English to Quapaw Dictionary

M

machine - mallard

man - maybe

me too - misaligned

miserable - mound

mountain - mutter

muzzle - myth's

 

me too

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ́), wi-e-haⁿ (wiehą́) - I too, me too [JOD]

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]

► cf. di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wi-e-haⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ hi-we (wiehaⁿ́ ą́nį-hiwé) - they took me there also [JOD]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ t’e-aⁿ-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde i-ye tʰaⁿ i-ya (wíehǫ tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde iyé tʰą iyá) - he said, “me too, they killed me, I dreamed that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

me, as for me

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ́), wi-e-haⁿ (wiehą́) - I too, me too [JOD]

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]

► cf. di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wi-e-haⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ hi-we (wiehaⁿ́ ą́nį-hiwé) - they took me there also [JOD]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ t’e-aⁿ-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde i-ye tʰaⁿ i-ya (wíehǫ tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde iyé tʰą iyá) - he said, “me too, they killed me, I dreamed that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

► wi-e e-miⁿ-kʰe-ti (wíe émįkʰétti) - I, as for me

       ► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - 1sg continuative aux sitting

 

me, at me, to me, for me, on me, etc.

► aⁿ (ą́) - me, at me, to me, for me, on me, etc.

► ex: aⁿ-ba-zo (ą́bazo) - it pointed at me, from a-ba-zo (ábazo) - to point at

► ex: o-aⁿ-tʰiⁿ (oą́tʰį) - he/she hit me, from o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - to strike, slap, hit

► ex: o-aⁿ-da-tʰiⁿ (oą́datʰį) - you hit me, from o-da-tʰiⁿ (odátʰį) - you hit

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-xoⁿ-zhi (ą́nąxʔǫ́ži) - she had not listened to me [JOD], from na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen + zhi (ži) - not, negation

► ex: aⁿ-da-na-x’oⁿ (ą́dánaxʔǫ) - did you hear me, from da-na-x’oⁿ (danáxʔǫ) - you hear, listen

► ex: aⁿ-k’i (ąkʔí) - he gave to me [JOD], from k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone

► ex: aⁿ-k’i-we (ąkʔíwe) - they gave to me [JOD], from k’i-we (kʔiwe) - they give something to someone

► ex: aⁿ-da-ska (ą́daska) - it sticks to me, from a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow

► ex: aⁿ-shpi-ta (ą́špitta) - you lean on me, from, a-shpi-ta (ášpitta) - you lean on

► ex: aⁿ-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (ą́ttaska daknį́) - you sit close to me, from a-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (áttaska daknį́) - you sit close

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xe (ą́ttiγe) - you take me for your husband [JOD], a-ti-xe (áttiγe) - you marry a man, you take a man for a husband

► ex: aⁿ-te-zhe (ą́teže) - urinate on me [JOD], from te-zhe (téže) - urinate

► ex: aⁿ-di-za-i (ądizaí) - they get it for me [JOD], from di-za-wi (dizáwi) - they get, take, receive

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ (ąbą́) - he called to me, he calls to me [JOD], from baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ-wi (ąbą́wi) - they called me [JOD], from baⁿ-wi (bą́wi) - they call, they halloo

► Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - pr. frag. 1^st. s. obj. [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1^st person sg. patient pronominal, used as object of active verbs, (me, for me, to me, from me, etc.); 1^st person sg. patient pronominal prefix, used as subject of stative verbs, (I) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ) - the pronoun “I” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

 

me, I

► wi-e (wíe) - I, 1st singular actor

► wi-e (wíe) - me [MS, OM]

► wi-e (wi-eh) - me (moi) [GI]

► cf. di-e (díe) - you, disjunctive 2nd singular; e (e) - he, she, it, that; oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we

► ex: wi-e bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe bdé tta mįkʰé) - I’m going [MS]

► ex: wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I will go in this direction [JOD]

► ex: wi-e a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe akdé tta mįkʰé) - I want to go home (I will be going home) [AG]

► ex: wi-e a-wa-naⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-khe (wíe awaną́bde ta mįkʰé) - I’m going to eat [AG]

► ex: wi-e a-gi-ta (wíe ágítta) - I’m getting up [AG]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: wi-e ho-taⁿ (wíe hóttą) - I am happy [MW], would expect aⁿ-ho-taⁿ (ąhóttą) - I’m good, happy

► ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé) - I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi wi-e i-da-de (hǫží wíe idáde) - no, I didn't see it [AG]; would expect, i-da-da zhi (idáda zhi) - I don’t/didn’t see

► ex: e wi-e a-de (ée wíe áde) - yes, I saw it [AG]; conjugates i-de (íde) - to see, as a-de (áde), expected conjugation i-da-de (idáde) - I see

► ex: wi-e i-xa (wíe íxa) - I laugh [AG]; would expect i-da-xa (idáxa) - I laugh

► ex: wi-e maⁿ-niⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe mąnį́ tta mįkʰé) - I am going to go walking [AG]; would expect conjugated form of verb, a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ (amą́bdį) - I walk

► ex: wi-e o-ka-xpa (wíe okáxpa) - I’m Quapaw [AG]

► ex: wi-e toⁿ ni miⁿ-kʰe (wíe tǫ́ ni mįkʰé) - I see you [AG]; would expect same as, wi-toⁿ-we (witǫ́we) - I’m looking at you [MR]

► ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow); a-kde (akdé) - I go home, I start homeward [AG]

► Dhegiha: wi-e (wíe), wi (wi) - I, me [Omaha/Ponca]; wi (wi) - me [Omaha]; wi-e (wí-e) - I, me [FL-Osage]; wi (wi) - I am [FL-Osage]; wi-e (wíe), wi (wí) - me, I [CQ-Osage]; we (we), wi-e (wie) - I, me [Kaw]; wi-e (wié), we (we) - me, I am the one who...; it is I who... [Kaw]

 

me, I, 1^st person singular verb conjugations

► a (a) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, regular active conjugation

► ex: a-k’iⁿ (akʔį) - I carry on the back, from k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► Dhegiha: a-’iⁿ (aʔiⁿ) - I carry on the back, from ’iⁿ (ʔiⁿ) - carrying, carrying on the back [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰk’iⁿ (a-ḳ’íⁿ) - I carry, from ʰk’iⁿ (ḳ’iⁿ) - to carry [FL-Osage]; a-k’iⁿ (akʔį́) - I carry, from k’iⁿ (kʔį́) - carry, carry on the back [CQ-Osage]; ak’iⁿ (ak’iⁿ) - I carry on the back, from k’iⁿ (k’iⁿ) - pack on the back, carry on the back [Kaw]

 

► aⁿ (ą) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation

► ex: aⁿ-ta-ka-te (ątákkatte) - I’m hot, from ta-ka-te (tákkatte) - hot, to be hot

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-na-ka-de (áⁿ-na-ka-de) - I am hot, from na-ka-de (ná-ka-de) - hot, to be hot [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-da-ʰka-dse (óⁿ-da-ḳa-dse) - I am hot, from da-ʰka-dse (da-ḳa-dse) - to be hot [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-da-ka-je (áⁿdakaje) - I’m hot, from da-ka-je (dákaje) - be hot, as a stove or a person [Kaw]

 

► b (b) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, R stems

► ex: bde (bdé) - I go, from de (de) - go

► Dhegiha: bthe (b¢e) - I go, from the (¢e) - go, to go, to depart [Omaha/Ponca]; bthe (bthe) - I go, from the (the) - to go [FL-Osage]; bre (brée) - I go, from the (ðée), a-the (aðée) - go there, motion underway, set out for there, be on the way there, leave, be leaving, go foreword, set out, start off [CQ-Osage]; ble (ble) - I go, from ye (ye) - go, be going [Kaw]

 

► pʰ (pʰ) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, H stems

► ex: pʰi (pʰi) - I come, from hi (hi) - come, be coming here, not own

► Dhegiha: pʰi (pʰi) - I come, from i (i) - to come [JOD-Omaha]; pshu (pšú) - I come, from hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here [CQ-Osage]; pʰu (pʰu) - I come, from hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

► m (m) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, glottal stems

► ex: moⁿ (mǫ), (mą) - I do, I use, from ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, use, be, have (as a disease)

► Dhegiha: maⁿ (mą) - I do, from ’aⁿ (ʔą́) - [Omaha/Ponca]; e-maⁿ (émą), e-moⁿ (émǫ) - I do, from e-oⁿ (éoⁿ) - do [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - I do, from ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do [Kaw]

 

► p (pp) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, B-stems

► ex: pa-xi (ppáxi) - I push off balance, from ba-xi (baxí) - push off balance, shove

