Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

cabbage

► a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]

► a-be-de-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abedéʰnǫʰnǫ), a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage

► a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]

► cf. a-pe (apé) - leaf; di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy; kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous

► Dhegiha: 'a-be ('ábe) - leaf, leaves of a plant, leaf, leaves [Omaha/Ponca]; a-be (á-be) - foliage, leaves, leaf [FL-Osage]; a-pe (ápe) - leaf [CQ-Osage]

cache

► o-xe (óxe) - cache

► cf. xe (xe) - bury; mi-xe (míxe) - grave; wa-x’e (waxʔé) - grave [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-xe (uxe) - cellar, grave, tomb [Omaha]; o-xe (óxe) - grave, ditch, burial place [CQ-Osage]; o-xe (óxe) - cache, grave in the ground, this is in contrast to burials above ground, such as on a scaffold or in a tree [Kaw]

► o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache

► cf. o-xe (óxe) - cache; di-xto (dixtó) - pull open, peel back; di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface; xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab; xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord

► o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache

► cf. di-xto (dixtó) - pull open, peel back

► wa-ti-he (wattíhe) - cache dug by mice for food

► cf. wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cache, cellar

► Dhegiha: ti-he (tíhe) - hole where a field mouse buries its store of beans for the winter [Omaha/Ponca]

► wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cache, cellar

► cf. wa-ti-he (wattíhe) - cache dug by mice for food

cactus

► ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó) - cactus plant

► ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus [MS]

► cf. ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto), wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - thrust or pierce, to pierce, to perforate, to perforate the ear [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce or impale with an awl or tined instrument [Kaw]

cactus fruit

► ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo da-s’iⁿ (keną́baxdó dasʔį́) - cactus fruit, "what sticks..."

► cf. ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó) - cactus plant; ta-ni-ba-he-ta o-da-s’iⁿ (taníbahétta ódasʔį) - elderberries

► Dhegiha: u-tha-s’iⁿ (uthás’iⁿ) - connected, joined, in connection with, joined to [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ʰts’iⁿ (u-thá-ṭs’iⁿ) - attached, attachment, as fruit is attached to a vine or tree [FL-Osage];

Caddo

► so-de (sóde), su-de (súde) - Caddo Indians

► su-de (súd^¢ĕ) - Kwapa name for the Caddo Indians [JOD]

► su-de (sŭdeh) - Caddo Indians (cadeau) [GI]

cake

► wa-ske ski-de (wáskeskíde) - cake

► wa-ske ski-de (wáskeskíde) - cake [OM]

► cf. wa-ske (wáske), (waské) - bread, cake or any sort; ski-de (skíde) - sweet

► Dhegiha: wa-mu-ske ski-the (wamú́çke çkithe) - sweet roll, cake, cookies, cupcake [Omaha]; wa-bo-ski sku-we (wabóski skúwe) - cake, sweetcakes [Kaw]

calendar

► zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te (žǫ́xda žítte) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, when the buds are red

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; zhoⁿ-xda zhi-te hi (žǫ́xda žítte hi) - redbud tree; zhoⁿ-xda (žǫxdá) - bud; zhi-te (žítte) - red

► zhoⁿ-shti-we da-tʰe (žǫštíwe datʰé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, shti-we (štíwe) untranslated, not found elsewhere may mean 'straight' or 'soft', may refer to the beaver

► cf. da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew

► mi-wa-she shka (miwáše šká) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, when the wa-xo-ka taⁿ-ka (waxóka ttą́ka), 'dewberries' are ripe in Summer

► cf. wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot; ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

► wa-sa zhoⁿ aⁿ-he (wasá žǫ́ ąhé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter or late Autumn, precedes sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska)

► cf. wa-sa (wasá) - black bear; zhoⁿ (žǫ), zhaⁿ (žą) - sleep, lie, recline; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay sg/ly/in inside something, put

► sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter, precedes pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska)

► cf. sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - winter [FR, OM]; sni-wa-te (sníwatte) sni-wa-te - cold weather [MS, AG]; (sníwatte) - winter, north; sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - power of winter (male); o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half (in length)

► Dhegiha: ʰni-wa-ʰtse (ʰní-wa-ṭse) - cold weather, a cold day [FL-Osage]; ni-wa-ʰtse (níwaʰce) - be cold, an impersonal weather expression, not used for people [CQ-Osage]; hni-wa-tse (hniwace) - cold, as the weather, winter, the cold months, approximately September - February [Kaw]

► pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska) - midwinter, name of one of the months in the Quapaw lunar calendar, precedes zhaⁿ-to ti-te (žą́tto ttítte)

► cf. pa-de (páde) - winter; pa-de taⁿ (pádettą) - wintertime, when it is winter; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half (in length)

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - winter, year [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the (bá-the) - winter [FL-Osage]; pa-the (paðé) - winter [CQ-Osage]

► zhaⁿ-to ti-te (žą́tto títte) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, perhaps Spring, precedes pa-shte ti-te (ppašté titté)

► cf. zhaⁿ to-hi (žą ttohi) - mulberry tree [MS]; ti-te (títte) - ripe, cooked

► pa-shte ti-te (pašté titté) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar

► cf. pa-shte-ka (paštéka) - strawberry; ti-te (títte) - ripe, cooked

calf

► te-ska zhi-ka (tteská žiká) - calf

► te-ska zhiⁿ-ka (teskah-jinka) - calf (veau) [GI]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; te-ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”; zhi-ka (žiká), zhi-ka (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: te-ska zhiⁿ-ga (téçka zhiⁿga) - calf [Omaha]; ʰtse-ska zhiⁿ-ga (ṭsé-çka zhiⁿ-ga) - a calf [FL-Osage]; tse-ska zhiⁿ-ga (ceská zhíⁿga) - a calf [Kaw]

calf, buffalo calf

► te zhi-ka (ttežíka) - buffalo calf

► te zhi-ka (ttežíka) - buffalo calf, also male personal name [MS]

► te zhi-ka (te jí-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Buffalo Calf [JOD]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; zhi-ka (žiká, žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - little, small, young

