English to Quapaw Dictionary

A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources Dhegiha Sources

A

a lot

o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot

cf. o-she-xti (óšexti) - full; wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ-niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich people (they have a lot of money) [MS]

Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

zho-hi (žóhi) - much, many

cf. zho-hi ka-xe (žóhi káγe) - to multiply; zho-hi hi (juhí hi) - very many [JOD]

ex: shi-zhi-ka zho-hi hi (šižíka žóhi hi) - family, a lot of children [MS]

a

miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article

cf. miⁿ-xti (mį́xti), mi-a-xti (míaxti) - one; mi-aⁿ-pa miⁿ (mią́pa mį́) - month, lunar month

Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one, single [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ (wį) - a, an, one, single, any one, one of a group [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ (miⁿ) - one, a, an; indefinite article [Kaw]

miⁿ-xti (mį́xti), mi-a-xti (míaxti) - one

cf. miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

Dhegiha: wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿáqchi) - exactly one; just one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wiⁿ́-xtsi) - one of a kind, a single piece [FL-Osage]; wi-xtsi (wį́xci) - one, a, an [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-xtsi (míⁿxci) - one, just one [Kaw]

abandon

oⁿ-de (ǫdé) - throw away, abandon, leave oⁿ-bde (ǫbdé) - I, oⁿ-te (ǫtté) - you, oⁿ-da-we (ǫ́ǫdawe) - we

cf. ki-oⁿ-de de-de (kiǫ́de déde) - throw something at someone suddenly; oⁿ-de de-de (ǫ́de déde) - throw away suddenly

Dhegiha: oⁿ-the (ǫ́ǫðe) - throw away, discard, leave behind, remove, as from office, quit someone, divorce or separate from [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ-ye (óⁿye) - leave, throw away, abandon, forsake [Kaw] …. oⁿ-tha (oⁿtha) - forsake, abandon, leave, throw away [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ-tha (oⁿtha) - oust, discard, abandon, discharge, disqualify, desert, abandoned [Omaha]; oⁿ-tha (óⁿ-tha) - to throw away, to dispense [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-tha (ǫ́ǫða) - throw away, throw, leave or quit someone, discard someone or something, toss out [CQ-Osage]

a-di-o-te (ádiótte) - abandon, leave a-bdi-o-te (ábdiótte) - I, a-ti-o-te (áttiótte) - you, oⁿ-ka-di-o-ta-we (ǫkádióttawe) - we

i-ki-ti-ze (íkittize) - leave, abandon one's own i-da-ki-ti-ze (idákittíze) - I, i-da-ki-ti-ze (ídakittíze) - you

abdomen

o-zi-zi (ozízi) - belly, pubic region of abdomen

o-zi-zi (ozízi) - belly [MS]

abominable

o-kaⁿ-shi-ka-wa-de (okką́šikáwade) - hateful, abominable

cf. o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká) - hate; o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ‘oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - hateful, be

abound

xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T.; lit. "cedars abound in it"; near Quapaw, OK

cf. taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

about

a-ta (átta) - about, concerning

above

maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, heaven

maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, "house to talk above"

cf. maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative; maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit.,"talks on high"; maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mąší ttą́ka) - mountain

Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi a-di (moⁿshíadi) - tall, be very tall, extend from the ground far up into the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi a-ha (moⁿshiaha) - high [Omaha]; moⁿ-shi (moⁿ́-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]; maⁿ-shi-ta (maⁿshíta) - above, upper, e.g. upper teeth [Kaw]

e-ta-kaⁿ-za (ettákkąza) - above, directly, opposite

cf. koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze), kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze) - equal in; e-ta-ki-kaⁿ-za (ettákkikką́za) - opposite, even with, parallel

abrogate

di-e-zhi (dieží) - change, alter, abrogate bdi-e-zhi (bdíeži) - I, ti-e-zhi (ttíeži) - you

cf. e-zhi (éži) - another, different; e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different

Dhegiha: thi-a-zhi (thiazhi) - changed [Omaha]; thi-e-zhi (thi-é-zhi) - change in plans, to make a change in one’s plan, or in making of something, to pervert, perversion [FL-Osage]; thu-e-zhi (ðúeži) - change, lit., ‘make different’ [CQ-Osage]; yu-e-zhi (yuézhi) - change, alter something, act or dress differently [Kaw]

i-ye si-ze-ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate

cf. i-ye (íye) - word, talk, speak; si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm; ni-ke (niké) - none, to have, be lacking; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause    

abundance

ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

cf. wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot; o-she-xti (óšexti) - full

Dhegiha: wa-she (wacĕ′) - rich [JOD-Omaha]

abuse

i-si-si-ke (ísisíke) - mistreat, abuse someone

                        cf. i-si-aⁿ (ísią́) - irritate, pick on; i-si-wa-de (ísiwáde) - irritate, pick on someone