► Dhegiha: pa-xi (p͓áqi) - I awaken by pushing, from ba-qi (baqí) - to awaken one by pushing him; to contend or oppose [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xi (p̣á-xi) - I aroused him, from ba-xi (ba-xí) - to arouse one from sleep by pushing [FL-Osage]; pa-xi (páxi) - I rouse by nudging, from ba-xi (baxí) - rouse by nudging [Kaw]

 

► t (tt) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, D-stems

► ex: toⁿ-we (ttǫ́we), taⁿ-we (ttą́we) - I look, from toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-be (t͓aⁿ-be) - I look, from doⁿ-be (dóⁿbe) - to look at, to perceive any object, to see it [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-be (ṭóⁿ-be) - I see, from doⁿ-be (doⁿ΄-be) - to see [FL-Osage]; ʰtoⁿ-pe (ʰtǫ́pe) - I look, from toⁿ-pe (tǫ́pe) - see, observe, watch, look, look at, on, or upon, [CQ-Osage]; toⁿ-be (ttǫ́be), (tómbe) - I look at it, from doⁿ-be (dóⁿbe) - see, look at [Kaw]

 

► p (pp) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, G-stems

► ex: pa-xe (ppáγe) - I make, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: pa-xe (p͓áxe) - I make, from ga-xe (gá-xe) - to do, make, act, behave [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xe (p̩á-xe) - I make, from ga-xe (gá-xe) - to make, to perform [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-xe (ʰpáaγe) - I make, from ka-xe (káaγe) - make, fix, prepare, bake, build, force someone to do something, cause something to be a certain way, turn on, do, perform, engage in, make it, [CQ-Osage]; pa-ghe (pághe) - I make, from ga-ghe (gághe) - make, do, pretend, cause [Kaw]

 

► k-b (kk-b) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, doubly conjugated as G-stems and R-stems

► ex: koⁿ-bda (kkǫbdá) - I want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-btha (koⁿbtha) - I want, from goⁿ-tha (goⁿtha) - desire, crave, want [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-btha (ḳóⁿ-btha) - I want, from goⁿ-tha (góⁿ-tha) - to want, to desire, to prefer [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-bra (ʰkǫ́bra) - I want, from koⁿ-tha (kǫ́ða) - want, desire [CQ-Osage]; koⁿ-bla (kóⁿbla) - I want it, from goⁿ-ya (góⁿya) - want, wish, hope [Kaw]

 

► m (m) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation, W-stems

► ex: i-moⁿ-xe (ímǫγe) - I ask a question, from i-moⁿ-xe (ímǫγe) - ask someone a question

 

► i-da (idá) - 1^st person singular verb conjugation

► ex: i-da-de (idáde) - I see, from i-de (íde) - to see, to find

► Dhegiha: i-tha-the (i¢á¢ĕ) - I find it, from i-the (í¢e) - discover, find [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-the (i-thá-the) - I discern, I discovered, from i-the (íthe) - to discover [FL-Osage]; i-tha-the (iiðáðe) - I saw, I see, from i-the (íiðe) - see, find, understand [CQ-Osage]

 

me, I, continuatve auxiliary

► a-ni-he (anihé) - I, 1sg continuative moving

► ex: “pʰi a-ni-he,” i-yi- i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“pʰi ánihé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “so I have been coming here,” replied the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ-he (á¢iⁿhé) - I who move [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ-he (a-thíⁿ-he) - in my life movements, as I go forth [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-thiⁿ-he (ąðįhé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 1^st sg. subject, ‘moving’ here means ‘changing location’ [CQ-Osage]; a-yi-he (ayihé) - continuative, I, while moving [Kaw]

 

► miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - I, 1sg continuative sitting

► miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - I, 1sg continuative auxiliary lying

► ex: tʰi naⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze shkoⁿ-zhi hi a-zhaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (tʰi ną tʔe ppą́ze škǫ́ži hi ažą́ mįkʰé) - when he arrived, I pretended to be dead, I lay there motionless [JOD]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-kʰe (miⁿkʰe) - singular first person [JOD-Omaha]; miⁿ-kshe (miⁿ-kshe) - I, who sit here [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-kshe (mįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 1^st sg. sitting or lying down subject [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-kʰe (miⁿkhé) - continuative I, while sitting [Kaw]

 

► a-tʰaⁿ-he (atʰąhé) - I, 1sg continuative auxiliary standing

► ex: hoⁿ-a-bde a-tʰaⁿ-he shi-ke-xti i-da-hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́abde atʰąhé šíke-xti idáhǫbde) - I’ve had a dream, I dreamed a very bad dream [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-taⁿ-he (átaⁿhé) - I who stand [JOD-Omaha];  a-toⁿ-he (a-toⁿ-he) - I stand [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-txaⁿ-he (ątxąhé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing 1^st sg. subject [CQ-Osage]; a-kha-he (akháhe) - continuative I, while standing [Kaw]

 

meadowlark

► to-ti-niⁿ-ke (ttóttinį́ke) - meadowlark

► to-ti-niⁿ-ke (ttóttinį́ke) - meadowlark [MS]

► Dhegiha: tʰa-tʰi-thiⁿ-ge (tʰátʰithíⁿge), tʰa-chʰi-thiⁿ-ge (tʰáchʰithíⁿge) - meadowlark [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ti thiⁿ-ge (táti thiⁿge) - meadowlark [Omaha]; to-tsiⁿ-yiⁿ-ge (tóciⁿyiⁿge), to-i-tsiⁿ-yiⁿ-ge (toíciⁿyiⁿge) - meadow lark [Kaw]

 

meal, eat a meal

► wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine ► a-wa-naⁿ-bde (awánąbdé) - I, wa-da-naⁿ-bde (wadánąbdé) - you

► wa-naⁿ-bde (ŭah-nohmmĕlĕh) - eat, consume (manger) [GI]

► wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat [AG, OM]

► wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - come eat [AG]

► cf. pa-ze-de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde wanáⁿbde) - supper [MS]; o-zhi ska wa-noⁿ-bde (óži ska wanǫ́bde) - bowl [MS]; a-wa-naⁿ-bde (áwaną́bde) - table; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, lit. “something to stick food”; o-naⁿ-bde (ónąbde) - food, “something to eat”

► ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde koⁿ-bda (awánąbdé kkǫbdá) - I want to eat [MS]

► ex: wi-e a-wa-naⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe awaną́bde ta mįkʰé) - I'm going to eat [AG]

► ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde (awánąbdé) - I have eaten (I eat) [OM]

► ex: da-wa-naⁿ-bde (dáwanąbdé) - have you eaten? [OM]; expected conjugation, wa-da-naⁿ-bde (wadáną́bdé) - you eat

► ex: jhi-e wa-naⁿ-bde (jhíe waną́bde) - you come eat [AG]; expected conjugation, wa-da-naⁿ-bde (wadáną́bdé) - you eat

► ex: jhi-e wa-naⁿ-bde shkoⁿ-ta (ǰíe waną́bde škǫttá) - do you want to eat? [AG]; expected conjugation, wa-da-naⁿ-bde (wadáną́bdé) - you eat

► ex: i-za-ni oⁿ-ka-kdi wa-naⁿ-bde shkoⁿ-ta (ízani ǫkákdi waną́bde škǫttá) - come on, all of you, if you want to eat [AG]

► ex: aⁿ-wa-naⁿ-bde (ąwánąbdé) - we eat [MS]

► ex: da-tʰe wa-naⁿ-bde (datʰé waną́bde) - eating [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-bthe (wanóⁿbthe) - an eater [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-bthe (wa-nóⁿ-bthe) - to eat, to dine, a meal, breakfast, dinner, or supper, nourishment, food [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-bre (wanǫ́bre) - dine, eat, dinner, supper, meal served at noon or in the evening [CQ-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-ble (wanóⁿble) - eat a meal, dine, food [Kaw]

 

mean

► o-xnaⁿ (óxną) - angry, irritated, cross

► o-xnaⁿ (o-hu-nu) - mean [LH]

► cf. o-xnaⁿ ka-xe (óxną káγe) - to make angry or cross

► ex: shoⁿ-ke o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - mean dog [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - my dog is mean [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-xthoⁿ shtoⁿ (ú-xthoⁿ-shtoⁿ) - to be cross, disagreeable [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (ólą), (óolą), o-loⁿ (olǫ́ǫ), o-dla (ódla) - pout, sulk, sulky [CQ-Osage]; xthoⁿ (xthoⁿ) - to sulk, pout, peeved [FL-Osage]; loⁿ (lǫ́), laⁿ (lą́) - mad, angry [CQ-Osage]

