call to [Kaw]

 

► wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal ► wa-te wa-paⁿ (watté wappą́) - I, wa-te wa-shpaⁿ (watté wašpą́) - you

► cf. baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo; ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”; wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - to give the attacking cry

► Dhegiha: wa-tʰe (watʰé) - victory; touching the foe [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ʰtse (wa-ṭsé) - a triumph, victory, the touching of a living or fallen foe to win one of the prescribed war honors [FL-Osage]; wa-tse (wacé) - count coup, to touch a fallen foe, victory [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: boⁿ (boⁿ) - call, to call out once [Omaha/Ponca]; boⁿ (boⁿ), poⁿ (poⁿ) - scream, yell [Omaha]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call to shout [FL-Osage]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call [CQ-Osage]; baⁿ (baⁿ) - call to [Kaw]

 

yellow

► zi (zi) - yellow

► zi (zi) - yellow [MS, MR, OM]

► zi (zi) - yellow [FS]

► zi (zí) - yellow [ASG]

► ex: de-xe zi (deγé zi) - brass, lit. “kettle-yellow”

► ex: hiⁿ-ta-zi (hįttazí) - brown, oak colored

► ex: i-ta o-zi (ítta ozí) - egg yolk

► ex: i-zi (izí) - brown [MS]

► ex: o-ki zi-zi (okkí zízi) - Parula or Dendroica warbler

► ex: pi-zi (ppizí), piu-zi (ppüzí) - gall, lit. “liver yellow”

► ex: siⁿ-ka zi (sį́ka zí) - fox squirrel

► ex: zi-a-we (zíawe) - yellow (plural) [ASG]

► Dhegiha: zi (zi) - yellow [Omaha/Ponca]; zi (çi) - yellow [Omaha]; zi (çi) - [FL-Osage]; zi (zi) - yellow [Kaw]

 

yellow beads

► iⁿ-to-ska zi (įttoská zi) - yellow beads

► cf. iⁿ-to-ska (įttóska) - beads, small white beads; zi (zi) - yellow; wa-naⁿ-’íⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads, “worn around the neck”

► Dhegiha: i-iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ (í-iⁿ-ṭoⁿ) - an earring [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ į́įʰtǫ) - earring(s) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-iⁿ ʰtoⁿ thiⁿ (u-iⁿ ṭoⁿ thiⁿ) - to wear earrings [FL-Osage]; tsi-ho-ba ska o-iⁿ to (cíhoba ska óiⁿ tó) - shell earrings, three or four inches long [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-iⁿ ((úiⁿ) - an earring or ornament; to wear, as rings, in the ears [Omaha/Ponca]; u-iⁿ (u-iⁿ) - to wear earrings [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-ska (híⁿskǎ) - beads [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿ-çká) - hiⁿ (hiⁿ), modification of the word iⁿ (íⁿ), stone; ska (çka), white, this is the word applied to beads of all colors by the Osage and Omaha [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hį́įska) - beads [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿska) - beads [Kaw]

 

yellow catfish

► mi-zhaⁿiⁿ (mižą́į) - yellow catfish

► cf. mi-xe (mixé) - the large black catfish; to-ze (ttóze) - catfish

 

Yellow Head, Yellow Hair (archaic)

► pa-hi zi (ppahí zi) - Yellow Head; Yellow Hair (archaic), female name [JOD]

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; zi (zi) - yellow

► Dhegiha: pa-hi zi (pahízi) - Yellow Hair on Head of Elk, female name [Omaha]

 

Yellow Legs (of a Bird)

► zhe-ka zi (žeká zi) - Yellow Legs (of a Bird), masculine name [JOD]

► cf. zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal; zi (zi) - yellow

► Dhegiha: zhe-ga (zhéga) - upper part of the leg, thigh [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe-ga (zhega) - leg [Omaha]; zhe-ga (zhe-gá) - leg, upper part [FL-Osage]; zhe-ka (žeká) - leg [CQ-Osage]; zhe-ga (zhegá) - leg; thigh, leg above the knee [Kaw]

 

Yellow Mouth (of a Young Bird)

► i-ha zi (íha zi) - Yellow Mouth (of a Young Bird), masculine name [JOD]

► cf. i-ha (íha) - mouth; zi (zi) - yellow

► Dhegiha: i-ha (íha) - lip [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ha (íha) - lips [Omaha]; i-ha (í-ha) - mouth [FL-Osage]; i-ha (íhaa) - mouth [CQ-Osage]; i-ha (íha) - mouth, or top of the mouth [Kaw]

 

yellow paint

► wa-se zi (wasé zi) - yellow paint [ASG]

► cf. wa-se (wasé) - paint, clay; red paint; zi (zi) - yellow [JOD]; wa-se sa (wasé sa) - black paint; wa-se to (wasé tto) - blue paint; wa-se to-hi (wassé ttóhi) - green paint

► Dhegiha: wa-se zi (wasé zi) - yellow clay [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-se tu xu-de (wa-sé-t͓u-qú-de) - verdigris, gray green clay or light blue clay [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se ʰtoⁿ xo-e (wa-çé ṭoⁿ-xo-e) - the Verdigris River, green paint was secured here, this was the second camp of the second buffalo trail [FL-Osage]; wa-se ʰtoⁿ xo-dse ga-xa (wa-çé ṭoⁿ xo-dse ga-xa) - green clay creek, branch of the Verdigris River, Okla [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-se saⁿ (wasésaⁿ) - white clay; made of white clay; earthenware; plaster; lime [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-se tu (waçe tu) - blue paint [Omaha]; wa-se tu (wa-sé t͓u) - green clay or green paint, verdigris [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se to (waséto) - verdigris, patina [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-se zhi-de (waséjide) - red paint; red clay [JOD-Omaha]; wa-se zhu-dse (wa-çé-zhu-dse) - red clay, red paint, rouge [FL-Osage]

 

yellow ringed woodpecker, red shafted flicker

► zaⁿ-zi-ka (zą́zikka) - red shafted flicker; yellow winged woodpecker

► Dhegiha: zoⁿ-zi-ga (zóⁿziga) - red-shafted flicker, woodpecker [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-zi-ga (çóⁿ-çi-ga) - the flicker, yellow hammer, belongs to the woodpecker family [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-zi-ga (thoⁿ’çiga) - flicker bird [Omaha]; zi-zi-ga taⁿ-ga (zíziga tàⁿga) - the flicker [Kaw]

 

yellow, orange

► zi-hi (zíhi) - orange; yellow

► zi-hi (zíhi) - orange [FR]

► zi-hi (zíhi) - yellow [LQ]

► ex: zi-hi o-zhi (zíhi óži) - jug

► Dhegiha: zi-hi (çí-hi) - yellow; pallor, an unhealthy color; brown; brass [FL-Osage]; zi-hi (zíhi) - brown, yellow [CQ-Osage]; zi-hi (zíhi) - yellow, light yellow; this is typical among native speakers of many, if not all, Siouan languages where shades of yellow, orange, and even brown, are concerned [Kaw]

 

yellow, reddish yellow

► zhi-hi (žihí) - reddish yellow

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ wa-x’o xo-te zhi-hi (šǫ́keáknį waxʔó xotté žihí) - roan mare

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi) - a color between red and yellow, perhaps an orange-red [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: zhi-hi (zhí-hi) - yellow; reddish; reddish brown; pink [FL-Osage]; zhi-hi (žíhi) - brown [CQ-Osage]; zhi-hi (zhíhi) - brown; orange [Kaw]

 

yellow, reddish yellow buffalo

► to-xe (toxe) - reddish yellow buffalo

► cf. to-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (tuqé nikacík͓a) - the Reddish Yellow Buffalo gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]; to-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (tuqé nikacíka) - Reddish Yellow Buffalo people, obtained from Mrs. Stafford (Hañka gentes, Hañka side) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: nu-xe (núqe) - red buffalo, yellow buffalo; type of buffalo with reddish-yellow hair and long legs [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-xe (núqe) - a kind of bison or buffalo with reddish-yellow hair and long legs, the others have dark hair; the name of a Ponka gens (clan), one of these regulating the buffalo hunt [JOD-Omaha]; tho-xe (thó-xe) - archaic name for buffalo bull, this is the animal that gave the people the corn and the squash, it is the name of the Buffalo Bull gens [FL-Osage]; tho-xe (ðóxe) - buffalo, Buffalo clan [CQ-Osage]; yo-xe (yóxe) - Reddish Yellow Buffalo subgens (clan) [Kaw]

 

yellow, Reddish Yellow Buffalo gens (clan)

► to-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (tuqé nikacík͓a) - the Reddish Yellow Buffalo gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► to-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (tuqé nikacíka) - Reddish Yellow Buffalo people, obtained from Mrs. Stafford (Hañka gentes, Hañka side) [JOD]

► cf. to-xe (toxe) - reddish yellow buffalo; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people

► Dhegiha: nu-xe (núqe) - red buffalo, yellow buffalo; type of buffalo with reddish-yellow hair and long legs [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-xe (núqe) - a kind of bison or buffalo with reddish-yellow hair and long legs, the others have dark hair; the name of a Ponka gens (clan), one of these regulating the buffalo hunt [JOD-Omaha]; tho-xe (thó-xe) - archaic name for buffalo bull, this is the animal that gave the people the corn and the squash, it is the name of the Buffalo Bull gens [FL-Osage]; tho-xe (ðóxe) - buffalo, Buffalo clan [CQ-Osage]; yo-xe (yóxe) - Reddish Yellow Buffalo subgens (clan) [Kaw]

 

yellow, small yellow ant

► zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka zi zhi-ka (žą́hį́šká zi žíka) - ant, small yellow

► cf. zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka (žąhį́ška) - ant; zi (zi) - yellow; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young; zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka taⁿ-ka (žąhį́ška ttą́ka) - large black ant; zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka zhi-ka (žąhį́ška žíka) - small black ant