Dhegiha: i-si (í-çi) - to dislike, to hate, to abhor, repugnance [FL-Osage]; i-si (íisi) - hate, dislike, detest, abhor, despise [CQ-Osage]; i-si (ísi) - hate, dislike [Kaw]

di-si-si-ke (disísike) - mistreat, abuse bdi-si-si-ke (bdísisike) - I, ti-si-si-ke (ttísisike) - you

di-shi-shi-ke (dišíšike) - mistreat, abuse [MS]

cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly

ex: ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ kdaⁿ-ni-ke wa-x′o di-shi-shi-ke [wi]ʰpi-a-we (nikkąsą́ kdąníke waxʔó dišíšike [wi]ʰpiáwe) - sometime they treat a woman mean, that’s the way they, they do, they say, they, all soldiers drunk then [MS]

accidentally

e-koⁿ-zhi (ekǫ́ži), e-kaⁿ-zhi ka-xe (eką́ži káγe) - wrong, do accidentally, err

cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; e-kaⁿ xti (ékąxtí), e-koⁿ xti (ekǫ́xti) - really, just so; zhi (ži) - negative, not

Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-a-zhi (egoⁿazhi) - wrong, illegal, inaccurate, incorrect, false [Omaha]; e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži) - not be like this or that, be not thus, be otherwise, unseemly, inappropriate, not right, unsuitable, unfitting, ill-advised, wrong [CQ-Osage]; e-go-zhi (égozhi) - not like, not so, not as [Kaw]

accompany

zho-kde (žokdé) - with, be with someone zho-a-kde (žoákde) - I, zho-da-kde (žódakde) - you

cf. zho (žo) - with, comitative

Dhegiha: zhu-gthe (zhúgthe) - to be with someone [Omaha/Ponca]; zho-gthe (zhó-gthe), zhu-gthe (zhú-gthe) - to accompany, to go with someone, with him or her [FL-Osage]; zho-le (žóle) - marry, accompany, go with, come with, date, be in courtship with, lit., ‘be with’ [CQ-Osage]; zho-le (zhóle) - with, to be with [Kaw]

accord

e-wa-zhiⁿ (éwažį) - accord, of its/his/her own

Dhegiha: e-wa-zhiⁿ (e-wá-zhiⁿ) - voluntarily, of it’s own volition [FL-Osage]; e-wa-zhiⁿ (éwažį) - alone, by oneself, on one’s own [CQ-Osage];  e-wa-zhiⁿ (ewázhiⁿ) - of it’s own accord, by itself [Kaw] …. e-wa-zhiⁿ noⁿ-ge (ewázhíⁿ nóⁿge) - steam engine; “what runs by itself” [Omaha/Ponca]; e-wa-zhiⁿ noⁿ-ge (e-wá-zhiⁿ-noⁿ-ge) - an automobile, lit., ‘runs of its own volition [FL-Osage]; e-wa-zhiⁿ naⁿ-ke (éwažį ną́ąke) - automobile, car, lit., ‘it runs by itself’ [CQ-Osage]; e-wa-zhiⁿ naⁿ-ge (ewázhiⁿ náⁿge) - automobile, train, freight train, lit. “it runs of its own accord” [Kaw]

accordingly    

koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way, that way, in, therefore

cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding

ex: koⁿi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ki-zhi bde ta-ni-he (kǫišǫ́ttą ekíži bdé ttánihé) - so I am going to go somewhere else

ache

iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt

iⁿ-te (įté) - to have a pain aⁿ-te (ąté) - I, di-iⁿ-te (díįte) - you, waⁿ-te-a-we (wą́teáwe) - we

iⁿ-de (įdé) - hurt [AG]

ex: hi iⁿ-te (hi įté) - toothache, have a toothache

ex: moiⁿ-ke iⁿ-te (moį́ke įté) - angina, chest pain(s)

ex: o-ki-te iⁿ-te (okkítte įté) - to have rheumatism

ex: zho iⁿ-de (jŭ-indeh) - pain (douleur) [GI]

ex: pa-hiⁿ-te (ppahį́te) - to have a headache

ex: pa-hi iⁿ-te (ppahí įté), pa-hi iⁿ-de (ppahí įdé) - headache [MS, AG]

ex: pa-hi iⁿ-de (ppahí įdé) - I have a headache (to have a headache, he/she has a headache) [OM]

ex: pa-hi aⁿ-de miⁿ-kʰe (ppahí ądé mįkʰé) - I've got a headache [AG]

ex: aⁿ-te (ąté) - hurt me (I'm hurting) [MS]

ex: di-sniⁿ-te naⁿ-te pe-te koi (dísnįte ną́tte ppétte koi) - might burn you, that fire [MS]

acorn

pi-de (ppíde) - acorn, acorns of the ta-shka (ttaška) oak are different

Dhegiha: bu-de (búde) - nut, acorn [Omaha/Ponca]

pi-de ste-te hi (ppíde stétte hi) - water oak, lit. "tall acorn tree"

pi-de sha hi (ppíde šá hi) - white oak, named for the color of its acorns

ta-shka (ttašká) - acorn of the burr oak

            Dhegiha: ta-shka (táshka) - acorn [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-shka (táshka) - acorn [Omaha]

acquire

e-kaⁿ-ki-de (eką́kkide) - acquire something for someone e-kaⁿ-a-ki-de (eką́akkide) - I, e-kaⁿ-da-ki-de (eką́dakkide) - you

o-kʰe-taⁿ (okʰéttą) - acquire, gain, possess o-a-kʰe-taⁿ (oákʰettą) - I, o-da-kʰe-taⁿ (odákʰettą) - you