 

mean something, refer to something

► wa-kʰe (wakʰé) - mean something, refer to something ► a-wa-kʰe (áwakʰe) - I, da-wa-kʰe (dáwakʰe) - you, oⁿ-wa-kʰa-we (ǫ́wakʰawé) - we

► cf. wa-ki-kʰe (wakkíkʰe) - refer to oneself

► ex: de e a-wa-kʰe (de e áwakʰe) - this is what I mean

► ex: she e a-wa-kʰe (šé e áwakʰe) - that is what I mean, that is what I meant, that is what I was talking about

► ex: di-ta e a-wa-kʰe (dítta e áwakʰe) - I meant yours

► ex: be e da-wa-kʰe (be e dáwakʰe) - who do you mean

► ex: di-e wa-wi-kshe (díe wáwikše) - I mean you

► Dhegiha: wa-ke (wa-ké) - to mean, to intend, to refer to [JOD-Omaha]; wa-kshe (wa-kshé) - to mean anything [FL-Osage]; wa-kshe (wakšé) - mean, intend, have in mind [CQ-Osage]; wa-khe (wakhé) - mean something, refer to, intend [Kaw]

 

mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful

► wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful

► wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean [MS]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition; shi-ke (šíke) - bad; wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi (wažį́ dédaži) - to lose patience; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wa-jĭⁿ́-skă) - masculine name “White Disposition, Wise.” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ ʰpi-zhi (wa-zhíⁿ-p̣i-zhi) - to be very angry [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ ʰpi-zhi (wažį́ ʰpíiži) - enraged, mad, angry [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ pi-zhi (wazhíⁿpizhi) - being hateful, spiteful, literally “bad thoughts” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]

 

means, by means of

► i-aⁿ (ią́), i-oⁿ (iǫ́) - by means of [JOD]

► i-yaⁿ (iyą́) - with, by means of

► cf. i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to; ’aⁿ (ʔą), ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - use, do

► ex: maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xe di-knaⁿ (mątté iǫ́ dixé dikną́) - (they) planned to chase/pursue him by using a canoe [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe, i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe, i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe, iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe, iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do [Kaw]

 

► i (í) - instrumental, comitative, requires special pronominal allomorphs

► ex: i-ka-za (íkaza) - to hit with, whip; i (i) + ka-za (kazá), ga-za (gazá) - to whip

► ex: i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with; i (i) + sta-de (stáde) - to grease

► ex: i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something; i (i) + tʰiⁿ (tʰį́) - verb root, strike, slap, hit

► ex: i-t’e-de (itʔéde) - kill with something; i (i) + t’e-de (tʔede) - kill

► Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

 

► yaⁿ (-yą) - with, by means of

 

meant, I or whoever was meant

► wi-e-te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant

► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; te te (tte tté) - such and such, expresses uncertainty; e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe

 

measure

► i-kaⁿ-ska (íkąska) - measure ► i-da-kaⁿ-ska (idákąská) - I, i-da-kaⁿ-ska (ídaką́ska) - you

► cf. i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.

 

► i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.

► cf. i-kaⁿ-ska (íkąska) - measure

► ex: i-kaⁿ-ska-de sa-taⁿ wa-tʰi-shka (íkąskáde sattą watʰiška) - Five Mile Creek, I.T.

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (mažą́ ikąskáde) - mile, lit. “land measure”

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (mažą́ ikąskáde mįxti) - one mile

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska i-kaⁿ-ska-de (wahį́ska íkąskáde) - yard, lit. “calico measure”

► ex: zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (žą ikąskáde mįxti) - one yard

► ex: zhoⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (žǫ íkąskáde) - a yard (measure)

► ex: wa-ni i-kaⁿ-ska-de (waní íkąskáde) - yard, “a calico measure”

 

measure for solids

► i-toⁿ-we (íttǫwe), i-tʰoⁿ-we (ítʰǫwe) - bushel, measure for solids

► cf. si-toⁿ-we (síttǫwe) - one foot, unit of measure

 

measure, coinage, amount

► ska-di (skádi), ska-ti (skáti) - coinage, amount, measure; from iskali in Muskogean < Fr. escalin

► cf. ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents [AG]; de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali ‘money’, French escalin ‘shilling’; de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents; de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá), de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits; de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, fifty cents, four bits; de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

 

measure, half of measure

► miⁿ-de (mįdé) - half (of that measure)

► ex: miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size

► ex: miⁿ-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many or quantity

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ka (mįdétʰąká) - half that height

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (mįdétʰǫ), miⁿ-de-toⁿ (mįdéttǫ) - half that length

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-de-na (wiⁿdéna) - half, half the amount of a collective substance [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-na-ska (wiⁿdénaska) - half size, half that size, half as big [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-thoⁿ-ska (wiⁿdéthoⁿska) - half, half the size, half as big [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (wiⁿdétʰoⁿ) - half, half full, half the length [Omaha/Ponca]

 

measure, unit of measure

► si-toⁿ-we (síttǫwe) - one foot, unit of measure

► cf. si (si) - foot; i-toⁿ-we (íttǫwe), i-tʰoⁿ-we (ítʰǫwe) - bushel, measure for solids

 

meat, cut meat from the bone

► a-pa-x’i (ápaxʔi) - cut meat from the bone

► cf. ka-x’i (kaxʔí) - scrape, as hair from a hide; a-da-x’i (ádaxʔi) - grating sound, make by gnawing on, as a rat gnawing on wood or metal

 

meat, dried meat, deer

► ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat; deer

► ta (tta) - meat; deer [MS, MR, OM]

► ta (tah) - meat (viande); deer, venison (chevreuil) [GI]

► ex: ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat” [MS]

► ex: ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► ex: ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (ttanióhǫ), ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanǘhǫde), ta-ni-hoⁿ-de (ttaníhǫde) - soup, beef soup, lit. “meat-water-boil/cook-cause to”

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

 

meat, eat no meat

► ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat”

► ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday [MS]

► cf. ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat; deer; da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew; zhi (ži) - not, negative; da-tʰa-zhi (datʰáži) - fast, not to eat; da-tʰa-zhi (datáži) - ate not [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰta tha-ta zhi hoⁿ-ba (ṭa-thá-ta-zhi hoⁿ-ba) - not eat meat, Friday [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa ʰta tha-tsʰa zhi (hą́ąpa ʰtaaðáacʰaži) - Friday, literally, day of no meat eating [CQ-Osage]; ta ya-cha zhi (ta yáchazhi) - Eats no Deer, subclan of the Kaw deer clan [Kaw]

 

meat, fat meat

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - fat, fat meat

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - fat, fatty meat [FS]

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - bacon, pork, fat meat [MS, AG, OM]

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; shiⁿ ka-xe (šį káγe) - fatten, make fat [JOD]; shiⁿ-wa-de (šįwáde) - to fatten them, cause to be fat; shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - very fat, very, really fat; ta shiⁿ (ttašį́) - deer fat; te naⁿ-ka shiⁿ (tte ną́kka šį́) - buffalo back fat [JOD]; te ni-te shiⁿ (tte nítte šį) - buffalo rump fat [JOD]; wa-shiⁿ-ha (wašį́ha) - bacon, fatskin

► ex: wa-shiⁿ koⁿ-bda (wašį́ kkǫbdá) - I want some meat (bacon, fat meat) [AG]

► Dhegiha: wa-shiⁿ (washiⁿ) - fat [Omaha]; wa-shiⁿ (wa-shíⁿ) - meat with very little lean, fat meat [FL-Osage]; wa-shiⁿ (wašį́)- bacon, fat meat, salt pork, be fat, be overweight [CQ-Osage]; wa-shiⁿ (washíⁿ) - fat, bacon, also any kind of fat [Kaw]

 

meat, flesh, skin

► zho (žo) - flesh, meat

► zho (žo) - flesh, skin [MS, OM]

► zho (jŭh) - meat (viande) [GI]

► zho (žo) - flesh [FS]

► cf. zho zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian; i-ha-zho (íhažó) - lip; te-ska zho (tteská žo) - beef [AB, AG]; zho-i-ka (žoíka), (žóika) - body, self; zho-ka-te (žókkatte) - fever, to have a fever; zho do-ka-niⁿ hi (žó dokkánį hí) - naked, nude; ni-te-a-zho (nitteážo) - rump, buttocks

► ex: ta zho (ttažó) - venison, deer flesh/meat [JOD]

► ex: te-ska zho (tteská žo) - beef [AB, AG]

