Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

count

► ha-ni-de (haníde) - count [AG]

► ha-naⁿ hi-de (haną́hide) - however many or much

► ha-na i-te (haná itte) - however much or many

► ha-na hi-te (hanáhitte) - a few, however many

► ha-naⁿ (haną́), ha-noⁿ (hanǫ́) - how much, how many

Dhegiha: ha-noⁿ (há-noⁿ) - how much or how many [FL-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (háaną) - how many, how much [CQ-Osage]; ha-naⁿ tsʰe (háaną cʰe) - how many are there, how much is there [CQ-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (hánaⁿ) - how many, how much [Kaw]

► wa-da (wadá) - cent, hour, time

► cf. wa-da miⁿ-naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá mį́nąną́) - hourly; ma-zhoⁿ wa-da (mažǫ́ wadá) - acre of land; wa-da zhi-ka (wadá žíka) - acre

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-wa (wathawa) - numbers, numerals, counting, census [Omaha]; wa-tha-wa (wa-thá-wa) - wa, the act of; tha-wa, to count: counting [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-wa (waðaáwa) - count, say numbers, counting, numbers [CQ-Osage]

country

► ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land

► ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land [AB, OM]

► cf. ma-zhaⁿ ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (mažą́ kówanįkʰe) - yonder (piece of) land; ma-zhoⁿ wa-da (mažǫ́ wadá) - acre of land; ma-zhaⁿ shi-ka-zhi (mažą́ šikáži) - prewar times, before civil war, lit. "when the land was good"; ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (mažą́ ikąskáde mįxti) - one mile; si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (síkka ttą́ka mažą́atti) - wild turkey; taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (ttądą́ kdéže mažą́atti) - bobcat, spotted cat

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ kʰe (mažą́ kʰe) - the land

► ex: ha-zi ma-zhoⁿ a-shi (házi mažǫ́ áši) - grapes, out in the country [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful (lit. plural are sitting)

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿzhoⁿ) - world, country, land [Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿ-zhoⁿ) - Omaha same, earth, country, farm, world, land [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-zhaⁿ (mą́žą), moⁿ-zhoⁿ (mǫ́žǫ́) - land, country, countryside, earth, world, allotment, farm [CQ-Osage]; mo-zhoⁿ (mozhóⁿ), ma-zhaⁿ (mazháⁿ), moⁿ-zhaⁿ (moⁿzháⁿ) - land, earth, country [Kaw]

court

► o-ki-e (okkié) - court a girl ► o-a-ki-e (oákkie) - I, o-da-ki-e (odákkie) - you

► cf. o-ki-e (okkie), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one; o-ki-ki-e (okíkkie) - talk to a relation; o-ki-ke-ye (okíkkeye) - to have talked to a relation; o-ki-ki-e (o-kkí-kki-e) - talk to each other or oneself; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé) - say; i-ye (íye) - word; i-ye (íye) - talk, speak

► Dhegiha: u-ki-ye (ukiye) - talk with, date, court, talk to [Omaha]; u-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-e) - to speak or talk to one another, to hold an interview [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe), o-ʰki (oʰkí) - converse with, interview, talk with or to, call on the phone, get together, meeting of a group of people to converse [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-e (okíe) - speak to, talk to, court a woman [Kaw]

cousin

► See brother, sister, aunt, uncle, niece, nephew, these terms are more appropriate than

“cousin”.

► e-ta-ni (ettáni) - relation, kinsman ► e-ta-ni wi-ta (ettáni wítta) - my, e-ta-ni di-ta (ettáni dítta) - your; e-ta-ni i-ta (ettáni ittá) - his/her

► e-ta-niⁿ (ettánį) - to be a relation ► e-ta-bniⁿ (ettábnį) - I, e-ta-tiⁿ (ettáttį) - you

► ti o-zhaⁿ (ttí ožą́) - household, family

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; o-zhaⁿ (óžą) - to sleep among

► ti-kde (tikdé) - to set up housekeeping, to live together in same tent, village, collection of lodges

► Dhegiha: ti-gthe (tígthe) - to live in a lodge [Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsí-gthe) - to reside, to dwell, to set up and keep house [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-le (ʰcíle) - live, reside, make a home, set up a household, set up housekeeping, house, home, family [CQ-Osage]

cover

► ba-di-di-te (badíditte) - cover in a mass, swarm upon

► Dhegiha: ba-thi-de (bathíde) - full, swarming or covered with [Omaha/Ponca]

► ba-ni (báni) - covered with, full of

► a-ka-bniⁿ (ákabnį) - cover, hang down evenly over an object

► cf. ti-ho-kaⁿ i-da-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką idákabnį) - smoke hole flaps

► ex: ti-ho-kaⁿ a-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką ákabnį) - to close the triangular ends of the tent skins forming the smoke-hole

► Dhegiha: a-ga-bliⁿ (ágabliⁿ) - fasten to cover on something [Kaw]

► a-ka-naⁿ-da (ákaną́da) - hide something by covering it up with blowing dust, snow, shoveled dirt, etc. ► a-a-ka-naⁿ-da (áakaną́da) - I, a-da-ka-naⁿ-da (ádakaną́da) - you

► Dhegiha: a-ga-noⁿ-ya (áganoⁿya) - fill up, knock a cover onto, conceal a hole by hitting the ground with a stick [Kaw]

► a-ka-ti-ze (ákattize) - cover, as with snow; said with snow is blown on top of other snow, logs, the ground, etc.

► ex: aⁿ-ka-ti-ze (ą́kattize) - cover, as with snow onto me

► ex: a-di-ka-ti-ze (ádikattize) - cover, as with snow onto you

covered

► i-ka-bnaⁿ (íkabną) - lid, covered

► i-ka-bnaⁿ (íkabną) - lid, covered up [MS]

► cf. a-di-bda (ádibda) - spread out one object on another, as a robe on a horse or a table cloth on a table

► Dhegiha: btha (btha) - spread, open, to spread, to open, to spread out or to be opened [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ga-btha (agábtha) - spread out, opened up [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-btha (thi-btha) - to spread, to spread a robe or blanket [FL-Osage]; thi-bra (ðíbra) - spread, spread out, as a cloth [CQ-Osage]; bla (bla) - spread out, as dishes on the table [Kaw]

► wa-ki-za ni-ke (wakkíza niké) - covered thickly with ► wa-ki-za aⁿ-ni-ke (wakkíza ą́nike) - I’m

► cf. wa-ki-za (wakkíza) - space, bare spot; ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking

► ex: bnaⁿ-se wa-ki-za aⁿ-ni-ke (bną́se wakkíza ą́nike) - I’m covered with smallpox pustules.