            Dhegiha: u-ke-ta (ukéta), u-ke-toⁿ (ukétoⁿ) - commit, commemorate, succeed, accomplish [Omaha]; u-kshe-ʰtoⁿ (u-kshé-ṭoⁿ) - to obtain, to come into possession of, to win, to gain, to earn, wages, pay, salary, compensation, earnings, income [FL-Osage]; o-kshe-ʰtaⁿ (okšéʰtą) - gain, earn, come into possession of, obtain, salary, earnings, gain, winnings [CQ-Osage]; o-khe-toⁿ (okhétoⁿ) - gain or regain [Kaw]

o-ki-kʰe-taⁿ (okkíkʰettą) - acquire for oneself

            Dhegiha: u-gi-ke-toⁿ (ugiketoⁿ) - earn [Omaha]; u-gi-kshe-ʰtoⁿ (u-gí-kshe-ṭoⁿ) - to regain, to recover one’s own property [FL-Osage]; o-ki-khe-taⁿ (okíkhetaⁿ) - recover one another’s property [Kaw]

o-ki-kʰe-tʰaⁿ (okíkʰetʰą́) - acquire something for/from someone o-a-ki-kʰe-taⁿ (oákikʰettą́) - I, o-da-ki-kʰe-taⁿ (odákikʰettą́) - you

acre

ma-zhoⁿ wa-da (mažǫ́ wadá), ma-zhaⁿ wa-da (mažą́ wadá) - acre of land

cf. ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land

wa-da zhi-ka (wadá žíka) - acre

across

kda-kaⁿ (kdákką), kda-kʰaⁿ (kdákʰą) - crosswise, across

ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ (ttáttiókdakʰą́) - across the wind, as when a boat tacks

                        cf. ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind

Dhegiha: ta-de gtha-kʰoⁿ (tadé gthákʰoⁿ) - across wind, across the wind, perpendicular to the wind direction [Omaha/Ponca]

ma-sa-ni (masáni) - opposite side, on, across; a horizontal object, a road or river, other terms for 'opposite', all of which seem to depend on shape

Dhegiha: maⁿ-siⁿ-ha (mąsį́ha) - to or on the other side, opposite [CQ-Osage]; ma-siⁿ (masíⁿ), mo-siⁿ (mosíⁿ) - other side of something, as a stream, in the direction of the other side, on one of two sides [Kaw]

wa-ki-to (wakítto) - ferry passengers across stream

act

o-shkaⁿ (óšką) - act, deed

Dhegiha: u-shkoⁿ (úshkoⁿ) - act, deed, custom, business [Omaha/Ponca]; u-shkoⁿ (ú-shkoⁿ) - disposition, temperament, habit, custom [FL-Osage]; o-shkaⁿ (óshkaⁿ) - act, deed, custom [Kaw]

o-ta-za ka-xe (óttaza káγe) - right, correct, act honestly

                        cf. o-ta-za (óttaza) - right, straight, honest; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

Dhegiha: u-ʰta-za (u-ṭá-ça) - handsome, showy, stateliness, pretty, comely, pleasing to the sight, satisfying to the sense of beauty [FL-Osage]; o-ʰta-za (oʰtáza) - good looking, handsome, beautiful, very pretty [CQ-Osage]

niⁿ-de (nį dé) - indicates wrong act

                        cf. niⁿ-kʰe de (nįkʰe dé) - impermissive, done without permission

active

si-si (sisí) - active aⁿ-si-si (ąsísi) - I, di-si-si (disísi) - you, wa-si-si-we (wasísiwe) - we

Dhegiha: si-si (çí-çi) - stalwart, brave, active [FL-Osage]; si-si (sí-si) - strong, energetic, well, healthy [CQ-Osage]

i-ki-si-si (íkisísi) - active, lively, to make one aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-si-si (ąną́kisísi) - I, i-di-ki-si-si (ídikisísi) - you

accordion

wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion, fiddle

ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin pa-kiⁿ-te (ppákįtte) - I, shpa-kiⁿ-te (špákįtte) - you

            cf. ba-kiⁿto-zha (bakį́ttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman's dance; ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman's dance [OM]

Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak, to play the fiddle, to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - ba (ba), an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse), squeak; a fiddle, ba-gi-dse ke spa-gi-dse ha (ba-gi-dse ke spá-gi-dse ha) - you play the fiddle [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle [Kaw]

adam’s apple

to-te ba-xaⁿ (tótte báxą) - adam's apple

cf. to-te (tótte) - throat

Dhegiha: do-dse ʰta-xe (dó-dse-ṭa-xe) - adam’s apple, the knob on the throat [FL-Osage]; do-je ta-xe (dóje taxé) - adam’s apple [Kaw]

addition

a-ka-ha-tsi (ákahátsi) - besides, in addition to, ts- suggests an Osage word

address

bi-te (bitté) - hands, extended to person, address pi-te (ppítte) - I, shpi-te (špítte) - you

adhere

a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow aⁿ-da-ska (ą́daska) - it sticks to me, naⁿ-pe ti aⁿ-da-ska (nąpé-tti ą́daska) - it sticks to my hands, a-di-da-ska (ádidáska) - it sticks to you, wa-da-ska-we (wádaskáwe) - it sticks to us

cf. a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick; a-da-ska kniⁿ (ádaska knį́) - sit close together