► ex: wa-sa zho (wasá žo) - black bear meat, lit. black bear - flesh, body [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa zho pa-shpe a-niⁿ kdi (wasá žo pašpé anį́ kdi) - she cut a piece of the black bear meat/flesh and brought it home [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa zho o-we sa-ki wa-bdo-ka o-do-ki-hoⁿ (wasá žó ówe sáki wabdóka odókihǫ) - black bear meat and whole ear of dried corn boiled/cooked together [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-hi-te aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe, aⁿ-t’e taⁿ zho za-ni ta-x’aⁿ-ki-da ni-he, aⁿ-naⁿki-ye (šǫ́hite ątʔé tta mįkʰé, ątʔé tą žó zaní táxʔąkidá-nihĕ́, ąną́kiye) - well/at any rate I am going to die, when I'm dead barbecue all my flesh for me, he said to me [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhu (zhu) - flesh, body [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu (zhu) - flesh or body [FL-Osage]

 

meat, fresh meat

► ta to-ka (ttatókka), ta do-ka (ttadókka) - fresh meat

► cf. ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat; to-ka (tókka) - wet

► ex: ta to-ka niⁿ-kʰe (ttatókka-nįkʰé) - the fresh meat

► Dhegiha: ta nu-ka (tanúka) - fresh meat [Omaha/Ponca]; ta nu-ka (tanuka) - fresh meat [Omaha]; ʰta do-ʰka (ṭá-do-ḳa) - meat [FL-Osage]; ta do-ka (ta dóka) - fresh meat, raw meat [Kaw]

 

meat, fried meat cooked with the grease

► ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer, meat, especially dried meat; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

 

meat, meat soup

► ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (ttanióhǫ), ta-ni-i-hoⁿ-de (ttanióhǫde), ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanǘhǫde) - soup, beef soup

► ta-niu-hoⁿ (ttanǘhǫ) - soup [OM]

► ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanǘhǫde) - soup [MR]

► cf. ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat; deer; ni (ni) - water; o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► Dhegiha: ta-ni (taní) - soup [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ni (tani) - soup, broth [Omaha]; ʰta-ni (ṭa-ní) - soup, broth, “meat water” [FL-Osage]; ʰta-ni (ʰtaaníi) - soup, broth, consommé [CQ-Osage]; ta-niⁿ (ta níⁿ) - soup [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-haⁿ (u-háⁿ) - to boil it in a kettle [JOD-Omaha]; u-hoⁿ (uhoⁿ) - broil, cook, a cook [Omaha]; u-hoⁿ (ú-hoⁿ) - the act of cooking, to cook by boiling or stewing [FL-Osage]; o-hoⁿ (oohǫ́) - cook, prepare food, person who cooks [CQ-Osage]; o-hoⁿ (óohǫ) - cook things, cook stuff [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ-haⁿ (oⁿháⁿ) - a boiling, a kettle [Kaw]

 

meat, roast meat on a stick

► ba-znaⁿ (bazną) - roast meat on a stick

► ba-znaⁿ (pazze-nah) - roast (rôtir) [GI]

► Dhegiha: ba-znaⁿ (bas͓náⁿ) - to push a stick through a piece of meat and hold it before a fire to roast [JOD-Omaha]; ba-znoⁿ (ba-çnoⁿ) - to roast meat of any kind over the fire on a sharpened stick [FL-Osage]; ba-hnaⁿ (bahnáⁿ) - roast, spit a piece of meat; to push a stick through a piece of meat and then thrust one end of the stick into the ground, close to a fire, in order to roast the meat; to roast meat in that manner (this method of roasting meat was used by most, if not all, Plains tribes, it was also used for cooking bread, by pressing dough around the stick and tilting it toward the fire) [Kaw]

 

meat, slice meat into thin strips on something

► a-ka (áka) - cut (slice) on something; slice meat into thin strips on something ► a-a-ka (áaka) - I, a-da-ka (ádaka) - you, oⁿ-ka-ka-we (ǫ́kakawe) - we

► Dhegiha: a-ga (á-ga) - to cut an object into thin slices or strips on something [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ga (wága) - of a-ga (aga), to cut meat into slices [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ga (á-ga) - to slice meat for drying [FL-Osage]

 

meat, small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits

► wa-sa i-ba-xdo-xdo (wasá íbaxdoxdó) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits [JOD]

► cf. wa-sa (wasá) - black bear; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; i-ba-xdo (íbaxdo) - stuck in him [JOD]; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, lit. “something to stick food with”; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó), ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus plant; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear

► ex: wa-sa i-ba-xto-xto we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wasá íbaxtoxtó wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks with the fat around it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (ba-q¢ú) - to punch a hole in meat, put on both sides of a horse, to be carried, fastening an end of a cord to each hole; to pierce; to punch holes in moccasins [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

 

meatus of the ear, the external opening

► na-xi-te o-x’o-te (naxítte oxʔótte), na-xi-te o-x’o-de (naxítte oxʔóde) - meatus of the ear, the external opening

► cf. ni-xi-te (niγítte) - inner ear, opening of the ear, hearing; o-x’o-te (oxʔótte) - hole, natural opening; pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-x’o-te (ppažį́že oxʔótte) - nostril(s); o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; zhoⁿ i-di-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-de (noⁿxide) - ear, the inner hearing organ [Omaha]; na-xi-de (naxíde) - ear [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-xu-dse (noⁿ-xú-dse) - the internal, that which holds the hearing orifice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xu-tse (nąąγúce) - ear, inner ear, act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice [CQ-Osage]; ni-ghu-je (nighúje) - the external ear, sense of hearing [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-’u-de (u’úde) - hole [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’u-te (uute) - hole [Omaha]; u-ʰk’u-dse (u-ḳ’ú-dse) - a hole, perforation, orifice [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-tse (okʔóce), o-k’o (okʔó) - hole [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-je (ok’óje) - hole, aperture [Kaw]

 

meddle with things

► di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things ► bdi-hi-te (bdíhitte) - I, ti-hi-te (ttíhitte) - you

► cf. a-ki-hi-te (ákkihítte) - pay attention, attend, give heed; to insist on; ba-hi-te (bahítte) - poke, as a fire; pe-te e-ba-hi-te (ppétte ébahítte) - poker

► Dhegiha: thi-hi-dse (thi-hí-dse) - to treat unkindly, maltreat, to persecute [FL-Osage]; thi-hi-tse (ðiihíce) - play with something, fiddle with something, fool, tease, be mischievous or deceitful toward, play slyly or meanly with, deceive, mistreat, persecute an animal or person [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: e-di wa-thi-hi-de a-he (edi wathihide ahe) - interfere [Omaha]; wa-thi-hi-dse (wa-thí-hi-dse) - meddler, a mischief maker [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-hi-tse (waðíihice) - tease people [CQ-Osage]

 

medicine

► ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine

► ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine [MS, MR, OM]

► maⁿ-kaⁿ (moncon) - medicine (médecine) [GI]

► maⁿ-kaⁿ (mú ku) - medicine root [MH]

► cf. ma (ma), maⁿ (mą) - relating to the earth or ground; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant

► ex:  ma-kaⁿ sha (makką́ša) - coffee, lit. “dark medicine” [MS, AB, MR, AG, OM]

► ex: ma-kaⁿ shoⁿ-shoⁿ (makką́ šǫ́šǫ) - pill, lit. “globular medicine”

► ex: ma-kaⁿ ka-xe (makką́ káγe) - doctor, whiteman’s doctor, lit. “makes medicine”

► Dhegiha: ma-kʰoⁿ (makʰóⁿ) - medicine [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-koⁿ (moⁿkoⁿ) - medicine, peyote [Omaha]; moⁿ-ʰkoⁿ (moⁿ-ḳóⁿ) - drugs, any kind of medicine except poison [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ʰka (mąʰka), maⁿ-ʰkaⁿ (mąʰką́) - peyote, aspirin, or any other kind of medicine [CQ-Osage]; mo-kaⁿ (mokáⁿ), ma-kaⁿ (makáⁿ) - medicine [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ) - earth, ground; archaic word used in compounds [Omaha/Ponca]; maⁿ (mąą) - related to the ground or the earth [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ (koⁿ) - sinew, root, string [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ (koⁿ) - blood vessel, veins, artery, root, string [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ʰkoⁿ) - a vein or blood vessel, roots of trees or plants, sinew [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ (ʰką́), ʰkoⁿ (ʰkǫ́) - vein, artery, blood vessel [CQ-Osage]; k’aⁿ (kʔą) - root [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ (kaⁿ) - vein, artery, root, sinew, string [Kaw]

 

medicine arrow, peyote staff

► maⁿ ste-te (mą́ stétte) - medicine arrow, peyote staff

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long

► Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - an arrow [FL-Osage]; maⁿ (mą́ą), moⁿ (mǫ́ǫ) - arrow, staff used at peyote meetings [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ (maⁿ) - arrow [Kaw]