► Dhegiha: ki-za (kíza) - open forest, trees without undergrowth, including tall grass, sunflowers, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-ki-za (kíkiza) - clear, clear patches, places here and there where one can see distant things, as the fog breaks away [Omaha/Ponca]

► di-xa-zhi (dixáži) - highland covered with trees

► cf. di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we (dixáži wadáxowe) - hill that ate people from Quapaw mythology [JOD]

covertly

► na-xnaⁿ (naxną́) - secretly, covertly

► cf. na-xnaⁿ i-he-de (naxną́ ihéde) - hide someone's sg/ly/in object, i + positional + de 'put away'; na-xnaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (naxną́ iną́de) - hide a sg/si/in object; na-xnaⁿ i-tʰe-de (naxną́ itʰéde) - hide sg/st/in or collection; na-xnaⁿ ki-knaⁿ (naxną́ kikną́) - hide one's own sg/si/in/ or cloth object; na-xnaⁿ knaⁿ (naxną́ kną́) - hide someone else's sg/si/in object

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xthoⁿ-ha (noⁿ-xthóⁿ-ha) - privacy, retirement, secrecy, underhand, to have a private consultation, to be secretive [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-loⁿ-ha (nąlǫ́ǫha) - be sneaky, hide, be sly, secretly scheme against someone, go behind someone’s back, be cunning, hide, conceal, on the sly, covertly [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-xlaⁿ (noⁿxláⁿ) - hide something [Kaw]

covet

► a-ka-zhi-kde (ákažíkde) - covet the best of anything ► a-a-ka-zhi-kde (áakažíkde) - I, a-da-ka-zhi-kde (ádakažíkde) - you, oⁿ-ka-ka-zhi-kda-we (ǫ́kakažikdawe) - we

cow

► te ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”

► te ska (tteská) - cow [MS, AG, MR, OM]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; ska (ska) - white; te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. "cow (bison + white) without balls"; te-ska te-zhe-ni (tteská téženi) - beer; te-ska wa-x’o (tteská waxʔó) - cow; te-ska zhi-ka (tteská žiká) - calf; te-ska zho (tteská žo) - beef

► ex: te-ska a-shi-oⁿ-he tʰaⁿ a-niⁿ-ki (ttéska ášiǫhé tʰą anį́kí) - bring the ox standing outside (the fence) here

► Dhegiha: te-ska (téçka) - cow, ox, cattle [Omaha]; ʰtse-ska (ṭsé-çka) - white buffalo, domesticated cattle [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ska (ʰcéeska) - beef, lit., “white buffalo”, head of cattle, cow, not necessarily female [CQ-Osage]; tse-ska (ceská) - domestic cow, ox [Kaw]

► te-ska wa-x'o (tteská waxʔó) - cow

► te-ska wa-x'o (teschkah-ŭahŭ) - cow (vache) [GI]

► cf. te ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal, wife

cow, buffalo cow

► te miⁿ (ttemį́) - buffalo cow

► te mi (te mí) - female name [JOD]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; miⁿ (mį), mi (mi) - female

► ex: te mi haⁿ-ka (témi hañ′k͓a) - female name [JOD]

► ex: te mi zhi-ka (tte mí žíka) - Little Buffalo Girl [MR]

► ex: te mi zhi-ka (té mi-jí-k͓a) - fem. name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Buffalo Girl; Myrtle Angell [JOD]

► ex: te mi ki-ta (te mí k͓ită′) - female name [JOD]

► ex: te mi-te-xi (te mí-té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Buffalo Female Difficult (to be won or captured) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te miⁿ-ga (temíⁿga) - female buffalo, buffalo cow [Omaha/Ponca]; te mi-ga (te miga) - buffalo cow [Omaha]; ʰtse mi-ga (ṭse mí-ga) - female buffalo, a cow [FL-Osage]; ʰtse miⁿ-ka (ʰceemį́įka) - buffalo cow [CQ-Osage]; tse miⁿ-ga (ce míⁿga) - buffalo cow [Kaw]

coward

► noⁿ-te zhi (notteh-hin) - coward (lâche) [GI]

► cf. naⁿ-te (ną́tte), noⁿ-te (nǫ́tte), naⁿ-de (ną́de) - heart; zhi (zhi) - not, negation; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted

► o-na-zhi (ónaži) - coward, to be a coward ► oⁿ-na-zhi (ǫ́naži) - I, o-di-na-zhi (ódináži) - you

► cf. o-naⁿ-zhi (ónąži) - unsuccessful, be disappointed; o-na-zhiⁿ (ónažį) - stand in a place

► Dhegiha: u-ni-zhiⁿ (u-ní-zhiⁿ) - coward, craven, timid, the fear of darkness [FL-Osage]; o-niⁿ-zhiⁿ (onį́žį) - be afraid or feel fearful [CQ-Osage]; o-niⁿ-zhe (oníⁿzhe) - afraid of danger, shrink from the warpath [Kaw]

crack

► ba-to-zhe (battóže) - crack, make sound pushing ► pa-to-zhe (ppáttože) - I, shpa-to-zhe (špáttože) - you

► bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - crack, make sound by pressure ► pi-to-zhe (ppíttože) - I, shpi-to-zhe (špíttože) - you

► da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth ► bda-to-zhe (bdáttože) - I, ta-to-zhe (ttáttože) -you

► naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one's finger joints

► ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something ► a-to-zhe (áttože) - I, da-to-zhe (dáttože) - you

► naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - crack, make sound by treading ► a-naⁿ-to-zhe (aną́ttože) - I, da-naⁿ-to-zhe (daną́ttože) - you

► pa-to-zhe (páttože) - cracking sound, make with knife ► pa-a-to-zhe (páattóže) - I, pa-da-to-zhe (pádattóže) - you, pa-oⁿ-to-zha-we (Páǫttóžawe) - we

► po-to-zhe (póttože) - crack, make sound thrusting ► po-a-to-zhe (póattóže) - I, po-da-to-zhe (pódattóže) - you

► ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

► di-xi-xe (dixíxe) - crack nuts, nutcracker ► bdi-xi-xe (bdíxixe) - I, ti-xi-xe (ttíxixe) - you

► Dhegiha: xi-xe (qíxe) - broken in hollow object, broken in as any hollow object [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ge i-ga-xi-xe (tage igaxixe) - nut cracker [Omaha]; ga-xi-xe (ga-xí-xe) - to break or crack hard substance like corn, nuts, etc., by striking [FL-Osage]; ka-xu-xe (kaaxúɣe) - split, split open, crack or splinter by sudden impact [CQ-Osage]

► ka-xi-xe (kaxixé), (kaxíxe) - crack something, as an egg ► a-xi-xe (áxixe) - I, da-xi-xe (dáxixe) - you

► di-xnaⁿ-zhe (dixną́že) - crack something, as an egg ► bdi-xnaⁿ-zhe (bdíxnąže) - I, ti-xnaⁿ-zhe (ttíxnąže) - you

► cf. xnaⁿ-zha-de (xnąžáde) - shivered to pieces

► Dhegiha: thi-xthoⁿ-zhe (thi-xthóⁿ-zhe) - to smash or to squash, as to smash ripe fruit, to pulverize [FL-Osage]; thi-loⁿ-zhe (ðilǫ́že) - chop, grind, grind up [CQ-Osage]; yu-xloⁿ-zhe (yuxlóⁿzhe) - grind up, mash up, to reduce to small pieces or meal by turning around, as with a millstone, mash something up with your hands [Kaw]

► ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut as corn

► cf. ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold, used with almost all instrumental prefixes; ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching; ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

► o-ta-na (ottána) - space, crack, interval

► Dhegiha: u-taⁿ-na (utaⁿna), u-taⁿ-noⁿ (utaⁿnoⁿ) - between [Omaha]; u-tʰoⁿ-na (utʰóⁿna) - between [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰta-noⁿ (u-ṭa-noⁿ) - between [FL-Osage]; o-ʰtaⁿ-naⁿ (oʰtą́ną) - between, in between, the space between things [CQ-Osage]; o-ta-naⁿ (otánaⁿ) - space between two things, e.g. between furrows [Kaw]

► o-ka-ta-na (okáttana) - crack something by handling it

► o-naⁿ-ta-na (oną́ttana) - crack something by walking on it ► o-a-naⁿ-ta-na (oánąttána) - I, o-da-naⁿ-ta-na (odánąttána) - you, oⁿ-ko-naⁿ-ta-we (ǫkónąttáwe) - we

► o-ste (oste) - crack, cracked, split

► cf. o-ste-ke (ostéke) - crack, split; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; o-di-ste (odíste) - split by pulling a knife through; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; o-ka-ste (okáste) - split something by striking; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash

► o-ste-ke (ostéke) - crack, split

► cf. o-ste (oste) - crack, cracked, split; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; o-di-ste (odíste) - split by pulling a knife through; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; o-ka-ste (okáste) - split something by striking; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash

► Dhegiha: i u-zne-ge (í uznége) - hare-lipped, cleft lip, to be hare-lipped, have a cleft lip [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ u-stse-ge (íⁿ-u-stse-ge) - a crack in stones or rocks, a crevice [FL-Osage]; stse-ge (scége) - gashed [Kaw]

► bi-ta-ze (bittáze) - crackle when squeezed ► pi-ta-ze (ppíttaze) - I, shpi-ta-ze (špíttaze) - you

► da-ta-ze (dattáze) - crackling sound by biting ► bda-ta-ze (bdáttaze) - I, ta-ta-ze (ttáttaze) - you

► di-ta-ze (dittáze) - crackling sound, snapping ► bdi-ta-ze (bdíttaze) - I, ti-ta-ze (ttíttaze) - you

► cf. naⁿ-pe di-ta-ze hi (nąpé dittáze hí) - spice bush, spicewood tree lit. “cracks across the grain”

► ka-ta-ze (kattáze) - crackling sound of sticks ► a-ta-ze (áttaze) - I, da-ta-ze (dáttaze) - you

► naⁿ-ta-ze (nąttáze) - crack, make noise by stepping ► a-naⁿ-ta-ze (aną́ttaze) - I, da-naⁿ-ta-ze (daną́ttaze) - you

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-do-ze (naⁿdóze) - crack ice by stepping on it [Kaw]

► ta-ta-ze (tattáze) - crackle while burning

► Dhegiha: ʰta-ʰta-ze (ṭa-ṭa-çe) - ticking [FL-Osage]; ʰta-ʰta-ze (ʰtáʰtaze) - tick (e.g., clock or insect making noise), clatter (e.g., typewriter keys), grasshopper, cricket (lit., “makes a whizzing noise”), ticking, tapping, whizzing, or clicking sound [CQ-Osage]; ta-ta-se (tatáse) - ticking, the sound of a clock [Kaw] …. da-da-ze (dádaze) - give off sparks [Kaw]; da-da-da-ze (dá-da-da-çe) - to throw out sparks, throwing out sparks, as do some kinds of wood when burning [FL-Osage]; da-da-da-ze (dádadàze) - give off sparks or rays in the shape of a fan [Kaw]

cramp

► di-ko-ke (dikkóke) - cramp in the legs (only) ► bdi-ko-ke (bdíkkoke) - I, ti-ko-ke (ttíkkoke) - you

► cf. hi di-ko (hi díkko) - lame, springhalt, be lame (horses); hi di-ko (hi díkko) - cripple [OM)]

► Dhegiha: thi-ku (thi kú) - cramp, convulsion [Omaha]; thi-ʰku-ge (thi-ḳú-ge) - a cramp [FL-Osage]; yu-ko-ge (yukóge) - be cramped [Kaw]

► di-ti-ke (dittíke) - have an arm or body cramp ► aⁿ-di-ti-ke (ądíttike) - I, di-di-ti-ke (didíttike) - you

crane

► pe-tʰaⁿ (ppétʰą) - crane, greyish-blue

► Dhegiha: pe-toⁿ (pétoⁿ) - crane bird [Omaha]; pe-ʰtoⁿ (p̣e-ṭoⁿ) - crane, long-legged and long-necked bird [FL-Osage]; be-khaⁿ (békhaⁿ) - crane [Kaw]; ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ ska (p̣é-ṭoⁿ çka) - the white crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ ska (p̣ékʰaⁿ ska), be-kʰaⁿ ska (békʰaⁿ ska) - whooping crane [Kaw]; ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ xo-dse (p̣é-ṭoⁿ xo-dse) - the gray crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ xo-je (pékʰaⁿ xóje) - gray crane [Kaw]; ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ hiu stse-dse (p̣é-ṭoⁿ hiu-stse-dse) - long legged crane, sandhill crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ ta-hu yu-shiⁿ-zhe (pékʰaⁿ táhu yushíⁿzhe) - crooked necked crane [Kaw]

