English to Quapaw Dictionary

M

machine - mallard

man - maybe

me too - misaligned

miserable - mound

mountain - mutter

muzzle - myth's

 

man

► ni-ka (níkka) - man, as opposed to a woman

► ni-ka (níkka) - man [MR, AG, OM, LQ]

► ni-ka (nik-kah) - man, male (homme) [GI]

► ni-ka (níkka) - man [FS]

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - male animal; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; ni-ka i-ta (níkka ittá) - husband, her man; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man; ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - shaman, Indian doctor, priest; wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]; ni-ka ki-t’e (níkka kitʔe) - widow, to lose one's husband

► Dhegiha: ni-ka (ní-ka) - an archaic word, conveying the idea of “male of the human race,” used in certain compounds [JOD-Omaha]; nu (nu) - man, human male [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka (ní-ḳa) - man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka (níʰka) - man, person, husband [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

 

man-eaters

► o-do-tʰe (ódotʰe) - man-eaters; talked and looked like Indians, roamed the surface of the earth in olden times

► ex: o-do-tʰe aⁿ-di-xe niⁿ e-de, wi-ti-kaⁿ, i-ke (ódotʰe ądíxe nį edé, wittiką́, iké) - my grandfather, the man eater is chasing me, she said to him [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke o-do-tʰe wa-niⁿ tʰaⁿ, i-ya-we (šǫ́ke ódotʰe wánį tʰą, iyáwe) - the man-eater had the dogs, they say [JOD]

► ex: “i-da-xa naⁿ o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ, i-da-xa-zhi,” i-yi (“idáxa ną ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį́, idáxa-ží,” iyí) - “I thought, if I laugh the man eater will see/find me, I didn't laugh,” she said [JOD]

► ex: o-do-tʰe o-xde te a-ki-zhaⁿ iⁿ (ódotʰe oxdé tte akižą́ į) - the man eater would overtake her, she thought to herself' (JOD)]

► ex: naⁿ-zha o-di-o-za hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (ną́ža ódióza hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - then, in a very short time the man eater had come [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we, o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe a-te-zhe naⁿ i-ya-we (téže žíka híde ką́-nįkʰé iyáwe, ódotʰe nįkʰé áteže ną iyáwe) - as she sat awhile, she urinated a little, she urinated upon the man eater, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-do-tʰe niⁿ de a-taⁿ wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe ki-ha kdi (kóišǫ́ttą odotʰé nį dé áttą waxʔó nįkʰé kihá kdí) - then when the man eater left, the woman came back down (from up in the tree) [JOD]

 

man, black man

► i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit., “dark white man”

► i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - African American, negro [MS, MR]

► i-sta-ge sha (istáge šá) - African American, negro [OM]

► cf. i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - Frenchman, white man; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxįį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes [CQ-Osage]; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe) - white man, Frenchman, eyebrows [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sha-be (shábe) - dark [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-be (shá-be) - dark in color [FL-Osage]; sha-pe (šápe) - dark in color, shaded, darkened [CQ-Osage]; sha-be (shábe) - dark, shadowy, distant black, brown [Kaw]

 

man, Dry Man

► xe-ka taⁿ (qek͓á taⁿ) - masculine name, father of wa-ti-zhi (watíji) [JOD]

► xe-ka taⁿ (Krakaton) - Dry Man, Treaty of St. Louis with the Quapaw (1818)

► xe-ka taⁿ (Hackatton) - Chief, Treaty with the Quapaw (1833)

► xe-ka taⁿ (Hackehton) - Treaty with the Quapaw (1824)

► cf. xe-ka (xéka) - dry, without sap

► Dhegiha: xe-ga (qéga) - dried, dead, as a branch or tree [Omaha/Ponca]; xe-ga (xé-ga) - dead, as tall grass or tree [FL-Osage]; xe-ka (xéka) - dead from drying up, e.g., a vegetable, dried [CQ-Osage]

 

man, her man

► ni-ka i-ta (níkka ittá) - husband, “her man” ► ni-ka wi-ta (níkka wittá) - my, ni-ka di-ta (níkka dittá) - your

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its

► ex: ni-ka wi-ta (níkka wítta) - husband, my husband [MS]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (hǫ́e níkka dítta, ikeáwe, ątʔé, iyí) - “what is the matter/what happened with your man/husband,” they said to her, “dead to me (he died on me),” she said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka jhi-ta ha-ki niⁿ-kʰe (níkka ǰítta háki nįkʰé) - where is your man (your husband)? [AG]

► Dhegiha: ni-ʰka i-ʰta (níʰka íʰta), i-ni-ʰka (iiníʰka) - her husband [CQ-Osage]; i-ni-ʰka (i-ní-ḳa) - her man, her husband [FL-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

 

man, old man

► ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man

► ex: ni-ka sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (níkka šʔaké tʰą tta tʔéde attahá) - the old man killed many deer [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-sh’a-ge (iⁿshage) - old man, elder [Omaha]; te sh’a-ge (tésh’age) - old buffalo [Omaha]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke (šʔaké) - old, old man [JOD]

► sh’a-ke (jakeh) - old, elderly, aged (vieux) [GI]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman’s wife

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke niⁿ wa-taⁿ a-ki-de tʰe kdi (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke nį wattą́ akíde tʰé kdí) - then the old man returned with the goods that he went after [JOD]

► ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; hi (hi) - very

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

man, old or grown man

► ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother, uncle; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ʰto noⁿ-hoⁿ (shíⁿ-ṭo-noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a bachelor, a single man [FL-Osage]; shi-do noⁿ-hoⁿ (shído noⁿhoⁿ) - a youth, a young man that is nearly grown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫ́hǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow [JOD-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman  [Kaw]

 

man, white man

► wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from “Virginia”

► wa-jhi-ni (ŭatschinni) - American (Américain) [GI]

► wa-tshi-ni (wâ-tci-ni) - Virginian, white man [LH]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni koi (waǰíni kói) - he’s a white man [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn’t like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha hne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža hné) - you white people go home and dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - probably from “Virginia” which may have been used to mean “white man,” perhaps venereal disease was later associated with wa-tsʰu (wacʰú) ‘copulate’ and thus may have substituted tsʰ (ch) for ts (c), giving the variants wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini) and wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie), Robert Rankin, personal communication. Additionally, wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) may contain or be influenced by ni-e (níe) ‘hurt’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

 

man’s aunt, a man’s father’s sister

► i-ti-mi (ittími), e-ti-mi (eTími) - a man’s aunt, a man’s father’s sister (older or younger) ► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my, di-ti-mi (dittími) - your

► cf. i-ti-mi-de (ittímide) - to have as an aunt

► Dhegiha: i-ti-mi (itími) - aunt [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-mi (i-ṭsí-mi) - aunt, on father's side, his or her father's sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-mi (iʰcími) - his/her father's sister, his/her paternal aunt, more precise than English, his aunt or her aunt [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-mi (icími) - his or her aunt, father’s sister [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my aunt, my father's sister [MS, MR, AG]

► ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I'm glad to see you [FR]

► Dhegiha: wi-ti-mi (witími) - my aunt (Omaha); wi-ʰtsi-mi (wiʰcími) - my father's, older or younger sister, my paternal aunt, used when speaker is male or female [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-mi (wicími) - my aunt, my father’s sister [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-mi (dittími) - your aunt, your father’s sister