 

medicine, “make you get better”

► we-ki-ho-taⁿ de-de (wékihóttą déde) - medicine, “make you get better”

► cf. we- (we-) - with which to; ki-ho-taⁿ (kíhottą) - convalesce, improve; de-de (déde) - causative of go

 

medicine, give bad medicine to someone

► xnaⁿ-xe (xnąγé) - give bad medicine to someone ► a-xnaⁿ-xe (axnąγé) - I, da-xnaⁿ-xe (daxnąγé) - you

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ-xe (gthóⁿ-xe) - the practice of magic upon another [FL-Osage]; loⁿ-ghe (lóⁿghe) - bewitch, practice magic, hex, charm [Kaw]

 

meet a person or animal

► a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal ► a-a-ki-pa (áakkippa) - I, a-da-ki-pa (ádakkippa) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-pa-we (ǫkakkippawe) - we

► cf. a-ki-pa-i-naⁿ (ákkippainą́) - collide, run into, to butt; a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam; a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe (ákkippatʔo káγe) - close, as sliding doors

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I will meet you

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-pa (ą́dakkippa) - you meet me

► Dhegiha: a-ki-pa (á-ki-pa) - to meet a person, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; a-ki-pa (akipa) - meet [Omaha]; a-ʰki-pa (á-ḳi-pa) - to meet another [FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-ʰpa (áʰkiʰpa) - encounter, meet [CQ-Osage]; a-ki-pa (ákipa) - meet [Kaw]

 

mellow, make mellow

► di-shoⁿ-ke (dišǫké) - pulverize, make mellow ► bdi-shoⁿ-ke (bdíšǫke) - I, ti-shoⁿ-ke (ttíšǫke) - you

► cf. wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de (wažǫ́ke skíde), wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de (wašǫ́ke skíde) - sugar; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo), wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wašǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-shoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

 

melon

► wa-tʰaⁿ (watʰą́) - watermelon [MS, OM]

► cf. wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (watʰą́ sákka) - watermelon; wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (uaton-sakkah) - honeydew melon (melon d’eau) [GI]; wa-tʰaⁿ si-ta (watʰą sítta) - muskmelon, mushmelon; wa-tʰaⁿ o-ha (watʰą óha) - pumpkin; wa-tʰoⁿ to (watʰǫ́ tto) - pumpkin

► Dhegiha: wa-toⁿ (watoⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, melon [Omaha]; wa-ʰtoⁿ (waṭóⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, or any of the vegetables of that family [FL-Osage]; wa-txaⁿ (watxą́), wa-kxaⁿ (wakxą́) - pumpkin, squash [CQ-Osage]; wa-khaⁿ (wakháⁿ) - pumpkin (generic term) [Kaw]

 

► wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (watʰą́ sákka) - watermelon

► wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (watʰą́ sákka) - watermelon [MS]

► wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (uaton-sakkah) - honeydew melon (melon d’eau) [GI]

► cf. wa-tʰaⁿ (watʰą́) - watermelon [MS, OM]; wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (uaton-sakkah) - honeydew melon (melon d’eau) [GI]; wa-tʰaⁿ si-ta (watʰą sítta) - muskmelon, mushmelon; wa-tʰaⁿ o-ha (watʰą óha) - pumpkin; wa-tʰoⁿ to (watʰǫ́ tto) - pumpkin

► Dhegiha: sa-kʰa thi-de (sákʰathíde) - watermelon [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-kʰa thi-de u-kʰe-thiⁿ (sákʰathide ukʰéthiⁿ) - watermelon, “common” Omaha watermelon, it has a green rind, usually striped, and black seeds [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-kiu (çá-ḳiu) - watermelon [FL-Osage]; sa-ʰku (sáʰku) - watermelon [CQ-Osage]; sa-ko-je (sákoje) - native melon [Kaw]

 

► wa-tʰaⁿ si-ta (watʰą sítta) - muskmelon, mushmelon

► cf. wa-tʰaⁿ (watʰą́) - watermelon [MS, OM]; wa-tʰaⁿ o-ha (watʰą óha) - pumpkin; wa-tʰoⁿ to (watʰǫ́ tto) - pumpkin; wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (watʰą́ sákka) - watermelon; wa-tʰaⁿ sa-ka (uaton-sakkah) - honeydew melon (melon d’eau) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wa-toⁿ (watoⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, melon [Omaha]; wa-ʰtoⁿ (waṭóⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, or any of the vegetables of that family [FL-Osage]; wa-txaⁿ (watxą́), wa-kxaⁿ (wakxą́) - pumpkin, squash [CQ-Osage]; wa-khaⁿ (wakháⁿ) - pumpkin (generic term) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-toⁿ (watoⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, melon [Omaha]; wa-ʰtoⁿ (waṭóⁿ) - pumpkin, squash, or any of the vegetables of that family [FL-Osage]; wa-txaⁿ (watxą́), wa-kxaⁿ (wakxą́) - pumpkin, squash [CQ-Osage]; wa-khaⁿ (wakháⁿ) - pumpkin (generic term) [Kaw]

 

melon seeds

► wa-maⁿ-te (wamą́tte) - melon seeds

► Dhegiha: wa-miⁿ-de (wamíⁿde), wa-mi-de (wamíde) - seed, seed for planting or sowing [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-moⁿ-dse (wa-móⁿ-dse) - seeds of any kind [FL-Osage]

 

melt

► ta-skaⁿ (táską) - melt

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; di-skaⁿ (diską́) - melt something with the hands

► Dhegiha: skoⁿ (skoⁿ) - melted, thawed, as snow, ice, grease, lead, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; na-skoⁿ (naçkoⁿ) - melt, dissolve in heat, thaw [Omaha]; na-skaⁿ (ná-skaⁿ) - to melt, as a metal; to melt or thaw, as ice, snow, butter, fat meat, lard, etc., if exposed to heat [JOD-Omaha]; da-skoⁿ (dá-çkoⁿ) - melted, to melt, to make into a liquid, to liquefy [FL-Osage]; ta-skaⁿ (táaską) - melt [CQ-Osage]; da-skaⁿ (dáskaⁿ) - be melted by heat, as liquids that have been frozen, metals, grease, etc. [Kaw]

 

melt something with the hands

► di-skaⁿ (diską́) - melt something with the hands ► bdi-skaⁿ (bdíską) - I, ti-skaⁿ (ttíską) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand; ta-skaⁿ (táską) - melt

► Dhegiha: skoⁿ (skoⁿ) - melted, thawed, as snow, ice, grease, lead, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; na-skoⁿ (naçkoⁿ) - melt, dissolve in heat, thaw [Omaha]; na-skaⁿ (ná-skaⁿ) - to melt, as a metal; to melt or thaw, as ice, snow, butter, fat meat, lard, etc., if exposed to heat [JOD-Omaha]; da-skoⁿ (dá-çkoⁿ) - melted, to melt, to make into a liquid, to liquefy [FL-Osage]; ta-skaⁿ (táaską) - melt [CQ-Osage]; da-skaⁿ (dáskaⁿ) - be melted by heat, as liquids that have been frozen, metals, grease, etc. [Kaw]

 

men

► ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke (níkka nąhą́ ke) - the grown men [JOD]

► cf. ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; ni-ka (níkka) - man, as opposed to a woman; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), naⁿ-haⁿ (nąhą́) - old, grown up, mature

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - back then, the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka (ní-ka) - an archaic word, conveying the idea of “male of the human race,” used in certain compounds [JOD-Omaha]; nu (nu) - man, human male [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka (ní-ḳa) - man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka (níʰka) - man, person, husband [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

 

► ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, human being, clan, gen

► ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people [MS, OM, AG]

► cf. ki-sto kniⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka (kistó knį́ níkkašíka) - U.S. Congress; ni-ka-shi-ka t’e (níkkašíka tʔé) - corpse of a person; ni-ka-shi-ka  (nikkašíka), e-ni-ka-shi-ka (énikkašíka), i-ni-ka-shi-ka (iníkkašíka) - clan, gen

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka  wa-x’o …. shi-zhi-ka  (níkkašíka waxʔó…. šižíkka) - men, women, and the children [AG]

► ex: ni-ka-si-ka zo-we (nikkasixGa˙zó˙we) - men [FS]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-we i-we-niⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ-ha i-ya (níkkašiká-we iwénįą́ tą́ha iyá) - because he thought it was the people, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wi-te-ke ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wítteké, níkkašíka žóhi hí škǫ́wadáwe, iyí iyá maštį́ke nįkʰé) - my uncle, many people are here and will dislodge us, said the rabbit, they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the (moving) people