Dhegiha: we-a-tha-ska ba-the (weatha çka bathe) - paste, glue, adhesive tape [Omaha]; ska-be (skabe) - sticky, miry, mushy [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ska-be (utháskabe) - stick, adhere, to stick fast, as flat object which is glued to another [Omaha/Ponca]; ska-ska-be (çká-çka-be) - sticky or miry; muddy [FL-Osage]; ska-be (skábe) - sticky, miry [Kaw]

a-ta-knaⁿ (áttakną) - stick, adhere to

cf. we-da-ta-knaⁿ-de (wédattaknąde) - paste, glue; a-da (áda) - glue on; glue feathers on an arrow cf. i-da-da (idáda) - glue something to something; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put si/in; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear-JOD) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface

adopt

o-ka-xpa ki-de (okáxpakkíde) - be adopted as a Quapaw o-ka-xpa a-ki-de (okáxpa akkíde) - I, o-ka-xpa da-ki-de (okáxpa dákkide) - you

Dhegiha: shi-e-gi-the (shiégithe) - to adopt a person to take the place of one’s own deceased child, grandchild, nephew, or niece [Omaha/Ponca]; she-gi-the (shégithe) - adopt [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga e-e-gi-ye (zhiⁿgá eégiye) - adopt one as a child [Kaw]

adult

naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature

cf. naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - girl, young; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - father's older brother, man's

ex: wa-x'o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

ex: iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (noⁿ´-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw] …. noⁿ (noⁿ) - adult animal, adult person, elder [Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - to mature, to grow, to age [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ́ǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age[CQ-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

     te-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (ttéka ną́hą) - young, lit., ‘new adult, recently grown up’

cf. te-ka (ttéka) - new; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature

ex: te-koⁿ no-ha (te-kon-no-hă) - young [JOD]

ex: te-ko no-ha (te-ko-no-hă) - young [LH]

Dhegiha: ʰtse-ga noⁿ (ṭsé-ga noⁿ) - newly grown, just grown to maturity [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka noⁿ (ʰcéka nǫ́ǫ) - teenager, young person or young people, children in their teens (lit., "recently grown-up" or "recently adult") [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga noⁿ (céganoⁿ) - young man [Kaw]

wa-k'o tse-ga noⁿ (wak'ó céganoⁿ) - young woman, female just grown [Kaw]

     te-ka noⁿ-hi (ttéka nǫ́hi) - young, lit., ‘reached adult, arrived at adulthood’

                        cf. te-ka (ttéka) - new; noⁿ (noⁿ), naⁿ (naⁿ) - old; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been

                        ex: te-ke noⁿ-hi  (ttéke nǫ́hi) - young [OM]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-hi (noⁿ-hí) - senility, reaches mature age [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hi (nǫǫhí), noⁿ a-hi (nǫ́ǫ ahí) - grow up, reach maturity, lit., ‘arrive at adulthood’ [CQ-Osage]

advance

e-to-ha (ettóha) - ahead, in front, in advance

                        cf. e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction, e-ta+o-ka-xde (etta+okaxde)

Dhegiha: e-ʰta-ha (éʰtaha) - toward [CQ-Osage]; e-ta-ha (étaha) - there, over there, thither [Kaw]

adze

iⁿ-spe xa-taⁿ (į́spe xáttą) - adze made of iron

                        cf. iⁿ-spe (į́spe, įspé) - axe; iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet

affection

wa-pi-de (wappíde) - love or affection [OM]

wa-pi-de (wâ-pĭ-te) - love, affection [LH]

                        cf. pi-de (ppíde) - love, as a woman does a man

Dhegiha: wa-pi-the (wa-pí-the) - to love [FL-Osage]; pi-the (pí-the) - the love of a woman for a man or boy [FL-Osage]; pi-ye (píye) - love a man, said of a woman [Kaw]

afraid

naⁿ-pe (ną́ppe), noⁿ-pe (nǫ́ppe) - to fear the sight of something naⁿ-a-pe (ną́appe) - I, naⁿ-da-pe (nądappe) - you, naⁿ-oⁿ-pa-we (ną́ǫppawe) - we

cf. noⁿ-pe-wa-de (nǫ́ppewade) - dangerous; maⁿ naⁿpa-zhi (maⁿ´naⁿ-pá-ji) - He fears not Arrows; masc. name [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-pe (wanoⁿpe) - fear [Omaha]; noⁿ-ʰpe (nóⁿ-p̣e) - to fear, to dread, to have a horror, to be afraid, to be timid [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ʰpe (nǫ́ǫʰpe) - be afraid or scared, fear [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-pe (nóⁿpe) - be afraid of what is visible [Kaw]

koi-he (koíhe) - fearful, insecure aⁿ-koi-he (ąkóihe) - I, di-koi-he (dikóihe) - you, wa-koi-wa-he (wakoiwahe) - we

cf. koi-he-wa-de (koíhewáde) - fearful, inspiring fear

Dhegiha: ku-he (kúhe) - to feel insecure, to dread an unseen or uncertain danger, to be apprehensive, fear [Omaha/Ponca]; gu-he (gúhe) - be afraid at night [Omaha]; ko-i-pshe (kó-i-pshe) - to fear, as the fear of some unseen danger, misgiving, a feeling of doubt [FL-Osage]

na-xi-da (naγida) - scared, to be aⁿ-na-xi-da (ąnáγida) - I, di-na-xi-da (dináγida) - you