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsi-mi (ðiʰcími) - your father's sister, younger or older, your paternal aunt [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-mi (yicími) - your aunt, your father’s sister [Kaw]

 

man’s daughter-in-law

► i-ti-ni (ittíni), e-ti-ni (eTíni) - a man’s daughter-in-law, etc. ► wi-ti-ni (wittíni) - my, di-ti-ni (dittíni) - your

► cf. i-ti-ni-de (ittínide) - to have as a daughter-in-law

► Dhegiha: i-ti-ni (itíni) - daughter-in-law [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-ni (i-ṭsí-ni) - daughter-in-law [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-ni (iʰcíni) - his/her daughter-in-law [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-ni (icíni) - his/her daughter-in-law [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-ni (wittíni) - my daughter-in-law

► Dhegiha: wi-ti-ni (witíni) - my daughter-in-law [Omaha]; wi-ʰtsi-ni (wi-ṭsí-ni) - my daughter-in-law [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtsi-ni (wiʰcíni) - my daughter-in-law (used when speaker is male or female [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-ni (wicíni) - my daughter-in-law, JOD gives the masculine form of address, wi-tsi-ni e (wicíni é), followed by, “(if ever used)”. He is referring to the fact that a man traditionally avoided speaking directly to his daughter-in-law [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-ni (dittíni) - your daughter-in-law

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsi-ni (thi-ṭsí-ni) - your daughter-in-law [FL-Osage]; thi-tsi-ni (ðiʰcíni) - your daughter-in-law, your son’s wife [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-ni (yicíni) - your daughter-in-law [Kaw]

 

man’s elder brother

► i-zhiⁿ-de (ižį́de), e-zhiⁿ-de (ežį́de) - a man’s elder brother ► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my, di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your

► cf. i-zhiⁿ-de-de (ižį́dede) - to have as an elder brother

► Dhegiha: i-zhiⁿ-the (izhíⁿthe) - elder brother [Omaha]; i-zhiⁿ-the (i-zhíⁿ-the) - his elder brother, brother older than himself [FL-Osage]; i-zhiⁿ-the (ižį́ðe) - his older brother (more precise than English ‘his brother’) [CQ-Osage]; i-zhi-ye (izhíye) - man’s elder brother [Kaw]

 

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my elder brother (male speaking)

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wi-jindheh) - my older brother (frere aîné) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wi-zhiⁿ-the (wizhíⁿthe) - my elder brother [Omaha]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wi-zhíⁿ-the) - my elder brother, my brother older than myself [FL-Osage]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wižį́ðe) - my older brother (used only when speaker is male) [CQ-Osage]; wi-zhi-ye (wizhíye) - my elder brother [Kaw]

 

► di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your elder brother (speaking to a male)

► Dhegiha: thi-zhiⁿ-the (ðižį́ðe) - your older brother (used only when speaking to a man) [CQ-Osage]; yi-zhi-ye (yizhíye) - your elder brother [Kaw]

 

man’s elder sister

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke), e-taⁿ-ke (eTą́ke) - a man’s elder sister ► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my, di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke) - sister [OM]

► cf. i-taⁿ-ke-de (ittą́kede) - sister, to have as an elder

► ex: wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: i-ʰtoⁿ-ge (í-ṭóⁿ-ge) - sister, his elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtaⁿ-ke (iʰtą́ke) - his/her older sister, i.e., the oldest among a group of sisters; not necessarily older than the person referred to by “his” or “her” [CQ-Osage]; i-taⁿ-ge (itáⁿge) - man’s or woman’s younger sister [Kaw]

 

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: wi-taⁿ-ge (wiʇañ′ge) - my sister [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtaⁿ-ke (wiʰtą́ke) - my older sister, used when speaker is male or female, my sister, loosely used mutually among unrelated younger and older female speakers to show respect, my wife, lit., "my sister", used to refer to speaker's wife when they have no children and possibly to address her [CQ-Osage]; wi-taⁿ-ge (witáⁿge) - my younger sister [Kaw]

 

► di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your older sister

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-ge (thi-ṭóⁿ-ge) - your sister [FL-Osage]; thi-taⁿ-ke (ðiʰtą́ke) - your older sister, used by anyone speaking to a man or a woman, referring both to a sister older than the addressee and to the oldest of the addressee’s sisters, who may not be older than the addressee [CQ-Osage]; yi-taⁿ-ge (yitáⁿge) - your younger sister [Kaw]

 

man’s father’s older brother, uncle

► i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother, uncle ► iⁿ-ta-e naⁿ-haⁿ (įttátte nąhą́) - my, di-a-te naⁿ-haⁿ (diátte nąhą́) - your

► cf. i-da-te (idátte) - his or her father; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), naⁿ-haⁿ (nąhą́) - old, grown up, mature; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-the (nǫ́ǫðe) - raise, rear, bring up [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

 

man’s father’s younger brother, uncle

► i-da-te zhi-ka (idáttežíka), e-da-te zhi-ka (edáttežíka) - a man’s father’s younger brother, uncle ► iⁿ-ta-te zhi-ka (įttáttežíka) - my, di-a-te zhi-ka (diáttežíka) - your

► cf. i-da-te (idátte) - father; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young; iⁿ-da zhiⁿ-ka (įdážįka) - youngest aunt

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-ʰta-tsi-zhį (įʰtácižį) - my father’s brother, my paternal uncle [CQ-Osage]

 

man’s mother’s brother, uncle

► i-te-ke (ittéke), e-te-ke (eTéke) - a man’s mother’s brother, uncle ► wi-te-ke (wítteke) - my; di-te-ke (dítteke) - your

► Dhegiha: i-ne-gi (inégi) - uncle [Omaha]; i-dse-gi (i-dsé-gi) - uncle on mother’s side [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-tse-ki (įcéki) - his/her mother’s brother, his/her maternal uncle, more precise than English ‘his/her uncle’ [CQ-Osage]; i-je-gi (ijégi) - uncle, man’s mother’s brother [Kaw]

 

► wi-te-ke (wítteke) - my uncle, my mother’s brother

► wi-te-ke (wítteke) - my uncle (mother’s side) [MS, MR, OM]

► ex: iⁿ-da, wi-te-ke, e-ta-we, di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá, wittéke, ettáwe, dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke t’e-di-de ta e-de,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (“wítteke tʔédidé tta edé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke nį) - my uncle, you have surely been killed, said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke (hǫ́, wítteké) - yes, my uncle [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wítteke níkkašíka žóhi hi škǫ́wadáwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke niⁿkʰe) - “my uncle, many people are here and will dislodge us,” said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-ne-gi (winégi) - my uncle [Omaha]; wiⁿ-dse-gi (wiⁿ-dse-gi) - my uncle [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ-tse-ki (wį́céki) - my mother’s brother, my maternal uncle, more precise than English “my uncle” [CQ-Osage]; wi-je-gi (wijégi) - my uncle, my mother’s brother [Kaw]

 

► di-te-ke (dítteke) - your uncle, your mother’s brother

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ, “di-te-ke, wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe ta e-ti da,” i-ye naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (įkką́, “dítteke, wasá niⁿkʰe tta étti dá,” iyé ną ąną́hosá naⁿ) - my grandmother scolded me and said, “go to the black bear, your uncle” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-tse-ki (ðįcéki) - your mother’s brother, your maternal uncle [CQ-Osage]; yi-je-gi (yijégi) - your uncle, your mother’s brother [Kaw]