► Dhegiha: te zhiⁿ-ga (tezhiⁿga) - name, Little Buffalo [Omaha]; te zhiⁿ-ga (tezhíⁿga) - buffalo calf, young buffalo [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse zhiⁿ-ga (ṭse zhi-ga) - little buffalo, unborn calf [FL-Osage]; ʰtse zhiⁿ (ʰceežį́) - small buffalo, unborn buffalo calf, any unborn calf, a valued food, especially for older people without good teeth, at peyote church the older ones get unborn calf as the best part of the beef at breakfast, along with corn, fruit, and water, these are the four things allowed, PM [CQ-Osage]; tse hiⁿ-ga (cehiⁿga) - buffalo calf [Kaw]

calf of the leg

► hi-zho (hížo), hiⁿ-zho (hįžó) - calf of the leg

► Dhegiha: hi-zhi (hi-zhú) - calf of the leg [FL-Osage]

calico

► wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico

► wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico cloth [OM]

► cf. wa-hiⁿ (wahį́) - cloth; ska (ska) - white; wa-hi-ska i-ti (wahíska ítti) - canvas tent; wa-hiⁿ-ska i-ti (wahį́ska ítti) - tipi [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-xiⁿ-ha (waxiⁿha) - calico, cloth, fabric [Omaha]; wa-xiⁿ-ha (waqíⁿha) - cloth, paper, linen or cotton cloth, calico [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xiⁿ-ha ska (waqíⁿha ská) - white cloth, cotton cloth, muslin cloth [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xiⁿ-ha ska (waxiⁿha çka) - muslin [Omaha]

► wa-hiⁿ-ska i-kaⁿ-ska-de (wahį́ska íkąskáde) - yard, lit. "calico measure"

► wa-ni i-kaⁿ-ska-de (waní íkąskáde) - yard, "a calico measure"

► cf. wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico; i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.

call

► baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo ► paⁿ (ppą́) - I, shpaⁿ (špą́) - you, aⁿ-baⁿ-we (ąbą́we) - we

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ ta (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą ta) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► Dhegiha: boⁿ (boⁿ) - call, to call out [Omaha/Ponca]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - scream [Omaha]; poⁿ (poⁿ) - yell [Omaha]; boⁿ (boⁿ) - to call [FL-Osage]; paⁿ (pą́) - holler, yell, scream, shout [CQ-Osage]; baⁿ (baⁿ) - call to [Kaw]

► ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, "to call to"

► ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - "flute" of cedar, from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

► ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - "flute" of cane, used by a lover to signal to his sweetheart, or to play when one "feels lonesome", from George Red Eagle [MH]

► Dhegiha: ki-boⁿ (kiboⁿ) - invite [Omaha]; gi-boⁿ (gí-boⁿ) - to call from a distance, to summon, to call to appear [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰpaⁿ (kíʰpą) - call, invite one’s relative(s) [CQ-Osage]; ki-paⁿ (kípą) - call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others, invite someone, not a relative [CQ-Osage]; gi-baⁿ (gibáⁿ) - call to one’s own children, etc. [Kaw]; gi-baⁿ (gíbaⁿ) - call to someone, call to another, call to another’s child, etc. [Kaw]

► wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I call to them

► Dhegiha: wa-paⁿ (wapą́) - call, holler for folks, invite people [CQ-Osage]; wa-paⁿ (wáapą) - invite folks to appear before others[CQ-Osage]; wa-baⁿ (wabáⁿ) - to call to them (not by their request [Kaw]

► da-te (daté) - read aloud, call or name something ► bda-te (bdáte) - I, ta-te (ttáte) - you

► cf. a-da-te (ádate) - read, say aloud; i-ka-zo-zo da-te (íkazózo daté) - school, school house [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te zha-zhe bda-te (mantĕ jajé pt^çatĕ) - I call (that) a boat [JOD]

► ex: de ta-taⁿ zha-zhe ta-te (d^¢e tataⁿ jaje tate) - what do you call ____? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-de (thadé) - to call, to name, to speak, utter, pronounce a name [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-dse (tha-dsé) - to call as by name, to pronounce [FL-Osage]; tha-tse (ðaacé) - call on someone’s name, say the name of something or someone, call, define as, assign a name to something or someone, use a name for something or someone, say, pronounce, read [CQ-Osage]; ya-je (yajé) - read, pronounce, to call by name [Kaw]

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar

► cf. ho (ho) - voice; ; o-ho (oho) - bark, as a dog [MS]; ga-ho-taⁿ (gahóttą) - whirr, roar; ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde) - whirr, hum, roar; naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on; ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]; ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]

► Dhegiha: hu tʰoⁿ (hútʰoⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, said of the cries of all animals except humans and hogs [Omaha]; ho-ʰtoⁿ (hóṭoⁿ) - the cry or call of animals or birds [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ (hóoʰtą) - yell, holler, shout, lit., “loud voice”, sing or sound out, make a loud sound, make animal sounds [CQ-Osage]; ho-taⁿ (hótaⁿ) - cry of an animal; an animal’s characteristic cry, a single term used to convey notions such as roar, bellow, whinny, caw, etc. [Kaw]

► ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]

► ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; ho toⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ka (hótąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago tribe or person "big voice," "loud voice," or "rough voice." [Kaw]

callous

► di-shi-ka (dišoká) - roughen, to callous

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling: inner instrumental prefix; sho-ka (šoká) - thick; a-ki-sho-ka (ákkišóka) - crowded, thick, dense, plentiful

► Dhegiha: shu-ga (shugá) - course, thick [Omaha/Ponca]; shu-ga (shuga) - thick [Omaha]; sho-ga (sho-gá) - thick, as applied to goods, skin, or any material [FL-Osage]; sho-ka (šooká) - thick [CQ-Osage]; sho-ga (shogá) - thick, hard [Kaw]; sho-ga (shóga) - thick, dense as a forest [Kaw]

calm

► ta-ti-oⁿ-ha-zhi (ttáttiǫ́haži) - windless, a calm

► cf. ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind; zhi (zhi) - not, negation; ta-ti oⁿ-he shi-ke (ttátti ǫ́he šiké) - storm, wind blowing hard [MS]; ta-ti o-di-bdi (ttátti ódibdí) - whirlwind; ta-ti o-kda-kʰaⁿ (ttáttiókdakʰą́) - across the wind, as when a boat tacks; ta-ti o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind; ta-ti o-hi-de (ttátti óhide) - cardinal points; whence the four winds blow