► Dhegiha: zha-biu-shka zi (zhá-biu-çka çi) - yellow ant [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-gthi-shka (zhóⁿgthíshka) - ant, “wood insect” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-gthi-shka (zhoⁿgthishka) - ant [Omaha]; zha-biu-shka (zhá-biu-çka) - ant [FL-Osage]; zha-pu-shka (žápuška) - ant [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-je ya-zu-be (shoⁿjé yazúbe) - ant, “small biter of the very edge of the scrotum or testicle” [Kaw]

 

yellow, Young or Little Yellow Hair

► hiⁿ zi zhi-ga (hį zi žíka) - Young or Little Yellow Hair, masculine name [JOD]

► cf. hiⁿ (hį) - hair of the body, down of bird, fur; zi (zi) - yellow; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ zi zhiⁿ-ga (hiⁿ zí zhiⁿga) - Little Yellow Hair, male name [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-zi (hiⁿ-zi) - yellow hair [JOD-Omaha]; hiⁿ zi (hiⁿ zí) - Yellow Hair, male name [Kaw]

 

yellowed by heat

► ta-zi (ttázi) - yellowed by heat

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; zi (zi) - yellow

► ex: hiⁿ-ta-zi (hįttazí) - brown, oak colored

► ex: sho-te ta-zi (šótte ttázi) - soot, yellowed by smoke

► Dhegiha: na-zi (názi) - burnt yellow [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: da-zi-hi (dá-çi-hi) - burned yellow; smoke tanned; to burn a stick until it becomes yellow [FL-Osage]; ta-zi-hi (taazíhi) - brown, become brown by application of heat; be browned, fried [CQ-Osage]; da-zi-hi (dázihi) - to become yellow; become grayish-yellow [Kaw]

 

yellowed by smoke, soot

► sho-te ta-zi (šótte ttázi) - soot, yellowed by smoke

► cf. sho-te (šótte) - smoke; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; zi (zi) - yellow; hiⁿ-ta-zi (hįttazí) - brown, oak colored

► Dhegiha: shu-de na-zi (cú-de-na-zi) - “turned yellow or brown by smoke”; soot [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: shu-de (shúde) - smoke [Omaha/Ponca]; shu-de (shude) - smoky; smoke, as a fire [Omaha]; shu-de (cú-de) - to smoke, as a fire; smoke [JOD-Omaha]; sho-dse (shó-dse) - smoke [FL-Osage]; sho-tse (šóce) - smoke, smoky, dingy, gray [CQ-Osage]; sho-je (shóje) - smoke, fog, to smoke [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: da-zi-hi (dá-çi-hi) - burned yellow; smoke tanned; to burn a stick until it becomes yellow [FL-Osage]; ta-zi-hi (taazíhi) - brown, become brown by application of heat; be browned, fried [CQ-Osage]; da-zi-hi (dázihi) - to become yellow; become grayish-yellow [Kaw]

 

yes

► e (ée) - yes, used by children

► e (ee) - yes [JOD]

► e (eh) - yes (oie) [GI]

► e (ée) - yes [AG, OM]

► ex: e-shoⁿ o-ki-e a-da-shtaⁿ taⁿ, “ee!” i-yi i-ya wa-pa-iⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, shi-zhi-ka e-koⁿ (ešǫ́ okkié ádaštą́-tą, “ee!” iyí iyá wappaį́ nįkʰé, šižíka ekǫ́) - then when he was finished talking to it, it is said the blood (blood boy) said, “yes,” just like a child [JOD]

► ex: “ee,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“ée,” iyí iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - “yes,” it is said the Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a (ă) - yes [Omaha/Ponca]; a (a) - yes [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ (oⁿ) - yes [Omaha/Ponca]; aⁿ (áⁿ) - yes [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-haⁿ (áⁿhaⁿ) - yes [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ (oⁿ) - yes [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-haⁿ-iⁿ (ąhą́į), aⁿ-haⁿ (ąhą́), aⁿ (ą́ą) - yes (female speaking) [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-e (hąąé) - yes (response when listening to a story) [CQ-Osage]; ho-we (ho-wé) - yes [FL-Osage]; ho-we (howé) - yes (men’s speech only) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ha (aⁿhá), oⁿ-ha (oⁿhá) - yes (female speaking) [Kaw]; ho-we (howé) - yes, male speech; also, "Well!", as a sentence launcher or salutation [Kaw]

 

► ha-u (hau) - yes; agreed; well; ho

► ex: “ha-u, e-kaⁿ te,” i-yi i-ya-we (“hau, eką́ tte,” iyí iyáwe) - he said, “yes, it will be like that,” they say; he said, “yes, so shall it be,” they say [JOD]

► ex: ha-u, bde te (hau, bdé tte) - agreed, I will go [JOD]

► ex: ha-u, ha-u, ha-u (hau, hau, hau) - well, well, well [JOD]

► ex: “ha-u, ka-ni-ke, wi-he,” i-ye (“haú, kaniké, wihé,” iyé) - well, thanks younger sister, he said [JOD]

► ex: ha-u, iⁿ-kde wi-ta (hau, įkdé wítta) - ho, my feces [JOD]

► ex: “ha-u, ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ, i-ya (“hau, maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé,” íkeyáwe nį́, iyá) - “ho, rabbit says that he has come to tell us something,” they said to one another, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ha-u, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-waⁿ niⁿ (hau, maštį́ke éwą nį) - ho, the rabbit is the guilty one [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ha-u (hau) - in a council, it is often used as a sign of approval, as the English, “hear! hear!”; sometimes it is eq. to our, “well”; when it marks the beginning of a paragraph, it need not be translated; thank you; in addressing a white man, it means “how are you”; used in calling to a distant person [Omaha/Ponca]; ha (ha) - ho; O [FL-Osage]; ha (há) - well (often precedes a statement or command) [CQ-Osage]; ha-o (hao) - interjection of approval (male speech); singular, masculine imperative (short form of nahao); marks a change of idea, as the beginning of a new paragraph in writing [Kaw]

 

► hoⁿ (hǫ) - yes

► hoⁿ (hǫ) - yes; oh! [JOD]

► cf. hoⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ži) - no

► ex: “hoⁿ, a-tʰi o-wi-ki-bda-ke a-tʰi,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, atʰí ówikibdáke atʰí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “yes, I have come, I have come to tell you something,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, ma-shtiⁿ-ke ni-xi-te di-ni-ke (hǫ, maštį́ke niγítte diníke) - yes, rabbit you have been disobedient [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ! e-koⁿ zhamiⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ! ekǫ́ žąmį́,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “yes, I thought so!” said the Rabbit [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, e-koⁿ naⁿ o-a-te a-ni-he,” i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (“hǫ, ekǫ́ ną́ oátte anihé,” iyí iyá sniwátte) - “yes, I have been looking for just that kind,” it is said Winter said [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ, naⁿ-pi-aⁿ-hi miⁿ-kʰe, ta-taⁿ bda-tʰe niⁿ-haⁿ (hą, ną́ppią́hi mįkʰé, táttą bdatʰé nįhą́) - yes, I’m hungry, what can I eat? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke (hǫ, wítteke) - yes, my uncle (my mother’s brother) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa (hǫ́, wítteke wittími énąpá) - yes, my uncle (my mother’s brother) and also my aunt (my father’s sister), the both of you [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-to-shpa (hǫ, wittóšpa) - yes, my grandchild [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ! wi-shi-k’e, ha-ki-de-de e,” i-yi i-ya maⁿtʰo wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (“hǫ! wíšikʔé, hákidedé e,” iyí iyá mątʰó waxʔó nįkʰé) - “yes! my brother-in-law (my husband’s brother), in what direction?” it is said the wife of Grizzly bear said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-zhiⁿ-ke (hǫ́, wižį́ke) - yes, my son [JOD]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ (oⁿ) - yes [Omaha/Ponca]; aⁿ (áⁿ) - yes [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-haⁿ (áⁿhaⁿ) - yes [JOD-Omaha]; a (ă) - yes [Omaha/Ponca]; a (a) - yes [JOD-Omaha];

► Dhegiha: oⁿ (oⁿ) - yes [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-haⁿ-iⁿ (ąhą́į), aⁿ-haⁿ (ąhą́), aⁿ (ą́ą) - yes (female speaking) [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-e (hąąé) - yes (response when listening to a story) [CQ-Osage]; ho-we (ho-wé) - yes [FL-Osage]; ho-we (howé) - yes (men’s speech only) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ha (aⁿhá), oⁿ-ha (oⁿhá) - yes (female speaking) [Kaw]; ho-we (howé) - yes, male speech; also, "Well!", as a sentence launcher or salutation [Kaw]

 

yesterday

► si-o-ti (siótti) - yesterday

► si-o-ti (siótti) - yesterday [MS]

► ex: si-o-to a-k’a hi-de tʰe (siótti ákʔa híde tʰé) - the south wind was blowing yesterday

► Dhegiha: si-da-di (sídadi) - yesterday [Omaha/Ponca]; si-da-di (çidadi) - yesterday [Omaha]; si-do-dsi (çi-dó-dsi) - yesterday [FL-Osage]; si-toⁿ-iⁿ (sitǫ́į) - yesterday [CQ-Osage]; si-do-ji (sidóji) - yesterday [Kaw]

 

yesterday, the day before yesterday

► si-o-to ko-ti te-ta (siótti kkottí ttettá) - the day before yesterday

► cf. si-o-ti (siótti) - yesterday; ko-ti te-ta (kottí ttettá) - beyond; ko-ti (kótti) - further away

► Dhegiha: si-toⁿ-iⁿ ko-ta-ha tse (sitǫ́į kootáha ce) - (on the) day before yesterday [CQ-Osage]; si-do-ji go-da-ha (sidóji gódaha) - day before yesterday [Kaw]

 

yet

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet

► e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) e-shaⁿ (éšą) - yet, then, at length, and, and then

► i-shoⁿ (išǫ́) - yet, still

► cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough

► ex: shoⁿ (šǫ́) - yet [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe da-sniⁿ-zhi, shoⁿ wa-x’o niⁿ di-xe, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą, ppahí-nįkʰé dasnį́ži, šǫ́ waxʔó nį dixé, iyáwe) - then, he did not swallow the head, he still chased the woman, they say [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ (ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́) - yet/you reached there/as [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ niⁿ (šǫ-nį́) - still/the moving [JOD]