► pe-tʰaⁿ zhi-ka (pé-taⁿ jí-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa pe-tʰaⁿ (petaⁿ) or Crane gens; Young Crane. This name is borne by Amos New-House [JOD]

► cf. pe-tʰaⁿ (ppétʰą) - crane, greyish-blue; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little, young

► pe-tʰaⁿ e-ni-ka-shi-ka (pétaⁿ énikacík͓a) - the Crane gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► ho-ka-xe-ka (hokkáγekka) - a type of crane

crank

► di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill ► bdi-taⁿ-ha (bdíttąha) - I, ti-taⁿ-ha (ttíttąha) - you

► cf. wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal from di-taⁿ-ha (dittąha) - to crank; wa-di-taⁿ-ha wa-ske (wadíttąha waské) - cornbread; ba-taⁿ-ha (battą́ha) - pulverize; bi-taⁿ-ha (bittą́ha) - crush, pulverize; da-taⁿ-ha (dattą́ha) - chew very fine; ka-taⁿ-ha (kattą́ha) - pound, pulverize; naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (nąttą́ha) - crush with feet, trample to bits; pa-taⁿ-ha (páttąha) - cut up very fine, as tobacco; po-taⁿ-ha (póttąha) - pulverize by punching/shooting; ta-taⁿ-ha (táttąha) - burn to ashes, burn up

crawfish

► maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shka (moⁿshka) - shrimp, crab, lobster, crayfish [Omaha]; moⁿ-shkoⁿ (móⁿ-shkoⁿ) - crawfish [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shka (máⁿshka) - crawfish, crawdad [Kaw]

► maⁿ-shka haⁿ-ka (maⁿcka hañk͓a) - masculine name, Ancestral or First Crawfish [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral gens

► maⁿ-shka mi te-xi (man′cka mi téqi) - female name, Crawfish Female Difficult (to be won or captured?) [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; te-xi (ttexi) - difficult, hard to do, sacred, precious

► maⁿ-shka taⁿ-ka (man′cka tañka) - female name, Large/Big Crawfish [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► maⁿ-shka xo-we (maⁿ′cka quwĕ) - masculine name, husband of old Mrs. Crawfish; Crawfish [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy

► maⁿ-shka zhi-ka (man′cka jik͓á) - masculine name, Young/Little Crawfish [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little, young

► maⁿ-shka-iⁿ (ma-ckaⁿ′-iⁿ), (maⁿckáiⁿ) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Crawfish. Sister of kde-taⁿ sa (kt^çet͓aⁿ sa), married a Modoc [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish

crawl

► miⁿ-te (mįtté) - crawl, creep ► a-miⁿ-te (amį́tte) - I, da-miⁿ-te (damį́tte) - you

► Dhegiha: mi-de (mide) - creep, crawl, crawling [Omaha]; miⁿ-de (miⁿdé) - crawl [Omaha/Ponca]; miⁿ-dse (miⁿ-dsé) - to creep, to crawl on the hands and knees [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-je (míⁿje) - crawl, creep on the hands and knees [Kaw]

► ki-kdi-sto-we (kkikdístowe) - crawl on one's stomach ► a-ki-kdi-sto-we (akkíkdistówe) - I, da-ki-kdi-sto-we (dakkíkdistówe) - you

► cf. a-sto-we (ástowe) - slide; di-sto-we (distówe) - lead, pull along

crazy

► wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, ill behaved ► aⁿ-wa-hoⁿ-ka zhi (ąwáhǫkáži) - I, di-wa-hoⁿ-ka zhi (diwáhǫkáži) - you

► wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (wáhąká ži) - crazy, wild [MS, AG, MW]

► cf. wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved

► ex: wa-x'o wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (uahŭ-uahunkajih) - whore, hooker (putain) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wa-hoⁿ-ga zhi (wáhoⁿgazhi) - fearless, unafraid of the cold, not to be afraid of the cold, as said of one who does not seek a shelter, but continues traveling on foot or horseback [Kaw]

► na-xe-ska zhi (náγeskaži) - crazy

► naⁿ-she-ska zhi (ną́šeska ži) - crazy [OM]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-ghe-ska zhi (náⁿgheskázhi) - stupefied from fright after talking with or dreaming of the spirits, lit. "not wise; not of clear of mind" [Kaw]

creak

► di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - creak, to make creak by pulling ► bdi-kiⁿ-te (bdíkįtte) - I, ti-kiⁿ-te (ttíkįtte) - you

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin; ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman's dance; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion, fiddle

► Dhegiha: thi-gi-dse (thi-gí-dse) - to creak, a sharp squeaking sound, as a loose board [FL-Osage]

credit

► ni-zhi (níži) - credit, a debt

► cf. ni-zhi a-ki-niⁿ (níži ákinį) - owe something to someone

► ni-zhi di-ze (níži dizé) - buy on credit ► ni-zhi bdi-ze (níži bdíze) - I, ni-zhi ti-ze (níži ttíze) - you

► cf. ni-zhi (níži) - credit, a debt; di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive

► wa-di-ze (wadíze) - credit, debt

► Dhegiha: wa-thu-ze (wa-thú-çe) - to seize, to default, or failure to catch up with one’s debts [FL-Osage]

► wa-di-ze a-ki-niⁿ (wadíze ákinį) - owe something to someone ► wa-di-ze a-ki-bniⁿ (wadíze ákibnį) - I, wa-di-ze a-ki-tiⁿ (wadíze ádakittį) - you

► cf. wa-di-ze (wadíze) - credit, debt; a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone

► Dhegiha: wa-thu-ze a-thi ⁿ(wa-thú-çe a-thiⁿ) - indebted [FL-Osage]

► wa-di-ze di-ze (wadíze dizé) - to get goods on credit

► cf. wa-di-ze (wadíze) - credit, debt; di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive

creek

► wa-tʰi-shka (watʰíška) - creek

► wa-tʰi-shka (watʰíška) - river [MS]

► wa-tʰi-shka (ŭāhtĭschkā) - bayou or creek (baÿou ou crik, crique) [GI]

► wa-tʰi-shka (wat'íšGa) - river [FV]

► ex: wa-tʰi-shka wa-sh'a-ke hi (watʰíška wašʔáke hi) - big river [MS]

► ex: ni-sni wa-tʰishka (nísni watʰíška) - Spring River, I.T.