                        cf. di-na-xi-da (dináxida) - scare, frighten

Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-tha (noⁿxitha) - scare [Omaha]; xi-tha (qítha) - through fear of failure, reluctant, doubtful, to hate to undertake, to think that someone will not answer for the purpose [Omaha/Ponca]; xi-tha (xi-thá) - lack of confidence [FL-Osage]; ʰki-xi-tha (ʰkíxiða) - despair, mistrust oneself, not trust oneself, doubt oneself, give up [CQ-Osage]

African American

i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit., "dark whiteman"

i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - African American, negro [MS, MR]

i-sta-ge sha (istáge šá) - African American, negro [OM]

                        cf. i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - Frenchman, whiteman; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxįį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes [CQ-Osage]; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe) - white man, Frenchman, eyebrows [Kaw] …. sha-be (shábe) - dark [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-be (shá-be) - dark in color [FL-Osage]; sha-pe (šápe) - dark in color, shaded, darkened [CQ-Osage]; sha-be (shábe) - dark, shadowy, distant black, brown [Kaw]

after another

a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events, indirectly, not even second hand

ex: a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession, fire a volley

ex: a-ki-kde-kde a-na-x’oⁿ (ákkikdekde anáxʔǫ) - I heard it indirectly

afternoon

hoⁿ-be ka-bni-da (hǫbé kabnída) - afternoon

cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; ka-bni-da (kabnída) - knock around, turn by hitting

afterward

a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ (ášiǫhéttą) - later, afterward

                        cf. a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series

ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́ [tta ǫkatʰą́]) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago)

again

shi (ši) - again, and, also

Dhegiha: shi (shi) - and, and then, again [Omaha/Ponca]; shi (shi) - again, and [FL-Osage]; shi (ši) - again, more [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - again, and [Kaw]

shi-naⁿ (šíną), shi-noⁿ (šínǫ) - again, over and over, repeatedly [JOD]

cf. shi (ši) - again, and, also; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - habitual postclitic

ex: shi-naⁿ kdi hne (šíną kdi hné) - come back again (request) [MS]

ex: shi-noⁿ kjhi (šínǫ kǰi) - comeback again [AG)]

ex: jhi-e shi-noⁿ kjhi (ǰíe šínǫ kǰí) - you come back again [AG]

ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come back and see me again (request) [MS]

ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I'll come back tomorrow [MS]

ex: shi-noⁿ i-ta-de ta niⁿ-kʰe (šínǫ íttade tta nįkʰé) - they're going to have another baby [AG]

Dhegiha: shi-noⁿ (shí-noⁿ) - again and again [FL-Osage]; shi-naⁿ (šíną) - over and over, again and again, keep on, continue to do a thing [CQ-Osage]

i-naⁿ-paⁿ (ínąpą́), i-naⁿ-baⁿ (ínąbą́) - second time, again

cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

Dhegiha: i-thoⁿ-boⁿ (i-thóⁿ-boⁿ) - a second time, again [FL-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-ba (íyoⁿba) - second time, again [Kaw]

against

ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current

cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; i-maⁿ-ha (imąha) - Imaha, a Quapaw village, the 'up river' Quapaw village

Dhegiha: ki-moⁿ-hoⁿ (kimoⁿhoⁿ) - go against [Omaha]; ʰki-moⁿ-hoⁿ (ḳí-moⁿ-hoⁿ) - to face the wind, against the wind, current or upstream, windward [FL-Osage]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímaⁿhaⁿ) - against the current or wind, upstream [Kaw]

aged

sh'a-ke (jakeh) - old, elderly, aged (vieux) [GI]

sh'a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

cf. sh′a-ke hi (šʔakée hí), (šʔaké hí) - old man, elder; sh′a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

Dhegiha: te sh′a-ge (tésh'age) - old buffalo [Omaha]; iⁿ-sha-ge (iⁿshage) - old man, elder [Omaha]; ʰts′a-ge (ṭs′a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses, father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ts′a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law, used by a man addressing or referring to his wife's father, used by anyone referring to a man's father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts′a-ge (ts'áge) - old man, father-in-law, be unable for lack of time, fail [Kaw]; ts′a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ts'áge zhíⁿga), ts′a-ge hiⁿ-ga (ts'ágehiⁿga) - be old, an old man, a venerable man, an ancestor, elder, one of the ancients or supernatural beings, hence, applied to the deities [Kaw]

naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), naⁿ-haⁿ - old, grown up, mature

cf. ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - father's older brother, man's

ex: wa-x'o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

ex: iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (noⁿ´-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw] …. noⁿ (noⁿ) - adult animal, adult person, elder [Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - to mature, to grow, to age [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ́ǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age[CQ-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - woman, aged

cf. wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - woman, old, old female animal, little old lady

agency

pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - Pine Bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

cf. pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine; pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree; toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą)

agent

wa-jhi-ni ka-hi-ke (waǰíni kahike) - President; Indian agent

wa-jhi-ni ga-hi-ge (waǰíni gahíge) - President, Indian Agent [OM]

cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]; ka-hi-ke (kahíke), ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief

ago

ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago

a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago)]

di-o-za (dióza) - just now, a short time ago

ahead

e-to-ha (ettóha) - ahead, in front, in advance

                        cf. e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction, e-ta+o-ka-xde (etta+okaxde)