 

► i-te-ke (ittéke), e-te-ke (eTéke) - his uncle, his mother’s brother

► Dhegiha: i-ne-gi (inégi) - uncle [Omaha]; i-dse-gi (i-dsé-gi) - uncle on mother’s side [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-tse-ki (įcéki) - his/her mother’s brother, his/her maternal uncle, more precise than English ‘his/her uncle’ [CQ-Osage]; i-je-gi (ijégi) - his uncle, his mother’s brother [Kaw]

 

man’s sister-in-law

► i-haⁿ-ka (ihą́ka), i-ho-ka (ihǫ́ka), e-haⁿ-ka (ehą́ka), e-hoⁿ-ka (ehǫ́ka) - a man’s sister-in-law ► wi-haⁿ-ka (wihą́ka) - my, di-haⁿ-ka (dihą́ka) - your

► cf. i-haⁿ-ka-de (ihą́kade), e-haⁿ-ka-de (ehą́kade) - to have as a sister-in-law

► Dhegiha: i-hoⁿ-ga (í-hoⁿ-ga) - sister-in-law [FL-Osage]; i-haⁿ-ka (ihą́ka) - his brother’s wife or his wife’s sister, more precise than English “his sister-in-law” [CQ-Osage]; i-hoⁿ-ga (ihóⁿga) - sister-in-law, man’s wife’s sister, therefore his potential wife [Kaw]

 

► wi-haⁿ-ka (wihą́ka) - my sister-in-law, a man’s sister-in-law

► Dhegiha: wi-haⁿ-ke (wihą́ka) - my wife’s sister, my brother’s wife, used only when speaker is male, more precise than English “my sister-in-law” [CQ-Osage]; wi-hoⁿ-ga (wihóⁿga) - my sister-in-law, my wife’s sister [Kaw]

 

► di-haⁿ-ka (dihą́ka) - your sister-in-law, a man’s sister-in-law

► Dhegiha: thi-haⁿ-ga (¢ihañga) - your wife’s sister [JOD-Omaha]; thi-haⁿ-ka (ðihą́ka) - your sister-in-law, used only when speaking to a man, referring to his brother’s wife or his wife’s sister [CQ-Osage]; yi-hoⁿ-ga (yihóⁿga) - your sister-in-law, your wife’s sister [Kaw]

 

man’s sister’s daughter, niece

► i-ti-zhoⁿ (ittížǫ), e-ti-zhoⁿ (eTížǫ) - niece, a man’s sister’s daughter ► wi-ti-zhoⁿ (wittížǫ) - my, di-ti-zhoⁿ (dittížǫ) - your

► cf. i-ti-zhoⁿ-de (ittížǫde), e-ti-zhoⁿ-de (eTížǫde) - to have as a niece

► Dhegiha: i-ti-zhuⁿ (itízhuⁿ) - niece (speaking in relation to her uncle) [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-zhoⁿ (i-ṭsí-zhoⁿ) - niece, daughter of a sister or a father’s sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-zho (iʰcížo) - his sister’s daughter (more precise than English ‘his niece’), his father’s sister’s daughter (more precise than English ‘his cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-zho (icízho) - his niece, man’s sister’s daughter [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-zhoⁿ (wittížǫ) - my niece, my sister’s daughter

► Dhegiha: wi-ti-zhuⁿ (witízhuⁿ) - niece (speaking in relation to her uncle, spoken of by uncle) [Omaha]; wi-tsi-zhoⁿ a (wi-tsí-zhoⁿ a) - my niece [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtsi-zho (wiʰcížo) - my sister’s daughter (used only when speaker is male, more precise than English ‘my niece’), my father’s sister’s daughter (used when speaker is male or female, more precise than English ‘my cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-zho (wicízho) - my niece, man's sister's daughter [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-zhoⁿ (dittížǫ) - your niece, your sister’s daughter

► Dhegiha: thi-tsi-zho (ðiʰcížo) - your sister’s daughter (used only when speaking to a man, more precise than English ‘niece’), your father’s sister’s daughter (used when speaking to a man or a woman, more precise than English ‘cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; yi-chi-zho (yichízho) - your niece, man’s sister’s daughter [Kaw]

 

man’s son-in-law

► i-toⁿ-te (ittǫ́tte), e-toⁿ-te (eTǫ́Te) - a man’s son-in-law ► wi-i-toⁿ-te (wittǫ́tte) - my, di-i-toⁿ-te (dittǫ́tte) - your

► cf. i-toⁿ-te-de (ittǫ́ttede), e-toⁿ-te-de (eTǫ́Tede) - to have as a son-in-law

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-de-ha (tandéha) - son-in-law [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtoⁿ-de (i-ṭóⁿ-de), i-ʰtoⁿ-dse (i-ṭóⁿ-dse) - son-in-law [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtoⁿ-tse (iʰtǫ́ce) - his/her son-in-law [CQ-Osage]; i-toⁿ-je (itóⁿje) - son-in-law, his or her son-in-law [Kaw]

 

► wi-toⁿ-te (wittǫ́tte) - my son-in-law

► wi-to-ta (wittótta) - son-in-law, my son-in-law [OM]

► Dhegiha: wi-taⁿ-de (witáⁿde) - my son-in-law [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtoⁿ-dse (wi ṭóⁿ-dse) - my son-in-law [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtoⁿ-tse (wiʰtǫ́ce) - my son-in-law, used when speaker is male or female [CQ-Osage]; wi-toⁿ-je (witóⁿje) - my son-in-law [Kaw]

 

► di-i-toⁿ-te (dittǫ́tte) - your son-in-law

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-tse (ðiʰtǫ́ce) - your son-in-law, used by anyone speaking to a man or a woman [CQ-Osage]; yi-toⁿ-je (yitóⁿje) - your son-in-law [Kaw]

 

man’s wife

► i-ka-xnaⁿ (ikáxną), i-ka-xnoⁿ (ikáxnǫ), e-ka-xnaⁿ (ekáxną) - man’s wife ► wi-ka-xnaⁿ (wikáxną) - my, di-ka-xnaⁿ (dikáxną) - your

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman’s wife

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé, enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the frenchman and his wife, the both of them kept house [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-naⁿ e-ka-xna (ttąná ekáxna) - tree frog, lit. “wife of the ground”

► Dhegiha: i-ga-xthaⁿ (i-gá-q¢aⁿ) - his wife [JOD-Omaha]; i-ga-xthoⁿ (igaxthoⁿ) - wife, slave [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-ga-xthoⁿ (wagaxthoⁿ) - servant, laborer [Omaha]; wa-ga-xthoⁿ (wagáqthoⁿ) - servant [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-ga-xthoⁿ (wa-ga-xthoⁿ) - servant [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-xlaⁿ (wagáxlaⁿ) - slave [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o i-ta (waxʔó ittá) - wife, his woman ► wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - my, wa-x’o di-ta (waxʔó dítta) - your, wa-x’o i-ta (waxʔó ittá) - his

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, female animal, wife; i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its; ni-ka i-ta (níkka ittá) - husband, her man

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - my wife [MS]

► ex: haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta (hą waxʔó dítta) - what is the matter with your woman/wife [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o i-ta (waxʔó ittá) - his wife

► Dhegiha: wa-u (wau) - woman [Omaha]; wa-’u (wa’ú) - woman [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-ʰk’o (wa-ḳ'ó) - woman or women [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o (wakʔó) - woman, wife, my wife, queen in a deck of cards [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o (wak'ó) - woman, female, wife [Kaw]