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni (níkkašíka zaní) - all the people [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ (níkkašíka mį́) - one person [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de tʰe taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ tʰi (tábde de tʰé tą níkkašíka mį tʰí) - when you went hunting a person came [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► ex: “kʰa-ke, ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi (“kʰaké, hakí níkkašíka ettí nįkʰe,” iyí) - “younger brother, where is the human being?” said he [JOD]

► ex: “ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ, kʰa-ke,” i-ye (“hakí níkkašíka ettí nį, kʰaké,” íye) - “where is the human being, younger brother?” he said [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka maⁿ-shi e-ti ni-te naⁿ (níkkašíka mą́ši ettí nité ną) - human being-above-there-how possible [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti ni-te naⁿ (mą́ši níkkašíka ettí nité ną) - above-human being-there-how possible [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-x’o o-do-hi-ki-de (níkkašíka waxʔó odóhikidé) - he made (caused her) to change into a female human being [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka e a-zha-miⁿ (níkkašika e ážamį) - I treat (think, regard) him as a human being

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

 

merchandise, goods

► wa-taⁿ (wattą́) - goods, merchandise

► wa-taⁿ (wattą́) - goods [JOD]

► cf. wa-taⁿ niⁿ (wattą́ nį) - trader

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke niⁿ wa-taⁿ a-ki-de tʰe kdi (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke nį wattą́ akíde tʰé kdí) - then the old man returned with the goods that he went after [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰtoⁿ (wa-ṭóⁿ) - ware, goods, anything sold or exchanged at a store or trading place [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtoⁿ u-zhi (wa-ṭóⁿ u-zhi) - a dry-goods store, a place to store goods, a warehouse [FL-Osage]; wa-toⁿ-zhu (watǫ́ǫžu) - store, trading house [CQ-Osage]; wa-toⁿ (watóⁿ) - property, goods [Kaw]

 

mericless, pitiless

► wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless ► wa-da-x’e-a-da-zhi (wadáxʔeadáži) - I, wa-da-x’e-da-da-zhi (wadáxʔedadáži) - you, wa-da-x’e-oⁿ-da-wa-zhi (wadáxʔeǫ́dawaži) -we

► cf. wa (wa) - them, things, stuff; da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one’s own; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-ʰk’e-tha-zhi (wa-thá-ḳ’e-tha-zhi) - merciless, unkind, uncharitable, pitiless, cruel, selfish, ruthless [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-’e-the (wa-¢á-’e-¢e) - to be kind or merciful to them, to be kind, show pity [JOD-Omaha]; wa-tha-’e-the (watha ethe) - fair-minded, sympathy, accommodate, take care of, pity, be comforted, charity [Omaha]; wa-tha-ʰk’e-the (wa-thá-ḳ’e-the) - sympathy, sympathetic, easily moved to sympathy and pity for those who suffer, tender-hearted, a man of kindly spirit, compassion [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-k’e-the (waðákʔeðe) - be a kind or generous person [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

 

Merry Christmas

► o-wi-bnaⁿ (owibną) - Christmas gift, Maude Supernaw states the concept of Christmas would not have been known to the older generations of Quapaws [MS]

► o-wi-bnaⁿ (owibnaⁿ) - Merry Christmas [OM]

► Dhegiha: wa-koⁿ-da i-zhiⁿ-ga i-ta-te (wakoⁿda izhiⁿga itate) - Christmas, “God’s son born” [Omaha]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta i-zhiⁿ-ke i-ki-ta-the (waʰkǫ́ta ižį́ke íikitaðe) - Christmas, literally God’s son is born again, implies the day recurs [CQ-Osage]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta i-zhiⁿ-ke haⁿ-pa i-tha-liⁿ (waʰkǫ́ta ižį́ke hą́ąpa iðáalį) - Merry Christmas! literally, good with God’s son’s day [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-tse hu ka-xe hoⁿ-pa (xǫǫcéhu káaγe hǫ́ǫpa) - Christmas, literally, cedar tree preparation day [CQ-Osage]

 

mess with, mix, make gooey

► i-di-xdi-we (ídixdíwe) - mix, mess with, make gooey ► i-bdi-xdi-we (íbdixdíwe) - I, i-ti-xdi-we (íttixdíwe) - you

► cf. di-xdi-we (dixdíwe) - dip hand into something; di-xdi-xdi-we (dixdíxdiwe) - sticky, make from handling; ma-xti-xti-we (máxtixtíwe) - mud, shallow

 

metal

► ma-ze (máze) - gun, metal, iron [MS]

► ma-ze (máze) - iron, gun

► maⁿ-ze (mą́ze) - gun also iron [FS]

► Dhegiha:  moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron, metal [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron or any kind of metal [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (mą́ze) - metal of any kind, lead or iron, wire, cable [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (máⁿze) - iron, metal in general [Kaw]

 

meteor, shooting star, falling star

► mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, falling star

► cf. mi-ka-x’e (mikkáxʔe) - star; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; ni ox-pa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-ka-’e u-xpa-the (miⁿká’e uqpáthe) - meteor, falling star [Omaha/Ponca]; mi-ʰka-ʰk’e u-xpa-the (mi-ḳá-ḳ’e u-xpa-the) - meteor, falling star [FL-Osage]; mi-ʰka-k’e o-xpa-the (miʰkákʔe oxpáðe) - falling star, meteor [CQ-Osage]; mi-ka-k’e o-xpa-ye (mikák’e oxpáye) - shooting star, meteor, lt. “star that falls” [Kaw]

 

Mexican, Spanish

► spa-i-’aⁿ (spáiʔą) - Mexican

► spa-i-a (spáia) - Mexican [MS]

► spa-iⁿ (spahin) - Spaniard (Espagnol) [GI]

► Dhegiha: shpai-u-na (shpaiúna) - Spaniard, Spanish person [Omaha/Ponca]; he-shpai-u-na (héshpaiúna) - Spaniard, Spanish person or people [Omaha/Ponca]; he-spa-yu-na (hespayúna) - Spaniards, Hispanic [Omaha]; i-spa-tho (i-spá-tho) - the Osage word for Spanish; Spaniard [FL-Osage]; i-shpa-thoⁿ (íšpaðǫ)  - Spanish, Mexican, French; Spaniard, any native Spanish speaking person, especially a Mexican, French person; Spanish language, French language, borrowed from Spanish español [CQ-Osage]; e-spa-na-ni (espánani), e-spa-no-ne (éspanòne) - Mexican, Spaniard [Kaw]

 

mice, cache dug by mice for food

► wa-ti-he (wattíhe) - cache dug by mice for food

► cf. wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cache, cellar; xe (xe) - bury; o-xe (óxe) - cache; wa-xe (waxé), wa-x’e (waxʔé) - grave; mi-xe (míxe) - grave

► Dhegiha: ti-he (tíhe) - hole where a field mouse buries its store of beans for the winter [Omaha/Ponca]

 

middle

► o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle

► ex: haⁿ-skaⁿ-ska (hą́skąska) - midnight

► ex: pe o-skaⁿ-ska (pé oską́ska) - midsummer

► ex: sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter, precedes pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska)

► ex: pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska) - midwinter, name of one of the months in the Quapaw lunar calendar, precedes zhaⁿ-to ti-te (žą́tto ttítte)

► ex: naⁿ-piu-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpüzóskąská), naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpé ózoskąská) - middle finger, second finger

► ex: naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska o-pa-taⁿ (nąpé ózoskąská opáttą) - third finger, ring finger, “next to the middle finger”

► ex: si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ (sippózoską́ską) - middle or third toe

► ex: si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► ex: ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe hi o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (okákixe hí oską́ską hí óažá ąmą́) - I usually dance, going around in the middle [JOD]

► ex: o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi na-zhiⁿ tʰaⁿ (oską́ską hi nažį́ tʰą) - he stood in the middle, he was standing in the middle [JOD]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

middle finger

► naⁿ-piu-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpüzóskąská) - middle finger [MS]

► naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpé ózoskąská) - middle finger, second finger

► cf. naⁿ-pe o-za (nąpé ozá), naⁿ-piu-za (nąpüza) - finger; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle; naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska o-pa-taⁿ (nąpé ózoskąská opáttą) - third finger, ring finger, “next to the middle finger”; naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be (noⁿbe) - hand [Omaha]; noⁿ-be (noⁿ-bé) - the hand [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-pe (nǫǫpé) - palm of the hand, fist [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-be (naⁿbé) - hand, paw [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-za-be (uçábe) - fingers [Omaha]; sha-ge u-za-be (shá-ge u-ça-be) - fingers [FL-Osage]; o-za-be (ozábe) - digits, fingers and toes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

middle toe

► si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ (sippózoską́ską) - middle or third toe