► ex: zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ shoⁿ kniⁿ (žakká iną́ną šǫ knį́) - leaping at intervals/still/sat [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ shoⁿ kniⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke žakká iną́ną šǫ knį́ ną, i-ya) - Rabbit jumped about continually (jumping as rabbits do), it is said [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ (šǫ́) - and [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka za-ni ho-taⁿ x’a-naⁿ-we, i-ya (šǫ́ wažį́ka zaní hóttą xʔáną-we, iyá) - and, in fact, all of the birds made a great noise by crying out, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - still, yet; at all events, at any rate; and, so; thus [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (šǫ́) - while, as, when; still; continually [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - by and by, after awhile, eventually [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper; as it should be; enough; that will do [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit; stop; ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shóⁿ) - complete; perfect; it is done [FL-Osage]

 

► taⁿ-hi (taⁿhí) - yet, though [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-mi-zhi-ka taⁿ-hi a-hi-bda shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ąmížiká tąhí ahíbda šǫ́hi ą́nąhą́) - though/when I was a young girl, I bathed (in the creek/river) until I was grown [JOD]

 

yolk

► i-ta o-zi (ítta ozí) - egg yolk

► cf. i-ta (ítta) - egg; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; zi (zi) - yellow

► Dhegiha: we-ta u-zi (wéta uçi) - egg yolk [Omaha]; ʰpa-ʰta zi (pá-ṭa çi), ʰpa-da zi (pá-da çi) - egg yolk [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ta zi (ʰpáatazi) - egg yolk [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿgita zi-hi (wazhìⁿgitá zíhi) - egg yolk [Kaw]

 

yonder, by yonder things

► she-ke-ti (šekétti) - by yonder things [JOD]

► she-ke-ti (šekétti) - by those standing objects

► cf. she (shé) - that [JOD]; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; the scattered; she-ke (šéke) - those non-singular/standing/animate or inanimate objects; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: she-ke-ti (šekétti) - by yonder things [JOD]

► ex: she-ke-ti kniⁿ! (šekétti knį́!) - sit over there by those things! [JOD]

 

yonder, further

► ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further

► ex: ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that singular/standing/invisible, yon

► ex: ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived singular/moving/animate; the one who has reached

► ex: ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural/standing/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular/lying/animate or inanimate, yonder

► ex: ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder

► ex: ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį) - that singular/moving/animate, yon

► ex: ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (kówanįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate or inanimate/yonder

► ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, the further one

► ex: ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - yonder pile; that singular/standing/inanimate or collection

 

► ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that singular/standing/invisible, yon

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; hi-de (hidé) - to send it hither [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; further; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate; the act; past, completive aspect

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-the-tʰe (gú-a-hi-¢é-tĕ) - the in. ob. std. or the col. of in. objects at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived singular/moving/animate; the one who has reached

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-thiⁿ (gú-a-hi-¢íⁿ) - the an. ob. mv. (in a crowd) at a short distance and beyond (another place), but not traveling [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural/standing/animate, yonder

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; the scattered

 

► ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular/lying/animate or inanimate, yonder

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► Dhegiha: gu-a-kʰe (gú-a-kĕ) - the recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob. in sight and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones

 

► ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį) - that singular/moving/animate, yon

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: gu-a-thiⁿ (gú-a-¢iⁿ), gu-da-thiⁿ (gú-da-¢iⁿ) - the visible an, ob. mv. beyond or on that side of a person or place [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (kówanįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate or inanimate/yonder

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (mažą́ kówanįkʰe) - yonder (piece of) land

► Dhegiha: gu-a-thiⁿ-kʰe ((gú-a-¢iñ-ké) - the visible an. ob. st. beyond or on that side of a person or place; refers to one sitting [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects; plural continuative aspect marker;

► Dhegiha: gu-a-ma (gú-a-ma), gu-da-ma (gú-da-ma) - the ones in sight and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, the further one

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: gu-a-tʰaⁿ (gú-a-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - yonder pile [JOD]

► ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that singular/standing/inanimate or collection

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate; the act; past, completive aspect

► ex: ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - yonder pile [JOD]

► ex: ko-wa-tʰe toⁿ-wa!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (kówatʰe tǫwá!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - look at that pile (of fat meat) over there!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

 

yonder, in that direction, there, in that place, “down below”

► ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, “down below”, yonder, in that direction, there [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki (kakí) - there [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki ke (kakí ke) - those [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki o-zha da-i (káki óža dá-i) - there/to dance/they went [JOD]

► ex: o-zha ka-ki da-i ke (óža káki dá-i ke) - to dance/there/they went/the plural [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder/the moving [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kda-i ke-ni-te ka-ki niⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kʰi a-taⁿ we-da-niⁿ shi-ke he-naⁿ i-da-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ taⁿ ki-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettą́nį kdá-i kenitté kaki nį ettą́nį kʰí áttą wédanį šíke héną idákikdánį áttą ką-tʰą́ tą kíwe) - then they (her step-sisters) started home first, although she arrived home first, before them (her step-sisters), and she put on her bad clothes and was there awhile when they (her step-sisters) reached home [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (káki mi óttiną́bettadéde) - there/yonder/sunrise/towards [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti ka-ki mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da!” aⁿnaⁿ-ki-ye (“étti káki mi óttiną́bettadéde į́tʰį dedá!” ąną́kiye) - “there, yonder, towards the sunrise, throw the club/stick!” she said to me [JOD]

 

► ka-ki-de-de (kákidéde) - in that direction, going in that direction [JOD]

► cf. ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, “down below”, yonder, in that direction, there [JOD]; ka-ki ke (kakí ke) - those [JOD]; ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder/the moving [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki-de-de (kákidéde) - in that direction [JOD]

► ex: wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I will go in this direction [JOD]

► ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidéde dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetʰą́ kákidéde) - from this place/going in that direction [JOD]

 

► ka-ki de-da (káki dedá) - send (throw) it in that direction!

► cf. ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, “down below”, yonder, in that direction, there [JOD]; ka-ki ke (kakí ke) - those [JOD]; ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder/the moving [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki de-da (káki dedá) - send (throw) it in that direction!

► ex: e-ti ka-ki de-da (étti káki dedá) - throw it (send it) there, in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club yonder!” she said to me [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club there, yonder again!” she said to me [JOD]

 

yonder, over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, farther off, farther over there, ahead

► ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead

► ex: ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-ta-ha (kótaha) - that yonder, that over there

► ex: ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular/moving/animate over there

► ex: ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that singular/sitting/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, yonder

► ex: ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of

► Dhegiha: gu-a (gúa), gu-da (gúda) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

 

► ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder

► cf. ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular/moving/animate over there; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: gu-da-the-thiⁿ (gú-da-¢e-¢iⁿ), gu-a-the-thiⁿ (gú-a-¢e-¢iⁿ) - that visible one beyond or on that side of a person or place, who has started and is moving [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da-the (gúda ¢e), gu-a-the (gúa ¢e) - to go beyond [JOD-Omaha]; ko-ta the (kóota ðée) - (in the) future, future months (refers to traveling or going along in age, traveling down the road moving into the future) [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta the (kóota ðe) - that one over there (beyond speaker and hearer) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa)  - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

 

► ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; de (de) - go; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-the-tʰaⁿ (gú-a-hi-¢é-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

 

► ko-ta-ha (kótaha) - that yonder, that over there

► ko-ta-ha (kőtőhah) - that, which, who (qui) [GI]

► cf. ko-ha (kóha) - in that direction [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► Dhegiha: ko-ta-ha (kootáha) - (to/from) farther away (in space); farther back, farther ahead (in space or time); beyond; the next to last, the one before last; the one after next, the one past the next [CQ-Osage]; go-da-ha (gódaha) - over there, thither [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; that distant person or object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ha (ha) - termination of direction, used with verbs of motion; in different ways or places; so many in each place [JOD-Omaha]; ha (ha) - through (direction), along a path, in a direction, by way of; from [CQ-Osage]

 

► ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular/moving/animate over there

► cf. niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: gu-da-thiⁿ (gú-da-¢iⁿ), gu-a-thiⁿ (gú-a-¢iⁿ) - the visible an. ob. mv. beyond or on that side of a person or place [JOD-Omaha]

 

► ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that singular/sitting/animate, yonder

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate

► Dhegiha: gu-da-thiⁿ-ke (gú-da-¢iñ-ké), gu-a-thiⁿ-ke (gú-a-¢iñ-ké)  - the visible an. ob. st. beyond or on that side of a person or place [JOD-Omaha]; gu-da thiⁿ-shke (gú-da thiⁿ-shke) - the one sitting on the opposite side [FL-Osage]; ko-ta-iⁿ-kshe (kóotaįkšé) - that one sitting over there or yonder (beyond speaker or hearer) [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta-iⁿ-ke (kootáįke) - over there, yonder, farther than another thing, way over there, way back in thime or distance [CQ-Osage]; go-da-yiⁿ-khe (gódayiⁿkhe) - over there; yonder [Kaw]

 

► ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, yonder

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: go-da toⁿ (gó-da toⁿ) - that person standing yonder [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰaⁿ (táⁿ) - the; standing; the standing; the standing object; the standing animate object; the standing one [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ), toⁿ (toⁿ) - to stand; to stand, as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage]; txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for a singular animate standing entity; continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd person singular animate standing subject; also may indicate initiation of an activity by subject regardless of position [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ) - “the”; definite article for standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]

 

► ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the, at the [JOD]; i-di-shaⁿ (idišą́) - to go around an object [JOD]; e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction; to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of; o-di-shaⁿ (odíšą) - go around in a circle