► Dhegiha: ta-de (tadé) - wind [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-de (tadé) - air, wind [Omaha]; ʰta-dse (ṭa-dsé) - wind, the winds, the four quarters of the earth, air [FL-Osage]; ʰta-tse (ʰtaacé) - wind, air [CQ-Osage]; ta-je (tajé) - wind [Kaw]

camp, be in a place, be sitting

► kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp, be sitting ► a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - I, da-kniⁿ (daknį́) - you

► cf. kniⁿ-ye (knį́ye) - sat, to have, have dwelt

► ex: kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit [OM]

► ex: kniⁿ (knį) - sit down! (command) [MS, AB, OM]

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ mi-aⁿ-ba a-ki-haⁿ a-kniⁿ (į́čʰǫ mią́ba mį́ ákkihą aknį́) - I have now been (here) over a month

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ) -dwell, live, reside [Kaw]

candle

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), a-ta-koⁿ (áttakkǫ) - lantern, light [MS, AB]

► a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), ha-ta-kaⁿ (hattáką) - lamp, lantern, light, candle

► cf. a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil; ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► Dhegiha: na-koⁿ (nakoⁿ) - when a light is on [Omaha]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ) - a light, artificial light [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ (átaʰką) - lamp, light [CQ-Osage]; a-da-kaⁿ (ádakaⁿ) - shine on, to give forth a light on an object, candle, light something up, illuminate [Kaw]

candy

► wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bniⁿ (wažǫ́ke skíde dibébnį), wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► cf. wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de (wažǫ́ke skíde) - sugar; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ni thi-be-bthiⁿ (zhoⁿní thibébthiⁿ) - twisted or plaited candy, “twisted sugar”, striped stick candy, candy cane, candy of any type [Omaha/Ponca]

cane

► i-sa-kde (ísakdé) - cane, walking stick, crutch

► i-sa-kde (ísakdé) - cane [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-sa-gthe (ísagthe) - forked stick, like those used for hanging kettles over a fire [Omaha/Ponca]; i-sa-gthe (í-ça-gthe) - a post planted in the ground, a cane or walking stick [FL-Osage]; i-sa (íisa) - cane, walking stick, crutch [CQ-Osage]; i-sa-le (ísale) - cane, crutch [Kaw]

canine teeth

► hi o-ta-ho-kde (hí ottahokdé) - teeth, canine

► cf. hi (hi) - tooth; hi o-ta-ho-kde o-ba-taⁿ (hí ottahokdé obáttą) - teeth, bicuspid; hi o-taⁿ-ka (hí ottą́ka) - teeth, molars

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - tooth; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tooth or teeth [FL-Osage]; hi (híi) - tooth, teeth [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Kaw]

cannon

► ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mazé ttą́ka) - cannon

► ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mazé ttą́ka) - cannon, “big gun” [MS]

► ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mŏzeh-tunkah) - cannon (canon) [GI]

► cf. ma-ze (maze) - iron, gun; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

cannon ball

► ma-ze taⁿ-ka we-ki-te (mazé ttą́ka wékkitte) - cannon ball

► cf. ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mazé ttą́ka) - cannon, “big gun”; we-ki-te (wékkitte) - bullet

canoe, boat

► maⁿ-te (mątté), (mąté) - boat, canoe

► maⁿ-te (mątté) - boat [MS]

► maⁿ-te (mont-teh) - small boat or boat (canot ou bateau) [GI]

► cf. maⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (mont-teh-tonkah) - large boat (canot grand) [GI]; pe-te maⁿ-te o-he-ki-de (ppétte mą́tte óhekkíde) - steamboat; maⁿ-te iⁿ-kʰe (monnteh-ínkĭēh) - oar, paddle (aviron) [GI]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-de (moⁿ-de) - hunting bow, boat, ferry, boat deck, canoe [Omaha]; ba-dse (ba-dsé) - any kind of boat [FL-Osage]; pa-tse (páce) - boat [CQ-Osage]; ba-je (bajé) - boat, canoe [Kaw]

canvas

► wa-hi-ska i-ti (wahíska ítti) - canvas tent

► wa-hiⁿ-ska i-ti (wahį́ska ítti) - tipi [MS]

► cf. wa-hiⁿ (wahį́) - cloth; wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico; wa-hi-ska i-ti ba-za (wahíska ítti bazá) - tent peg; ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► Dhegiha: ha-ska i-ʰtsi (ha-çka í-ṭsi) - tent of canvas [FL-Osage]; ha-ska i-ʰtsi (haaskáiʰci) - tent, long arbor house, lit., “cloth house” [CQ-Osage]; ha-ski-tsi (haskíci) - tent, canvas lodge [Kaw]

cap, hat

► o-kdaⁿ-ke (ókdąke), o-knaⁿ-ke (okną́ke) - hat or cap

► cf. xi-da o-knaⁿ-ke (xidá okną́ke) - headdress made of eagle skins

► Dhegiha: u-gthoⁿ-ge (u-gthoⁿ-ge) - hat [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ke (oolą́ke) - wear on the head, put on the head, don as a hat [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ke (óoląke) - hat, head cover, item worn on the head [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ge (ólaⁿge) - hat, cap [Kaw]

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną), pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną) - hat, cap, "head is put inside"

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat [MS, OM]

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (pah-hughĕnah) - hat, hood (chapeau) [GI]

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; wa-x’o pa-hi o-knaⁿ (waxʔó ppáhiókną) - bonnet; iⁿ-te o-kdaⁿ (į́tte ókdą) - mask, lit. "put the face in it"

► ex: pa-hi oknaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi okną-nįkʰe) - the hat

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tta mįkʰé) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-ki-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši ákikną tʰą) - he is putting his hat on the table

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ pa-gthoⁿ (máshoⁿpágthoⁿ) - headdress, feather bonnet, eagle feathers [Omaha/Ponca]; te-he pa-gthoⁿ (tehépagthóⁿ) - buffalo horn headdress [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-pa-gthoⁿ(wáqupágthoⁿ) - hat, cap “white man’s head covering” [Omaha/Ponca]

cap, percussion cap

► zhi-ka o-bi-taⁿ (žíka óbittą́) - cap, percussion

captain

► to-taⁿ haⁿ-ka (totą́hąka) - war captain, war chief

► cf. to-taⁿ (totą́) - war; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral/first gens