► Dhegiha: wa-chʰi-shka (wachʰíshka) - creek, stream [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-chi-shka (wachíshka) - creek, brook [Omaha]; wa-ʰtsi-shka (wa-ṭsi-shka) - a brook, obsolete among the Osage, but still used by the Omaha [FL-Osage]; wa-chiⁿ-shka (wachíⁿshka) - river, small, a stream or creek, archaic [Kaw]

creek, Five Mile Creek

► i-kaⁿ-ska-de sa-taⁿ wa-tʰi-shka (íkąskáde sattą watʰiška) - Five Mile Creek, I.T.

► cf. i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five; wa-tʰi-shka (watʰíška) - creek

creek, Sweet Potato Creek

► to ski-de ni (to skíde ni) - sweet potato creek, home of the Quapaws before 1861 according to JOD

► cf. to ski-de (to skíde) - sweet potato; ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake

Creek Indians

► ma-shko-ki (maškóki) - Creek Indians [MS]

► ma-shko-ki (mo-ckó-k͓i) - Creek Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿ-shkó-ge) - the Osage name for the Creek Tribe of Indians [FL-Osage]; mu-sko-ke (muskóke) - Creek Indians [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿshkóge) - Creek tribe, Muskogee [Kaw]

creep

► miⁿ-te (mįtté) - crawl, creep ► a-miⁿ-te (amį́tte) - I, da-miⁿ-te (damį́tte) - you

crest

► shiⁿ-te hi (šįttéhi) - hip, crest of the ilium

► cf. shiⁿ-te hi ka-xa-kde (šįttéhi káxakdé) - pelvis, hips

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-de hi (siⁿdéhi) - hip bone [Omaha/Ponca]; siⁿ-ne hi (çiⁿ-ne hi) - hips [Omaha]; siⁿ-dse hi (çiⁿ-dse hi) - hip bone [FL-Osage]

cricket

► to-zi-zi-ta (ttózizítta) - cricket

► to-zi-zi-ta (ttózizítta) - cricket [MS]

cripple

► hi di-ko (hi díkko) - cripple [OM]

► hi di-ko (hi díkko) - lame, springhalt, be lame (horses)

► cf. hi (hi) - leg, stalk, tree, bush, vine

crisscrossed

► a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.

► cf. a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream

► ex: a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-thi-te u-ga-doⁿ (ákʰithíte ugádoⁿ) - to nail on crosswise, to crucify [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across the breast [FL-Osage]

criticize

► da-zho-zhi (dažóži) - insult, criticize ► bda-zho-zhi (bdážoži) - I, ta-zho-zhi (ttážoži) - you

► Dhegiha: tha-zhu-zhi (tha-zhú-zhi) - to insult by word, to speak of one with contempt [FL-Osage]; tha-zho-zhi (ðaažóži) - insult by word, speak ill, slander, malign, belittle [CQ-Osage]

crooked

► kaⁿ-ka (kkąkká) - crooked

► pa kaⁿ-ka (ppá kkąkká) - crooked nose, a trader's nickname

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; kaⁿ-ka (kkąkká) - crooked

► koiⁿ-xe (kóįγe) - crooked, curved, misaligned

► ko-zhe (kóže) - crooked

► cf. di-ko-zhe (dikóže) - bend something; a di-ko-zhe (á dikóže) - bend the arm; di-ko-ko-zhe (dikókože) - zigzag

► Dhegiha: thi-hu-zhe (thíguzhe) - crooked [Omaha]

crop short

► ni-zhi-ha a-di-ski (nižíha ádiski) - shave the head, crop short

► cf. ni-zhi-ha (nižíha) - hair of the human head; a-di-ski (ádiski) - cut off all the hair, shave; we-da-di-ski (wédadíski) - scissors

cross, angry

► o-xnaⁿ (óxną) - angry, irritated, cross

► ex: shoⁿ-ke o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - mean dog [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - my dog is mean [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-xthoⁿ shtoⁿ (ú-xthoⁿ-shtoⁿ) - to be cross, disagreeable [FL-Osage]; xthoⁿ (xthoⁿ) - to sulk, pout, peeved [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (ólą, óolą), o-loⁿ (olǫ́ǫ), o-dla (ódla) - pout, sulk, sulky [CQ-Osage]; loⁿ (lǫ́), laⁿ (lą́) - mad, angry [CQ-Osage]

► o-xnaⁿ ka-xe (óxną káγe) - to make angry, cross

cf. o-xnaⁿ (óxną) - angry, irritated, cross; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

cross a stream

► di-te (ditté) - cross a stream ► bdi-te (bdítte) - I, ti-te (ttítte) - you

► cf. ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish’s name [MS]; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other

► Dhegiha: ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

► ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream ► ni bdi-te bde (ni bdítte bdé) - I, ni ti-te te (ni ttítte tté) - you

► cf. ni (ni) - water; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; de (de) - go

► wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish’s name [MS]

► wa-di-te (wad^¢ítĕ) - masculine name, Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish [JOD]

► wa-jhi (waǰí) - Harry Crawfish's name [AG]

► cf. di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other

► a-ni-zho-he (ánižóhe) - ford a stream ► a-ni-zho-he (ánižóhe) - I, a-da-ni-zho-he (ádanižóhe) - you

► cf. ni (ni) - water; zho-he (žohe) - ford, wade

► Dhegiha: ni-zhu-he (nízhuhe) - wade [Omaha]; zhu-he (zhúhe) - to ford a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-he (zhú-he) - to ford or wade a stream [FL-Osage]; zho-pshe (žópše) - wade [CQ-Osage]; ni zho-pʰe (ni zhóphe) - to ford, to wade in

shallow water [Kaw]

crossing each other

► a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other

► cf. di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - masculine name, Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish [MS]; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads; a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.