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle; si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► Dhegiha: si-pa (sipá) - toes, “foot head” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa (çi-pá) - toes [FL-Osage]; si-pa u-za-be (çi-pá-u-ça-be) - the toes [FL-Osage]; si-ʰpo (siiʰpó) - toe [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

middle, half of that measure

► miⁿ-de (mįdé) - half (of that measure)

► ex: miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size

► ex: miⁿ-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many, quantity

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ka (mįdétʰąká) - half that height

► ex: miⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (mįdétʰǫ), miⁿ-de-toⁿ (mįdéttǫ) - half that length

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-de-na (wiⁿdéna) - half, half the amount of a collective substance [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-na-ska (wiⁿdénaska) - half size, half that size, half as big [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-thoⁿ-ska (wiⁿdéthoⁿska) - half, half the size, half as big [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (wiⁿdétʰoⁿ) - half, half full, as a glass, pail, or barrel; half the length [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-de-toⁿ (wiⁿdetoⁿ) - half [Omaha]; mi i-doⁿ-be wiⁿ-de-toⁿ (mi idoⁿbe wiⁿdetoⁿ) - half hour [Omaha]; hoⁿ wiⁿ-de-toⁿ (hoⁿwiⁿde toⁿ) - midnight [Omaha]

 

middle, in the middle of

► o-di-zaⁿ-ti (ódiząttí) - among, in the middle of

► cf. o-di-zaⁿ (ódizą́) - among; ti (-tti) - at, by, in, to

► Dhegiha: u-thi-zaⁿ (u-¢í-zaⁿ) - the middle [JOD-Omaha]; u-thi-zaⁿ-a-di (u-¢í-zaⁿ-a-dí) - at, by, in, or to the middle (of a place, etc., starting from elsewhere, not from here) [JOD-Omaha]; u-thi-zoⁿ (uthizoⁿ) - middle [Omaha]; u-thi-zoⁿ-ha (ú-thi-çoⁿ-ha) - to become a member of some society or organization, to join [FL-Osage]; o-thi-zaⁿ (oðízą), o-thi-zaⁿ-ha (óðiząha) - be among other in, be a member of, belong to, be a part of, be among [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-zaⁿ (oyúzaⁿ) - to be many, to be a lot together [Kaw]; o-yu-zaⁿ-ha (óyuzaⁿha) - to be among many [Kaw]

 

midnight

► haⁿ skaⁿ-ska (hą́skąska) - midnight

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half, middle

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ kʰoⁿ-ska (hóⁿkʰoⁿska) - midnight [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ skoⁿ-ska (hóⁿ çkoⁿ-çka) - midnight [FL-Osage]; haⁿ o-ʰka-ska (hą́ą oʰkáska) - midnight [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ o-kaⁿ-ska (háⁿ okáⁿska) - midnight [Kaw]

 

midsummer

► pe o-skaⁿ-ska (pé oską́ska) - midsummer

► cf. pe (pe), pe-taⁿ (péttą) - summer; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle; ma-shte pe-taⁿ (mašté péttą) - summertime, sun shining [MS]; pe-te-ti (pettétti) - in summer [JOD]; pe-ta-ti (péttatti) - in the spring [JOD]; pe-ta-da-taⁿ (péttadéttą) - springtime; pe-ta-de (pettáde) - towards spring [FR, OM]

► Dhegiha: me (me) - spring, the spring of the year [Omaha/Ponca]; be (be) - spring of the year [FL-Osage]; pe (pée) - springtime, spring [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: nu-ge (nugé) - summer [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-ge (nuge) - Indian summer, summer [Omaha]; do-ge (do-gé) - summer [FL-Osage]; to-ke (tooké) - summer [CQ-Osage]; do-ge (dogé) - summer [Kaw]

 

midwinter

► pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska) - midwinter, name of one of the months in the Quapaw lunar calendar, precedes zhaⁿ-to ti-te (žą́tto ttítte)

► cf. pa-de (páde) - winter; pa-de taⁿ (pádettą) - wintertime, when it is winter; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half (in length)

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - winter, year [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the (bá-the) - winter [FL-Osage]; pa-the (paðé) - winter [CQ-Osage]

 

might, effort

► wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong, with an effort, all one’s might ► a-wa-shkaⁿ (awášką) - I, da-wa-shkaⁿ (dawášką) - you

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫ-nį́ wašką́ kdé šǫ-nį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde (ttą́nį wašką́ kdé) - running with all her might, she went home [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: e-ta hi ki taⁿ, a-ki-ta taⁿ taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ, a-kde maⁿ-te e-ti (étta hí kí tą, akítta tą ttą́nį wášką, akdé mątté ettí) - when he reached there, I rose and running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkaⁿ (wa-ckáⁿ) - an effort, attempt; to make an effort or attempt; to persevere; to be active, play a prominent part  [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one’s best, make an effort [Kaw]

 

► a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all one's might [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all her might [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa-xti so-te hi kde ke (ážowáxti sótte hí kde ké) - with great effort/with all her might, very fast/rapidly, she went homeward [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pʰi a-ni-he, so-te a-ni-he, aⁿ-xde te a-zhaⁿ-niⁿ (ažowá hi pʰí aníhe, sótte aníhe, ą́xde tte ažąmį́) - I was coming as fast as possible, I was moving fast, I thought he was going to overtake me [JOD]

 

might, perhaps, maybe

► naⁿ-te (ną́tte), (nątté) - perhaps, maybe

► naⁿ-te (naⁿ-tĕ́) - can [JOD]

► ex: di-sniⁿ-te naⁿ-te pe-te koi (dísnįte ną́tte ppétte koi) - might burn you, that fire [MS]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ʰtse (thoⁿ-ṭse), thoⁿ-dse (thoⁿ-dse), thoⁿ-tse (thoⁿ-tsé) - perhaps, suitable, appropriate, convenient [FL-Osage]; thaⁿ-ʰtse (ðąąʰcé) - possible, suitable, appropriate, could would, probable, look like, be at the point of happening [CQ-Osage]

 

migrate, go on hunting expedition

► ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - migrate, go on hunting expedition

► ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - hunting as a tribe [JOD]

► cf. ka-xnaⁿ o-zhoⁿ-ke (kaxną́ ožǫ́ke) - migratory route, hunting route

► ex: ka-xnaⁿ hi ni-kʰa (kaxną́ hí nikʰá) - they were camping while hunting, they were on a hunting expedition [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-xthoⁿ (gaqthóⁿ) - hunting party, a hunting party including all or most of a tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xthoⁿ-the (ga-xthóⁿ-the) - to migrate, to go on a hunting expedition [FL-Osage]; ka-loⁿ-the (kaalóⁿðe) - travel, migrate, go on a hunting expedition [CQ-Osage]; ga-xlaⁿ (gaxláⁿ) - migrate, go an on extensive hunting expedition with many or all of the tribe; to go with a large party, each man taking his household [Kaw]

 

migratory route, hunting route

► ka-xnaⁿ o-zhoⁿ-ke (kaxną́ ožǫ́ke) - migratory route, hunting route

► cf. ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - migrate, go on hunting expedition; ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - hunting as a tribe [JOD]; o-zhoⁿ-ke (ožǫ́ke) - road

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xthoⁿ u-zhoⁿ-ge (ugáq¢aⁿ ujañ́ge) - road of the migratory pary [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xthoⁿ u-zhoⁿ-ge (ga-xthóⁿ u-zhoⁿ-ge) - a migration or hunting trail [FL-Osage]; ga-xlaⁿ o-zhaⁿ-ge (gaxláⁿ ozháⁿge) - road traveled by hunters or migrants, the road traveled by the whole tribe, or by a part of it, when the people are going on the buffalo hunt [Kaw]

 

mile

► ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (mažą́ ikąskáde) - mile, lit. “land measure”

► cf. ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land; i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.

► Dhegiha: ma-zhaⁿ we-gaⁿ-ze wiⁿ (ma-jáⁿ wé-gaⁿ-ze wiⁿ) - a “land measure,” a mile [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ wa-tha-da-bi (moⁿ-zhóⁿ wa-tha-da-bi) - a mile [FL-Osage]; we-ko-je (wékoje), ko-tse (koce) - mile [Kaw]

 

mile, Five Mile Creek

► i-kaⁿ-ska-de sa-taⁿ wa-tʰi-shka (íkąskáde sattą watʰiška) - Five Mile Creek, I.T.