► Dhegiha: gu-da-thi-shaⁿ (gú-da-¢i-caⁿ), gu-a-thi-shaⁿ (gú-a-¢i-caⁿ) - beyond, on that side of [JOD-Omaha]; go-da thi-shoⁿ (gó-da thi-shoⁿ) - on the other side [FL-Osage]

 ► Dhegiha: gu-da-tʰe-ta (gú-da-tĕ́-t͓a), gu-a-tʰe-ta (gú-a-tĕ́-t͓a) - to the std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da-tʰe (gú-da-tĕ), gu-a-tʰe (gú-a-tĕ) - the std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-ta (tĕ́-t͓a) - at or to the std. in. ob., etc. [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-shoⁿ-ha (í-thi-shoⁿ-ha) - to detour, to go around [FL-Osage]; i-thi-shaⁿ-ha (íðišąha) - detour around, go around, avoid [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - around, around someone or something, moving circularly like the hands of a clock, go around, circle, to go around in a circle, to go around something  [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - circle, encircle, surround, cycle, round [Omaha]; u-thi-shoⁿ (u-thí-shoⁿ) - marching around in a circle [FL-Osage]

 

yonder, remote

► ko-i (kói) - that, there, that distant object

► ex: ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual, standing, visible, inanimate

► ex: ko-i-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that remote singular/sitting/visible

► ex: ko-i-ke (kóike) - yonder ones; those remote plural, standing, visible, animate

► ex: ko-i-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote singular, lying, visible, animate or inanimate

► ex: ko-i-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying, visible

► ex: ko-i-niⁿ (kóinį) - that remote singular, moving, visible, animate

► ex: ko-i-niⁿ-kʰe (kóinįkʰe) - that remote singular, sitting, visible, animate or inanimate

► ex: ko-i-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural, moving, visible, animate

► ex: ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that remote singular, standing, visible, animate

► ex: ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular, standing, visible, inanimate

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi (gú-a-hi) - the object beyond (another place); yonder [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location;

 

► ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual, standing, visible, inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual, standing, inanimate; ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual, standing, invisible, inanimate; ko-wa-da-te (kówadatté) - those dual, standing, inanimate or collections; she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual, standing, visible, inanimate objects; to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual, standing or collective, inanimate objects on this side

 

► ko-i-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that remote singular/sitting/visible

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; hi-de (hidé) - to send it hither [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe-ti (áni kóihidénįkʰetti) - hill/at yonder distant visible place [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé niⁿkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond yonder distant bluff [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-the-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-a-hi-¢é-¢iñ-ke), gu-da-hi-the-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-da-hi-¢é-¢iñ-ké) - the an. ob. st. or kneeling at a great distance and beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

 

► ko-i-ke (kóike) - yonder ones [JOD]

► ko-i-ke (kóike) - those remote plural, standing, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ke (ke) - the plural, standing, animate or plural, standing, inanimate; de-ke (déke) - these standing, animate; ka-ke (káke) - those plural, standing, invisible, animate; she-ke (šéke) - those non-singular, standing, animate or inanimate objects; to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural, standing, animate objects on this side; ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural, standing, animate, yonder

► ex: ti ko-i-ke (tti kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]

► ex: ti ko-i-ke, ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (tti kóike, niγítte nikáwe) - those lodges over there, those people are disobedient [JOD]

 

► ko-i-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote singular, lying, visible, animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular, lying, animate or inanimate; de-kʰe (dékʰe) - this lying, inanimate; de-kʰe-koⁿ (dekʰekǫ́) - this kind [JOD]; ka-kʰe (kákʰe) - that singular, lying, invisible, inanimate; ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular, lying, animate or inanimate, yonder; she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular, lying, visible object; to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side; to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side

► ex: ni koi-kʰe (ní kóikʰe) - water/that lg. ob. [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti ni koi-kʰe e-koⁿ i-da-hi-bda a-ta-pa-xti (ąžįkátti ní kóikʰe ekǫ́ idáhibdá áttapaxtí) - when I was small, I bathed in the water at regular intervals [JOD]

 

► ko-i-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying, visible

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - 3^rd person plural continuative; de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying, animate; ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural sitting or lying, invisible, animate; ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder; she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural, sitting or lying, visible; to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying objects on this side

 

► ko-i-niⁿ (kóinį) - that remote singular, moving, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; niⁿ (nį) - the singular, moving, animate; 3^rd person continuative aux. moving]; de-niⁿ (dénį) - this moving, animate; ka-niⁿ (kánį) - that singular, moving, invisible, animate; ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular, moving, animate, yonder; ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular, moving, animate over there; ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived singular, moving, animate; the one who has reached; ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį) - that singular, moving, animate, yonder; she-niⁿ (šénį) - that moving, visible, animate; shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫnį́) - finally, moving, animate, subject; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular, moving, animate object that arrived on this side; to-ta-hi-de-niⁿ (tótahídenį́) - that singular, moving, animate object arriving on this side; to-ta-niⁿ (tótanį́) - that singular, moving, animate object on this side; to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį) - that singular, moving, animate object on this side or the nearer of two objects

 

► ko-i-niⁿ-kʰe (kóinįkʰe) - that remote singular, sitting, visible, animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - that; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; he/she/it, 3^rd person singular continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: gu-a-hi-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-a-hi-¢iñ-ké), gu-da-hi-thiⁿ-kʰe (gú-da-hi-¢iñ-ké) - the an. ob. st. at a short distance and beyond; refers to one unseen but heard [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - that distant person or object; there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side; when [Kaw]

 

► ko-i-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural, moving, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural, moving, animate objects; 3^rd person plural continuative aspect marker; de-pa (dépa) - these moving, animate; ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural, moving, invisible, animate; ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural, moving, animate, yonder; she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving, visible, animate; to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural, moving, animate, objects on this side

 

► ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that remote singular, standing, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing, animate; 3^rd person continuative auxiliary, singular, standing, animate; de-tʰaⁿ (détʰą) - this standing, animate; ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; nearby; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; far away; ka-tʰaⁿ (kátʰą) - that singular, standing, invisible, animate; ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular, standing, animate, yonder; ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular, standing, animate, yonder; ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą) - that singular, standing, animate, the further one; shaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šą́tʰą) - the standing (newly) object; she-tʰaⁿ (šétʰą) - that standing, visible, animate; to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular, standing, animate object on this side of a place he has reached; to-ta-hi-de-tʰaⁿ (tótahídetʰą́) - that singular, standing, animate object coming, on this side; to-ta-tʰaⁿ (tótatʰą́) - that singular, standing, animate object on this side

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ko-i-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́ke kóitʰą) - that dog [ASG]

 

► ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular, standing, visible, inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; de-tʰe (détʰe) - this standing, inanimate; ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that standing, invisible, inanimate or that collective, invisible, inanimate; she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or collective, standing, inanimate; de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual, standing, inanimate; ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual, standing, invisible, inanimate; ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual, standing, visible, inanimate; she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual, standing, visible, inanimate objects; ko-wa-da-te (kówadatté) - those dual, standing, inanimate or collections; to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual, standing or collective, inanimate objects on this side; ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that singular, standing, inanimate, yonder; ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that singular, standing, inanimate or collection; to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular, standing or collective, inanimate object on this side

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te ko-i-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

 

yonder, there

► she-do (šédo) - yonder, there

► cf. she-do (šedó) - get out of the way!, imperative function; she-do (šedó) - get away! [MS]

► ex: she-do i-hi ki-ta! (šédo ihí kkitta!) - it goes to you/shoot! [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ta miⁿ she-do i-hi! ki-ta!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteke, tta mį šédo ihí! kkitta!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), there is a deer approaching over there! shoot it!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: she-do i-hi-we (šédo ihíwe) - they go to you [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka de-pa she-do i-hi-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteke, níkkašíka dépa šédo ihíwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), over there are some Indians who are approaching,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: she-thu (shéthu) - in that place which you see: there near you, or there where you are [Omaha/Ponca]; she-thu (shé-thu) - yonder, there where you are [FL-Osage]; she-tho (šeeðo), she-thoⁿ (šeeðǫ́) - there where you are, right there where you are, that person there [CQ-Osage]; she-yo (shèyó) - there in the distance, yonder [Kaw]

 

you

► di-e (díe) - you

► di-e (díe) - you [MS]

► di-e (di-eh) - you (vous), (toi) [GI]

► di-e (díe) - thou [ASG]

► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; e (e) - he, she, it, that; oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we

► ex: di-e e-ti da (díe ettí dá) - you go! (you go there!) [MS]

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidéde dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: “de niⁿ-kʰe di-e da-ki-k’iⁿ te,” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“dé nįkʰé díe dakíkʔį tté,” iyí iyá mątʰó) - you can carry this (piece of meat) for yourself,” it is said Grizzly bear said [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-zhi, di-e k’iⁿ e-ka!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ, maⁿ-tʰo e wa-kʰe ti (“hǫ́ži, díe kʔį́ eká!” iyí iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą, mątʰó é wakʰé tti) - “no, carry it yourself!” it is said the rabbit’s son said, referring to him, the Grizzly bear [JOD]

► ex: “o-bdi-sh’a-ke! di-e k’iⁿ e-ka!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“obdíšʔake! díe kʔį́ eká!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “I refuse! You carry it yourself!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: “di-e wi-bda-sniⁿ maⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“díe wíbdasnį́ mą́ ttéa,” iké) - I will swallow you, he said to her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-e (thíe) - thou, thee, you [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e (thí-e) - you; thou; thee [FL-Osage]; thi-e (ðíe) - you [CQ-Osage]; yi-e (yíe) - you [Kaw]

 

you also, you too

► di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too

► cf. wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, or she too

► ex: di-e-hoⁿ e-ti-koⁿ i-ha pa-zhiⁿ-zhe e-naⁿ-pa o-do-ki-di-shpa-shpa-zhi koⁿ iⁿ (díehǫ ettikǫ́ íha ppažį́že eną́p͓a odókkidíšpašpaží kǫ́ į) - you too/that way/mouth/nose/it too/you (are) split in many places/so (=like)/period [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-shti (¢ictĭ) - you too, you also [JOD-Omaha]; thi-shki (thi-shki) - you also [FL-Osage]; thi-shki (ðiškí) - you too [CQ-Osage]; yi-shki (yíshki) - you, too; you, also [Kaw]

 

you come here!