► a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.

► cf. di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - masculine name, Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish [MS]; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads;

► ex: a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

crossroad

► o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads

► cf. o-zhoⁿ-ke (ožǫ́ke) - road; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - masculine name, Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish [MS]

crosswise

► kda-kaⁿ (kdákką), kda-kʰaⁿ (kdákʰą) - crosswise, across

cf. ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ (ttáttiókdakʰą́) - across the wind, as when a boat tacks; ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind;

► Dhegiha: ta-de gtha-kʰoⁿ (tadé gthákʰoⁿ) - across the wind, perpendicular to the wind direction [Omaha/Ponca]

cross timbers

► sa-ti o-kdaⁿ oⁿ-he (sátti ókdą ǫhé) - joists, cross timbers of house

► cf. sa-ti o-kdaⁿ (sátti ókdą) - ceiling of a house; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay sg/ly/in inside something, put

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ ʰtsiu-he (zhóⁿ ṭsiu-he) - the ridgepole of a house of tent [FL-Osage]

crow

► ma (ma), maⁿ (mą) - crow, corvus brachyrynchos

► ma (má) - crow [MS]

crow blackbird

► maⁿ kdi-xtaⁿ taⁿ-ka (mąkdíxtą ttą́ka) - crow blackbird

► cf. maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ a-hi zhi-te (mąkdíxtą áhi žítte) - redwinged blackbird; maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ xo-te (mąkdíxtą xótte) - starling

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-gthi-xta (moⁿgthixta) - blackbird, grackle bird, starling bird [Omaha]; maⁿ-li-xta (maⁿlíxta) - blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-li-xta a-hu ska (maⁿlíxta áhu ská) - the white winged blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-li-xta a-hu zhu-je (maⁿlíxta áhu zhúje) - the red winged blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-li-xta a-hu zi-hi (maⁿlíxta áhu zíhi) - the yellow winged or headed blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-li-xta pa-zi (maⁿlíxta pázi) - yellow winged and headed blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-li-xta sa-be (maⁿlíxta sábe) - blackbird, the crow, blackbird [Kaw]; maⁿ-ga e-go (máⁿga égo) - blackbird with black and white markings [Kaw]

crow, raven

► ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven

► ka-xe (chah-cheh) - crow, raven (corbeau) [GI]

► Dhegiha: ka-xe (káxe) - crow [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰka-xe (ḳá-xe) - crow [FL-Osage]; ʰka-xe (ʰkáɣe) - crow [CQ-Osage]; ka-ghe (kághe) - crow [Kaw]

► ka-xe (ka-xe) - masculine name of the Kwapa pe-tʰaⁿ (petaⁿ) or Crane gens; Raven

► Dhegiha: ka-ghe (kaghé) - Crow, male name [Kaw]

► ka-xe haⁿ-ka (káqe hañ′k͓a) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral/first gens

► ka-xe ki-aⁿ (káqe kíaⁿ) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; ki-aⁿ (kią́), ki-oⁿ (kiǫ́) - fly, as birds

► ka-xe kwa-niⁿ (káqe kwániⁿ) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven

► ka-xe noⁿ-ba (káqe naⁿp͓á) - masculine name, 2 crows [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► Dhegiha: ʰka-xe thoⁿ-ba (ḳá-xe-thoⁿ-ba) - Two Crows, personal name, refers to the feathers used in making the staff of authority in buffalo hunting [FL-Osage]

► ka-xe noⁿ-ba niⁿ (ká-xe nŭⁿ′-p͓a nyiⁿ′), (káqe naⁿp͓á niⁿ) - masculine name of the (Kwapa) hu-inikaciga or Fish gens: Two Ravens in Motion [ JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; niⁿ (nį) - 3sg continuative aux moving

► ka-xe sa (kaqĕ′ să) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; sa (sa) - black

► Dhegiha: ka-xe sa-be (kaxé sabe) - Black Crow [Omaha]

► ka-xe taⁿ-ka (káqe tañk͓á) - masculine name, Large Raven [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► ka-xe tʰi-de (káqe tíd^¢ĕ) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; tʰi-de (tʰidé) - pass by

Dhegiha: ka-xe ka-ti-the (kaxékatithe) - Crow Sound Passing, male name [Omaha]

► ka-xe to-ha niⁿ (ká-xe tú-ha niⁿ′) - masculine name of the (Kwapa) oⁿpaⁿ gens; Raven that ____, the head man of the gens [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven;

► ka-xe wa-kaⁿ-ta (káqe wakañta) - masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta), wa-koⁿ-ta (wakǫ́ta) - spirit, God

► ka-xe zhi-ka (ká-xe jí-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa pe-tʰaⁿ or Crane gens, Young Raven

► ka-xe zhi-ka (kaqĕ jik͓a), (káxe jík͓a) - masculine name Little Crow, younger bro of Mrs. S [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

crowd

► ba-ki-ki-za (bakkíkkiza) - push through a crowd ► pa-ki-ki-za (ppákkikkíza) - I, shpa-ki-ki-za (špákkikkíza) - you

► cf. wa-ki-za (wakkíza) - space, bare spot; di-ki-ki-za (dikkíkkiza) - clean up, put house in order; di-ki-za (dikkíza) - clean up, put things away

► Dhegiha: ki-ki-za (kíkiza) - clear, clear patches, places here and there where one can see distanct things, as the fog breaks away [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-za (kíza) - open forest, trees without undergrowth, including tall grass, sunflowers, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

crowded

► a-ki-sho-ka (ákkišóka) - crowded, thick, dense, plentiful

► cf. sho-ka (šoká) - thick; di-sho-ka (dišoká) - roughen, to callous

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► Dhegiha: a-ki-shu-ga (aki shuga) - dense [Omaha]; a-kʰi-sh’u-ga (ákʰish’úga) - thick, dense, crowded, plentiful, as leaves on the ground or houses close together [Omaha/Ponca]; a-kʰi-sho-ga (á-ḳi-sho-ga) - dense, density, dense crowd, a dense forest [FL-Osage]

crown of the head

► ta-xpi (ttaxpí) - top or crown of head

► ex: ta-xpi niⁿ-kʰe (ttaxpí-nįkʰe) - the top of the head

► Dhegiha: ta-xpi (taqpí) - top of the head, crown [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xpi (taxpí) - top of the head [Omaha]; ʰta-xpi (ṭa-xpí) - crown of the head FL-Osage]; ta-xpu (taxpú) - crown of the head, top of the head [Kaw]

crumble

► bi-to-we (bittówe) - break, crumble into pieces ► pi-to-we (ppíttowe) - I, shpi-to-we (špíttowe) - you