► Dhegiha: nu-doⁿ hoⁿ-ga (nudoⁿ hoⁿga) - master, overseer, captain, colonel, director, emperor, boss, chairman, officer, leader, commander [Omaha]; do-doⁿ hoⁿ-ga (do-dóⁿ hoⁿ-ga) - chief commander of the army [FL-Osage]; to-taⁿ-ha (totą́ ha), to-taⁿ haⁿ-ka (totą́ hąka) - committeeman, member of war  dance committee, one with rank of war dance committee, one with rank of  authority, ranking member [CQ-Osage]; do-daⁿ haⁿ-ga (dodáⁿ háⁿga) - leader of a war party, captain of a team [Kaw]

cardinal

► wa-zhiⁿ zhi-te (wažį́ žítte) - cardinal, also tanager

► wa-zhiⁿ zhi-te (wažį́ žítte) - redbird [MS]

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka zhi-te (wažį́ka žítte) - redbird [MS]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; zhi-te (žítte) - red

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga zhu-dse (wa-zhíⁿ-ga zhu-dse) - a red bird [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ zhi-e (wa-zhíⁿ-zhi-e) - Red-(bird)-eagle, personal name [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ zhu-e (wa-zhíⁿ-zhu-e) - the scarlet tanager [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ zhu-e (wažį́žue) - cardinal, lit., ‘red bird’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ zhu-je (wazhíⁿzhuje) - cardinal [Kaw]

cardinal points

► ta-ti o-hi-de (ttátti óhide) - cardinal points; whence the four winds blow

► cf. ta-ti oⁿ-he (ttátti ǫ́he), ta-ti aⁿ-he (ttátti ąhe) - wind; ta-ti oⁿ-he shi-ke (ttátti ǫ́he šiké) - storm, wind blowing hard [MS]; ta-ti oⁿ-ha-zhi (ttáttiǫ́haži) - windless, a calm; ta-ti o-di-bdi (ttátti ódibdí) - whirlwind; ta-ti o-kda-kʰaⁿ (ttáttiókdakʰą́) - across the wind, as when a boat tacks; ta-ti o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind

cards

► i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (i-kah-zŭzŭ-ikan) - cards, playing cards (cartes á jouer) [GI]

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet

► Dhegiha: ʰta-noⁿ-ʰk’a ʰkoⁿ (ṭa-nóⁿ-ḳ’a-ḳoⁿ) - a deck of cards, playing cards, “paper - gamble or a game” [FL-Osage]; ʰta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (ʰtaną́kʔa kʔǫ́) - deck of cards, card game, play cards, lit., “play/gamble with paper” [CQ-Osage]; ta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (tanáⁿk’a k’oⁿ) - to play cards, gamble at cards [Kaw]

care

► a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of, take great care of, refrain from ► a-a-ki-toⁿ-we (áakkittǫ́we) - I, a-da-ki-toⁿ-we (ádakkittǫ́we) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-toⁿ-wa-we (ǫ́kakkittǫwawe) - we

► cf. toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), (áttąwe) - look upon; o-ki-toⁿ-we (ókittǫ́we) - depend on someone; o-toⁿ-we (otǫ́we) - look at singular/animate/object; o-toⁿ-we (ótǫwe) - look at plural/animate/objects; wa-ki-toⁿ-we (wakíttǫwe) - scout for someone; wa-toⁿ-we (watǫ́we) - scout, reconnoiter; wa-toⁿ-we de (watǫ́we dé) - go as a scout, reconnoitre

► ex: a-ki-toⁿ-wa (ákkittǫwá) - take care!

► ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take great care of the infant!

► Dhegiha: a-gi-doⁿ-be (á-gi-doⁿ-be) - watches over whatever is his own [FL-Osage]; a-ⁿki-ʰtoⁿ-be (á-ḳi-ṭoⁿ-be) - discreet, to guard one’s self against trouble [FL-Osage]; a-ki-toⁿ-pe (ákitǫpe) - watch over, tend someone who is not a family member or not close [CQ-Osage]; a-ki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (ákiʰtǫpe) - watch over, look after, look at one’s own things or people, watch over, look after, look at one’s own [CQ-Osage]; a-ʰki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (áʰkiʰtǫpe) - watch over oneself, watch oneself, look at oneself, look after oneself, watch over each other, watch over things for oneself, watch over one’s own things [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-doⁿ-be (ágidoⁿbe) - look at something, examine something, watchover [Kaw]; a-ki-toⁿ-be (ákitoⁿbe) - see for oneself, look at an object closely to understand for oneself, to scrutinize [Kaw]

► da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one's own ► da-x’e-a-ki-de (daxʔéakide) - I, da-x’e-da-ki-de (daxʔédakide) - you

► cf. da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable; wa-da-x’e’da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - merciless, pitiless

► Dhegiha: tha e-the xti a-ki-hi-de (tha ethexti akihide) - care for [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-ʰki-the (tha-ḳ’é-ḳi-the) - self-pity, inward hurt [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-ʰki-the (ðakʔéʰkiðe) - be good to each other, be kind to each other, pity each other, pity oneself, feel sorry for oneself [CQ-Osage]; tha-k’e-ki-the (ðakʔékiðe) - be good or kind to one’s own or to someone close, pity, feel sorry for one’s own [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-gi-ye (yak’égiye) - pity or love one's own [Kaw]

► da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else ► da-x’e-a-ki-de (daxʔéakkide) - I, da-x’e-da-ki-de (daxʔédakkide) - you

carefully

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately, think, decide, form an opinion, plan, thoughtfully, deliberately ► i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - wise, be, have sense; di-knaⁿ (dikną́) - try, make effort, decide; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legemd, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - have on one’s mind, think about, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

► i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately, think, decide, form an opinion, plan, thoughtfully, deliberately; o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit

► a-ka-ze (ákaze) - carefully, softly

► ex: a-ka-ze hi o-da-tʰiⁿ (ákaze hí odátʰį) - you hit an object softly or carefully

► ex. i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully

► a-toⁿ-wi-he-de (áttǫwihéde) - put horizontal object down carefully

► cf. i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; na-xnaⁿ i-he-de (naxną́ ihéde) - hide someone's sg/ly/in object; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; gaⁿ i-he-de (gą ihéde) - prone; so i-he-de (só ihéde) - cut lengthwise; shoⁿ i-he-de (šǫ́ ihéde) - bequeath, will, leave something; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