Dhegiha: e-ʰta-ha (éʰtaha) - toward [CQ-Osage]; e-ta-ha (étaha) - there, over there, thither [Kaw]

aid

i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone i-da-na-zhiⁿ (idánažį́) - I, i-da-na-zhiⁿ (ídanážį) - you

cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

Dhegiha: i-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (í-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ) - to depend on someone [FL-Osage]; i-ki-na-zhi (íkinaazhi) - depend on, count on, rely on, lit., ‘ stand with another’ [CQ-Osage]

o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone o-a-kaⁿ (óakką) - I, o-da-kaⁿ (ódakką) - you

ex: o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone [OM]

ex: wi-ki-kaⁿ ta (wi-gi-kun-tâ) - I will help you [LH]

Dhegiha: o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help one's own relative [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help another who is not a relative [CQ-Osage] …. o-ʰkaⁿ (óʰką) - help, help someone with a task, assist, aid [CQ-Osage] …. u-wa-koⁿ (úwakoⁿ) - help, to help them [Omaha/Ponca]; o-wa-kaⁿ (ówakaⁿ) - help, to help someone [Kaw] …. u-wa-gi-koⁿ (úwagikóⁿ) - aid, help, to help them or us, to aid more than one person [Omaha/Ponca]

o-ki-kaⁿ (ókkikką́) - help each other o-a-ki-kaⁿ (oákkikką́) - I, o-da-ki-kaⁿ (odákkikką́) - you

aim

a-di-taⁿ (ádittą) - aim at something a-bdi-taⁿ (ábdittą) - I, a-ti-taⁿ (áttittą) - you, oⁿ-ka-di-taⁿ-we (ǫkádittąwe) - we

cf. di-taⁿ (dittą́), maⁿ-te di-taⁿ (mą́tte dittą́) - pull a bowstring; di-taⁿ (dittą́) - feel, touch something; a-ki-di-taⁿ (ákkidittą́) - pull, as a rope

ex: ma-ze a-di-taⁿ (máze ádittą) - aim a gun, aim at with a gun

ex: maⁿ a-di-taⁿ (mą́ ádittą) - to aim at with a bow

Dhegiha: a-thi-doⁿ (á-thi-doⁿ) - to pull on, to pull over one, as a blanket, to shut as a door [FL-Osage]; a-thi-ʰtaⁿ (áðiiʰtą) - close by grasping [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-taⁿ (áyutaⁿ) - feel something with the hands or feel for one thing that is under another [Kaw] …. thi-tʰoⁿ (thitʰóⁿ) - touch, feel [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-doⁿ (thi-dóⁿ) - to pull with the hands, to tug [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰtoⁿ (thi-ṭoⁿ) - to touch with the hand, to feel, to touch [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰtaⁿ (ðiiʰtą́) - grasp, touch with the hand, feel someone or something, handle, knead, work something with the hand [CQ-Osage]; yu-taⁿ (yutáⁿ) - touch, feel with the hands, treat, palpate, work on with the hands [Kaw]

alcohol

ni shi-ke (ni šíke) - whiskey, lit., "bad water"

ni shi-ke (ni šíke) - whiskey [MS, AG, MW, OM]

                        cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly

te-ska te-zhe-ni (tteská téženi) - beer [OM]

                        cf. te-ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, "bison + white"; te-zhe-ni (téženi) - urine

                        Dhegiha: ka-wa tse-zhe-ni (ʰkáwaceženii) - beer, lit., ‘horse urine’ [CQ-Osage]

ha-zi ni (hazíni) - wine, grape juice

ha-zi ni (hah-zinnih) - wine (vin) [GI]

                        cf. ha-zi (házi) - grape; ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake

Dhegiha: ha-zi ni (haçini) - wine [Omaha]; ha-zi ni (há-çi-ni) - juice of grapes, wine [FL-Osage]; ha-zu ni (háazunii) - grape juice [CQ-Osage]

zhoⁿ ni (jonnih) - rum, bourbon (rum) [GI]

zhoⁿ ni (jōn-nīh) - water of life, brandy (eau de vie) [GI]

                        cf. zhoⁿ ni (žǫní), zhaⁿ ni (žąní) - maple sugar, "tree sap"

Dhegiha: zhoⁿ ni (zhoⁿní) - sugar, syrup, honey, “wood water, wood sap” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ni (zhoⁿni) - sap, candy, fudge, sugar [Omaha]; zhaⁿ ni (žąąníi) - sugar, lit., ‘tree water’, originally referring to maple sap or syrup [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ ni (zhaⁿní) - sugar, lit., “tree liquid”, a reference to maple sap [Kaw]

alike

koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ekǫ), koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze áką) - similar, alike, Quapaw should have e-kaⁿ (eką), e-koⁿ (ekǫ) - like

cf. koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze), kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze) - equal in; e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so

Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze-go (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (k͓ŭⁿ´-s͓e é-k͓ŭⁿ) - alike, resembling something else referred to [JOD-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]

alive

ni (ni) - alive, conscious

ex: ni-de (níde) - save a life, cause to live

Dhegiha: ni (ni) - to exist, to live [FL-Osage]; ni (ní) - live, be alive, be living, be well or all right, be in good health [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - live, to be alive [Kaw]

ni tʰaⁿ, ni toⁿ (ni-ton) - life, existence (vie) [GI]

cf. ni (ni) - alive, conscious; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - 3sg standing continuative auxiliary; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