► cf. ba-to-we (battówe) - break into pieces, cut up; da-to-we (dattówe) - chew to pieces; di-to-we (dittówe) - plow, pulverize the soil; we-di-to-we (wédittówe) - a plow; ka-to-we (kattówe) - shatter, break in pieces; ka-to-we de-de (kattówe déde) - throw at and shatter; naⁿ-to-we (nąttówe) - step on or kick and break something; pa-to-we (páttowe) - cut into large pieces; po-to-we (póttowe) - punch or shoot to pieces; to-wa-de (ttowáde) - crumble of it's own accord

► Dhegiha: a-ba-tu-be (ábatube) - crush, to crush on something by punching, pounding, or ramming [Omaha/Ponca]; bi-tu-be (bitúbe) - crumble, to make something crumble by weight or pressure, as an old log or stump [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-tu-be (gátube) - crumble [Omaha]; tha-tu-be (thátube) - crush with the teeth, chew [Omaha]; ba-ʰto-be (bá-ṭo-be) - to slice, to cut up [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰto-be (ga-ṭo-be) - to shatter, to pulverize [FL-Osage]; ba-to-be (batóbe) - grind, pound fine [Kaw]; yu-to-we (yutówe), yu-to-be (yutóbe) - plow, break virgin ground, to grind, grind up [Kaw]; i-yu-to-we (íyutowe), i-yu-to-be (íyutobe) - tear something up [Kaw]

► to-wa-de (ttowáde) - crumble of it's own accord

► cf. ba-to-we (battówe) - break into pieces, cut up; bi-to-we (bittówe) - break, crumble into pieces; da-to-we (dattówe) - chew to pieces; di-to-we (dittówe) - plow, pulverize the soil; we-di-to-we (wédittówe) - a plow; ka-to-we (kattówe) - shatter, break in pieces; ka-to-we de-de (kattówe déde) - throw at and shatter; naⁿ-to-we (nąttówe) - step on or kick and break something; pa-to-we (páttowe) - cut into large pieces; po-to-we (póttowe) - punch or shoot to pieces

crunch

► da-bna-bna-xe (dabnábnaγe) - crunch food when eating

► Dhegiha: u-tha-bthoⁿ-xe (u-thá-bthoⁿ-xe) - to crunch, crunched within [FL-Osage]; ya-bloⁿ-bkoⁿ-ghe (yablóⁿbloⁿghe) - crunch while eating, as in eating ice [Kaw]

► da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth ► bda-to-zhe (bdáttože) - I, ta-to-zhe (ttáttože) -you

► cf. ba-to-zhe (battóže) - crack, make sound pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - crack, make sound by pressure; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one's finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - crack, make sound by treading; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - cracking sound, make with knife; po-to-zhe (póttože) - crack, make sound thrusting; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

crupper

► siⁿ-ti-oⁿ-he (sįttiǫ́he) - crupper, saddle strap, a piece of tack used on horses to keep a saddle, harness or other equipment from sliding forward

► cf. siⁿ-te (sį́tte) - tail; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay sg/ly/in inside something, put

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-dse oⁿ-he (çiⁿ-dse oⁿ-he), siⁿ-dse u-oⁿ-he (çíⁿ-dse u-oⁿ-he) - crupper, “tail - lay” [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-je o-he (síⁿje ohé) - crupper of a saddle/harness [Kaw]

crush

► bi-taⁿ-ha (bittą́ha) - crush, pulverize ► pi-taⁿ-ha (ppíttąha) - I, shpi-taⁿ-ha (špíttąha) - you

► cf. ba-taⁿ-ha (battą́ha) - pulverize; da-taⁿ-ha (dattą́ha) - chew very fine; di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill; wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal; wa-di-taⁿ-ha wa-ske (wadíttąha waské) - cornbread; ka-taⁿ-ha (kattą́ha) - pound, pulverize; pa-taⁿ-ha (páttąha) - cut up very fine, as tobacco; po-taⁿ-ha (póttąha) - pulverize by punching/shooting; ta-taⁿ-ha (táttąha) - burn to ashes, burn up

► naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (nąttą́ha) - crush with feet, trample to bits ► a-naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (aną́ttąha) - I, da-naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (daną́ttąha) - you

► bi-xoⁿ (bixǫ́) - break, crush ► pi-xoⁿ (ppíxǫ) - I, shpi-xoⁿ (špíxǫ) - you

► bi-xoⁿ (bixǫ́) - break [MS]

► cf. da-xoⁿ (daxǫ́) - break by biting; di-xoⁿ (dixǫ́) - break, as a stick with the hands; ka-xoⁿ (kaxǫ́) - break something by hitting it; a-ka-xoⁿ (ákaxǫ) - break something by striking another object; pa-xoⁿ (páxǫ) - cut apart, disjoint; po-xoⁿ (póxǫ) - shoot in two, break punching

► Dhegiha: bi-xoⁿ (bixoⁿ) - fracture [Omaha]; bi-xoⁿ (bi-xóⁿ) - to break down, to crease [FL-Osage]; pi-xoⁿ (pixó̜) - break down, presumably by blowing upon [CQ-Osage]; bi-xoⁿ (bixóⁿ) - break something by sitting on it [Kaw]

crutch

► i-sa-kde (ísakdé) - cane, walking stick, crutch

► i-sa-kde (ísakdé) - cane [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-sa-gthe (ísagthe) - forked stick, like those used for hanging kettles over a fire [Omaha/Ponca]; i-sa-gthe (í-ça-gthe) - a post planted in the ground, a cane or walking stick [FL-Osage]; i-sa (íisa) - cane, walking stick, crutch [CQ-Osage]; i-sa-le (ísale) - cane, crutch [Kaw]

cry

► xa-ke (γaké) - cry, weep ► a-xa-ke (aγáke) - I, da-xa-ke (daγáke) - you

► xa-ke (hah-kieh) - cry, weep (pleurer) [GI]

cf. di-xa-ke (diγáke) - cry, cause by squeezing; wa-zhiⁿ aⁿ-xa-ke (wažį́ ą́γaké) - mocking bird, lit. “crying bird”