► a-toⁿ-wi-naⁿ-de (áttǫwiną́de) - put down a si/in or cloth object

► cf. i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put sg/si/in or cloth/paper; na-xnaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (naxną́ iną́de) - hide a sg/si/in object; shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (šǫ́ iną́de) - bequeath sg/si/in/ob or cloth; a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick; a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat, curvilinear object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting, curvilinear objects so their edges touch; be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► a-toⁿ-wi-tʰe-de (áttǫwitʰéde) - put st/in object down carefully

► cf. i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; na-xnaⁿ i-tʰe-de (naxną́ itʰéde) - hide sg/st/in or collection; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group; a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object, make an upright object lean by pulling it; a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; a-ki-ze-ze i-tʰe-de (ákkizéze itʰéde) - pile up many flat objects one on another, such as books

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (ite the) - set something down, store, deposit [Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe-keeping [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

carpenter

► ti ka-xe (ttíkaγé) - carpenter

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: ti ga-xe (tígaxe) - carpenter [Omaha]; ʰtsi gi-ʰka-xe (ṭsi gí-ḳa-xe) - to repair or rebuild a house [FL-Osage]; tsi ga-ghe (cigághe) - carpenter, lit., “he makes houses” [Kaw]

carpet, rug

► maⁿ-iⁿ-taⁿ (mą́įttą) - rug [MS]

► maⁿ-iⁿ-taⁿ (mą́įttą) - robe, blanket

► maⁿ-iⁿ-taⁿ (mą́įttą) - blanket [MS, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: wa-iⁿ xthe-xthe (waíⁿ qthéqthe) - striped carpet, wa-iⁿ (waíⁿ) - robe, blanket [Omaha/Ponca]

carriage

► zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka (žą ódittą́da žíka) - carriage

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around; zhi-ka (žíka) - small; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (žą ódittą́da) - wagon, cart; zhaⁿ di-taⁿ-da (žą́dittą́da) - wagon, "running wood"; pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da) - locomotive, lit. "fire wagon"

► Dhegiha: u-thi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-thí-ṭoⁿ-tha) - anything propelled by rolling, a wagon, buggy, a carriage, [FL-Osage]; o-thi-ʰtaⁿ (oðíʰtą) - car, wagon, describes a rolling motion [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-taⁿ-ya (oyútaⁿya) - wagon, cart [Kaw]

carry

► k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back ► a-k’iⁿ (akʔį) - I, da-k’iⁿ (dakʔį) - you, k’iⁿ (kʔį) - he/she/it, aⁿ-k’iⁿ (ąkʔį) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-k’iⁿ-we (ąkʔįwe) - we

► cf. i-k'iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders [MS]; maⁿ-o-zhi i-k’iⁿ (mą́oži íkʔį) - quiver strap

► ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-taⁿ a-shi-ti i-tʰe-de naⁿ i-ya (kʔį́ kʰíttą ášitti itʰéde ną iyá) - when he reached home carrying (the meat) on his back, he piled it outside (the lodge), it is said

► Dhegiha: i-‘iⁿ (í’iⁿ) - a carrying strap, a strap or cord for carrying something on one’s back or for a powder horn [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’iⁿ (ḳ’iⁿ) - to carry [FL-Osage]; k’iⁿ (kʔį́) - carry, carry on the back [CQ-Osage]; k’iⁿ (k’iⁿ) - pack on the back, carry on the back [Kaw]

► kda-k’iⁿ (kdakʔį) - carry one's own bundle or pack ► a-kda-k’iⁿ (akdakʔį) - I, da-kda-k’iⁿ (dakdakʔį) - you

► ki-k’iⁿ (kikʔį́) - carry on one's own back, pack ► a-ki-k’iⁿ (akíkʔį) - I, da-ki-k’iⁿ (dakíkʔį) - you

► Dhegiha: gi-k’iⁿ (gi-k’íⁿ) - to carry on one’s back, pack one’s own property on the back [Kaw]

► ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load

► cf. ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight; k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - heavy [Kaw]

► wa-k’iⁿ tʰe (wakʔį́ tʰe) - the carrying of something

► cf. wa-k’iⁿ (wakʔį́) - pack

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰk’iⁿ (wa-ḳ’íⁿ) - carrying [FL-Osage]

► we-k’iⁿ (wékʔį) - pack, bundle carried on back

cart

► zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (žą ódittą́da) - wagon, cart

► zhoⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (jon-udit-tontah) - cart (char[r]ette) [GI]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka (žą ódittą́da žíka) - carriage; zhaⁿ di-taⁿ-da (žą́dittą́da) - wagon, "running wood"; pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da) - locomotive, lit. "fire wagon"

cartridge

► we-ki-te ste-te (wékkitte stétte) - cartridge

► cf. we (we) - with which to; ki-te (kkitte) - to shoot; ki-te (kkítte) - shoot at something; we-ki-te (wékkitte) - bullet; ste-te (stétte) - long, tall; we-ki-te zhi-ka (wékkitte žíka) - bird shot; ma-ze taⁿ-ka we-ki-te (mazé ttą́ka wékkitte) - cannon ball

► Dhegiha: ki-de (kide) - shoot [Omaha]; kʰi-de (kʰíde) - to shoot [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰku-dse (ḳú-dse) - to shoot [FL-Osage]; ʰku-tse (ʰkúce) - fire a gun, shoot a bow and arrow, shoot someone, shoot at someone [CQ-Osage]; ku-je (kúje) - shoot at something [Kaw]

cat

► iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe (įttą́dą kdéže) - cat, domestic cat "spotted"

► iⁿ-taⁿ kde-zhe (įttą́ kdéže) - cat, speckled cat [MS, AG]

► taⁿ-ke kde-she (DąGeGaDé˙še) - cat, domestic [FS]

► cf. iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe zhi-ka (įttą́dą kdéže žíka) - kitten; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ kde-zhe (įttaną kdéze) - bobcat; taⁿ-daⁿ (ttądą́) - panther, puma, mountain lion, iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ (įTą́dą) similar terms are widespread in North America; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (įttáną ttą́ka) - panther; taⁿ-daⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́dą ttą́ka) - mountain lion, puma