 

mankind

► ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, human being, clan, gen

► ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people [MS, OM, AG]

► cf. ki-sto kniⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka (kistó knį́ níkkašíka) - U.S. Congress; ni-ka-shi-ka t’e (níkkašíka tʔé) - corpse of a person; ni-ka-shi-ka  (nikkašíka), e-ni-ka-shi-ka (énikkašíka), i-ni-ka-shi-ka (iníkkašíka) - clan, gen

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka  wa-x’o …. shi-zhi-ka  (níkkašíka waxʔó…. šižíkka) - men, women, and the children [AG]

► ex: ni-ka-si-ka zo-we (nikkasixGa˙zó˙we) - men [FS]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-we i-we-niⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ-ha i-ya (níkkašiká-we iwénįą́ tą́ha iyá) - because he thought it was the people, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wi-te-ke ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wítteké, níkkašíka žóhi hí škǫ́wadáwe, iyí iyá maštį́ke nįkʰé) - my uncle, many people are here and will dislodge us, said the rabbit, they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the (moving) people

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni (níkkašíka zaní) - all the people [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ (níkkašíka mį́) - one person [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de tʰe taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ tʰi (tábde de tʰé tą níkkašíka mį tʰí) - when you went hunting a person came [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► ex: “kʰa-ke, ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi (“kʰaké, hakí níkkašíka ettí nįkʰe,” iyí) - “younger brother, where is the human being?” said he [JOD]

► ex: “ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ, kʰa-ke,” i-ye (“hakí níkkašíka ettí nį, kʰaké,” íye) - “where is the human being, younger brother?” he said [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka maⁿ-shi e-ti ni-te naⁿ (níkkašíka mą́ši ettí nité ną) - human being-above-there-how possible [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti ni-te naⁿ (mą́ši níkkašíka ettí nité ną) - above-human being-there-how possible [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-x’o o-do-hi-ki-de (níkkašíka waxʔó odóhikidé) - he made (caused her) to change into a female human being [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka e a-zha-miⁿ (níkkašika e ážamį) - I treat (think, regard) him as a human being

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

 

manner, aforementioned words or manner

► koi-she (kóiše) - aforementioned words or manner

 

manner, in what manner

► haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use

► ex: haⁿ (hą) - what is the matter [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter?

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (hǫ́e níkka dítta, ikeáwe, ątʔé, iyí) - “what is the matter/what happened with your man/husband,” they said to her, “dead to me (he died on me),” she said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e)  - is that so? [OM]

► ex: kʰi naⁿ, “haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta di-t’e a-e (kʰí ną, “hą waxʔó dítta ditʔé ae”) - when he reached home, he was asked, “what is the matter with your woman/wife, is she dead (to you)?” [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ i-she naⁿ (hǫišé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-kʰe (hǫ nikʰé) - how are you? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫnįkʰé) - how are you?, greeting

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ datʰą́še) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ žǫkʰé (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline? [JOD]

 

manner, piling up the pieces in that manner

► koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so or of that sort; so or in that case [JOD]; a-zhi (áži) - put onto; o-zhi (oží) - put into

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti ta-zho ta-bi-ze ka-xe koi-shoⁿ-zhi i-ti-kde-kaⁿ ni-kʰa (kóišǫ́ttą ettí ttažó tábize káγe koišǫ́ži ítikdéką nikʰá) - then-there-venison-dried by heat-made-piling up the pieces in that manner-like a hose-they were (pl. classifier) [JOD]

 

manure, dung

► iⁿ-kde (įkdé) - dung, manure

► iⁿ-kde (įkdé) - feces [JOD]

► cf. iⁿ-kde o-ba-toⁿ-da (įkdé obáttǫda) - tumble bug, “dung roller”

► ex: ha-o, iⁿ-kde wi-ta (haó, įkdé wítta!) - ho, my feces [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthe (iⁿgthé) - dung, feces, manure, excrement [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-gthe (iⁿgthe) - manure [Omaha]; iⁿ-gthe (iⁿ-gthé) - dung, excrement [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-le (įlé) - excrement, feces, dung, ordure, excretory function, bowels [CQ-Osage]; i-le (ilé) - dung, manure, excrement [Kaw]

 

many

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly

► ex: ni-ka sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (níkka šʔaké tʰą tta tʔéde attahá) - the old man killed many deer [JOD]

► ex: i-ye a-ta-ha naⁿ (iyĕ átahá naⁿ) - he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ ataha) - I felt an extreme urge to urinate [JOD]

 

many, a great many

► a-na-hi-te-xti (anáhittéxti) - many, a great many

► cf. a-na-hi-te (anáhitte) - much; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

 

many, half that many

► miⁿ-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many, half that quantity

► cf. miⁿ-de (mįdé-) - half (of that measure); e-naⁿ (éną) - only that; de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, many; kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - equal in quantity, number; koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-de-na (wiⁿdéna) - half, half the amount of a collective substance [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: e-naⁿ (enáⁿ) - that only [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ (e-nóⁿ) - only one, sole, exclusive [FL-Osage]; e-na (eená), e-naⁿ (eeną́) - be the only one, that only, therefore, that’s why, enough [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [Kaw]

 

many, how many

► ha-naⁿ (haną́), ha-noⁿ (hanǫ́) - how much, how many

► ho-noⁿ (honǫ́) - how many, how much [OM]

► Dhegiha: ha-noⁿ (há-noⁿ) - how much or how many [FL-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (háaną) - how many, how much [CQ-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (hánaⁿ) - how many, how much [Kaw]

 

many, however many

► ha-na-hi-te (hanáhitte) - a few, however many

► ha-na-i-te (haná itte) - however much or many

► ha-naⁿ-hi-de (haną́hide) - however many/much

► cf. ha-naⁿ (haną́), ha-noⁿ (hanǫ́) - how much, how many; hi-te (hitté) - indefinite prn., (what)-ever; i-te (-itté) - indefinite prn. marker, -ever

► Dhegiha: ha-noⁿ (há-noⁿ) - how much or how many [FL-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (háaną) - how many, how much [CQ-Osage]; ha-naⁿ (hánaⁿ) - how many, how much [Kaw]

 

many, much

► zho-hi (žóhi) - much, many

► cf. zho-hi hi (žóhi hi) - very many, very much

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi (níkkašíka žohí) - many people [JOD]

 

many, pile up many flat objects one on another

► a-ki-ze-ze i-tʰe-de (ákkizéze itʰéde) - pile up many flat objects one on another, such as books

► cf. i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in

► Dhegiha: i-tʰe-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - to put or place, make stand: usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels: to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

many, this many

► de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, this many

► cf. de (de) - this; she-naⁿ (šéną) - enough, more; ka-she-naⁿ (kašéną) - that’s all, that is enough, just this much, be ended, finished, that’s all, something is finished; koi-she-na ⁿ(kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity; kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - equal in quantity or number; miⁿ-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many or quantity

► Dhegiha: she-noⁿ (shenoⁿ) - enough [Omaha]; the-noⁿ (thé-noⁿ) - this much [FL-Osage]; ka-she-naⁿ (kaašéną) - be ended, finished, that’s all, something is finished, closing of a prayer, amen [CQ-Osage]; ga-she-hnaⁿ (gashéhnaⁿ) - that’s all, that is enough, just this much [Kaw]; ye-naⁿ (yénaⁿ), ye-noⁿ (yénoⁿ) - this many, this much, this number [Kaw]