► cf. i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five; wa-tʰi-shka (watʰíška) - creek

► Dhegiha: wa-chʰi-shka (wachʰíshka) - creek, stream [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-chi-shka (wachíshka) - creek, brook [Omaha]; wa-ʰtsi-shka (wa-ṭsi-shka) - a brook, obsolete among the Osage, but still used by the Omaha [FL-Osage]; wa-chiⁿ-shka (wachíⁿshka) - river, small, a stream or creek, archaic [Kaw]

 

mile, one mile

► ma-zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de miⁿ-xti (mažą́ ikąskáde mįxti) - one mile

► cf. ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land; i-kaⁿ-ska-de (íkąskáde) - measure, distance, money, etc.; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one

► Dhegiha: ma-zhaⁿ we-gaⁿ-ze wiⁿ (ma-jáⁿ wé-gaⁿ-ze wiⁿ) - a “land measure,” a mile [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ wa-tha-da-bi (moⁿ-zhóⁿ wa-tha-da-bi) - a mile [FL-Osage]; we-ko-je (wékoje), ko-tse (koce) - mile [Kaw]

 

milk

► ma-ze-ni (mazéni) - milk, lit. “breast water”

► ma-ze-ni (mazéni) - milk [MS, AG, OM]

► cf. ma-ze (mazé) - breast; ni (ni) - water, liquid; ma-ze-ni wa-ske (mazéni wáske) - cheese, lit. “milk cake”; ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk [MS]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► Dhegiha: ma-ze-ni (mazéni) - milk, “breast-water” [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ze-ni (moⁿçe ni) - milk [Omaha]; ba-ze-ni (ba-çé-ni) - milk, “udder/breast water” [FL-Osage]; pa-ze-ni (paazénii) - milk, lit. “breast liquid” [CQ-Osage]; ba-ze-ni (bazéni) - milk, lit. “breast liquid” [Kaw]

 

milk bottle

► ma-ze ni o-zhi (mazé ni oží) - milk bottle [MS]

► cf. ma-ze ni (mazéni) - milk; ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle [MS]; zi-hi o-zhi (zíhi óži) - jug; o-zhi (oží) - put liquid into something, plant, fill, o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish

► Dhegiha: ni u-zhi (niuzhi) - water vessel, canteen, water pitcher, puddle, water tank [Omaha]; o-zhi-ʰto-ho (ó-zhi-ṭo-ho) - a blue/green bottle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu to-ho (ózhu tóho) - bottle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhi) - container, contain, luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener [Omaha]; u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or other bulky substance, to plant or sow grain or seed [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (u-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - put or pour something into something; put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

 

milk, to milk an animal

► ma-ze-ni di-sti-te (mazéni distítte) - to milk an animal ► ma-ze-ni bdi-sti-te (mazéni bdístitte) - I, ma-ze-ni ti-sti-te (mazéni ttístitte) - you

► cf. ma-ze-ni (mazéni) - milk; di-sti-te (distítte) - pull out, pull open, to milk

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze-ni thi-zni-de (moⁿçe ni thiçnide) - milk a cow [Omaha]; ba-ze-ni thi-stsu-e (ba-çé-ni thi-stsu-e) - to milk [FL-Osage]; pa-ze-ni thi-stsu-e (paazénii ðiiscúe) - to milk [CQ-Osage]

 

mind

► wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi (wažį́ dédaži) - to lose patience; wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wa-jĭⁿ́-skă) - masculine name “White Disposition, Wise” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wa-jíⁿ) - disposition, temper, mind [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]

 

mine, my

► wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable)

► cf. di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our (dual), the two of ours; oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

► ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta (šǫ́ke wítta) - my dog

► ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - my dog is mean [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe wi-ta (hǫpé wítta) - my shoes [MS]

► ex: koi ko-ta wi-ta (kói kkóta wítta) - that’s my friend [MS]

► ex: ti wi-ta (tti wítta) - my house [MS]

► ex: ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - I don’t want you coming around my house [MS]

► ex: hi-bde taⁿ, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tą, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I’m gone, don’t you come around my house [MS]

► ex: ni-ka wi-ta (níkka wítta) - my husband [MS]

► ex: ni-ka wi-ta  (níkka wítta) - my husband, my man [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - my wife [MS]

► ex: wi-ta i-pe-hiⁿ (wítta ípehį) - my pillow [MS]

► Dhegiha: wi-wi-ta (wiwíta) - my, mine, my own [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-wi-ta (wíwita) - mine, my own, clain [Omaha]; wi-ʰta (wíṭa) - denoting possession, my or mine [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰta (wíʰta) - mine, my [CQ-Osage]; wi-ta (wíta) - my, mine, used w/alienable nouns [Kaw]

 

mine, not mine

► wi-ta zhi (wítta ži) - not mine, not my

► cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine; zhi (ži) - not, negative, nagation

► ex: si-kde wi-ta zhi (sikdé wítta ži) - they’re not my tracks [MS]

► ex: si-kde di-ta e-koⁿ, wi-ta zhi (sikdé dítta ekǫ́, wítta ži) - it looks just like your tracks, not mine [MS]

► ex: wi-ta zhi i-pe-hiⁿ (wítta ži ípehį) - not my pillow [MS]

 

mire

► ka-ta-te (kattátte), (katátte) - mud, mire

► ex: ka-ta-te de di-sh’a-i niⁿ (kattátte de diš’ai nį) - he became mired and was unable (failed) to go [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ni-tʰe ka-ta-te ka-xdo de (hą́nitʰé kattátte kaxdó dé) - somehow he got through (pierced) the mud/mire [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-na-de (ganáde) - mire, stuck, to get stuck, said of horses or oxen [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-da-dse (ga-dá-dse) - miry, boggy, marsh mire [FL-Osage]; ka-ta-tse (káataace) - stick, get stuck [CQ-Osage]; ga-da-je (gadáje) - stuck in the mud, to get mired; mud, mire, muck, a slough, quicksand [Kaw]

 

mired, become mired

► o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - become mired, stuck in mud

► cf. ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand; kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous; we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy; di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup [OM]; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]; a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]

► ex: o-ka-kdo niⁿ (okákdo nį́) - he sank in the hole [JOD]

 

mirror

► ni o-ki-kda-s’iⁿ (ni ókkikdásʔį) - mirror [MS]

► ni o-ki-kda-s’iⁿ (ni ókkikdásʔį) - reflection from water, mirror

► cf. ni (ni) - water; o-ka-s’iⁿ (okásʔį) - peep, peek at

► Dhegiha: ni u-ki-gtha-s’iⁿ (ni-ú-k͓i-g¢á-s’iⁿ) - a looking glass, mirror, “peeping into the water at himself” [JOD-Omaha]; ni u-ki-gtha-s’iⁿ (niu kigtháç’iⁿ) - mirror [Omaha]; ni u-ʰki-gtha-ʰts’iⁿ (ni-ú-ḳi-gtha-ṭs’iⁿ) - a mirror, lit., “to peer at oneself in the water” [FL-Osage]; ni o-ʰki-a-ts’iⁿ (niióʰkiacʔį) - mirror, lit., “to peer at oneself in the water” [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-ki-la-ts’iⁿ (nóⁿkilats’iⁿ) - mirror, looking glass, this derives from ni-oⁿ-ki-la-sts’iⁿ “to look into the water at himself” [Kaw]

 

misaligned

► koiⁿ-xe (kóįγe) - crooked, curved, misaligned

► cf. ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► ex: e maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe o-pʰe koiⁿ-xe aniⁿ de naⁿ, i-ya-we (e mąttéįkʰé opʰé kóįγe anį́ dé ną, iyáwe) - when he used the paddle, he went crooked (around and around), they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ku-wiⁿ-xe (kuwiⁿxe), gu-wiⁿ-xe (guwiⁿxe) - turn, turn around, around, spin (verb root) [Omaha]; ʰku-wiⁿ-xe (ḳu-wiⁿ-xe) - turn, around, whirl (verb root) [FL-Osage]; ʰkoiⁿ-xe (ʰkóįγe) - turn, turn around (verb root) [CQ-Osage]; ko-miⁿ-ghe (kómiⁿghe), ko-mi-ghe (kómighe) - turn, around and around, revolve, spin (verb root) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-xe (wíⁿxe) - turn, circle, around, go around (verb root) [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-xe (wiⁿ-xe) - going in circles, around (verb root) - [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-xe (į́γe), wiⁿ-xe (wįγe) - turn, spin, whirl around (verb root) [CQ-Osage]; mi-ghe (mighe), miⁿ-ghe (miⁿghe) - around (verb root) [Kaw]

 

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