► to-ta hi ka ha-u (tóta hí-ka haú) - you come hither! [JOD]

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; hi (hi) - come, be coming here, not own; ka (ká) - imperative, command, male speech; ha-u (hau) - yes; agreed; well; ho

► Dhegiha: du-da (dúda), du-a (dúa)  - on this side and nearer this place; hither [JOD-Omaha]; do-da (dó-da) - in this direction [FL-Osage]; do-da (dóda) - this way, the one on this side; the one who is present [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i (i) - to be coming toward a place, not his home; to be coming hither for the first time [Omaha/Ponca]; hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga (ga) - male imperative, command, male [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ha-u (hau) - in a council, it is often used as a sign of approval, as the English, “hear! hear!”; sometimes it is eq. to our, “well”; when it marks the beginning of a paragraph, it need not be translated; thank you; in addressing a white man, it means “how are you”; used in calling to a distant person [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-o (hao) - interjection of approval (male speech); singular, masculine imperative (short form of nahao); marks a change of idea, as the beginning of a new paragraph in writing [Kaw]

 

you only

► di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

► cf. di (di) - you pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

► Dhegiha: thi-noⁿ (thinóⁿ), thi-hnoⁿ (thíhnoⁿ) - thou alone, you alone; only thou or you; only thee [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e noⁿ (thi-e noⁿ) - youself [FL-Osage]; thi-naⁿ (ðíną), thi-na (ðína) - you only, it is only you [CQ-Osage]

 

► di-e-naⁿ (díeną́) - you only

► cf. di-e (díe) - you; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

hoⁿ-zhi, wi-te-ke, di-e-naⁿ iⁿ-te da! (hǫží, wítteké, díeną́ įtte dá!) - no, my uncle (my mother’s brother), you go alone! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-noⁿ (thinóⁿ), thi-hnoⁿ (thíhnoⁿ) - thou alone, you alone; only thou or you; only thee [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e noⁿ (thi-e noⁿ) - youself [FL-Osage]; thi-naⁿ (ðíną), thi-na (ðína) - you only, it is only you [CQ-Osage]

 

you receiving the action, di (di)

► di-baⁿ (dibą́) - he/she call to you

► cf. baⁿ (bą) - he/she call or halloo; shpaⁿ (špą́) - you call or halloo

► ex: be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-haⁿ (bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhą́) - who could this person be, that called to you? [JOD]

 

► di-da-tʰe (dídatʰé) - he/she eat you

► cf. da-tʰe (datʰé) - he/she eat or chew; ta-t’e (ttátʰe) - you eat or chew

► ex: di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (dídatʰé taitʰé) - he/she eat you/shall (plural)

► ex: iⁿ-da, wi-te-ke, e-ta-we, di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá, wítteke, ettáwe, dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, their offspring, they will eat you (men and women, the whole human race, they will eat you) [JOD]

 

► di-k’i (dikʔí) - he/she give to you

► cf. k’i (kʔi) - he/she give; da-k’i (dakʔí) - you give

► ex: di-k’i niⁿ-ha (dikʔí nįhą) - give to thee/would (sign of doubt) [JOD]

► ex: be ti di-k’i niⁿ-ha (be ttí dikʔí nįhą) - who would give you a lodge [JOD]

 

► t’e-di-de (tʔédidé) - he/she kill you

► cf. t’e-de (tʔéde) - he/she kill; t’e-da-de (tʔédade) - you kill

► ex: “wi-te-ke t’e-di-de ta e-de,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (“wítteke tʔédidé tta edé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke nį) - my uncle, you have surely been killed, said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

you verb conjugation, da (da)

► a-da-na-x’oⁿ (ádanaxʔǫ) - you listen to, from a-na-x’oⁿ (ánaxʔǫ) - listen to

► cf. a-a-na-x’oⁿ (áanaxʔǫ) - I listen to

► Dhegiha: a-tha-na-’aⁿ (á¢aná’aⁿ) - you listen to, you hear and obey [JOD-Omaha]; a-tha-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ (á-tha-noⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ) - you hearken [FL-Osage]; a-tha-naⁿ-k’oⁿ (áðanąkʔǫ) - you listen to, you heed [CQ-Osage]; a-ya-no-k’aⁿ (áyanok’aⁿ) - you listen to [Kaw]

 

► da-k’i (dakʔí) - you give, from k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone

► cf. a-k’i (akʔí) - I give

► Dhegiha: tha-’i (¢a’í) - you give [JOD-Omaha]; tha-ʰk’i (tha-ḳ’i) - you give [FL-Osage]; tha-k’u (ðakʔú) - you give [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’u (yak’ú) - you give [Kaw]

 

► da-kde (dakdé) - you go home, you start homeward, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

► cf. a-kde (akdé) - I go home, start homeward

► ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe i-niⁿ-ha aⁿ-da-kdi-ze taⁿ ta-x’aⁿ-da-ki-de taⁿ aⁿ-da-ki-k’iⁿ da-kde te, i-ke naⁿ (ppahí nįkʰé inįhá ądákdizé tą táxʔądákidé tą ądákikʔį dakdé tte, iké ną) - you take my head and you barbecue it (for me), you carry/pack it (for me) when you go home, he said to her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthe (¢ag¢é) - you go back, you go homeward [JOD-Omaha]; tha-gthe (thá-gthe) - you go home [FL-Osage]; tha-le (ðalée) - you return there [CQ-Osage]; ya-le (yalé) - you go back to a place, go home [Kaw]

 

► da-x’e-da-de (daxʔédade) - you pity someone, you be kind to someone, from da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone

► cf. da-x’e-a-de (daxʔéade) - I pity someone, I be kind to someone

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-tha-the (¢a’e¢a¢e) - you consider him miserable, you pity him, you have mercy on him [JOD-Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-tha-the (tha-ḳ’é-tha-the) - you be sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, you be kindhearted, you relent, you be less harsh, you be merciful [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-tha-the (ðakʔéðáðe) - you pity, you feel sorry for, you bless, you be good to, you be merciful, you take care of [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ya-ye (yak’éyaye) - you pity [Kaw]

 

► o-da-hoⁿ (odahǫ) - you cook, from o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► cf. o-a-hoⁿ (oahǫ) - I cook

► Dhegiha: u-tha-haⁿ (u¢áhaⁿ) - you cook [JOD-Omaha]; u-tha-haⁿ (u-thá-hoⁿ) - you cook [FL-Osage]; o-tha-haⁿ (ooðáhą) - you cook [CQ-Osage]; o-ya-hoⁿ (óyahoⁿ) - you cook [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, di (di)

► di-ni-ke (diníke) - you have none, you are lacking, from ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking

► cf. aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I have none, I am lacking

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: ni-xi-te di-ni-ke (niγítte diníke) - inner ear/you had none/=you were disobedient [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, ma-shtiⁿ-ke ni-xi-te di-ni-ke (hǫ, maštį́ke niγítte diníke) - yes, rabbit you have been disobedient [JOD]

► ex: di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (diníke taitʰé) - you have none/shall (plural) [JOD]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, mind [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-thiⁿ-ge (¢i¢íñge) - you are destitute of, you have none [JOD-Omaha]; thi-thiⁿ-ge (thi-thiⁿ-ge) - you have nothing [FL-Osage]; thi-thiⁿ-ke (ðiðį́įke) - you lack it, you have none [CQ-Osage]; yi-yiⁿ-ge (yiyíⁿge) - you have none [Kaw]

 

► naⁿ-pe-di-hi (nąppédihi) - you’re hungry, from naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry

► cf. naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi (ną́ppeą́hi) - I’m hungry

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-pe-thi-hi (naⁿpé¢ihi) - you hungry [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ʰpe-thi-hi (noⁿ-pé-thi-hi) - you are hungry [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-pe-yi-hi (noⁿpéyihi) - you are hungry [Kaw]

 

► o-di-zhe-da (odížeda) - you’re tired, you’re weary, from o-zhe-da (ožéda) - tired, weary

► cf. oⁿ-zhe-da (ǫ́žeda) - I’m tired, I’m weary

► Dhegiha: u-thi-zhe-tha (u¢íje¢a) - you are tired, you are weary [JOD-Omaha]; u-thi-zhe-tha (u-thí-zhe-tha) - you are tired, you are weary [FL-Osage]; o-thi-zhe-tha (oðížeða) - you are tired [CQ-Osage]; o-yi-zhe-ya (oyízheya) - you are tired, you are weary [Kaw]

 

► sni-di-tʰe (sníditʰe) - you’re cold, from sni-tʰe (snítʰe) - to be cold

► cf. sni-aⁿ-tʰe (sníątʰe) - I’m cold

► Dhegiha: sni-tʰe (s͓ní¢ite) - you are cold [JOD-Omaha]; hni-thi-ʰtse (hni-thí-ṭse) - you are cold [FL-Osage]; ni-thi-ʰtse (níðiʰce) - you’re cold [CQ-Osage]; hni-yi-tse (hníyice) - you are cold [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, i-da (ída)

► i-da (ída) - you talk, you speak (stress placed on í in you form), from i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak

► cf. i-da (idá) - I talk, I speak (stress placed on á in I form)

► Dhegiha: i-tha-e (í¢ae) - you speak of it [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-e (í-tha-e) - you speak [FL-Osage]; i-tha-e (íðae) - you speak of it [CQ-Osage]

 

► i-da-de (ídade) - you see or find (stress placed on í in you form), from i-de (íde) - to see or find

► cf. i-da-de (idáde) - I see or find (stress placed on á in I form)