 

many, to the many

► ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

many, very many

► zho-hi hi (žóhi hi) - very many, very much

► cf. zho-hi (žóhi) - much, many; hi (hi) - very

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief, the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wítteke níkkašíka žóhi hi škǫ́wadáwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke niⁿkʰe) - “my uncle, many people are here and will dislodge us,” said the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá) - then, a great many people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi (síkka ttą́ka žóhi hi) - many turkeys [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-da-we (ešǫ́hi wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔédawe) - after some time, they killed many birds [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka zho-hi hi (šižíka žóhi hi) - family, “a lot of children” [MS]

► ex: zho-hi hi ka-xa-we (žohí hi káγawe) - they made many [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

maple sugar

► zhoⁿ ni (žǫní), zhaⁿ ni (žąní) - maple sugar, “tree sap”

► zhoⁿ ni (jonnih) - rum, bourbon (rum) [GI]

► zhoⁿ ni (jōn-nīh) - water of life, brandy (eau de vie) [GI]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; ni (ni) - water, liquid; zhoⁿ-ni hi (žǫní hi) - maple tree, Acer saccharum

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿní) - sugar, syrup, honey; “wood water, wood sap” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿni) - sap, candy, fudge, sugar [Omaha]; zhaⁿ ni (jaⁿ-ní) - “wood water, wood sap,” sugar; syrup; strained honey [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿní) - sugar, candy, “wood water” [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni (žąąníi) - sugar, lit., “tree water”, originally referring to maple sap or syrup [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni (zhaⁿní) - sugar, “tree liquid” [Kaw]

 

maple tree

► zhoⁿ-ni hi (žǫní hi) - maple tree, Acer saccharum

► cf. zhoⁿ ni (žǫní), zhaⁿ ni (žąní) - maple sugar, “tree sap”; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; ni (ni) - water, liquid; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿní) - sugar, syrup, honey; “wood water, wood sap” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿni) - sap, candy, fudge, sugar [Omaha]; zhaⁿ ni (jaⁿ-ní) - “wood water, wood sap,” sugar; syrup; strained honey [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿní) - sugar, candy, “wood water” [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni (žąąníi) - sugar, lit., “tree water”, originally referring to maple sap or syrup [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni (zhaⁿní) - sugar, “tree liquid” [Kaw]

 

maple, soft maple

► we-sa-de hi (wésade hí) - soft maple, “black dye tree”

► cf. we (we) - that by which, with which to; sa-de (sáde) - blacken, cause to be black; sa (sa) - black that is near, distinct; de (de) - cause to, to cause; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg; iⁿ-te sa-de (įtté sáde) - to fast, lit. “blacken the face”; we-ska-de (wéskade) - soap, “whiten with it”

► Dhegiha: we-na-sha-be the hi (wénashabe the hi) - Maple Tree [Omaha]; we-sha-be-the hiu (wé-sha-be-the-hiu) - maple sugar, the bark of this tree was used for making a black dye [FL-Osage]; we-tso sa-be hu (wéco sábe hu) - sugar maple [Kaw]

 

marbled godwit

► kiⁿ-ke-taⁿ sha (kkįkkéttą šá) - woodcock or marbled godwit

 

mare

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ wa-x’o (šǫ́keáknį waxʔó) - mare

► cf. shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (šǫ́ke áknį) - horse; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge miⁿ-ga (shóⁿge míⁿga) - mare, female horse [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ge mi-ga (shoⁿge miga) - mare [Omaha]; ʰka-wa mi-ga (ḳá-wa mi-ga) - female horse, a mare [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-ge miⁿ-ga (shóⁿgemiⁿga) - mare [Kaw]

 

mare, roan mare

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ wa-x’o xo-te zhi-hi (šǫ́keáknį waxʔó xotté žihí) - roan mare

► cf. shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (šǫ́ke áknį) - horse; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; xo-te zhi-hi (xotté žihí) - roan; xo-te (xotté) - gray; zhi-hi (žihí) - reddish yellow

 

mark, leave a mark or track

► o-ka-maⁿ-te (okámątte) - leave a mark or track ► o-a-ka-maⁿ-te (oákamątte) - I, o-da-ka-maⁿ-te (odákamątte) - you

 

mark, miss the mark striking at something

► ka-shnoⁿ-da (kašnǫ́da) - miss the mark striking at something ► a-shnoⁿ-da (ášnǫda) - I, da-shnoⁿ-da (dášnǫda) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, wind, water; ba-shnoⁿ-da (bašnǫ́da) - push at and fail or miss; bi-shnoⁿ-da (bišnǫ́da) - fail, miss applying pressure; da-shnoⁿ-da (dašnǫ́da) - slip in eating, talking, etc.; di-shnoⁿ-da (dišnǫ́da) - let slip, fumble something; naⁿ-shnoⁿ-da (nąšnǫ́da) - lose one’s footing, slip; pa-shnoⁿ-da (pášnǫda) - fail to cut something with a knife; po-shnoⁿ-da (póšnǫda) - miss a target shooting

► Dhegiha: zhnoⁿ (zhnoⁿ) - verb root, to miss, let fall, zhnoⁿ-tha (c͓naⁿ¢a), ba-zhnoⁿ (bac͓naⁿ), bu-zhnoⁿ (buc͓naⁿ), tha-zhnoⁿ (¢ac͓naⁿ), thi-zhnoⁿ (¢ic͓naⁿ), ga-zhnoⁿ (gac͓naⁿ), ma zhnoⁿ (mac͓naⁿ), mu-zhnoⁿ (muc͓naⁿ) [Omaha/Ponca]

 

mark, scratch, draw line

► di-xo (diγó) - mark, scratch, draw line ► bdi-xo (bdíγo) - I, ti-xo (ttíγo) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-xu (thixú) - draw, mark; to draw; to make marks on paper; to make marks such as are made on arrows [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xu (thixu) - sketch, mark [Omaha]; thi-xu (thi-xú) - to scratch marks on rocks or draw lines on paper; to draw a line [FL-Osage]; yu-gho (yughó) - make scratch marks [Kaw]

 

mark, tie tightly leaving mark

► di-ski-ta (diskítta) - dent, tie tightly leaving mark ► bdi-ski-ta (bdískitta) - I, ti-ski-ta (ttískitta) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-sku-da (thiskúda) - mark by tying or drawing rope over, to mark across the grain by tying or drawing a rope over the surface [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ski-da (thi-çkí-da) - to tie something tightly, to make an indention [FL-Osage]; yu-ski-da (yuskída) - mark, make a mark with the hands, to make a groove or depression in a bag, or a mark on the leg of a person or animal by tying it very tightly [Kaw]

 

mark, to leave a mark

► o-we-tiⁿ (owéttį) - to leave a mark ► o-a-we-tiⁿ (oáwettį) - I, o-da-we-tiⁿ (odáwettį) - you

► cf. o-we-taⁿ-iⁿ ka-xe (owéttąį káγe) - distinguish, make distinction; taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

