English to Quapaw Dictionary

M

machine - mallard

man - maybe

me too - misaligned

miserable - mound

mountain - mutter

muzzle - myth's

 

 machine, fail in walking or with machine

► naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (nąį́ži) - fail in walking or with machine ► a-naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (aną́įži) - I, da-naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (daną́įži) - you

► cf. naⁿ (naⁿ) - by action of the foot; zhi (-ži) - negative, not; ba-iⁿ-zhi (baį́ži) - fail or miss pushing at something; bi-iⁿ-zhi (biį́ži) - fail/miss pressing/blowing; da-iⁿ-zhi (daį́ži) - fail using the mouth, voice; di-iⁿ-zhi (díįži) - fail in pulling, rowing, etc.; ka-iⁿ-zhi (kaį́ži) - fail in throwing or striking; pa-iⁿ-zhi (páįži) - fail in cutting or sawing; ta-iⁿ-zhi (táįži), (ttáįži) - fail in cooking, as when fire is not hot enough

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-iⁿ-ba-zhi (naⁿíⁿbazhi), naⁿ-iⁿ-ba-zhe (naⁿíⁿbazhe) - fail walking, running, or working machinery due to an imperfection [Kaw]

 

made of beadwork that is sewed on, necklace

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ a-ba-tʰe (waną́ʔį abátʰe) - necklace made of beadwork that is sewed on

► cf. wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads, necklace, necktie, neckerchief, something worn around the neck; a (a) - on, upon; ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-tʰe (ba-tʰé) - sew, to sew [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-tse (ba-tsé) - to sew [FL-Osage]; pa-tsʰe (paacʰé) - sew [CQ-Osage]; ba-che (baché) - sew [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-tʰe (ábatʰe) - to sew on [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-che (ábache) - sew something on [Kaw]

 

made of deer’s tail, headdress/roach

► ta siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte ákną) - roach (headdress) [MS]

► ta siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ta sīⁿte ága na), (ta sīⁿ tē aga na) - head dress of deer hair and turkey beard, with bone standard and tube, from George Red Eagle and John Quapaw [MH]

► ta siⁿ-te wa-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte wákną) - roach made of a deer’s tail

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; ta siⁿ-te (ttasį́tte) - deer’s tail; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put, put on, put a object upon a surface; ta siⁿ-te sha (tta sįtté šá) - black tailed deer; ta siⁿ-te ska (tta sįtté ska) - white tailed deer

► Dhegiha: ʰta siⁿ-dse a-gthoⁿ (ṭa-çíⁿ-dse a-gthoⁿ) - deer’s tail headdress. a warrior’s decoration [FL-Osage]; ʰta siⁿ-tse (ʰtaasį́įce) - headdress, lit., “deer tail” [CQ-Osage]; ta siⁿ-je wa-laⁿ (tasíⁿje waláⁿ) - roach, deer tail headdress [Kaw]

 

made of deerskin or buckskin, leggings

► ta-ha hi-niⁿ-ke (ta ha hǐ nǐ kya) - buckskin leggings, from Louis Angel Tallchief [MH]

► cf. ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; hi-niⁿ-ke (hinį́ke), hi-ni-ke (hiníke) - leggings

► Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiu-iⁿ-ge (hiú-iⁿ-ge) - leggings (man’s) [FL-Osage]; hu-iⁿ-ke (húuįke), hiⁿ-oⁿ-ke (hį́įǫke) - hosiery, stockings, socks, leggings [CQ-Osage]; hu-yoⁿ-ge (húyoⁿge), hu-yu-yiⁿ-ge (húyuyiⁿge) - leggings [Kaw]

 

made of deerskin or buckskin, shirt

► ta-ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - man’s shirt, coat, tunic; made of buckskin

► cf. ta-ha (ttahá) - deerskin; o-ki-kda-xda (okkíkdaxda), o-ki-kdi-xda (okkíkdixda) - shirt

► Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰku-laⁿ (oʰkúlą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílaⁿ) - clothes, literally, that which one puts oneself into [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰku-laⁿ (óʰkulą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílą), o-ʰki-o-laⁿ (óʰkioolą́) - put on oneself or dress in a shirt or dress, dress oneself, put on clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-lo-xla (ókiloxla), o-ki-laⁿ-xla (ókilaⁿxla) - clothes, coat, shirt, tunic [Kaw]

 

made of deerskin or buckskin, shoes

► ta ha hoⁿ-pe (ttahá hǫpé) - moccasins made of deerskin

► cf. ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; hoⁿ-be (hǫbé), hoⁿ-pe (hǫpé) - shoe, moccasin

► Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-be (hiⁿ-bé) - moccasins [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-be (hiⁿbe) - moccasins [Omaha]; hoⁿ-be (hoⁿ-bé) - moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-pe (hǫǫpé) - moccasins, shoes [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-be (haⁿbé), hoⁿ-be (hoⁿbé) - shoes, moccasins [Kaw]

 

made of eagle skins, headdress

► xi-da o-kdaⁿ-ke (xidá okną́ke) - headdress made of eagle skins

► cf. xi-da (xidá) - eagle; o-kdaⁿ-ke (ókdąke) - hat or cap

► Dhegiha: xi-tha u-gthoⁿ-ge (xi-tha-ú-gthoⁿ-ge) - eagle feather headdress [FL-Osage]; xu-tha-laⁿ-ke (xúðalą́ke) - eagle headdress [CQ-Osage]; xu-ya o-laⁿ-ge (xuyá oláⁿge), xu-yo-laⁿ-ge  (xuyólaⁿge) - war bonnet, a headdress made of eagle feathers or of entire eagles [Kaw]

 

made, cracking sound made by burning

► ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife; po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting

 

made, done, to have caused

► ka-xe-ye (káγeye) - made, done, to have caused ► pa-xe-ye (ppáγeye) - I, shka-xe-ye (škáγeye) - you

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ye (-ye), e (-e) - past suffix, perfective aspect; ye (-ye) - past, incl. all motion verbs

 

maggot, worm

► wa-kdi (wakdí) - worm, maggot

► cf. wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška), wa-xti-shka (waxtíška) - insect, reptile

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi (wagthi) - maggots [Omaha]; wa-gthi (wagthi) - worm [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi (wa-gthí) - maggot [FL-Osage]; wa-le (walé) - maggots [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - beetle; bug; insect; termite; all worms [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - insect, reptile, snake [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthu-shka (wa-gthú-shka) - bug; any kind of bug; a worm; an insect [FL-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúška) - bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker (in a deck of cards) [CQ-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúshka) - insect, bug, worm [Kaw]

 

maize, corn

► wa-tʰaⁿ-zi (watʰą́zi) - corn, maize, squaw corn

► wa-tʰaⁿ-ze (watʰą́ze), wa-tʰo-zi (watʰózi) - corn [MS, AB, FR, OM]

► wa-tʰoⁿ-ze (ŭah-tonseh) - corn (maïs) [GI]

► wa-tʰaⁿ-zi (wa˙t'ą́zi) - corn, maize [FV]

► wa-tʰoⁿ-ze (wa˙t'ǫ́ze) - corn, maize [VG]