Dhegiha: ni ta (níta) - alive, life [Omaha]

ni o-kniⁿ (ni-unkani) - live, exist (vivre) [GI]

cf. ni (ni) - alive, conscious; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) -  sit in, dwell in, live in

ti-ta (tittá) - live, be alive aⁿ-ti-ta (ą́titta) - I, di-ti-ta (dítitta) - you

all

za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the

za-ni (zaní) - all [AB]

cf. za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one

ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said

ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

ex: za-ni o-zha ki-we (zaní óža kiwé) - everybody come dance [MS]

ex: o-zha za-ni ki-wa-we (óža zaní  kiwawe) - everybody come dance [MS]

ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha hne za-ni (ą́ba óža hné zaní) - whole bunch of them dance all night (request) [MS]

Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody [FL-Osage]; za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody [CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or everything [Kaw]

i-za-ni (ízani) - all [AG]

ex: i-za-ni oⁿ-ka-kdi wa-naⁿ-bde shkoⁿ-ta (ízani ǫkákdi waną́bde škǫttá) - come on, all of you, if you want to eat [AG]

ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand [AG]

alligator

wa-kdi-ska taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka) - alligator, "large reptile"

wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka) - alligator [MS]

Dhegiha: wa-gthi-ska hi du-ba (wagthiska hi duba) - lizard, reptile, four legged reptile [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi-shka hi du-ba (wagthishka hi duba) - lizard, salamander, alligator [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka hi du-ba toⁿ-ga (wagthishka hi duba toⁿga) - crocodile [Omaha]

almost

haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost

ex: pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it's almost dark [MS]

ex: pa-zi de haⁿ-ke (ppázi dé hąké) - nearly night

ex: hoⁿ-ba i-haⁿ-ke (hǫba ihąke) - morning, forenoon

ex: miⁿ haⁿ-p[a]e-haⁿ-ke (mį́ hąpéhąké) - nearly noon

ex: haⁿ-b[a]e-haⁿ-ke taⁿ (hąbéhąkéttą) - forenoon, in or during

ex: haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke te (hą́pa hą́kette) - nearly day

ex: haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke te (hą́ba hą́kette) - dawn, nearly

i-hi-zhi (íhiži) - almost, not quite

cf. i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place; zhi (ži) - negative, not

alone

naⁿ-hi (nąhí) - alone, all alone

            cf. e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it

naⁿ iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone

wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - I, only I, I alone

            Dhegiha: wi-noⁿ (wínoⁿ) - only I [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I [CQ-Osage]

di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

            Dhegiha: thi-e noⁿ (thi-e noⁿ) - yourself [FL-Osage]; thi-naⁿ (ðíną) - only you [CQ-Osage]

e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it

ex: e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - The Only Precious, Difficult One, female personal name [OM]

ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

Dhegiha: e-naⁿ (enaⁿ´) - that only [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ (e-noⁿ´) - only one, sole, exclusive [FL-Osage]; e-na (eená), e-naⁿ (eeną́) - be the only one, that only, therefore, that's why, enough [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [Kaw]

oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną) - we, only, only us

Dhegiha: aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we [CQ-Osage]

along

a-pa-kda (ápakda) - along

a-ba-knaⁿ-ta (ábaknątta) - along, beside, by

ex: iⁿ a-ba-knaⁿ-ta (į́ ábaknątta) - by a stone

ex: ni a-ba-knaⁿ-ta bde (ni ábaknątta bdé) - I go along the stream

also

ta (ttá) - also, too, and

wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I, I too, me too, as for me

wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]

ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don't like me and I don't like him either [MS]

di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too

e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too

Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-ba (é-thoⁿ-ba) - he also [FL-Osage]; e-thoⁿ-pa (éeðǫǫpa) - group including just mentioned individual(s), can sometimes be translated as ‘both’, ‘all’, ‘and another’, and others’ or as ‘and I’ when followed by a verb with 1st pl. inflection [CQ-Osage]; e-yoⁿ-ba (éyoⁿba) - both, too, also, and (used with nouns) [Kaw]

naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, also, too

cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, aforementioned; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

alter

di-e-zhi (dieží) - change, alter, abrogate bdi-e-zhi (bdíeži) - I, ti-e-zhi (ttíeži) - you

cf. e-zhi (éži) - another, different; e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different

Dhegiha: thi-a-zhi (thiazhi) - changed [Omaha]; thi-e-zhi (thi-é-zhi) - change in plans, to make a change in one’s plan, or in making of something, to pervert, perversion [FL-Osage]; thu-e-zhi (ðúeži) - change, lit., ‘make different’ [CQ-Osage]; yu-e-zhi (yuézhi) - change, alter something, act or dress differently [Kaw]

i-ye si-ze-ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate

cf. i-ye (íye) - word, talk, speak; si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm; ni-ke (niké) - none, to have, be lacking; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

although

e-ni-te (énitte) - although, though

ni-tʰe (nitʰé) - conditional, perfect, although

ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿkda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

always

shoⁿ-zho-ki-de (šǫžókide), shoⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de (šǫžǫ́kide) - always, ever, never

Dhegiha: shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, unceasing, enduring [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿ-shoⁿ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-e (shóⁿ-shoⁿ-e) - forever, always, without stopping [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-we (šǫ́šǫwe) - always, forever, during that time, refers to something going on and on through time, uninterruptedly [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, continually [Kaw]

i-ki-he (ikihé) - always, incessantly

Dhegiha: i-gi-ha (í-gi-ha) - always, ever, often, frequent, incessant [FL-Osage]; i-ki-ha (íkiha) - always, repeatedly [CQ-Osage]; i-gi-ha (ígiha) - always, ever, without stopping [Kaw]

shtaⁿ (štą) - habitual aspect suffix

ex: i-ye-shtaⁿ (íyeštą́) - talker, loquacious person

ex: wa-maⁿ-da-shtaⁿ (wamą́daštą́) - thief, who steals habitually

Dhegiha: shtoⁿ (shtoⁿ) - in the habit of, habitually, constantly [FL-Osage]; shtaⁿ (štą) - all the time, incessantly, always, a lot, constantly, continually, keep on doing something [CQ-Osage]; shtaⁿ (shtaⁿ) - habitual aspect suffix or postclitic [Kaw]

naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - habitual postclitic, used with verbs and classifiers

ex: bda-taⁿ naⁿ (bdattą́ ną) - I drink, I'm a drunkard

ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ (ttattą́ ną) - you drink, you're a drunkard

ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿkda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually, customarily [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect, usually, always, generally [Kaw]

am

miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - 1sg continuative auxiliary sitting and lying, ‘I’

ex: bda-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (bdattą́ mįkʰé) - I am drinking

ex: ha-t'e miⁿ-kʰe (hátʔe mįkʰé) - I'm sick [MS]

ex: i-ka-pʰe o-a-te miⁿ-kʰe (íkapʰe oátte mįkʰé) - looking for old comb (I'm looking for a comb) [MS]

ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, uh, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, uh, semi šétto ąníke) - I'm going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

ex: hi-da ta miⁿ-kʰe (hidá ta mįkʰé) - I'm going swimming [AG, OM]

ex: to-zhoⁿ-ke bda-tʰe miⁿ-kʰe (tožǫ́ke bdátʰe mįkʰé) - I'm eating a banana [MS]

ex: i-ka-pʰe o-a-te miⁿ-kʰe (íkapʰe oátte mįkʰé) - looking for old comb (I'm looking for a comb) [MS]

Dhegiha: miⁿ-kʰe (miⁿkʰe) - 1sg aux [JOD-Omaha]; miⁿ-kshe (miⁿ-kshe) - I who sit here [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-kshe (mįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 1st sg. sitting or lying down subject [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-khe (miⁿkhé) - I, while sitting [Kaw]

 

a-tʰą-he (atʰąhé) - 1sg continuative auxiliary standing, ‘I’

ex: wi-e a-tʰaⁿ-he (wiĭ atohe) - I am [LH]

Dhegiha: a-toⁿ-he (a-toⁿ-he) - I stand [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-txaⁿ-he (ątxąhé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing 1st sg. subject [CQ-Osage]; a-kha-he (akháhe) - I, while standing [Kaw]

a-ni-he (ánihé) - 1sg continuative auxiliary moving, ‘I’

ex: koⁿi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ki-zhi bde ta-ni-he (kǫišǫ́ttą ekíži bdé tt[a]ánihé) - So I am going to go somewhere else

Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ-he (a-thíⁿ he) - in my life movements [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-thiⁿ-he (ąðįhé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 1st sg. subject [CQ-Osage]; a-yi-he (ayihé) - I, while moving [Kaw]

naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - habitual postclitic

ex: bda-taⁿ naⁿ (bdattą́ ną) - I drink, I'm a drunkard

Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually, customarily [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect, usually, always, generally [Kaw]

niⁿ (nį), (nyį) - be in a location, exist bniⁿ (bnį́) - I, tiⁿ (ttį́) - you

ex: dedótą bniⁿ (d¢ed¢útaⁿ p͓níⁿ), déketitaⁿ bniⁿ (d¢ék͓etítaⁿ p͓níⁿ) - I am Dhegiha [JOD]

Dhegiha: thiⁿ (¢iⁿ) - to be [Omaha/Ponca]; niⁿ (nį́), thiⁿ (ðį́) - be a certain way, live as, exist as, be characterized by the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ (yiⁿ) - to be, to be so, to be such a one, indicates permanent or long-term condition [Kaw]

American

wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from "Virginia"

wa-jhi-ni (ŭatschinni) - American (Américain) [GI]

wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race (MS, MR, OM)]

ex: wa-jhi-ni  a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful (lit. plural are sitting)

ex: wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]

ex: wa-jhi-ni koi (waǰíni kói) - he's a white man [MS]

ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha hne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža hné) - you white people go home and dance all night (request) [MS]

ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS)]

ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn't like me [MS]

ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don't like me and I don't like him either [MS]

ex: wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman [AG, OM]

ex: wa-jhi-ni mi ta-ka-te (waǰíni mi tákkatte) - hot white woman [AG]

ex: wa-jhi-ni miⁿ koi (waǰíni mį kói) - she's a white woman [MS]

ex: wa-jhi-ni wa-x'o (waǰíni waxʔó) - white woman [AG]

ex: wa-jhi-ni ka-hi-ke (waǰíni kahike) - President; Indian agent

Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ni (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini) - venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease, probably from ‘Virginia’ which may have been used to mean ‘white man’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

 

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