► Dhegiha: u-we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (u-wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - a mark of some kind by which a thing may be found; a sign, something placed to aid in the memory of a place; identification mark; a register, a token, a keepsake; to register [FL-Osage]; we-toⁿ-iⁿ (wétoⁿiⁿ) - distinction, difference [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (wé-ṭoⁿ-iⁿ) - mark of identification [FL-Osage]; we-tiⁿ (wétiⁿ) - difference, distinction [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

marker, indefinite pronoun marker

► i-te (itté) - indefinite pronoun marker, -ever

► hi-te (hitté) - indefinite pronoun, (what)-ever

► ex: ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté) - anywhere, “where+soever” [JOD]

► ex: ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

► ex: ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► ex: ha-naⁿ-hi-de (haną́hide) - however many/much

► ex: ha-na-hi-te (hanáhitte) - a few, however many

► ex: ha-na-i-te (haná itte) - however much or many

 

marker, ordinal numeral marker

► i (í) - ordinal numeral marker; i (í) + numeral stem

► ex: i-naⁿ-pa (ínąpa), i-naⁿ-paⁿ (ínąpą́), i-naⁿ-baⁿ (ínąbą́) - second, second time, again, i (í) + naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya (ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-naⁿ-pa tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (šǫ́žiká ínąp͓á tʰą kíkikną́wi) - they put their second pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-naⁿ-pa niⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ínąp͓á nį dišʔá) - then the second one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąpą́ ąbą híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I will go [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bniⁿ (ídabnį́) - third, ordinal numeral, i (í) + da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three

► ex: de i-da-bniⁿ (dé ídabnį) - this third one [JOD]

► ex: e-ti shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-da-bniⁿ tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti šǫ́žiká ídabnį tʰą kíkikną́wi) - there, they put their third pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-da-bniⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ídabnį dišʔá) - then the third one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bni-ka (ídabnika) - third, fraction

► ex: i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + to-wa (tówa) - four

► ex: naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) - fourth finger [MS]

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

► ex: i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ (ísattą) - fifth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ-ka (ísattąka) - fifth, fraction

► ex: i-sha-pe (íšappe) - sixth, i (í) + sha-pe (šappé) - six

► ex: i-pe-naⁿ-pa (íppeną́pa) - seventh, i (í) + pe-naⁿ-pa (ppénąpa) - seven

► ex: i-pe-da-bniⁿ (íppedábnį) - eighth, i (í) + pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► ex: i-shaⁿ-ka (íšąkká) - ninth, i (í) + shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine

► ex: i-kde-bdaⁿ (íkdebdą́) - tenth, i (í) + kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten

 

marker, plural continuative aspect marker

► a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - continuative aspect marker, 3^rd person plural of niⁿ (nį) - continuative moving

► cf. a-pa (apa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the (moving) people

► ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

► ex: ka-ki ke mi-zhi-ka ke xa-ke a-pa (kakí ke mižiká ke γaké ápa) - those girls were crying [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa-pa za-ni hi t’e-wa-de i-ya (wasá-ppa zaní hi tʔéwade iyá) - all of the black bears were killed, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate

► ex: ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural/moving/invisible/animate

► ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder

► ex: she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving/visible/animate

► ex: to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

► Dhegiha: a-ma (amá) - the plural moving [JOD - Omaha]; a-pa (apa) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3^rd person sg. or pl. moving or absent subject [CQ-Osage]; a-ba (abá) - continuative he/she/it (animate), while moving or not within sight [Kaw]

 

marker, potential or optative marker

► te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will be

► ex: bda-taⁿ te (bdattą́ tte) - I will/would drink

► ex: pa-hi-o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá!  ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niží tte) - it’s going to rain [OM]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niži tte) - it will rain

► ex: e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte), e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that [JOD]

► ex: hau, e-kaⁿ te, i-yi (hau, eką́ tte, iyí) - yes, it will be like that, he said; yes, so shall it be, he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as ‘let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s’ [CQ-Osage]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

 

marks, tattoo marks

► si-di i-bi-xtaⁿ (sidí íbixtą) - tattoo marks, rubbed in with gunpowder

► cf. si-di (sidí) - gunpowder; bi-xtaⁿ (bixtą́) - rub onto; si (si) - grain, seed, pit, kernel

 

marriage, consider marriage to a woman

► miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman ► miⁿ bdi-kdaⁿ (mį bdikdą́) - I, miⁿ ti-kdaⁿ (mį ttikdą́) - you

► cf. miⁿ (mį), mi (mi) - female; di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately, think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [FL-Osage]; miⁿ (mí̜į) - female [CQ-Osage]; mi (mi) - woman, female [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - have on one’s mind, think about, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

 

marrow

► wa-hi zhi-we (wahí žíwe) - marrow

► cf. wa-hi (wahí) - bone

► Dhegiha: wa-ji-be (wa-jí-be) - marrow [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-be (wazhiⁿbe) - marrow [Omaha]; wa-zhu-pe (wažúpe) - marrow [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhu-be (wazhúbe), wa-zhu-we (wazhúwe) - marrow [Kaw]

 

marry a man, take a man for a husband

► a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband ► a-bdi-xe (ábdiγe) - I, a-ti-xe (áttiγe) - you, oⁿ-ka-di-xa-we (ǫkádiγawe) - we

► cf. wa-di-xzhi (wádiγáži) - unmarried woman,virgin; wa-di-xa-zhi hi wádiγáži hí) - unmarried woman, spinster; wa-we-di-xe (wawédixe) - refugee (from another tribe); i-kdi-xe (íkdixe) - live with, stay with someone

► ex: a-wi-bdi-xe (áwibdiγe) - I take you for my husband

► ex: a-wi-bdi-xe te, i-ke (áwibdíγe tté, iké) - she said to him, I will take you for my husband [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xe (ą́ttiγe) - you take me for your husband [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ti-xe (ąną́ttiγe) - you stay with me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ti-xe shkoⁿ-ta (ąną́ttiγe škǫ́tta) - do you want to live with me? [JOD]

► ex a-di-xe (ádiγé) - to marry him [JOD]

► ex: a-di-xe te (ádiγe tté) - she will marry him [JOD]

► ex: a-di-xe (adiγé) - she married him [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then the old woman married him, she took her children along with her [JOD]

► ex: we-a-kdi-xe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (weákdixe ábdištą́) - I ceased to live with them

► ex: e a-di-xe koⁿ-da (é ádiγé kǫdá) - she wanted to marry him, the aforementioned [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-thi-xe (á¢ixe) - to marry him [JOD-Omaha]; a-thu-xe (á-thu-xe) - to take a husband [FL-Osage]; a-thu-xe (áðuγe) - marry, get married to, take as a husband [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-ghe (áyughe) - marry a man, take a husband [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xe (wathixe) - marry, intermarry [Omaha]; wa-thu-xe (wáthuxe) - to take a husband; to marry, with reference to a woman [FL-Osage]; wa-thu-xe (wáðuγe) - be or get married, said of a female; wedding, used by bride’s friends or family [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-ghe (wáyughe) - marry, get married (female reference only) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-xe (uthiqe) - a refugee, one who has left his tribe and is staying with another people [Omaha/Ponca]; o-yu-ghe (óyughe) - take refuge in [Kaw]

 

marry a woman

► knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman ► a-knoⁿ-ke (áknǫke) - I, da-knoⁿ-ke (dáknǫke) - you