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthoⁿ gthe-zhe (iⁿ-gthoⁿ́-gthe-zhe) - the lynx [FL-Osage]; i-loⁿ le-zhe (ilóⁿlezhè) - cat, domestic cat [Kaw]

catch

► a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on, hold down, e.g., on his back, lie on something ► a-pi-saⁿ-te (áppisątte) - I, a-shpi-saⁿ-te (ášpisątte) - you, oⁿ-ka-pi-saⁿ-ta-we (ǫkápisąttawe) - we

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down; a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something, throw oneself down on

► ex: maⁿ-da a-bi-saⁿ-te naⁿ i-ya (mą́da ábisątte ną iyá) - he held him down on his back, it is said

► ex: ka-ki-kda-ti-zhe aⁿ-bi-saⁿ-te kakkíkdattiže ą́bisątté) - he tumbled over and lay on me

► ex: wa-bi-saⁿ-ta-we (wábisąttawe) - he or they lay on us

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

► Dhegiha: a-bi-soⁿ-dse (á-bi-çoⁿ-dse) - to press to the ground [FL-Osage]; a-bi-saⁿ-je (ábisaⁿje), a-bu-saⁿ-je (ábusaⁿje) - press down on, wrestle [Kaw]

► a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something, throw oneself down on

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on, hold down, e.g., on his back, lie on something; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline

ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (maštį́ke ábisątte žą́) - to throw himself down on a rabbit to catch it

► Dhegiha: a-bi-soⁿ-dse (á-bi-çoⁿ-dse) - to press to the ground [FL-Osage]; a-bi-saⁿ-je (ábisaⁿje), a-bu-saⁿ-je (ábusaⁿje) - press down on, wrestle [Kaw]

► di-xda-te (dixdátte) - catch in the claws, scratch

► Dhegiha: thi-xtha-de (thixtháde) - claw, animal claw [Omaha]; we-thi-xtha-de (wéthiqtháde) - grappling irons [Omaha/Ponca]

catfish

► to-ze (ttóze) - catfish, mud catfish

► to-ze (ttóze) - catfish [MS]

► Dhegiha: tu-ze (túze) - dark catfish, found in the Missouri River [Omaha/Ponca]; tu-ze (túçe) - catfish [Omaha]; ʰto-ze (ṭó-çe) - catfish, the catfish is used by both the Osage and Omaha for good [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ze (ʰtóze) - catfish [CQ-Osage]

► mi-xe (mixé) - the large black catfish

► mi-xe ha sa-ki (mixé ha sáki) - smallest catfish, six to twelve inches

► mi-zhaⁿiⁿ (mižą́į) - yellow catfish

► ho taⁿ-ka (hŭh-tunkah) - catfish (catfish, angl) [GI]

cf. ho (ho) - fish; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

cattle

► te ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”

► te ska (tteská) - cow [MS, AG, MR, OM]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; ska (ska) - white; te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. "cow (bison + white) without balls"; te-ska te-zhe-ni (tteská téženi) - beer; te-ska wa-x’o (tteská waxʔó) - cow; te-ska zhi-ka (tteská žiká) - calf; te-ska zho (tteská žo) - beef

► ex: te-ska a-shi-oⁿ-he tʰaⁿ a-niⁿ-ki (ttéska ášiǫhé tʰą anį́kí) - bring the ox standing outside (the fence) here

► Dhegiha: te-ska (téçka) - cow, ox, cattle [Omaha]; ʰtse-ska (ṭsé-çka) - white buffalo, domesticated cattle [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ska (ʰcéeska) - beef, lit., “white buffalo”, head of cattle, cow, not necessarily female [CQ-Osage]; tse-ska (ceská) - domestic cow, ox [Kaw]

causative

► de (de) - cause to, to cause

► cf. sa-de (sáde) - blacken, cause to be black; we-ska-de (wéskade) - soap, "whiten with it"; ni-de (níde) - save a life, cause to live; o-na-x’oⁿ-de (onáxʔǫde) - tell, lit. cause to hear something; ma-ze ta-de (máze táde) - stove [MS]

► Dhegiha: the (the) - to cause [Omaha/Ponca]; the (the) - to cause [FL-Osage]; the (ðe) - make, have or make someone do something, cause something to happen to someone or something [CQ-Osage]; ye (ye) - causative, make happen, to cause, to make, to persuade one to do something [Kaw]

► de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go ► de-a-de (déadé) - I, de-da-de (dédadé) - you, de-oⁿ-da-we (deǫ́dawe) - we

► cf. a-ka-ta de-de (ákatta déde) - knock splinter(s) off causing them to fall on someone; we-ki-no-taⁿ de-de (wékihóttą déde) - medicine, "make you get better"

► Dhegiha: the-the (ðéeðe) - cause to go [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

► kʰi-de (kʰide), (kʰíde) - cause to

► ki-de (kíde) - cause one's own; reflexive-possessive causative

► ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself

► ex: o-ts’e-kʰi-de (otsʔékʰide) - cause to drip

► ex: hi-kʰi-de (híkʰide) - send, cause to arrive there

► ex: i-ba-haⁿ-kʰi-de (íbahąkʰíde) - inform, cause to know

► ex: i-ba-hoⁿ-ki-de (íbahǫkíde) - teach me (to cause to know) [OM]

► ex: ta-shti-te-ki-de (táštitekkide) - warm oneself by the fire

► ex: o-ka-xpa-ki-de (okáxpakkíde) - be adopted as a Quapaw

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de (wakákaγe škǫ kíde) - movie, show, picture show

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) - do you want to go to the show? [OM]

► ex: zhe-ki-de (žékide) - defecate, bowel movement

► ex: zhe-ki-de (gek-kideh) - defecate, bowel movement (lacher l'autre) [GI]

► ex: zhe-ki-de (žekíde) - bowel movement [OM]

► ex: zhe-ki-de niⁿ-kʰe, shoⁿ-ke (žekíde nįkʰé, šǫ́ke) - dog doo (he is defecating, the dog [MS]

► ex: te-zhe ki-de (tegek-kideh) - urinate (lacher l'eau) [GI]

► ex: te-zhe ki-de bde (téže kíde bdé) - I want to go pee (I am going to pee) [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke te-zhe ki-de niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke téže kíde nįkʰé) - dog pees (the dog is urinating) [MS]

► ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de (žǫ́kkidé) - lie down to sleep

► ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de ta miⁿkʰe (žǫ́kkidé tta mįkʰé) - I want to lay down (I am going to lie down to sleep) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-ki-wi-taⁿ (ąžǫ́kkidé ąkiwittą́) - let's go to bed [MS]

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► Dhegiha: ki-the (kithe) - to cause oneself [Omaha/Ponca]; kʰi-the (kʰíthe) - to cause someone [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰki-the (ḳi-the) - to cause, to cause one, to cause oneself; to cause another, to cause themselves [FL-Osage]; kshi-the (kshi-the) - to cause to do a thing [FL-Osage]; ki-the (kíðe) - make or have someone engage voluntarily in some act, let or allow someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-the (ʰkíðe) - cause, make oneself to be or do [CQ-Osage]; kshi-the (kšíðe) - let or allow someone to do something, have someone do something for his/her own benefit [CQ-Osage]; khi-ye (khíye) - cause to do, let, allow to do (dative causative auxiliary) [Kaw]

► wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them, make one

► ex. noⁿ-pe-wa-de (nǫ́ppewade) - dangerous = naⁿ-pe (ną́ppe), noⁿ-pe (nǫ́ppe) - to fear the sight of something + wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them

► ex: koi-he-wa-de (koíhewáde) - fearful, inspiring fear = koi-he (koíhe) - fearful, insecure + wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them

► Dhegiha: wa-the (wáthe) - to make them, to cause them, to make someone [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-the (wa-the) - makes them, causes [FL-Osage]; wa-the (waðe) - make one, make people make folks [CQ-Osage]; wa-ye (wáye) - to cause, to make [Kaw]

► ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: ga-xe (gáxe) - make [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xe (gaxe) - made, make, creator, consume, construct, brew, build, erect, distill, develop, commit, create, dance [Omaha]; ga-xe (ga-xe) - to cause to, to make, to perform [FL-Osage]; ka-xe (káaγe) - make, fix, prepare, bake, build, force someone to do something, cause something to be a certain way, turn on, do, perform, engage in, make it [CQ-Osage]; ga-ghe (gághe) - “causative” when following another verb, make, do [Kaw]

cave

► maⁿ-kdo-xa (mąkdóxa), maⁿ-xdo-x’a (mąxdoxʔa) - cave, lit. "hollow earth"

► cf. kdo-x’a (kdoxʔa), xdo-x’a (xdoxʔa) - empty; di-kdo-x’a (dikdóxʔa), di-kto-x’a (diktóxʔa) - empty by pulling contents out

► Dhegiha: xthu-’a (xthu’a) - hollow, baggy [Omaha/Ponca]; xthu-’a(xthu’a) - hollow, empty [Omaha]; xthu-xa (qthúqa) - empty, emptied of its contents [Omaha/Ponca]; xthu-’a (xthú-‘a), xthu-ʰk’a (xthu-ḳ’a) - hollow, any kind of hollow in a tree or log [FL-Osage]; xtho-ʰk’a (xthó-ḳ’a) - empty, emptiness [FL-Osage]; xlo-k’a (xlók’a) - hollow, empty [Kaw]

► wa-ma-shoⁿ-te (wamášǫtte) - cave, den

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shoⁿ-de (moⁿshoⁿde) - deep hole, abyss, pit, deep beyond thinking, den, burrow [Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ-dse (moⁿ-shóⁿ-dse) - a hole in the ground, as a gopher, badger, or squirrel makes [FL-Osage]; ma-sho-je (mashóje) - hole in the ground, pit, den, cave [Kaw]

cave in, shut, close

► a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in ► a-a-ka-spe (áakaspe) - I, a-da-ka-spe (ádakaspe) - you

► cf. a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it! (command) [MS]

► ex: a-ka-spe (ákaspá) - shut it!

► ex: ti-ze a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-da (ttižé ákaspe jíka itʰedá) - shut the door a little!

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe (á-ga-çpe) - to cover up an object, the falling of something heavy on a person or a thing [FL-Osage]; a-ka-spe (akáaspe) - shade, blind, covering [CQ-Osage]; a-ka-spe (ákaaspe) - put over, put upon, cover as with cloth or blanket, cover with dirt as a grave, cover over, cover up [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-spe (ágaspe) - cover completely, concealing every part [Kaw]

► o-de-a-a-ze (ódeáaze) - cave in

► o-shto-te (oštótte) - broken in, caved in

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel

Cayuga, Seneca

► si ni-ke (si ní-k͓e) - Kwapa name for the Senecas and Cayugas in Indian Terr. [JOD]

cease

► di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete ► bdi-shtaⁿ (bdíštą) - I, ti-shtaⁿ (ttíštą) - you

► ex: bdi-shtaⁿ (bdíštą) - that's all (I'm done, I'm finished) [MS]

► Dhegiha: thi-shtoⁿ (thishtoⁿ) - finish, complete, release, past [Omaha]; thi-shtoⁿ (thi-shtóⁿ) - to stop, to finish [FL-Osage]; thi-shtaⁿ (ðiištą́) - finish, stop, already did something, be just finished doing something, be finished, be through [CQ-Osage]; yu-shtaⁿ (yushtáⁿ) - stop, be finished, let go [Kaw]

► a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą) - stop work (for the day), cease an activity ► a-bdi-shtaⁿ (ábdištą) - I, a-ti-shtaⁿ (áttištą) - you

► a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą́) - stop [MS]

► cf. di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete

► ex: we-a-kdi-xe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (weákdixe ábdištą́) - I ceased to live with them

► a-da-shtaⁿ (ádaštą) - stop activity with the mouth, talking, drinking, eating, etc. ► a-bda-shtaⁿ (ábdaštą) - I, a-ta-shtaⁿ (áttaštą) - you

► cf. di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete

► ex: e-shoⁿ o-kʰe a-da-shtaⁿ-taⁿ (ešǫ́ okʰé ádaštąttą) - and when he stopped talking to him....