► Dhegiha: i-tha-the (í¢a¢e) - you find, you discover [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-the (í-tha-the) - you discern, you discovered [FL-Osage]; i-tha-the (íiðaðe) - you see, you find [CQ-Osage]; i-ya-ye (íyaye) - you see, you watch, you find, you disciver [Kaw]

 

► i-da-tʰiⁿ (ídatʰį) - you hit or strike with something (stress placed on í in you form), from i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something

► cf. i-da-tʰiⁿ (idátʰį) - I hit or strike with something (stress placed on á in I form)

► Dhegiha: i-tha-tʰiⁿ (í¢atiⁿ) - you hit an object with something [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-tsiⁿ (í-tha-tsiⁿ) - you strike with [FL-Osage]; i-tha-tsʰiⁿ (íiðacʰį) - you hit with [CQ-Osage]; i-ya-chiⁿ (íyachiⁿ) - you strike with something [Kaw]

 

► i-da-xa (ídaxa) - you laugh (stress placed on í in you form), from i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile

► cf. i-da-xa (idáxa) - I laugh (stress placed on á in I form)

► Dhegiha: i-tha-xa (í¢aqa) - you laugh [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-xa (í-tha-xa) - you laugh [FL-Osage]; i-tha-xa (íðaxa) - you laugh [CQ-Osage]; i-ya-xa (íyaxa) - you laugh, you smile [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, sh (š)

► i-she (išé) - you say, from e (e), i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé) - say

► cf. i-he (ihé) - I say

► ex: de ta-taⁿ i-she (de táttą išé) - what do you say this is?; what do you call this? [JOD]

► ex: i-she naⁿ (išé ną) - you said/regularly [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she naⁿ e (hą́ išé ną e) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► ex: i-e i-she ni-she (íe išé nišé) - you said it [AG]

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ taⁿ (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą tą) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► ex: ko-i-she e (kói išé e) - you say that/? [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “i-kaⁿ-e! haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ ko-i-she e,” i-yi i-ya (ešǫ́, “ikką́-e! hąnį́ttą kói išé e,” iyí iyá) - and then he said, “grandmother, why do you say that?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-she-sha-zhi (kóiše-šáži) - you did not say those [JOD]

► ex: “ho-ho-xo! ma-shtiⁿ-ke, i-ye tʰe ko-i-she-sha-zhi naⁿ niⁿ-tʰe (“hóhoxó! maštį́ke, íye tʰe kóiše-šáži ną́ nįtʰé) - “really! rabbit, you have never talked in this manner before now [JOD]

► ex: i-she (išé) - you say it [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke, “haⁿ! haⁿ! haⁿ! i-she na-ha!” i-yi i-ya (ešǫ́ maštį́ke, “hą́! hą́! hą́! išé nahá!” iyí iyá) - then rabbit said, “beware lest you say, “haⁿ! haⁿ! haⁿ!” it is said [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-ta-tʰe i-she naⁿ e-kaⁿ pa-xe te (táttą íttatʰe išé ną eką́ ppáγe tté) - whatever you say you want to eat, I will make it like that [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-she (ecé) - you say [JOD-Omaha]; e-she (e-she) - you say [FL-Osage]; e-she (éše) - you say [CQ-Osage]; e-she (eshé) - you say [Kaw]

 

► shka-xe (škáγe) - you make, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► cf. pa-xe (ppáγe) - I make

► ex: shka-xe (škáγe) - you made (you make) [OM]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shka-xe ni-kʰe (táttą škáγe nikʰé) - what are you making? [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe shpoⁿ hi shka-xe (nąpé špǫ hi škáγe) - you made (make) hand wet [MS]

► ex: do-taⁿ shka-xe (dóttą škáγe) - you straighten, you pull straight, from do-taⁿ ka-xe (dóttą káγe) - straighten, pull straight

► ex: shka-xe ta-we (škáγe ttawé) - you make him/will (pl.) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke shka-xe ta-we iyáwe e-de (maštį́ke kahíke škáγe ttawé iyáwe edé) - they say, you’all will surely make Rabbit chief! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shka-xe (ckáxe) - you make, you do [JOD-Omaha]; shka-xe (shká-xe) - you make [FL-Osage]; shka-xe (škáaγe) - you make [CQ-Osage]; shka-ghe (shkághe) - you make [Kaw]

 

► shtaⁿ-we (štą́we) - you look, from toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something

► cf. taⁿ-we (ttą́we) - I look

► Dhegiha: shtaⁿ-be (ctáⁿbe) - you look at; you perceive; you see it [JOD-Omaha]; shtoⁿ-be (shtóⁿ-be) - you see; you look; you view [FL-Osage]; shtoⁿ-pe (štǫ́pe) - you watch it [CQ-Osage]; shtoⁿ-be (shtóⁿbe) - you see, you look at [Kaw]

 

► shi (ši) - you have been, you reach or arrive there, from hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been

► cf. pʰi (pʰi) - I have been, I reach or arrive there

► ex: ha-ki shi e (háki ši e) - where have you been? [MS]

► ex: e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ, t’e-di-da-we,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́, tʔédidawe,” iyé nį, iyá) - then you went and thus, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said [JOD]

► ex: he-be wa-da-ki-tiⁿ shi a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (hébe wádakittį́ ší ážąmį́) - I think that you took a piece for someone [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shi (cí) - you reach there; you arrive [JOD-Omaha]; shi (shi) - you went [FL-Osage]; shi (ší), shi-e (šíe) - you go there (motion accomplished, come there, arrive there [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - you arrive, you reach there [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, shp (šp)

► a-shpa-zo (ášpazo) - you point at, from a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at

► cf. a-pa-zo (áppazo) - I point at

► Dhegiha: a-shpa-zu (ácpazu) - you point at with the finger [JOD-Omaha]; a-shpa-zu (á-shpa-çu) - you point at; you select; you indicate [FL-Osage]; a-shpa-zo (ášpazo) - you point at, you point to; you select by pointing [CQ-Osage]; a-shpa-zo (áshpazo) - you point at with the finger [Kaw]

 

► i-shpa-haⁿ (íšpahą) - you know, from i-ba-haⁿ (íbahą), i-ba-haⁿ (íbahǫ) - know, recognize

► cf. i-pa-haⁿ (íppahą) - I know

► ex: i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - you’all that understand [AG]

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we (íšpahąwé) - you (plural) know it [JOD]

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we a, e-te-te (íšpahąwé a, étte tte) - do you’all know? I wonder. [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-shpa-haⁿ (icpahaⁿ) - you know, you have knowledge of a person or object [JOD-Omaha]; i-shpa-hoⁿ (í-shpa-hoⁿ) - you know [FL-Osage]; i-shpa-hoⁿ íšpahǫ) - you know; you understand; you recognize [CQ-Osage]; i-shpa-hoⁿ (ishpahoⁿ) - you know, you understand [Kaw]

 

► o-shpe-tʰaⁿ (ošpétʰą) - you wrap something around an object, from o-be-tʰaⁿ (obétʰą) - wrap something around an object

► cf. o-pe-tʰaⁿ (oppétʰą) - I wrap something around an object

► Dhegiha: u-shpe-tʰaⁿ (ucpetaⁿ) - you wrap something, as a blanket, around an object; you wrap a bandage around a limb; you bandage; you make up or wrap up a bundle [JOD-Omaha]; u-shpe-ʰtoⁿ (u-shpé-ṭoⁿ) - you wrap or envelop [FL-Osage]; o-shpe-txaⁿ (ošpétxaⁿ), o-shpe-tkxaⁿ (ošpétkxaⁿ) - you wrap or tie up stuff as a bundle [CQ-Osage]; o-shpe-khaⁿ (oshpékhaⁿ) - you wrap up, you wrap something around an object, you bandage [Kaw]

 

► shpi-xoⁿ (špíxǫ) - you break or crush, from bi-xoⁿ (bixǫ́) - break, crush

► cf. pi-xoⁿ (ppíxǫ) - I break or crush

► Dhegiha: shpi-xaⁿ (cpiqaⁿ) - you cause to break, but not in two, as a chair, by sitting on it [JOD-Omaha]; shpi-xoⁿ (shpí-xoⁿ) - you break down; you crease [FL-Osage]; shpi-xoⁿ (špíxǫ) - you break down [CQ-Osage]; shpu-xoⁿ (shpúxoⁿ) - you break something by sitting on it; you break, but not in two, as a chair, by weight or pressure [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, t (tt)

► ta-taⁿ (ttáttą) - you drink, from da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink

► cf. bda-taⁿ (bdáttą) - I drink

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ttattą́ nįkʰé) - you are drinking

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ (ttattą́ ną) - you drink, you’re a drunkard

► Dhegiha: shna-tʰaⁿ (c͓nataⁿ), hna-tʰaⁿ (hnataⁿ) - you drink [JOD-Omaha]; shta-ʰtoⁿ (shta-ṭoⁿ), shna-ʰtoⁿ (shná-ṭoⁿ), hna-ʰtoⁿ (hná-ṭoⁿ) - you drink [FL-Osage]; shta-ʰtaⁿ (štáaʰtą) - you drink [CQ-Osage]; hna-taⁿ (hnátaⁿ) - you drink [Kaw]

 

► ta-tʰe (ttátʰe) - you eat, you chew, from da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew

► cf. bda-tʰe (bdátʰe) - I eat, I chew

► Dhegiha: shna-tʰe (c͓nate), hna-tʰe (hnate) - you eat [JOD-Omaha]; stsa-tse (stsa-tse), sta-tse (stá-tse), na-tse (na-tse) - you eat [FL-Osage]; shta-tsʰe (štáacʰe) - you eat [CQ-Osage]; hna-che (hnáche) - you eat [Kaw]

 

► te (tté) - you go, from de (de) - go

► cf. bde (bdé) - I go

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: ha-ki te (háki tté) - where you going? [MS, OM]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te (hǫnį́ttą tté) - why you going? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą tté tta nikʰé) - why will you be going? why are you going? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) - do you want to go to the show? [OM]