► cf. miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife; ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ ta t’e-de taⁿ a-zho-wa ta da-tʰe-wi (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną ttá tʔéde tą ážowa tta dátʰewi) - then he married her, when he hunted, he killed deer, they often ate deer [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ toⁿ-we taⁿ naⁿ-zha, “e-koⁿ te,” i-ke (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte íkazózo káγe attą́ akínį hí tą tǫ́we tą ną́ža, “ekǫ́ tte,” iké) - then he wrote the letter (asking) to marry and took it to her, when she looked at it she said, “so shall it be (it will be so)” [JOD]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe, hu-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ, ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te (e hǫp͓é nįkʰé huwake kišǫ́i ną kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte) - that shoe, whoever it fits, Big Chief’s son will marry her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ (gthoⁿ) - to take a wife; to take someone as one’s wife [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-ge (gthoⁿ-ge) - to take a wife, to marry, refers to a man [FL-Osage]; laⁿ-ke (lą́ke) - marry a woman, take as a wife [CQ-Osage]; laⁿ-ge (láⁿge), loⁿ-ge (lóⁿge) - marry, take a wife (male term) [Kaw]

 

marry more than one wife

► wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife ► a-wa-knoⁿ-ke (awáknǫké) - I, wa-da-knoⁿ-ke (wadáknǫké) - you

► cf. miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry

► Dhegiha: wa-gthoⁿ-ge (wa-gthóⁿ-ge) - he has married them [FL-Osage]; wa-laⁿ-ge (waláⁿge) - marry, take a wife or wives [Kaw]

 

marry, marriage, married

► ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry [JOD]

► ki-knoⁿ-ke (kighenokieh) - marriage, wedding (mariage) [GI]

► cf. miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife

► ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta niⁿ-kʰa (kiknǫké tta nįkʰá) - they’re married (they’re going to be married) [MS]

► ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta niⁿ-kʰa iⁿ-chʰoⁿ i (kiknǫké tta nįkʰá į́čʰǫ i) - they’re married (they’re going to be married, now) [MS]

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-we (kikíknǫkáwe) - they married each other [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi-gthoⁿ (gigthoⁿ) - marriage [Omaha]; ʰki-gthoⁿ-ge (ḳi-gthóⁿ-ge) - intermarrying into another tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰki-laⁿ-ke (ʰkilą́ke) - marry each other [CQ-Osage]; ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - pair off as mates; marry, intermarry [Kaw]; ki-loⁿ-ge (kíloⁿge), ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - marry (each other) [Kaw]

 

marry, take a wife

► miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry” ► miⁿ-a-knaⁿ (mįakną) - I, miⁿ-da-knaⁿ (mįdakną) - you

► cf. miⁿ (mį), mi (mi) - female; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife; ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-gthoⁿ (míⁿgthoⁿ) - to take a wife, mary [Omaha/Ponca]; mi-gthoⁿ (migthoⁿ) - marry, married man [Omaha]; mi-gthoⁿ-ge (mí-gthoⁿ-ge) - matrimony (male) [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-laⁿ-ke (mį́įląke) - marry a woman, take a wife, marry; married (referring to a man); wedding, marriage [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-laⁿ-ge (míⁿlaⁿge) - marry, get married (male reference only) [Kaw]

 

martin, bee martin

► wa-zhiⁿ-shki (wažį́ški) - kingbird or bee martin, Tyrannus tyrannus

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird, shortened from wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), not to be confused with wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will, mind, personality; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; wa-zhiⁿ to (wažį́ tto) - paroquet; wa-zhiⁿ zha ma-ni (wažį žá máni) - nuthatch, lit. “walks upside down”; mutch-hotch; wa-zhiⁿ zhi-te (wažį́ žítte) - cardinal, also tanager; wa-zhiⁿ aⁿ-xa-ke (wažį́ ą́γaké) - mocking bird, lit. “crying bird”; wa-zhiⁿ da-kniⁿ (wa-jiⁿ́ d^¢á-kt^çiⁿ) - Pretty Bird, Handsome Bird, masculine name of the Kwapa Bird gens; Pretty Bird [JOD]; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wa-jiⁿ ská) - masculine name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; White Bird (near by) [JOD]; wa-zhiⁿ haⁿ-ka (wa-jiⁿ́ hañ-k͓á) - masculine name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Ancestral or First Bird (Angel, Ancestral or First Bird, Sacred Bird, personal name of Louis Angell, Tallchief, ka-hi-ke  ste-te, Maude Supernaw stated that her father, Louis Angell, belonged to the Snake Clan.) [JOD]; wa-zhiⁿ mi te-xi (wa-jiⁿ́ mi té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Bird Female Difficult to be won or captured [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-zhíⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - any bird, chicken, fowl [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-jiñ́-ga) - the generic name for small birds [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-zhíⁿ-ga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - bird [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhíⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - bird, small birds [Kaw]

 

martin, purple martin

► ni-shko-shko (niškóško) - purple martin, Progne subis

► cf. ni-shko-shko zhi-ka (niškóško žíka) - swallow (various types)

► Dhegiha: ni shku-shku(ni ckú-cku) - the martin [JOD-Omaha]; ni shku-shku (ni shku-shku) - barn swallow [Omaha]; ni-shku-shku (ni-shkú-shku) - a swallow; the sand martin or bank swallow; the swallow is believed to be associated with the clouds and thunder, it is most active when a storm approaches [FL-Osage]; ni-shku-shku (nishkúshku) - the purple martin [Kaw]

 

Mary, Jesus’s mother

► wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ niⁿkʰe, e-haⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ nįkʰé, ehą́ ǫkówettą) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]; Maude Supernaw refers to Jesus as God, she was of the Quapaw generation that was introduced to Christinaity and the concept of God’s son. This may explain why she refered to God and Jesus as wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta).

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta), wa-koⁿ-ta (wakǫ́ta) - God, spirit; i-haⁿ (ihą́), i-hoⁿ (ihǫ́), e-haⁿ (ehą́) - someone’s mother; his or her mother; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - 3sg continuative aux. sitting; oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we (rather than others)

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta i-zhiⁿ-ke i-hoⁿ (waʰkǫ́ta ižį́ke iihǫ́) - mother of Jesus, Mary, lit., “God’s son’s mother” [CQ-Osage]

 

► wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ, Mary a-niⁿ niⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ ǫkówettą, Mary anį́ nį) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta), wa-koⁿ-ta (wakǫ́ta) - God, spirit; i-haⁿ (ihą́), i-hoⁿ (ihǫ́), e-haⁿ (ehą́) - someone’s mother; his or her mother; oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we (rather than others); a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; niⁿ (nį) - 3sg continuative aux. moving

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta i-zhiⁿ-ke i-hoⁿ (waʰkǫ́ta ižį́ke iihǫ́) - mother of Jesus, Mary, lit., “God’s son’s mother” [CQ-Osage]

 

mash, make mushy

► di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy ► bdi-kdo-kdo (bdíkdokdo) - I, ti-kdo-kdo (ttíkdokdo) - you

► cf. kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup [OM]; we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]; a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]; o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - mired, become, stuck in mud; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand

 

Mask

► iⁿ-te o-kdaⁿ (į́tte ókdą) - mask, lit. “put the face in it”

► cf. iⁿ-te (įtté) - face; o-kdaⁿ (ókdą), o-knaⁿ (ókną) - put inside; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put object upon a surface; pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną), pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat, cap, “head is put inside”; wa-pa-hi o-knaⁿ (wappáhi okną́) - headdress of woven yarn; wa-x’o pa-hi-o-knaⁿ (waxʔó ppáhiókną) - bonnet