► cf. wa-tʰaⁿ-zi hi (watʰą́zi hí) - cornstalk; wa-tʰaⁿ-zi si (wátʰązí si) - corn, grains of corn; wa-tʰaⁿ-ze a-hoⁿ di-shiⁿ (watʰą́ze áhǫ dišį́) - bread of corn [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-taⁿ-zi (wa-táⁿ-zi) - corn [JOD-Omaha]; wa-toⁿ-zi (watoⁿçi) - corn [Omaha]; wa-toⁿ-zi (wa-tóⁿ-çi) - corn [FL-Osage]; wa-txa-zu (watxázu) - dried corn, preparation of dried corn soup [CQ-Osage]; wa-kho-zu (wakhózu) - corn of any kind [Kaw]

 

make

► ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause ► pa-xe (ppáγe) - I, shka-xe (škáγe) - you, ka-xe (káγe) - he/she, ka-xa-we (káγawe) - they, aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáγe) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-ka-xa-we (ąkáγawe) - we

► cf. ka-xa (kaγá) - command form of make, do, cause; ka-xe-ye (káγeye) - to have made, done, caused; ki-ka-xe (kikáγe) - fix, repair; ki-ka-xe (kíkaγe) - make something for someone; ki-ka-xe (kkikkáγe) - make for oneself; i-ka-zo i-ka-xe (íkazózo ikáγe) - pen, writing instrument

► ex: e-kaⁿ pa-xe te (eką́ ppáγe tté) - I will make it like that [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-xe (gáxe) - make [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xe (gaxe) - made, make, creator, consume, construct, brew, build, erect, distill, develop, commit, create, dance [Omaha]; ga-xe (gá-xe) - to make, to perform [FL-Osage]; ka-xe (káaγe) - make, fix, prepare, bake, build, force someone to do something, cause something to be a certain way, turn on, do, perform, engage in, make it [CQ-Osage]; ga-ghe (gághe) - make, do, pretend, cause [Kaw]

 

► pa-xe (ppáγe) - I make, do , cause

► ex: a-pʰe a-taⁿ wa-ske pa-xa-taⁿ bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (ápʰe áttą wáske ppaγá-ttą bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - I pounded and made bread and I ate it [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi o-do-hi pa-xe te (éži odóhi ppáγe tte) - I’ll come up (make) with something different [JOD]

► ex: wa-pa-xe (wappáγe) - I make them [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde shiⁿ wa-pa-xe naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde šį́ wappáγe ną) - the four women that live together, I made them fat [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ ka-xe a-wi-ka-zhi (ekǫ́ káγe áwikaži) - I commanded you to do so

► Dhegiha: pa-xe (p͓áxe) - I make, do [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xe (p̩á-xe) - I make [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-xe (ʰpáaγe) - I make [CQ-Osage]; pa-ghe (pághe) - I make [Kaw]

 

► shka-xe (škáγe) - you make, do, cause

► ex: shka-xe (škáγe) - you made (you make) [OM]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shka-xe ni-kʰe (táttą škáγe nikʰé) - what are you making? [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe shpoⁿ hi shka-xe (nąpé špǫ hi škáγe) - you made (make) hand wet [MS]

► Dhegiha: shka-xe (ckáxe) - you make, do [JOD-Omaha]; shka-xe (shká-xe) - you make [FL-Osage]; shka-xe (škáaγe) - you make [CQ-Osage]; shka-ghe (shkághe) - you make [Kaw]

 

► ka-xe (káγe) - he/she make, do, cause

► ex: ka-xe (káγe) - he made it [JOD]

► ex: ka-xe di-sh’a (kaxé dišʔá) - he failed to make it [JOD]

► ex: ma-kaⁿ ka-xe (makką́ káγe) - doctor, “makes medicine” [MS]

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► ex: ma-xpi ka-xe (maxpí káγe) - Cloud Maker, Making Clouds, personal name [MS]

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► ex: wa-hi-ka zhi-ka ta-sha-knaⁿ o-do-hi ka-xe (wahíkka žíka tášakną́ odóhi káxe) - he made her into a small pin [JOD]

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► Dhegiha: ga-xe (gáxe) - he/she make, do [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xe (gá-xe) - he/she make [FL-Osage]; ka-xe (káaγe) - he/she make, do [CQ-Osage]; ga-ghe (gághe) - he/she/it make [Kaw]

 

► ka-xa-we (káγawe) - they make, do, cause

► ex: zho-hi hi ka-xa-we (žohí hi káγawe) - they made many [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-gha-be (gághabe) - they make [Kaw]

 

► aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáγe) - we dual, I and one other make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-xe (añgáxe) - we make [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáaγe) - we make [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-ghe (aⁿgághabe) - we make [Kaw]

 

► aⁿ-ka-xa-we (ąkáγawe) - we make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-xa i (angáxa i) - we make do [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-xa i (oⁿ-gá-xa i) - we make [FL-Osage]

 

make a bang, discharge

► di-to-xi (dittóxi) - discharge, make a bang ► bdi-to-xi (bdíttoxi) - I, ti-to-xi (ttíttoxi) - you

► cf. di-to-to-xi (dittóttoxi) - one of the sounds of thunder; ba-to-xi (battóxi) - burst by punching, pushing; bi-to-xi (bittóxi) - burst from pressure/weight; ka-to-xi (kattóxi) - burst, break open; naⁿ-to-xi (nąttóxi) - step on and burst something; po-to-xi (póttoxi) - burst from a shot or punch; ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - soda pop, “exploding water”; ta-to-xi (táttoxi) - to cause burst by burning

 

make a crack noise by stepping

► naⁿ-ta-ze (nąttáze) - make crack noise by stepping ► a-naⁿ-ta-ze (aną́ttaze) - I, da-naⁿ-ta-ze (daną́ttaze) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; bi-ta-ze (bittáze) - crackle when squeezed; da-ta-ze (dattáze) - crackling sound by biting; di-ta-ze (dittáze) - crackling sound, snapping; ka-ta-ze (kattáze) - crackling sound of sticks; ta-ta-ze (tattáze) - crackle while burning

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-do-ze (naⁿdóze) - crack ice by stepping on it [Kaw]

 

make a crack sound by pressure

► bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure ► pi-to-zhe (ppíttože) - I, shpi-to-zhe (špíttože) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, blow; ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife; po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

 

make a crack sound by pushing

► ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing ► pa-to-zhe (ppáttože) - I, shpa-to-zhe (špáttože) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife; po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

 

make a crack sound by thrusting

► po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting ► po-a-to-zhe (póattóže) - I, po-da-to-zhe (pódattóže) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing; ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

 

make a crack sound by treading

► naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading ► a-naⁿ-to-zhe (aną́ttože) - I, da-naⁿ-to-zhe (daną́ttože) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife; po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

 

make a cracking sound with a knife

► pa-to-zhe (páttože) - make cracking sound with knife ► pa-a-to-zhe (páattóže) - I, pa-da-to-zhe (pádattóže) - you, pa-oⁿ-to-zha-we (Páǫttóžawe) - we

► cf. pa (pá)  - by cutting with a knife; ba-to-zhe (battóže) - make crack sound pushing; bi-to-zhe (bittóže) - make crack sound by pressure; da-to-zhe (dattóže) - crunch with teeth; naⁿ-pe di-to-zhe (nąpé dittóže) - crack one’s finger joints; ka-to-zhe (kattóže) - cracking sound hitting something; naⁿ-to-zhe (nąttóže) - make crack sound by treading; po-to-zhe (póttože) - make crack sound thrusting; ta-to-zhe (táttože) - cracking sound made by burning