► Dhegiha: shne (c͓né), hne (hné) - you go [JOD-Omaha]; stse (stse) - you go [FL-Osage]; shtse (šcée) - you go [CQ-Osage]; hne (hne) - you go [Kaw]

 

► wa-da-naⁿ-bde (wadánąbdé) - you eat a meal, you dine, from wadánąbdé (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine

► cf. a-wa-naⁿ-bde (awánąbdé) - I eat a meal, I dine

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-noⁿ-bthe (wa-thá-noⁿ-bthe) - you eat, you dine [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-noⁿ-bre (waðánǫbre) - you dine, you eat [CQ-Osage]; wa-ya-noⁿ-ble (wayánoⁿble) - you eat a meal, you dine [Kaw]

 

you verb conjugation, zh (ž)

► zhiⁿ (žį) - you wear, from ’iⁿ (ʔį) - wear

► cf. miⁿ (mį) - I wear

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ (jiⁿ) - you wear [JOD-Omaha]; zhiⁿ žį́) - you wear, you are wearing [CQ-Osage]; zhiⁿ (zhíⁿ) - you wear about the shoulders [Kaw]

 

► zhoⁿ (žǫ) - you do, be, use, or have, from ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use, have

► cf. moⁿ (mǫ) - I do

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ (hažǫ́) - what or how are you doing? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - you do [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - you do, engage in [CQ-Osage]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - you do [Kaw]

 

you verb double conjugation, da (dá) + sh (š)

► da-ki-shka-xe (dakíškaγe) - you fix, you repair, from ki-ka-xe (kikáγe) - fix, repair

► cf. a-ki-pa-xe (akíppaγe) - I fix, I repair

► Dhegiha: tha-gi-shka-xe (tha-gí-shka-xe) - you mended [FL-Osage]; tha-ki-shka-xe (ðákiškáaγe) - you make it over, you do over, you repair or fix [CQ-Osage]

 

you verb double conjugation, da (dá) + t (tt)

► da-maⁿ-tiⁿ (damą́ttį) - you walk, maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► cf. a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ (amą́bdį) - I walk

► ex: haⁿ-e hi da-maⁿ-tiⁿ ni-she?” i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (hą́e hi damą́ttį nišé?” iyí iyá sniwátte) - “on what very important business are you traveling?” it is said Winter said [JOD]

► ex: a-di-ka-sho-te da-maⁿ-tiⁿ (ádikašótte damą́tį) - you walk while dust is blowing on you

► Dhegiha: a-tha-maⁿ-shniⁿ (á¢amáⁿc͓niⁿ), a-tha-maⁿ-hniⁿ (a¢amaⁿhniⁿ) - you walk on or over [JOD-Omaha]; a-tha-moⁿ-ni (á-tha-moⁿ-ni) - you walk on [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-shniⁿ (maⁿcníⁿ), maⁿ-hniⁿ (maⁿhníⁿ), maⁿ-niⁿ (maⁿníⁿ) - you walk [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-stsiⁿ (moⁿ-stsiⁿ), moⁿ-shni (moⁿ-shni), moⁿ-ni (moⁿ-ni) - you walk [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hniⁿ (maⁿhníⁿ) - you walk [Kaw]

 

you verb double conjugation, sh (š) + t (tt)

► shkoⁿ-ta (škǫ́tta) - you want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

► cf. koⁿ-bda (kkǫ́bda) - I want

► ex: shkoⁿ-ta zhi (škǫ́tta ži) - you don’t want

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: ma-hiⁿ shkoⁿ-ta e (máhį škǫtta e) - do you want a knife?

► ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha shkoⁿ-ta (makką́ša škǫttá) - do you want coffee? [AG]

► ex: ni shkoⁿ-ta (ni škǫttá) - do you want water? [MS]

► ex: ta-toⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttǫ škǫttá) - what do you want? [OM]

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) -do you want to go to the show? [OM]

► ex: wa-tʰe shkoⁿ-ta (watʰé škǫttá) - do you want a dress? [OM]

► Dhegiha: shkoⁿ-shna (ckáⁿc͓na), shkoⁿ-na (ckáⁿna), shkoⁿ-hna (ckáⁿhna) - you desire, you wish, you want [JOD-Omaha]; shkoⁿ-shda (shkóⁿ-shda), shkoⁿ-shta (shkóⁿ-shta), shkoⁿ-sda (shkoⁿ-sda) - you desire, you want [FL-Osage]; shkoⁿ-shta (škǫ́šta) - you want, you desire [CQ-Osage]; shkoⁿ-hna (shkóⁿhna) - you want, you wish, you hope [Kaw]

 

you verb double conjugation, sh (š) + zh (ž)

► shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you do well, you are an expert, from pi-’oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity

► cf. pi-moⁿ (ppímǫ) - I do well, I am an expert

► Dhegiha: shpi-zhoⁿ (shpi-zhoⁿ) - you are expert, you are skillfull [FL-Osage]; shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you know how to dod something, you are skilled at or expert in [CQ-Osage]

 

you, 2^nd person singular continuative moving

► ni-she (nišé), da-ni-she (danišé) - you, 2sg continuative moving

► ex: ni-she-naⁿ (nišéną) - you, continuative habitual

► ex: shoⁿ-ni-she (šǫ́nišé) - you, finally, mv/an/sb

► ex: e haⁿ-te a-shi-aⁿ-he ni-she (e hą́tte ášią́he niše) - why are you following behind? [JOD]

► ex: ha-ki te ni-she (hakí tté niše) - where are you going? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-e hi da-maⁿ-tiⁿ ni-she?” i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (hą́e hi damą́ttį nišé?” iyí iyá sniwátte) - “on what very important business are you traveling?” it is said Winter said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: i-e i-she ni-she (íe išé nišé) - you said it [AG]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (háažǫ nišé) - how are you (how are you doing)? [AG]

► ex: jhi-e ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (ǰíe hážǫ níšé) - how are you (how are you doing)? [AG]

► ex: jhi-e shi-zhi-ka a-tiⁿ ni-she (jhíe šižíkka attį́ nišé) - do you have any children? [AG]

► ex: jhi-e shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ a-tiⁿ ni-she (ǰíe šǫ́keáknį attį́ nišé) - have you got a horse? [AG]

► Dhegiha: tha-thiⁿ-she (thá-thiⁿ-shé) - 2sg aux, in motion; you who move [JOD-Omaha]; tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thíⁿ-she) - you who are going [FL-Osage]; thaiⁿ-she (ðaįšé), thaⁿ-she (ðąąšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 2^nd sg. subject (action or state may continue from past to present, corresponding to English perfect ‘have/had been’ [CQ-Osage]; ya-yi-she (yayishé) - continuative, you (sg), while moving (or not visible) [Kaw]

 

you, 2^nd person singular continuative sitting

► ni-kʰe (nikʰé) - you, 2^nd person singular continuative sitting

► ex: ta-taⁿ shka-xe ni-kʰe (táttą škáγe nikʰé) - what are you making? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą tté tta nikʰé) - why will you be going?, why are you going? [MS]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we ni-kʰe (dixáži wadáxowé nikʰé) - hill/draws people into its mouth/you who are [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we ni-kʰe, aⁿ-da-xo-wa! (dixáži wadáxowé nikʰé, ądáxowá!) - you are the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth, draw me in! [JOD]

► ex: o-da-ki-tʰoⁿ ni-kʰe (odákitʰǫ nikʰé) - you who are putting on your (moccasins) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe o-da-ki-tʰoⁿ ni-kʰe (hǫpé odákitʰǫ nikʰé) - moccasins/you who are putting on your [JOD]

► ex: o-ti-ti! hoⁿ-pe o-da-ki-tʰoⁿ ni-kʰe! (óttitti! hǫpé odákitʰǫ nikʰé!) - hurry! you putter on of moccasins! [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ i-di-bnaⁿ ni-kʰe (hąnį́ttą idíbną nikʰé) - why are you satiated? [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, ha-zhoⁿ ni-kʰe, i-ke (įkną́, hažǫ́ nikʰé, iké) - “first son, what are you doing?” she said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hniⁿ-kʰe (hniⁿkʰé) - you who are, you who sit, second person singular [Omaha/Ponca]; niⁿ-kshe (nįkšé), ni-kshe (ni-kshe) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd sg. sitting object [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-khe (hniⁿkhé) - continuative you (singular), while sitting [Kaw]

 

you, 2^nd person singular, continuative standing

► da-tʰaⁿ-she (dátʰąšé) - you, 2^nd person singular, continuative auxiliary standing

► ex: di-e da-tʰaⁿ-she (diĭ â-to-toⁿ-ci) - thou art [LH]

► ex: da-tʰaⁿ-she (dátʰąšé) - you stand awhile [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we, i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe, iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-toⁿ-she (thátoⁿshé) - second person singular [JOD-Osage]; tha-toⁿ-she (tha-toⁿ-she) - standing [FL-Osage]; tha-txaⁿ-she (ðatxą́še) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past) for standing 2^nd sg. or 2^nd pl. subject, may also be used for imminent future action or state [CQ-Osage]; ya-kha-she (yakháshe) - continuative you (sg), while standing [Kaw]

 

you, contrastive

► di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive

► cf. wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I; oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we (contrastive), “we, on the one hand”

► Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else; I in contrast to others; I on one hand; I on the other hand [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e-zha (thíezha) - marks a contrast between the one addressed and another or others; you on the one hand; you on the other [Omaha/Ponca]; aⁿ-gu-e-zha (añgúeja) - we on the one hand [JOD-Omaha]

 

you, I to you

► wi (wi) - I to you, first person singular acting on second person

► ex: i-wi-ki-de (íwíkide) - I see you; from i-ki-de (íkide) - to see one’s own

► ex: i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (íwíkide ą́dakní) - I’m glad to see you [AB, OM]

► ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I’m glad to see you [FR]

► ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ (winaxʔǫ) - I heard you; from na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen

► ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ zhi (winaxʔǫ́ ži) - I didn’t hear you [MS]

► ex: wi-toⁿ-we (witǫ́we) - I’m looking at you; from toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something [MR]

► ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ-ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwittąwe ažą́tta mįkʰe) - I will lie watching you; from a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), a-taⁿ-we (áttąwe) - look upon

► ex: o-wi-bda (owíbda) - I tell you; from o-bda (obdá) - I tell something

► ex: wi-k’i (wikʔí) - I give to you; from k’i (kʔi) - to give something to someone

► ex: ti de wi-k’i (tti dé wikʔí) - I give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her) for me and return here I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her, my own, back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: wi-bda-xta (wibdaxtá) - I bite you; from bda-xta (bdáxta) - I bite something [MS]

► ex: wi-ki-kaⁿ ta (wi-gi-kun-tâ) - I will help you; from o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone  [LH]

► ex: o-wi-kaⁿ-shi-ka (owíkkąšiká) - I hate you; from o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká) - hate

► ex: o-wi-tʰiⁿ (owítʰį) - I hit you; from o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit

► ex: a-wi-aⁿ-bde (áwią́bde) - I give it (illness) to you; from a-aⁿ-de (áąde) - to give an illness; communicate a disease

► ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you; from a-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (ábdaska aknį́) - I sit close

► ex: a-wi-bdi-xe (áwibdiγe) - I take you for my husband; from a-bdi-xe (ábdiγe) - I take a man for a husband, I marry a man

► ex: a-wi-ka-zhi (áwikaži) - I command you, I tell you to do something; from a-ka-zhi (ákaži) - command, tell someone to do something

► ex: e-koⁿ ka-xe a-wi-ka-zhi (ekǫ́ káγe áwikaži) - I commanded you to do so

► ex: wa-wi-ka-zhiⁿ (wáwikažį) - I tell you to do something [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-ki-bda (áwikkibda) - I attack you in return, blow for blow; from a-a-ki-bda (áakkíbda) - I attack in return, I return blow for blow

► ex: a-wi-ki-bda ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkibda ttá mįkʰé) - I will attack you in return

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa (áwikkippá) - I meet you; from a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I will meet you

► ex: xta-wi-de (xtawidé) - I love you, from xta-de (xtadé) - love

► ex: o-wi-ki (owikki) - I say/talk to you; from o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okki) - speak, talk with one

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe (owikki tta mįkʰé) - I’m going to talk to you [MS]

► ex: ka-shoⁿ o-wi-ki miⁿ-kʰe (kašǫ owikki mįkʰé) - that’s all I have to say to you [MS]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, šemi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: a-wi-ki-bde (áwikíbde) - I go for/fetch for you; from a-ki-bde (akíbdé) - I go for/fetch something, not my own [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-ki-bde te (áwikíbde tté) - I will go after it for you

► ex: a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back your, I have brought for you; from a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákibnį akdí) - I brought it back to him/her

► ex: we-da-niⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (wédanį áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back for you (my relation) clothing [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-zha-miⁿ (áwižamį́) - I honor you; from a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (ážąmį) - I think, regard; I treat as

► ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke (ówikibdáke) - I tell you; from o-ki-da-ke (ókibdake) - I tell it to my own [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe (ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé) - I will tell you’all the news [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - yes, I have come, I have come to tell you something, the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (wikíkdakʔį́) - I carry you, my own (around) on my back; from ki-kda-k’iⁿ (kikdakʔį) - carry one’s own bundle or pack on one’s own back [JOD]

► ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a (wikíkdakʔį́ tteá) - I will carry you on my back [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tteá,” iké) - “all right! I will carry you (on my back),” she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te iⁿ,” i-yi (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tté į́,” iyí) - “all right! I will carry you (on my back),” he said [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-kda a-tʰi (awíkda atʰí) - I have come for you, my own; from a-kda a-tʰi (ákda atʰí) - I arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not my home) to get my own object (horse, child, gun, etc.)

► ex: “a-wi-kda a-tʰi, iⁿ-kaⁿ,” i-ke (“awíkda atʰí, įkką́,” iké) - he said to her, “I have come for you (my own), grandmother” [JOD]

► ex: wi-bdi-ze (wibdíze) - I get for you [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka wa-da-ki-te naⁿ maⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe a-shi-aⁿ-he a-ni-he (wažį́ka wadákkitté ną́ mą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe ášią́he anihé) - when you shoot the birds, I’ll walk behind you getting the arrows for you [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe a-shi-aⁿ-he (šiną́ wažį́ka tʔédade nąhą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe ášią́he) - if you kill a bird again, I’ll walk behind and get it for you [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi (wi) - a pr. fragment, including both sub. and ob.; I--you(s) [JOD-Omaha]; wi (wi) - combined marker of 1st person sg. Subject and 2nd person object, “I …you” [CQ-Osage]; wi (wi) - I/you, where 'I' is the subject and 'you' is the object [Kaw]

 

you, if or had it been you

► di-e-taⁿ (díettą) - if it were you; had it been you

► cf. wi-e-taⁿ (wíettą) - I, if it were I; oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we, rather than others

► ex: di-e-taⁿ di-o-za t’e-da-de tʰe ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe (díettą dióza tʔédadé tʰe hóttą nitʰé) - it would be good if it had been you that had recently killed it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-e-daⁿ (¢í-edaⁿ) - you rather (than I) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: e-daⁿ (é-daⁿ) - he rather (than any one else), he to exclusion of others [JOD-Omaha]

 

you’all

► di-a-we (díawe) - you’all

► cf. di-e (díe) - you; we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

 

► 2^nd person singular + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-ta-we (díttawe) - you’all’s, from di-ta (dítta) - your, yours + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we (íšpahąwé) - you’all know, from i-shpa-haⁿ (íšpahą) - you know + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-shi-ka-we (díšikáwe) - you’all are bad, from di-shi-ke (dišíke) - you’re bad + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

► ex: ta-ta-we (ttatáwe) - you (plural) eat it [JOD], from ta-tʰe (ttátʰe) - you eat + a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: te-naⁿ-te de niⁿ-kʰe shiⁿ-xti ta-ta-we ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe (tteną́tte dé-nįkʰé šįxtí ttatáwe hóttą nitʰé) - it would have been good for you’all to eat this very fat buffalo heart [JOD]

► ex: ta-ta-wa-zhi (ttatáwaži) - you (plural) do not eat [JOD], from ta-tʰe (ttátʰe) - you eat + a-we (awe) - pluralizer + a-zhi (aži) - negation, not

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰe ta-ta-wa-zhi e (hǫ́tʰe ttatáwaži e) - why do you’all not eat? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1^st or 2^nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3^rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3^rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í [Kaw]

 

► command form + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: e-ti da-we (étti dawé) - there/go ye! [JOD]

► ex: “maⁿ-tʰo i-shta zhi-te e-ti da-we! te da-k’iⁿ da-kdi ta-i!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“mątʰó ištá žitté étti dawé! tté dakʔį dakdí ttai!” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “you’all go there, to the red-eyed Grizzly bear! you’all will pack the buffalo back here!” Rabbit said to them, it is said [JOD]

 

► command form + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer + ka (ka) - imperative, command

► ex: e-ti kda-we-ka! (ettí kdawé-ka!) - there/go ye again/imperative [JOD]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ da-tʰi-ke-we i-te e-ti kda-we-ka! (hákidedétʰą datʰí-ké-we itté ettí kdawé-ka!) - from wherever you’all may have come from, go there to your respective homes! [JOD]

► ex: da-we-ka! (dá-weká!) - go ye! [JOD]

► ex: da-we-ka! (dá-weká!) - you’all begone! [JOD]

► ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka (okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká) - give ye the scalp yell often! [JOD]

► ex: wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé, ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - I will give the attack cry first, at that time you’all must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said [JOD]

 

you’all usually

► 2^nd person singular + naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we (daxʔéąkkidé nąwé) - you (plural) used to be kind to him for me [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to Rabbit for me? [JOD]

 

you’all will or shall

► 2^nd person singular + ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic + we (we), a-we (awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer

► ex: shka-xe ta-we (škáγe ttawé) - you make/will (plural)

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke shka-xe ta-we iyáwe e-de (maštį́ke kahíke škáγe ttawé iyáwe edé) - they say, you’all will surely make Rabbit chief! [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - you give the scalp yell often/will (plural)

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: da-k’iⁿ da-kdi ta-i (tté dakʔį dakdí ttai) - you carry on the back/you return here/will (plural)

► ex: “maⁿ-tʰo i-shta zhi-te e-ti da-we! te da-k’iⁿ da-kdi ta-i!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“mątʰó ištá žitté étti dawé! tté dakʔį dakdí ttai!” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “you’all go there, to the red-eyed Grizzly bear! you’all will pack the buffalo back here!” Rabbit said to them, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural; shall [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

 

you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative auxiliary

► da-ke-she (dakéše) - you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative auxiliary standing

 

► a-pa-she (apáše) - you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative moving

► Dhegiha: pa-she (paašé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd pl. sitting/moving/lying down subject, you are characterized by the preceding expression, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; pa-she (pashé), ba-she (baashé) - continuative you (plural), while moving [Kaw]

 

► ni-kʰa-she (nikʰáše) - you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative sitting

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to Rabbit for me? [JOD]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles [JOD]

► ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you’all that understand [AG]

► Dhegiha: hnoⁿ-kʰa-she (hnoⁿkʰáshe) - you who are, you who sit, stand, recline, etc. (pl.) [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-ka-she (nóⁿ-ka-she) - you who are sitting there [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-kxa-she (nąkxáše) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd pl. sitting object, often heard in the greeting to the participants and the audience at the war dance gathering as most are seated [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ-kha-she (hnaⁿkháshe) - you plural, while sitting, while standing, positional continuative [Kaw]

 

you’all’s, yours (plural)

► di-ta-we (díttawe) - your (plural), yours (plural), y’all’s (alienable)

► cf. di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer

► Dhegiha: thi-thi-ta-i (thithítai) - yours, your own (pl) [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ta-pi (ðíʰtaapi) - your (two or more of you) [CQ-Osage]

 

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