► Dhegiha: tha-shtoⁿ (tha-shtóⁿ) - to finish doing something with the mouth; to stop talking, eating, drinking, singing, crying, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-shtoⁿ (tha-shtóⁿ) - to stop whatever one is doing [FL-Osage]; tha-shtaⁿ (ðaaštą́) - finish eating or drinking, end or stop and activity involving the mouth [CQ-Osage]; ya-shtaⁿ (yashtáⁿ) - stop eating, drinking, talking, crying, singing, to be done with any of those activities [Kaw]

► ki-ha (kihá) - finish, quit, divorce

► ki-ha (kihá) - quit [MS]

► cf. ki-ha-we (kiháwe) - they quit, they quit being married, divorced [MS]; ki-ha oⁿ-pa (kihá ǫ́ppa) - Monday; t’e ki-ha (tʔé kihá) - certain to die, be terminal; ki-ha zhi (kiháži) - fail to finish

► o-hoⁿ-ke (ohǫ́ke) - end

► Dhegiha: u-hoⁿ-ge (uhoⁿge) - end [Omaha]; u-hoⁿ-ge (u-hóⁿ-ge) - the end of anything, as a month, year, or stick [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-hoⁿ-ge (oⁿhóⁿge) - end of something [Kaw]

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough

► ex: ka-shoⁿ o-wi-ki miⁿ-kʰe (kašǫ owikki[e] mįkʰé) - that's all I have to say to you [MS]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - enough, that will do, fit, proper, as it should be [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]

► ga-she-ʰnaⁿ na-ha (gashéʰną́ nahá) - don’t do that! [AB]

► cf. na-ha (nahá) - prohibitive, beware lest

► Dhegiha: ka-she-naⁿ (kaašéną) - be ended, finished, that's all, something is finished, closing of a prayer, amen [CQ-Osage]; ga-she-hnaⁿ (gashéhnaⁿ) - that’s all, just this much, that is enough [Kaw]

cedar

► xoⁿ-te (xǫtté) - cedar wood

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-dse (xoⁿ́-dse) - the red cedar [FL-Osage]; xoⁿ-tse (xǫ́ǫce) - cedar [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-je (xóⁿje) - cedar, the red [Kaw]

cedar chest

► xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest “cedar-wood-to put away/fill-container” [MS]

► cf. zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer; o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away si/in/, a part/cloth

cedar smoke

► xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► cf. xoⁿ-te (xǫtté) - cedar; o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-tso-thi-bra (xǫǫcóðibra) - xoⁿ-tse (xǫ́ǫce) + o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą), smoke cedar, cause cedar to smoke, smell cedar, smoke a house with cedar or use in a peyote meeting to smoke a person [CQ-Osage]

cedar tree

► xoⁿ-te hi (xǫttéhi) - cedar tree

► xoⁿ-te hi (xǫttéhi) - cedar tree [MS]

► ex: xoⁿ-te hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T.; lit. "cedars abound in it"; near Quapaw, OK

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-dse hi (xoⁿ́-dse hi) - the cedar tree [FL-Osage]; xoⁿ-tse hu (xǫǫcéhu) - cedar tree [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-je hu (xóⁿje hu) - cedar tree, the red [Kaw]

cellar

► wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cache, cellar

► cf. wa-ti-he (wattíhe) - cache dug by mice for food; o-xe (óxe) - cache; xe (xe) - bury; mi-xe (míxe) - grave; wa-x’e (waxʔé) - grave [MS]

cement

► hi-pa (hippá) - glue, cement

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-pa (híⁿpa) - arrow cement [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-pa (hiⁿ-pá) - glue, the Indians made glue of turtle shells [FL-Osage]; hi-pa (hipá) - glue for arrows, cement for arrows [Kaw]

cent

► wa-da (wadá) - cent, hour, time

► cf. wa-da miⁿ-naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá mį́nąną́) - hourly; ma-zhoⁿ wa-da (mažǫ́ wadá) - acre of land; wa-da zhi-ka (wadá žíka) - acre

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-wa (wathawa) - numbers, numerals, counting, census [Omaha]; wa-tha-wa (wa-thá-wa) - wa, the act of; tha-wa, to count: counting [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-wa (waðaáwa) - count, say numbers, counting, numbers [CQ-Osage]

cent, one cent, penny

► de-ha zhi-te (déha žítte) - penny, one cent [MS, OM]

► cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red

cent, five cents

► pi-kai-aⁿ (ppikkaíą) - nickel, five cents [MS, OM]

► pi-kai-oⁿ (ppikkaíǫ) - 5 cents, from French or Mobilian jargon

► pi-kai-aⁿ (ppikkaíą) - picayune, 5 or 15 cents, depending on the time

► Dhegiha: pi-kiu (píkiu) - the Picayune or Nickel Band, named after the French coin [Kaw]; pi-kiu (píkiu) - Kanza borrowing of the name of a French coin [Kaw]; Kanza Picayune (or Nickel) Band [Kaw]

cent, fifteen cents

► pe-ta-yoⁿ (petáyǫ) - picayune, 15 cents

► pe-ta-yoⁿ (ppetáyǫ) - picayune, approximately 15 cents

► cf. pi-kai-aⁿ (ppikkaíą) - picayune, 5 or 15 cents, depending on the time

► ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents

► ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents [AG]

► cf. ska-di (skádi), ska-ti (skáti) - coinage, amount, measure, from iskali in Muskogean, French escalin 'shilling'; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one; pe-ta-yoⁿ (petáyǫ) - picayune, 15 cents

cent, twelve and a half cents, bit

► de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali 'money', French escalin 'shilling'

cent, ten cents, dime

► de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents

► de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime [MS, OM]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one

cent, twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits

► de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá), de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits

► de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter [OM]

► de-ska-da noⁿ-ba (déskada nǫbá) - quarter, twenty-five cents [LQ]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

cent, fifty cents, four bits

► de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, fifty cents, four bits

► de-ska-da to-wa (déskada towá) - half dollar, fifty cents [LQ)]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents; to-wa (tówa) - four

cent, seventy-five cents

► de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

► de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents [FR, OM]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents; sha-pe (šappé) - six

century

► o-ma-ni-ka kde-bdaⁿ-hi (ománikka kdébdąhí) - century, a hundred years

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; kde-bdaⁿ hi (kdébdą hí) - hundred, a stock of tens

► Dhegiha: u-mai-ka ghte-boⁿ hiⁿ-wiⁿ (umáika gtheboⁿ hiⁿwiⁿ) - century [Omaha]