 

make a dull sound

► ka-xa-xa-da (kaxáxada) - thump, make a dull sound ► a-xa-xa-da (áxaxada) - I, da-xa-xa-da (dáxaxada) - you

► cf. di-xa-xa-da (dixáxada) - clatter, noise of planks; ka-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

 

make a face

► iⁿ-te da-shi-ke (įtté dašíke) - screw up the face, make a face ► iⁿ-te bda-shi-ke (įtté bdášike) - I, iⁿ-te ta-shi-ke (įtté ttášike) - you

► cf. iⁿ-te (įtté) - face; da (da) - by mouth; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-dse thi-ʰpi-zhi (iⁿ-dsé thi-p̣i-zhi) - grimace [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-tse thu-ʰpi-zhi (įcé ðuuʰpíiži) - make faces, grimace, lit., “make a bad face” [CQ-Osage]

 

make a gnawing sound

► da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: tha-k’a-xe (thak’áxe) - grating sound, gnaw, to make a grating noise by gnawing as a rat does [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’á-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

make a grating sound

► da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound

► cf. da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

make a grating sound with feet

► naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet ► a-naⁿ-k’a-xe (aną́kʔaxe) - I, da-naⁿ-k’a-xe (daną́kʔaxe) - you

► cf. naⁿ (naⁿ) - by action of the foot; ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

make a heap

► a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up

sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place

► Dhegiha: sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]; ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; gu-sto (gustó) - assemble, meet together [Kaw]

 

make a horse prance

► zha-koi-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance

► cf. zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną), zha-koi-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną) - jump, make sudden leaps; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - unsteady, ungainly; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; zha-koi-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump; zha-ka i-de (žákka íde), zha-koi-de (žakóide) - jump a rope

► ex: o-za taⁿ maⁿ-shi zha-koi-de taⁿ (óža tą mą́ši žakóide tą) - when he danced, he leaped high [JOD]

 

make a place, make way

► ki-di-ki-ze (kidikíze) - give room, make way, clear out [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de aⁿ-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde ą́dikizawé) - you’all make a place for me towards the water [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-ki-za-wa-zhi (ąttíkizawáži) - you’all do not give room to me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-di-ki-za-we (ądíkizawé) - you’all make a way for me [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-ki-ze (kidikíze-nįhe) - you make way for him! [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de ki-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde kídikizáwe) - they made a way for him towards the water [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ taⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tą oną́štotte ną dá tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the water, they said [JOD]

 

make a popping sound from pushing

► ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing ► pa-ta-zhe (ppáttaže) - I, shpa-ta-zhe (špáttaže) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

 

make a popping sound with mouth

► da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth ► bda-ta-zhe (bdáttaže) - I, ta-ta-zhe (ttáttaže) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

 

make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

► ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound

 

make a rattling noise

► di-sha-sha-da (dišášada) - rattle, make a rattling noise

► cf. a-na-sha-da (ánašáda) - bell, rattle [MS]; di-sha-da (dišáda) - rattle; ka-sha-da (kašadá) - rattle by striking something

 

make a rut or groove by pulling

► o-di-xo-we (odíxowe) - make a rut or groove by pulling ► o-bdi-xo-we (obdíxowe) - I, o-ti-xo-we (ottíxowe) - you

► cf. di-xo (diγó) - mark, scratch, draw line; di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along; da-xo-we (daxówe) - drag with teeth, draw into mouth

► Dhegiha: thi-xu (thixú) - draw, mark, to make marks on paper, to make marks such as are made on arrows [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xu (thixu) - sketch, mark [Omaha]; thi-xu (thi-xú) - to scratch marks on rocks or draw lines on paper [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-e (thi-xú-e) - to drag something on the ground [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-we (thi-xú-we) - to drag some dead animal by rope, to lead a horse to water [FL-Osage]; thi-xo-we (ðiiɣówe), thi-xo-e (ðiiɣóe), thi-xo (ðiiɣó) - drag [CQ-Osage]; yu-gho-we (yughówe) - drag, pull behind [Kaw]

 

make a scraping sound

► ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound ► a-k’a-xe (ákʔaxe) - I, da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxe) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

make a scratching sound

► ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound ► pa-k’a-xe (ppákʔaxe) - I, shpa-k’a-xe (špákʔaxe) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

make a step, stride

► si di-ze de-de (si díze déde) - stride, make a step

► cf. si di-ze (si díze) - raise the foot as in walking; si (si) - foot; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► Dhegiha: si thi-ze (si ¢í-zĕ) - to take up his feet, to raise the feet, as in walking [JOD-Omaha]; si thi-ze (si thíze) - lift one’s feet, as in walking [Omaha/Ponca]; si thi-ze (çi thize) - step [Omaha]; si thu-ze stse-dse (çí-thu-çe stse-dse) - to stride [FL-Osage]; si yu-ze (síyuze) - to take a step, advance step by step [Kaw]

 

make a tearing sound

► di-so-wa-de (disowáde) - make tearing sound ► bdi-so-wa-de (bdísowáde) - I, ti-so-wa-de (ttísowáde) -you

 

make a whooshing sound

► ka-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́xǫtte), ka-xo-xo-te (kaxóxotte) - make a whooshing sound

► cf. ga-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (gaγǫ́γǫtte) - buzzing, humming sound; ka-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́tte) - whizzing sound, as a bullet

 

make an upright object lean by pulling it

► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object; make an upright object lean by pulling it ► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (ádikʰą itʰédade), a-ti-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (áttikʰą itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► Dhegiha: a-thi-ʰkoⁿ (á-thi-ḳoⁿ) - lay on either side; to recline as when attacking [FL-Osage]; a-thi-kxaⁿ (áðiikxą) - lie down against; lean up against, recline, rest [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-khaⁿ (áyukhaⁿ) - lean on something, as a door [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ) - leaing against [JOD-Omaha]; a-koⁿ (á-koⁿ) - to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lean up against; lie against; lie down, as to sleep or rest [CQ-Osage]; a-khaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]

 

make angry or cross

► o-xnaⁿ ka-xe (óxną káγe) - to make angry, cross

► cf. o-xnaⁿ (óxną) - angry, irritated, cross, mean; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: shoⁿ-ke o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - mean dog [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - my dog is mean [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-xthoⁿ shtoⁿ (ú-xthoⁿ-shtoⁿ) - to be cross, disagreeable [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (ólą), (óolą), o-loⁿ (olǫ́ǫ), o-dla (ódla) - pout, sulk, sulky [CQ-Osage]; xthoⁿ (xthoⁿ) - to sulk, pout, peeved [FL-Osage]; loⁿ (lǫ́), laⁿ (lą́) - mad, angry [CQ-Osage]

 

make creak by pulling

► di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - creak, to make creak by pulling ► bdi-kiⁿ-te (bdíkįtte) - I, ti-kiⁿ-te (ttíkįtte) - you

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin; ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman’s dance; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion, fiddle

► Dhegiha: thi-gi-ze (thigiçe) - squeak [Omaha]; thi-gi-dse (thi-gí-dse) - to creak, a sharp squeaking sound, as a loose board [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gi-ze (gíze) - creak, to creak [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-dse (gi-dse) - squeak [FL-Osage]

ki-tse (kíce) - squeak [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak; to play the fiddle, to make aa creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - a fiddle; ba (ba) - an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse) - squeak [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle; play the guitar; music [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bi-gi-ze (bigize) - creak [Omaha]; bi-gi-gi-ze (bigigiçe) - squeak [Omaha]; ga-gi-ze (gagize) - creak [Omaha]

 

make cry in a weak voice

► di-xda-xda-zhe (dixdáxdaže) - make cry in weak voice ► bdi-xda-xda-zhe (bdíxdaxdaže)  -I, ti-xda-xda-zhe (ttíxdaxdaže) - you

► Dhegiha: xtha-zhe (qthazhé) - to scream out, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]; xtha-xtha-zhe (qthaqtházhe) - to scream out often, like a young animal calling it’s mother [Omaha/Ponca]

 

make dirty

► o-ki-shi-ke ka-xe (ókkišíke káγe) - soil, make dirty

► cf. o-ki-shi-ke (ókkišíke) - dirty, soiled; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

 

make distinction

► o-we-taⁿ-iⁿ ka-xe (owéttąį káγe) - distinguish, make distinction

► cf. o-we-tiⁿ (owéttį) - to leave a mark; taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: u-we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (u-wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - a mark of some kind by which a thing may be found; a sign, something placed to aid in the memory of a place; identification mark; a register, a token, a keepsake; to register [FL-Osage]; we-toⁿ-iⁿ (wétoⁿiⁿ) - distinction, difference [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - mark of identification [FL-Osage]; we-tiⁿ (wétiⁿ) - difference, distinction [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

make effort, decide, try

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide ► bdi-knaⁿ (bdíkną) - I, ti-knaⁿ (ttíkną) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - wise, be, have sense

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wábdikną́) - I am planning something [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (íttikną) - you plan [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

► ex: da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-ki-ho-shi (datʰé dikną́ tą ík͓ihoší) - she decided to eat it, he (her man/husband) forbid her (from eating it) [JOD]

► ex: shiⁿ-wa-de di-knaⁿ niⁿ (šįwáde dikną́ nį) - he planned/decided to fatten them [JOD]

► ex: a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ (anį́ kde dikną́) - he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikną́, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi naⁿ pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (dasnį́waží ną ppíkiži dikną́) -  they had not devoured it all, she decided to put her scraps away [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-kʰa (ídikną́ nikʰá) - they were deciding [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one’s mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

 

make elliptical

► di-sto-ka (distókka) - round, make elliptical ► bdi-sto-ka (bdístokka) - I, ti-sto-ka (ttístokka) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand; sto-ka (stokká) - oblong, elliptical

► Dhegiha: snu-ʰka (çnú-ḳa) - oval, egg-shaped [FL-Osage]

 

make for oneself

► ki-ka-xe (kkikkáγe) - make for oneself ► a-ki-pa-xe (akkíppaγe) - I, da-ki-shka-xe (dakkíškaγe) - you

► cf. ki-ka-xe (kíkaγe) - make something for someone; ki-ka-xe (kikáγe) - fix, repair; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: aⁿ-ki-ka-xa-we (ąkkíkkaγawe) - we made it for ourselves

► Dhegiha: gi-ka-xe (gi-k͓á-xe) - to make his or her own [JOD-Omaha]; ki-ka-xe (k͓i-k͓á-xe) - to act or make for himself [JOD-Omaha]; gi-ʰka-xe (gi-ḳá-xe) - to repair a house or some implement [FL-Osage]; gi-ga-xe (gi-gá-xe) - vamp, repair, mend [FL-Osage]; ki-ka-xe (kikáaγe) - make of produce for someone; make over, do over, repair of fix something, repair, redo, reform  [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-ʰka-xe (ʰkiʰkáaγe) - make, build, or make up for oneself, do for oneself [CQ-Osage]

 

make fun of, laugh often

► i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha ‘oⁿ-we (wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe: disísike hínįhá ʔǫ́wé) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were very cruel to mankind [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa-xa (í-qa-qa) - to laugh at, ridicule, make fun of; to get a laugh on one, as by playing a trick on him; to abuse, or maltreat a person [JOD-Omaha]; i-xa-xa (ixaxa) - humiliate, ridicule, harass [Omaha]; i-xa-xa (i-xá-xa) - to ridicule [FL-Osage]

 

make gooey

► i-di-xdi-we (ídixdíwe) - mix, mess with, make gooey ► i-bdi-xdi-we (íbdixdíwe) - I, i-ti-xdi-we (íttixdíwe) - you

► cf. di-xdi-we (dixdíwe) - dip hand into something; di-xdi-xdi-we (dixdíxdiwe) - sticky, make from handling; ma-xti-xti-we (máxtixtíwe) - mud, shallow

 

make grating sound by gnawing on

► a-da-x’i (ádaxʔi) - make grating sound by gnawing on, as a rat gnawing on wood or metal

► cf. a-pa-x’i (ápaxʔi) - cut meat from the bone; ka-x’i (kaxʔí) - scrape, as hair from a hide

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ta wa-hi a-da-x’i (šǫ́ke ttawáhi ádaxʔí) - the dog gnawed the deer bone

 

make growl

► di-xdiⁿ-ke (dixdį́ke), di-xniⁿ-ke (dixnį́ke) - to make growl ► bdi-xdi-ke (bdíxdįke) - I, ti-xdiⁿ-ke (ttíxdįke) - you

► cf. xniⁿ-ke (xnįké), xdiⁿ-ke (xdįké) - growl, snarl as a dog or wolf

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ (qthiⁿ) - to snarl or growl, like a dog or wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl [Omaha]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl of an animal [FL-Osage]; xliⁿ (xlíⁿ) - growl, as a dog or wolf [Kaw]

 

make holy, consecrate

► di-xo-we (dixówe) - consecrate, make holy ► bdi-xo-we (bdíxowe) - I, ti-xo-we (ttíxowe) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy; wa-zhiⁿ-ka xo-we (wažį́ka xówe) - eagle, “holy bird”; ni xo-we (ni xówe) - mysterious water, holy or sacred water; ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - shaman, Indian doctor, priest, “holy man”; ta-ni-ba wa-xo-we (taníba waxówe) - the sacred pipe; zhoⁿ xo-we (žǫ xówe) - sassafras, S. albidum, lit. “holy wood”

► Dhegiha: thi-xu-be (thiqúbe) - consecrate, to consecrate, to make holy [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: xu-be (xube) - hallowed, holy, wizard [Omaha]; xu-be (xúbe) - holy, supernatural power, sanctity [FL-Osage]; xo-pe (xópe) - sacred, consecrated, holy [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-xu-be (waqúbe) - mysterious, holy, sacred [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-be (waxube) - holy [Omaha]; wa-xo-be (wa-xó-be) - a talisman or something worn about the person to ward off evil, anything consecrated for ceremonial use [FL-Osage]; wa-xo-pe (waxópe) - medicine bundle, sacred object, things consecrated or honored [CQ-Osage]; wa-xo-we (waxówe), wa-xo-be (waxóbe) - sacred, holy, mysterious, any sacred or mysterious object, as a sacred bundle [Kaw]

 

make hot, heat something

► ta-ka-te ka-xe (tákkatte káγe) - heat something, make hot

► cf. ta-ka-te (tákkatte) - hot, to be hot; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ta (tá-) - by extreme temperature; ka-te (kkátte) - hot, to be hot; zho-ka-te (žókkatte) - fever, to have a fever; ni-xo-te ta-ka-te (nixótte tákkatte) - hot ashes [JOD]; ta-ka-te hi (tákkatte hí) - hot, really hot [MS]

► Dhegiha: ta-ʰka-tse ka-xe (táaʰkace káaγe) - heat, lit., “make it hot, cause it to heat up [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: na-ka-de (nákade) - heat [Omaha]; da-ʰka-dse (dá-ḳa-dse) - hot [FL-Osage]; ta-ʰka-tse (táaʰkace) - be hot to the touch, be warm, an object or a substance, or a person only in special circumstances, such as with fever, does not apply to weather [CQ-Osage]; da-ka-je (dákaje) - hot, as a person, stove [Kaw]

 

make in abundance

► ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

► cf. wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot; o-she-xti (óšexti) - full

► Dhegiha: wa-she (wacĕ′) - rich [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

 

make it stick, in order to make it stick

► a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick ► a-ta-ska i-naⁿ-da-de (áttaska iną́dade) - you

► cf. a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate or cloth/paper

► Dhegiha: we-a-tha-ska ba-the (weatha çka bathe) - paste, glue, adhesive tape [Omaha]; ska-be (skabe) - sticky, miry, mushy [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ska-be (utháskabe) - stick, adhere, to stick fast, as flat object which is glued to another [Omaha/Ponca]; ska-ska-be (çká-çka-be) - sticky or miry; muddy [FL-Osage]; ska-be (skábe) - sticky, miry [Kaw]

 

make laugh by tickling

► di-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́da) - tickle and make laugh ► bdi-sh’iⁿ-da (bdíšʔįda) - I, ti-sh’iⁿ-da (ttíšʔįda) - you

► cf. shi-we di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (šíwe dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs; di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs repeatedly; di-x’i-x’i-da (dixʔíxʔida) - scratch an itch

► Dhegiha: thi-’i-’i-tha (thi’í’itha) - tickle, to tickle someone [Omaha/Ponca]; shi-be thi-i-tha (shíbe thi ítha) - tickle [Omaha]; thi-ʰk’i-tha (thi-ḳ’í-tha) - to tickle [FL-Osage]; thi-k’i-the (ðikʔíðe) - scratch, tickle [CQ-Osage]; yu-k’i-k’i-ya (yuk’ík’iya) - scratch an itch repeatedly, to tickle [Kaw]; yu-k’i-ya (yuk’íya) - scratch an itch once [Kaw]

 

make mellow, pulverize

► di-shoⁿ-ke (dišǫké) - pulverize, make mellow ► bdi-shoⁿ-ke (bdíšǫke) - I, ti-shoⁿ-ke (ttíšǫke) - you

► cf. wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de (wažǫ́ke skíde), wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de (wašǫ́ke skíde) - sugar; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo), wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wašǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

 

make mushy, mash

► di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy ► bdi-kdo-kdo (bdíkdokdo) - I, ti-kdo-kdo (ttíkdokdo) - you

► cf. kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup [OM]; we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]; a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]; o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - mired, become, stuck in mud; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand

 

make noise

► x’a-naⁿ (xʔáną) - to make talking noise or any noise, etc. ► a-x’a-naⁿ (axʔáną) - I, da-x’a-naⁿ (daxʔáną) - you

► cf. x’a-naⁿ e-hi (xʔáną éhi) - make a lot of noise

 

► x’a-naⁿ e-hi (xʔáną éhi) - make a lot of noise

► cf. x’a-naⁿ (xʔáną) - to make talking noise or any noise, etc.; hi (hi) - very

► ex: x’a-naⁿ e-hi-we i-ya (xʔáną éhiwé iyá) - they made a lot of noise, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

make noise with the feet

► naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe (nątatáxe káγe) - to make noise with the feet [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; naⁿ-ta-xe (nąttáxe) - stomp, trample, thump with feet

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-da-da-xe (ga-dá-da-xe) - to knock at a door [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ga-da-da-xe (p̣a-gá-da-da-xe) - woodpecker [FL-Osage]; ga-ta-xe (gatáxe), ga-ta-xi (gatáxi) - tap, make a tapping noise [Kaw]; ga-da-ghe (gadághe) - to knock (once) [Kaw]; ga-da-da-ghe (gadádaghe), ga-da-da-xe (gadádaxe) - knock repeatedly on something; To tap the bark of a tree and make a quick sound: said of the woodpecker and other birds; woodpecker [Kaw]

 

make offering or sacrifice

► o-k’i (ókʔi) - make offering or sacrifice ► o-a-k’i (oákʔi) - I, o-da-k’i (odákʔi) - you, oⁿ-ko-k’i-we (ǫkókʔiwe) - we

► cf. o-k’i (okʔí) - lend something; give food to someone; k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone; ki-k’i (kíkʔi) - give back, return; ki-k’i (kikʔí) - give to one’s own (kin)

► Dhegiha: u-’i (ú’i) - to give food to another [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰki (ú-ḳí) - to feed [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (ókʔu) - give, provide, furnish, give stuff to someone, feed, giving, giveaway, event of giving or giving away [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-’i (u’í) - to lend anything, to lend something [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’i (ui) - loan, lend, treat [Omaha]; u-ʰk’i (u-ḳ’í) - to lend [FL-Osage]; o-k’u (okʔú) - lend, give, provide, furnish, supply [CQ-Osage]

 

make offering, share, divide with, part with

► a-da ka-xe (áda káγe) - share, divide with, part with, make offering ► a-da pa-xe (áda ppáγe) - I, a-da shka-xe (áda škáγe) - you

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

 

make one active or lively

► i-ki-si-si (íkisísi) - to make one active or lively ► aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-si-si (ąną́kisísi) - I, i-di-ki-si-si (ídikisísi) - you

► cf. si-si (sisí) - active; wa-si-si-ke (wasísike) - to be brave; a warrior; po-si-si (pósisí) - pulse; wa-pa-iⁿ kaⁿ po-si-si (wappaį́ kką pósisí) - pulse

► Dhegiha: si-si (çí-çi) - active; brave, stalwart [FL-Osage]; wa-si-si-e (wa-çí-çi-e) - rubber; elastic thing [FL-Osage]; wa-si-si (wasísi) - strong, energetic, elastic [CQ-Osage]; wa-si-si-ge (waçíçige) - clever, tough, lively, emotion, popular [Omaha]; wa-si-si-ge (wa-çí-çi-ge) - brave, valiant, valorous, active, prowess [FL-Osage]; wa-si-si-ge (wasísige) - active, as a warrior [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zi-zi-ge (çiçige) - springy [Omaha]; zi-zi-ge (zízige) - rubber, elastic [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-zi-zi-ge (gaçiçige) - springy [Omaha]; ha-si-si-ge (haçiçige) - rubber, elastic skin, elastic [Omaha]

 

make one’s hair stand on end

► ki-kdi-sha-k’a (kkikdíšakʔa) - make one’s hair stand on end ► a-ki-kdi-sha-k’a (akkíkdišakʔa) - I, da-ki-kdi-sha-k’a (dakkíkdišakʔa) - you

► cf. di-sha-k’a (dišakʔá) - bristle up, cause by handling

 

make popping or snapping sound

► di-to-pe-de (dittóppedé) - make popping, snapping sound ► bdi-to-pe-de (bdíttoppedé) - I, ti-to-pe-de (ttíttoppedé) - you

 

make revolve

► ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around pa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (ppákkowįγe) - I, shpa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (špákkowįγe) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bakkówįγáγa) - push round and round; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bikkówįγáγa) - push or blow something in circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe), ka-koiⁿ-xe (kakoįγe) - turn around, circle; ka-koiⁿ-xa-xa (kakóįγáγa) - go around and around; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round; ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, “fire makes him/her/it go around and around”

► Dhegiha: ba-ʰku-wiⁿ-xe (ba-ḳu-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn by pushing [FL-Osage]; ba-ko-mi-ghe (bakómighe) - turn, spin, cause to revolve in a horizontal or vertical plane by pushing [Kaw]

 

make rustling sounds

► di-sa-sa-da (disásada) - rustle, make such sounds ► bdi-sa-sa-da (bdísasada) - I, ti-sa-sa-da (ttísasada) - you

 

► di-xo-xo-wa-de (dixóxowáde) - rustle, make rustling sound ► bdi-xo-xo-wa-de (bdíxoxowáde) - I, ti-xo-xo-wa-de (ttíxoxowáde) - you

► cf. ka-xo-wa-de (kaxówade) - pattering sound; ka-xo-xo-te (kaxóxotte) - make a whooshing sound; ka-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́xǫtte) - make a whooshing sound; ka-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́tte) - whizzing sound, as a bullet; ga-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (gaγǫ́γǫtte) - buzzing, humming sound

 

make small

► di-zhiⁿ-ka (dižį́ka) - lessen, diminish, make small ► bdi-zhiⁿ-ka (bdížįka) - I, ti-zhiⁿ-ka (ttížįka) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; zhi-ka (žiká, žíka), zhi-ga (žigá), zhiⁿ-ka (žįká, žį́ka) - small, little, young; o-zhiⁿ-ka (óžįká) - smaller part, something small

► Dhegiha: thi-zhiⁿ-ga (thizhiⁿga) - condense, make small [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - small, little, a child, the young of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿga) - small, little [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿ-ga) - small, little, young, little children [FL-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ka (žįká, žį́ka) - (be) little small, child(ren), little one(s), kid(s) [CQ-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - small, the young of an animal, a child [Kaw]

 

make something for someone

► ki-ka-xe (kíkaγe) - make something for someone ► a-pa-xe (áppaγe) - I, da-shka-xe (dáškaγe) - you

► cf. ki-ka-xe (kikáγe) - fix, repair; ki-ka-xe (kkikkáγe) - make for oneself; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: ki-ka-xa (kikaγá) - make it for him!

► Dhegiha: gi-ka-xe (gi-k͓á-xe) - to make his or her own [JOD-Omaha]; ki-ka-xe (k͓i-k͓á-xe) - to act or make for himself [JOD-Omaha]; gi-ʰka-xe (gi-ḳá-xe) - to repair a house or some implement [FL-Osage]; gi-ga-xe (gi-gá-xe) - vamp, repair, mend [FL-Osage]; ki-ka-xe (kikáaγe) - make of produce for someone; make over, do over, repair of fix something, repair, redo, reform  [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-ʰka-xe (ʰkiʰkáaγe) - make, build, or make up for oneself, do for oneself [CQ-Osage]

 

make sparks from poking a fire

► di-xni-zhe (dixníže) - make sparks from poking fire ► bdi-xni-zhe (bdíxniže) - I, ti-xni-zhe (ttíxniže) - you

► ex: pe-te a-ki-ba-xniⁿ-xniⁿ-zhe (ppétte akíbaxnįxnį́že) - I pushed at the fire often [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ-zhe (qthíⁿzhe) - spark, sparkle, sparkling, sending out sparks [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ-zha (xthiⁿ-zhá) - sparks of a fire, sparks that fly upward from the sticks or fire drills used for starting a fire [FL-Osage]; liⁿ-zhe (lį́įže) - sparks that fly from a fire [CQ-Osage]

 

make spray fall on one accidentally by hitting the water

► a-ka-ta (ákatta) - splash, make spray fall on one accidentally by hitting the water

► cf. a-ka-ta de-de (ákatta déde) - knock splinter(s) off causing them to fall on someone; a-ka-kaⁿ (ákakką) - powder, sprinkle on; a-ka-sti (ákasti) - sprinkle once on; a-ka-ch’e-ch’e (ákačʔéčʔe) - drip onto an object, drop by drop; a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize

a-ka-xtaⁿ-xtaⁿ (ákaxtąxtą) - sprinkle repeatedly

 

make sticky from handling

► di-xdi-xdi-we (dixdíxdiwe) - make sticky from handling ► bdi-xdi-xdi-we (bdíxdixdiwe) - I, ti-xdi-xdi-we (ttíxdixdiwe) - you

► cf. i-di-xdi-we (ídixdíwe) - mix, mess with, make gooey

 

make strong, strengthen

► wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong; wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wa-ckáⁿ táñ-k͓a) - a nickname of te zhi-ka (tejik͓a) of the Buffalo gens; All Powerful [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkoⁿ-hi (washkóⁿhi) - Strength (of Thunder), name [Omaha]; wa-shkaⁿ (wa-ckaⁿ) - to make an effort or attempt; to persevere; an effort, attempt [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one's best, make an effort [Kaw]

 

make sudden leaps

► zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną), zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną) - jump, make sudden leaps

► cf. zha-ko-i-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump; zha-ka i-de (žákka íde), zha-ko-i-de (žakóide) - jump a rope; a-zha-ki i-de (ážakki íde) - jump rope; a-zha-ko-i-de (ážakkóidé) - jump over something; jump and go over a stream, log, etc.; i-naⁿ (iną́) - sign of sudden effect; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - suddenly and often [JOD]; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - unsteady, ungainly

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakóiną́ną) - he leaped often, or each time [JOD]

► ex: zha-ko-i-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance

 

make top heavy by thrusting at

► po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at ► po-a-shoⁿ-da-da (poášǫdadá) - I, po-da-shoⁿ-da-da (pódašǫdadá) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing, punching: outer instrumental prefix; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted

 

make unsteady by pressing

► bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing]1sg[ppíšǫdada]2sg[špíšǫdada]

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, blow; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá), di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine; di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted, “heart, not unsteady/not insecure”

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened in its socket, as a fence post ot a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - limber [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (bashoⁿtha) - pour, dump [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (ba-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel, either by accident or on purpose [FL-Osage]; gi-shoⁿ-tha (gí-shóⁿ-tha) - to make loose, to droop or fall, loose jointed, broken [FL-Osage]; ga-shoⁿ-tha (ga-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel by striking against it [FL-Osage]

 

make way, make a place

► ki-di-ki-ze (kidikíze) - give room, make way, clear out [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de aⁿ-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde ą́dikizawé) - you’all make a place for me towards the water [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-ki-za-wa-zhi (ąttíkizawáži) - you’all do not give room to me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-di-ki-za-we (ądíkizawé) - you’all make a way for me [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-ki-ze (kidikíze-nįhe) - you make way for him! [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de ki-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde kídikizáwe) - they made a way for him towards the water [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ taⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tą oną́štotte ną dá tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the water, they said [JOD]

 

make, cause to

► de (de) - cause to, to cause ► a-de (-áde) - I, da-de (-dáde) - you

► Dhegiha: the (the) - to cause [Omaha/Ponca]; the (the) - to cause [FL-Osage]; the (ðe) - make, have or make someone do something, cause something to happen to someone or something [CQ-Osage]; ye (ye) - causative, make happen, to cause, to make, to persuade one to do something [Kaw]

 

► kʰi-de (kʰide), (kʰíde) - cause to ► a-kʰi-de (-ákʰide) - I, da-kʰi-de (-dákʰide) - you

► ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself ► a-ki-de (-ákkide) - I, da-ki-de (-dákkide) - you

► ki-de (kíde) - cause one’s own; reflexive-possessive causative

► Dhegiha: ki-the (kithe) - to cause oneself [Omaha/Ponca]; kʰi-the (kʰíthe) - to cause someone [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰki-the (ḳi-the) - to cause, to cause one, to cause oneself; to cause another, to cause themselves [FL-Osage]; kshi-the (kshi-the) - to cause to do a thing [FL-Osage]; ki-the (kíðe) - make or have someone engage voluntarily in some act, let or allow someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-the (ʰkíðe) - cause, make oneself to be or do [CQ-Osage]; kshi-the (kšíðe) - let or allow someone to do something, have someone do something for his/her own benefit [CQ-Osage]; khi-ye (khíye) - cause to do, let, allow to do (dative causative auxiliary) [Kaw]

 

► wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them, make one

► ex. noⁿ-pe-wa-de (nǫ́ppewade) - dangerous, naⁿ-pe (ną́ppe), noⁿ-pe (nǫ́ppe) - to fear the sight of something + wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them

► ex: koi-he-wa-de (koíhewáde) - fearful, inspiring fear, koi-he (koíhe) - fearful, insecure + wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them

► ex: shiⁿ-wa-de (šiⁿwáde) - to fatten them, to cause them to be fat [JOD], shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal + wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them

► Dhegiha: wa-the (wáthe) - to make them, to cause them, to make someone [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-the (wa-the) - makes them, causes [FL-Osage]; wa-the (waðe) - make one, make people make folks [CQ-Osage]; wa-ye (wáye) - to cause, to make [Kaw]

 

make!, command form

► ka-xa (kaγá) - command form of ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: ki-ka-xa (kikaγá) - make it for him!

► ex: a-ki-di-be-niⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: wa-ske ka-xa hne (wáske káγa hné) - you making bread (make bread!) [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe bi-ze ka-xa (nąpé bizé kaγá) - make dry hands (dry your hands!) [MS]

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa (gáxa) - make!, do! imperative [JOD-Omaha]; ka-xa (káaγa) - make, command [CQ-Osage]

 

Maker, Clear Sky Maker

► ke-da ka-xe (ked^¢á k͓axĕ́) - [JOD]

► cf. ke-da (kkéda) - clear sky; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ke-da to (ké-d^¢a tú) - masculine name, Blue Sky; ke-da mi (ké-d^¢é mi) - female name, Clear Sky Female [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tu ke-tha e-goⁿ (tú kétha egoⁿ) - sky blue, light blue, dark green with an indigo tinge [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰke-tha (ḳé-tha) - the sky, the unclouded or clear sky [FL-Osage]; ʰke-tho (ʰkéðo) - clear sky, as after a storm [CQ-Osage]; ke-ya (kéya) - be clear, as sky or water [Kaw]

 

Maker, Cloud Maker

► ma-xpi ka-xe (maxpí káγe) - Cloud Maker, Making Clouds, personal name [MS]

► cf. ma-xpi (maxpí) - cloud; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-xpu ga-ghe (maⁿxpú gághe) - Cloud Maker, male name [Kaw]

 

Maker, Day Maker

► hoⁿ-pa ka-xe (hŭⁿ́p͓a k͓axĕ́) - masculine name, Joe Lane [JOD]

► hoⁿ-pa ka-xe (hŭⁿ́p͓a k͓axĕ́) - masculine name, Jos. Lane [JOD]

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

 

Maker, Village Maker

► toⁿ ka-xe (taⁿ́ k͓aqĕ́) - masculine name, Village Maker [JOD]

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ ga-xe (tóⁿwoⁿ gaxe) - Village Maker, personal name [Omaha]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ ga-xe (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ ga-xe) - Village Maker, male personal name [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ ka-xe (ʰtą́wąkáaγe) - Town Builder, personal name [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ ga-ghe (táⁿmaⁿ gághe) - male name, Village Maker [Kaw]

 

Maker, Water Maker

► ni ka-xe (ní k͓a-xĕ́) - masculine name, Water Maker, father of zhaⁿ a-pe (žąap͓e) [JOD]

► cf. ni (ni) - water; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

 

makes, fire makes him/her/it go around and around

► ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa), (tákowįγáγa) - fire makes him/her/it go around and around, around in circles

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bakkówįγáγa) - push round and round; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bikkówįγáγa) - push or blow something in circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ka-koiⁿ-xa-xa (kakóįγáγa) - go around and around; po-koiⁿ-xa-xa (pókoįγáγa) - knock spinning, punch and spin

 

male animal

► ni-ka (níkka) - male animal

► cf. shoⁿ ni-ka (šǫ níkka) - stallion, male horse; ni-ka shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ (nikkah-schundaghenih) - stallion, stud (étalon) [GI]; ta ni-ka (tta níkka) - male deer, a buck

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti (níkka mį́xti) - only one male [JOD]

► Dhegiha: In Kwapa, ni-ka is sometimes used to denote a male animal, but in Omaha and Ponka it means, a male of the human race [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka (ní-ka) - an archaic word, conveying the idea of “male of the human race,” used in certain compounds [JOD-Omaha]; nu (nu) - man, human male [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka (ní-ḳa) - man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka (níʰka) - man, person, husband [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

 

► to-ka (tóka) - male animal

► ex: te to-ka (ttetóka) - buffalo bull, domestic bull

► ex: te to-ka (ttetóka) - buffalo bull, male buffalo [MS, OM]

► ex: te to-ka maⁿ-niⁿ (ttetóka mąnį́) - Walking Bull Buffalo, male personal name [MS]

► ex: te to-ka ma-ni (te tú-k͓a má-ni) - masculine name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Walking Buffalo bull [JOD]

► ex: te to-ka na-zhiⁿ (te tú-k͓a ná-jiⁿ) - masculine name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Standing Buffalo Bull [JOD]

► ex: te to-ka noⁿ-ba (tetúk͓a naⁿp͓á) - masculine name, Two Buffalo Bulls [JOD]

► ex: zha-we to-ka (žáwe tóka) - male beavers [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąpá sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► Dhegiha: nu-ga (núga) - male animal, applied to animals and birds, not humans [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-ga (nuga) - male animal [Omaha]; do-ga (do-gá) - male [FL-Osage]; to-ka (tooká) - male [CQ-Osage]; doⁿ-ga (doⁿgá), do-ga (dogá) - male [Kaw]

 

male command

► ka (ká) - imperative, command, male speech [JOD]

► ex: da-we ka (dá-weká) - you’all begone! [JOD]

► ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka (okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká) - give ye the scalp yell often! [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé, ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell!” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga (ga) - male imperative, command, male [Omaha]

 

male cousin, male brother

► i-saⁿ-ke (isą́ke) - male cousin or brother [OM]

► i-saⁿ-ka (isą́ka), i-soⁿ-ka (isǫ́ka), e-saⁿ-ka (esą́ka) - someone’s younger brother ► wi-saⁿ-ka (wisą́ka) - my, di-saⁿ-ka (disą́ka) - your

► Dhegiha: i-saⁿ-ga (i-sañ́-ga) - his/her younger brother [JOD-Omaha]; i-suⁿ-ga (içúⁿga) - younger brother [Omaha]; i-soⁿ-ga (i-çóⁿ-ga) - a younger brother [FL-Osage]; i-soⁿ-ka (isóⁿka) - his younger brother, more precise than English “his brother” [CQ-Osage]; i-soⁿ-ga (isóⁿga) - man’s younger brother [Kaw]

 

► wi-saⁿ-ka (wisą́ka) - my younger brother (male speaking)

► wi-saⁿ-ka (wisą́ka) - my brother [MS]

► wi-soⁿ-ka (wi-sonkah) - younger brother (frere cadet) [GI]

► wi-saⁿ-ge (wisą́ge) - my brother or male cousin [OM]

► Dhegiha: wi-saⁿ-ga (wisañ́ga) - my younger briother [JOD-Omaha]; wi-soⁿ-ga (wi-çóⁿ-ga) - brother, younger than myself, this is the ordinary use of the kinship term for my younger brother, but the same term is used ceremonially when no blood relationship exists, one member of a tribe may address members of the other gentes of the same division with this term [FL-Osage]; wi-soⁿ-ka (wisǫ́ka) - my younger brother, younger than the speaker, used only when speaker is male, also used by both men and women for related or unrelated younger male [CQ-Osage]; wi-soⁿ-ga (wisóⁿga) - my younger brother, male or female speaking; my younger step-brother, male or female speaking; my father's brother's son, younger than, myself, male or female speaking; my mother's sister's son, younger than myself, male speaking or female speaking; my father's father's brother's son's son, younger than myself, male speaking; my wife's sister's husband [Kaw]

 

► di-saⁿ-ka (disą́ka) - your younger brother (speaking to a male)

► Dhegiha: thi-saⁿ-ga (¢isañ́ga) - your younger brother [JOD-Omaha]; thi-soⁿ-ga (thi-çóⁿ-ga) - your brother [FL-Osage]; thi-soⁿ-ka (ðisǫ́ka) - your younger brother, used when speaking to a man [CQ-Osage]; yi-soⁿ-ga (yisóⁿga) - your younger brother [Kaw]

 

► i-saⁿ-ka-de (isą́kade), e-saⁿ-ha-de (esą́kade) - have as a younger brother  ► i-saⁿ-ka-a-de (isą́kaade) - I, i-saⁿ-ka-da-de (isą́kadade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-saⁿ-ga-the (i-sañ́-ga-¢ĕ) - to have him for a younger brother [JOD-Omaha]; i-soⁿ-ga-ye (isóⁿgaye) - man to have someone for a younger brother, to call someone i-soⁿ-ga (isóⁿga) [Kaw]

male deer

► ta ni-ka (tta níkka) - male deer, a buck

► ta ni-ka (tah-nikkah) - male deer, buck deer (daim) [GI]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; ni-ka (níkka) - man, male animal

► Dhegiha: ta-xti nu-ga (táqti núga) - buck, male deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xti nu-ga (taxti nuga) - buck deer [Omaha]

 

male horse

► shoⁿ ni-ka (šǫ níkka) - stallion, male horse

► ni-ka shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ (nikkah-schundaghenih) - stallion, stud (étalon) [GI]

► cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - contraction of shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį) - horse; ni-ka (níkka) - man, male animal

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge shoⁿ-de u-tha-s’iⁿ (shóⁿge shóⁿde uthás’iⁿ) - stallion, “horse with scrotum and testicles” [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ge nu-ga (shoⁿge nuga) - stallion [Omaha]; ʰka-wa do-ga (ḳá-wa do-ga) - stallion [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-ge doⁿ-ga (shóⁿgedoⁿga) - stallion [Kaw]

 

male interjection of wonder

► ho-ho-xo (hohoxó) - interjection of wonder, male

► cf. ho-hoo (hohoó) - interjection of wonder, surprise; ho’a (hoʔá) - interjection of surprise; hoⁿ (hǫǫ) - interjection of surprise, female; haⁿ haⁿ haⁿ (hą́hąhą́) - oh! oh! oh!, cry of pain; o (o) - pshaw! [JOD]

 

male ribbon headdress

► wa-bde-ka (wabdékka) - male ribbon headdress

► cf. wa-bde-ka (wabdékka) - ribbon; bde-ka (bdékka) - thin

► Dhegiha: ha-bthe-ka (há-bthe-ka) - ribbon [FL-Osage]; ha-bre-ʰka (háabreʰka) - ribbon [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: bthe-ka (bthéka) - thin [Omaha/Ponca]; bthe-ka (btheka) - thin [Omaha]; bthe-ʰka (bthé-ḳa) - thin [FL-Osage]; bre-ʰka (bréʰka) - lean, thin [CQ-Osage]; ble-ka (bléka) - be thin [Kaw]

 

male, chets of a male

► moiⁿ-ke (moį́ke), maⁿiⁿ-ke (mąį́ke), maⁿ-ke (mą́ke) - chest, chest of a male

► ex: moiⁿ-ke wa-hi (moį́ke wahí) - sternum, breast bone

► ex: moiⁿ-ke o-po-xa (moį́ke oppóγa) - sternum, just above ka-xe i-pe (kkaγe ipe) where knife is inserted in butchering

► ex: ke moiⁿ-ke ska (kké moį́ke ska) - turtle with white breast, water turtle

► ex: ke moiⁿ-ke kde-zhe (kké moį́ke kdéže) - turtle with spotted breast, water turtle

► ex: maⁿ-ke o-tʰiⁿ (mą́ke otʰį́) - Hit in the Breast, male personal name [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-ke a-di-ti-aⁿ-he (mą́ke ádittíąhe), maⁿiⁿ-ke a-di-ti-aⁿ-he (mąį́ke ádittíąhé) - girth, presumably of chest

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ge (móⁿge) - chest [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ge (moⁿge) - human chest, breast [Omaha]; moⁿ-ge (móⁿ-ge) - breast or chest of a human being [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ke (mą́ąke), moⁿ-ke (mǫ́ǫke) - chest [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ge (máⁿge) - chest of a man, breast of an animal [Kaw]

 

mallard or blue neck duck

► pa-xoⁿ-te (ppaxǫ́tte) - mallard or blue neck duck

► Dhegiha: pa-hiⁿ-tu (páhiⁿ tu) - green-necked duck [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-hi-tu (páhitu) - green headed duck, mallard duck [Omaha]; ʰpa-hi-tu (p̣á-hi-ṭu) - the mallard duck [FL-Osage]

 

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