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-de u-gthoⁿ (iⁿde ugthoⁿ) - mask [Omaha]; iⁿ-dse u-gthoⁿ (iⁿ-dsé u-gthoⁿ) - a halter [FL-Osage]; i-je o-laⁿ (ijé oláⁿ), i-jo-laⁿ (ijólaⁿ) - mask, from ijé ‘face’ + oláⁿ ‘sits on there’ [Kaw]

 

mass, cover in a mass

► ba-di-di-te (badíditte) - cover in a mass, swarm upon

► Dhegiha: ba-thi-de (bathíde) - full, swarming or covered with [Omaha/Ponca]

 

mat

► wa-zoⁿ-te (wázǫtte) - mat

► cf. ka-zaⁿ-te (kazą́tte) - weave, braid; i-ba-zoⁿ-te (íbazǫ́tte) - lace up, as a pack; i-ki-pa-zoⁿ-te (íkkippazǫ́tte) - fasten

► ex: wa-zoⁿ-te kʰe (wázǫtte-kʰe) - the mat

► Dhegiha: wa-zoⁿ-dse (wá-çoⁿ-dse) - any woven article, textile [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-zoⁿ-de (gaçoⁿde) - weave, braid [Omaha]; ga-zoⁿ-dse (ga-çóⁿ-dse) - to weave, to braid [FL-Osage]; ga-zaⁿ-je (gazáⁿje) - weave [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-zoⁿ-de (ábazoⁿde) - to stitch up, sew up, or lace up [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-zoⁿ-dse (á-ba-çoⁿ-dse) - to lace a shoe, to lace up as a shoe [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zoⁿ-zoⁿ-de (zoⁿzoⁿde) - stitch [Omaha]

 

match

► pe-ti-te-de (ppettíttede) - match

► pe-ti-te-de (ppettíttede) - matches [MS]

► cf. pe-te (ppétte) - fire; i (i) - with which to; te-de (ttéde) - light a fire, kindle; o-te-de (ottéde) - fireplace

► Dhegiha: pe-de (péde) - fire, match [Omaha/Ponca]; pe-de (pede) - fire, matchstick [Omaha]; ʰpe-dse (p̩é-dse) - fire [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-tse (ʰpéece) - fire, cooking fire, meeting fire, cooking stove gas fire [CQ-Osage]; pe-je (péje) - fire [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ne-the (inéthe) - burn, to set something on fire, burn something, cause something to burn [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ne-the (inethe) - kindle fire [Omaha]; i-je-ye (ijéye) - kindle, build a fire at/in a place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: dse-the (dsé-the), ʰtse-the (ṭsé-the) - to kindle as a fire [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-dse-the (á-dse-the) - to build a fire on some place or objuct [FL-Osage]; a-tse-the (áceðe) - build a fire on [CQ-Osage]; a-je-ye (ájeye) - kindle a fire on an object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ne-the (unethe) - hearth, fireplace [Omaha]; u-dse-the (u-dsé-the) - a place hollowed out in the ground in which to place or kindle a fire, put fire into [FL-Osage]; o-tse-the (océðe) - build a fireplace or fire, fireplace or fire for cooking or warming oneself, place to build a fire, stove [CQ-Osage]; o-jhe-ye (oǰéye) - fireplace [Kaw]

 

matted as hair

► sha-ka (šákka) - matted, as hair ► aⁿ-sha-ka (ąšákka) - I, di-sha-ka (dišákka) - you

 

matter, no matter what

► koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding; koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so or of that sort; so or in that case [JOD]; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫttą) - in that way, therefore; koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

 

matter, what is the matter

► haⁿ (hą) - what is the matter [JOD]

► haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use

► ex: kʰi naⁿ, “haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta di-t’e a-e (kʰí ną, “hą waxʔó dítta ditʔé ae”) - when he reached home, he was asked, “what is the matter with your woman/wife, is she dead (to you)?” [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ i-she naⁿ (hǫišé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-kʰe (hǫ nikʰé) - how are you? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ datʰą́še) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ žǫkʰé (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline? [JOD]

 

► hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter?

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; e (e) - question sign

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (“hǫ́e níkka dítta,” ikeáwe, “ątʔé,” iyí) - what is the matter/what happened with your man (husband), they said to her, dead to me (he died on me), she said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e)  - is that so? [OM]

 

mature, grown up, old

► naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature ► aⁿ-naⁿ-hoⁿ (ą́nąhǫ́) - I, di-naⁿ-hoⁿ (dínąhǫ́) - you, wa-naⁿ-hoⁿ-we (wánąhǫwe) - we

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ą́nąhą́) - me grownup [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-mi-zhi-ka taⁿ-hi a-hi-bda shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ąmížiká tąhí ahíbda šǫ́hi ą́nąhą́) - though/when I was a young girl, I bathed (in the creek/river) until I was grown [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mįtą́ nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ pa ną́) - grown women wore short dresses [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ʰto noⁿ-hoⁿ (shíⁿ-ṭo-noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a bachelor, a single man [FL-Osage]; shi-do noⁿ-hoⁿ (shído noⁿhoⁿ) - a youth, a young man that is nearly grown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫ́hǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow [JOD-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman  [Kaw]

 

maturity, bring to maturity

► naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity ► naⁿ-hoⁿ-a-de (naⁿ-hoⁿ-a-de) - I, naⁿ-hoⁿ-da-de (naⁿ-hoⁿ-da-de) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - girl, young; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - father's older brother, man's; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-the (nǫ́ǫðe) - raise, rear, bring up [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

 

may have in the past

► tʰe i-te (tʰe itté) - may have in the past [JOD]

► ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te-iⁿ-te (té-iⁿ-te) - perhaps, probably, it may be [JOD-Omaha]

 

maybe, perhaps

► naⁿ-te (ną́tte), (nątté) - perhaps, maybe

► naⁿ-te (naⁿ-tĕ́) - can [JOD]

► ex: di-sniⁿ-te naⁿ-te pe-te koi (dísnįte ną́tte ppétte koi) - might burn you, that fire [MS]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ʰtse (thoⁿ-ṭse), thoⁿ-dse (thoⁿ-dse, thoⁿ-tsé) - perhaps, suitable, appropriate, convenient [FL-Osage]; thaⁿ-ʰtse (ðąąʰcé) - possible, suitable, appropriate, could would, probable, look like, be at the point of happening [CQ-Osage]

 

► e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe

► cf. te te (tte tté) - such and such, expresses uncertainty

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, “ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te,” i-ye (atéže ną, “táttą ke ą́teže hidé, mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé étte tte,” iyé) - when I urinated, “what is this urinating on me, I wonder if it’s the stars urinating on me,” he said [JOD]

► ex: koi ta-taⁿ te-zha-i ke, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zha-i ke e-te te (kói ttátą téžai ké, mikkáxʔe ątežai ke étte tte) - what is that urinating, I wonder if the stars are urinating one me' (JOD)]

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we a, e-te-te (íšpahąwé a, étte tte) - do you’all know? I wonder. [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-iⁿ-te (éiⁿte) - if, perhaps, maybe [JOD-Omaha]

 

► i-ke (ikké), i-kʰe (ikʰé) - perhaps, maybe

 

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