► ex: xa-ke niⁿ (γaké nį) - crying (he/she is crying) [MS]

► Dhegiha: xa-ge (xagé) -cry, squeal [Omaha/Ponca]; xa-ge (xa-gé) - to weep or to cry, lamentation [FL-Osage]; xa-ke (γaaké) - cry [CQ-Osage]; gʰa-ge (gʰagé) - cry, weep [Kaw]

► di-xa-ke (diγáke) - cry, cause by squeezing ► bdi-xa-ke (bdíγake) - I, ti-xa-ke (ttíγake) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; xa-ke (γaké) - cry, weep; wa-zhiⁿ aⁿ-xa-ke (wažį́ ą́γaké) - mocking bird, lit. “crying bird”

► di-xda-xda-zhe (dixdáxdaže) - make cry in weak voice ► bdi-xda-xda-zhe (bdíxdaxdaže) -I, ti-xda-xda-zhe (ttíxdaxdaže) - you

► Dhegiha: xtha-zhe (qthazhé) - to scream out, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]; xtha-xtha-zhe (qthaqtházhe) - to scream out often, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]

► haⁿ-haⁿ-haⁿ (hą́hąhą́) - oh oh oh, cry of pain

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-hoⁿ-hoⁿ (hóⁿ! hoⁿ! hóⁿ!) - ouch, interjection of pain, ow!, ouch! [Omaha/Ponca]

cry out

► bda-se (bdasé) - shout, cry out (human) ► a-bda-se (abdáse) - I, da-bda-se (dabdáse) - you, oⁿ-bda-sa-we (ǫbdásawe) - we

► cf. bda-se de-de (bdasé dedé) - shout to one at a distance

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar

► ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]

► cf. ho (ho) - voice; naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on; ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hu tʰoⁿ (hútʰoⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, said of the cries of all animals except humans and hogs [Omaha]; ho-ʰtoⁿ (hóṭoⁿ) - the cry or call of animals or birds [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ (hóoʰtą) - yell, holler, shout, lit., “loud voice”, sing or sound out, make a loud sound, make animal sounds [CQ-Osage]; ho-taⁿ (hótaⁿ) - cry of an animal; an animal’s characteristic cry, a single term used to convey notions such as roar, bellow, whinny, caw, etc. [Kaw] …. hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha]; ho ʰtoⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person “big voice, loud voice, or rough voice.” [Kaw]

► naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on ► a-naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (aną́hottą) - I, da-naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (daną́hottą) - you

► cf. naⁿ (naⁿ) - by action of the foot; ho (ho) - voice; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar; ho taⁿ-ka (hŭk-takah) - shout, yell, scream, call (crier) [GI]; ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► zi-we (ziwé) - scream, cry out as a woman ► a-zi-we (azíwe) - I, da-zi-we (dazíwe) - you, oⁿ-zi-wa-we (ǫzíwawe) - we

cultivate

► i-x’aⁿ (íxʔą́), i-x’oⁿ (ixʔǫ́) - hoe, cultivate ► i-da-x’aⁿ (idáxʔą) - I, i-da-x’aⁿ (ídaxʔą) - you

► cf. we-x’aⁿ (wéxʔą) - hoe, iron weeding hoe

► Dhegiha: i-oⁿ (íoⁿ) - cultivate [Omaha]; i-ʰk’oⁿ (í-ḳ’oⁿ) - to cultivate growing corn, beans, and squash [FL-Osage]

► naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity ► naⁿ-hoⁿ-a-de (naⁿ-hoⁿ-a-de) - I, naⁿ-hoⁿ-da-de (naⁿ-hoⁿ-da-de) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - girl, young; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - father's older brother, man's; wa-x'o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-the (nǫ́ǫðe) - raise, rear, bring up [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

cup

► ni i-da-taⁿ (ni ídattą́) - cup, “with which to drink water” [MS]

► ni-da-taⁿ (nídattą́) - cup, drinking glass

► cf. ni (ni) - water; i (í) - with which to; da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink

► Dhegiha: ni i-tha-toⁿ (ni ithatoⁿ) - cup [Omaha]; ni i-tha-ʰtoⁿ (ní i-tha-ṭoⁿ) - cup, mug, drinking glass, drinking cup, tankard, dipper [FL-Osage]; ni i-tha-ʰtaⁿ (níiðaaʰtą) - dipper, lsdle, lit., ‘with which to drink water’ [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni i-ya-taⁿ (zháⁿni iyátaⁿ) - dipper, cup made of wood [Kaw]

► ni-da-taⁿ-i-yaⁿ ka-tʰe (nidáttąiyą́ katʰé) - ladle out with a cup

► cf. ni-da-taⁿ (nídattą́) - cup, drinking glass; i-yaⁿ (iyą́) - i + ’oⁿ (i + ʔǫ) with, by means of; ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that st/iv/in or that cl/iv/in

► ti-ke (ttíke) - cup, ladle made of horn, refers to clam shell spoon etymologically

► ti-ke (ttíke) - dipper [MS]

► ti-ke (tī gĕ) - wooden spoon, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► cf. ma-ze ti-ke (maze ttíke) - spoon, metal spoon; te-he ti-ke (ttehé ttíke) - buffalo horn spoon; ti-ke ma-ni (ttíke máni) - clam

► Dhegiha: ʰtsiu-ge (ṭsiu-ge) - a spoon, a shell spoon, before metal spoons were known to the Indians shells were used for spoons [FL-Osage]; ʰtsu-ke (ʰcúke) - spoon, abalone shell, Osage spoons were originally clamshells from creeks, used only for scraping corn, with little ones for children, larger ones for adults, this term is now used for spoons of other materials such as metal, plastic, or wood [CQ-Osage]

► zhaⁿ o-zhi (žą oží), zhoⁿ o-zhi (žǫ́ oží) - dipper or cup of wood

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill

curl

► be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral

► cf. be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms candy; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, literally, twisted tobacco; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wažǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands; ni-zhi- ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

curly

► ni-zhi-ha shi-ke (nižíha šíke) - hair, curly

► ni-zhi-ha shi-ke (nižíha šíke) - curly hair [MS]

► cf. ni-zhi-ha (nižíha) - hair of the human head; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly