Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

a lot - American

among - axe

among

► o-di-zaⁿ (ódizą́) - among

►Dhegiha: u-thi-zoⁿ (uthizoⁿ) - middle [Omaha]; o-thi-zaⁿ (oðízą) - be among others in, be a member of, belong to, be a part of, be among [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-zaⁿ (oyúzaⁿ) - to be many, to be a lot together [Kaw]

► o-di-zaⁿ-ti (ódiząttí) - among, in the middle of

►Dhegiha: u-thi-zoⁿ-a-di (uthízoⁿadi) - in middle, at, by, in, or to the middle of some other place, not here [Omaha/Ponca]

► o-zhaⁿ wa-kniⁿ-zhi (óžą waknį́ži) - enemy (within the tribe), "a bad person to sleep among"

amount

► koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity

►cf. koi (kói) - there; de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, many

►Dhegiha: ka-she-naⁿ (kaašéną) - closing of a prayer, amen, be ended, finished, that’s all, something is finished [CQ-Osage]; ga-she-hnaⁿ (gashéhnaⁿ) - that’s all, just this much, that is enough [Kaw]

► ska-di (skádi), ska-ti (skáti) - coinage, amount, measure, from iskali in Muskogean < Fr. escalin

►cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents

►ex: ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents

►ex: ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents [AG]

► miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article

►cf. miⁿ-xti (mį́xti), mi-a-xti (míaxti) - one; mi-aⁿ-pa miⁿ (mią́pa mį́) - month, lunar month

►Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one, single [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ (wį) - a, an, one, single, any one, one of a group [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ (miⁿ) - one, a, an; indefinite article [Kaw]

► miⁿ-xti (mį́xti), mi-a-xti (míaxti) - one

►cf. miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

►Dhegiha: wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿáqchi) - exactly one; just one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wiⁿ́-xtsi) - one of a kind, a single piece [FL-Osage]; wi-xtsi (wį́xci) - one, a, an [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-xtsi (míⁿxci) - one, just one [Kaw]

ancestral gens

► haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral gens

►ex: haⁿ-ka (hañ́ʞa) - ancestral gens [JOD]

►ex: haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - Haⁿ-ka, male personal name [MS]

►ex: wa-zhiⁿ haⁿ-ka (wažį́hą́ka) - Haⁿ-ka Bird, Angel, Sacred Bird, Ancestral or First Bird, male personal name [MS]

►ex: pe-te haⁿ-ka (ppétte hą́ka) - Fire Haⁿ-ka, male personal name [MS]

►ex: haⁿ-ka mi te-xi (hą́ka mi ttéxi) - Difficult Female Haⁿ-ka, female personal name [FR]

►ex: haⁿ-ka ska (hą́ka ská) - White Haⁿ-ka, male personal name [MS]

►Dhegiha: hoⁿ-ga (hoⁿ́ga) - leader or first, implies the idea of ancient, or first, people; those who led, moiety or tribal half representing the earth and it’s water [Omaha-Fletcher/LaFlesche]; huⁿ-ga (huⁿ́ga) - ancient one, the one who goes before, leader, peace as symbolized by a little child [Omaha-Fletcher/LaFlesche]; haⁿ-ka (hañ́k͓a) - the name of the gentes on the right side of the Osage tribal circle [JOD-Osage]; hoⁿ-ga (hoⁿ́-ga) - The-Sacred-One, personal name [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka), hoⁿ-ga (hó̜ga) - the name of the two great tribal divisions of the Osage Tribe, the division representing the earth with its water and dry land. The word signifies sacred or holy, an object that is venerated. It is also the name of a subdivision representing the dry land of the earth. The dark-plummed eagle is spoken of by this term, because of its symbolic use; a child chosen as an emblem of innocence in a peace ceremony is called Hoⁿ-ga. The origin of the word, being obscure, can not be analyzed [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - sacred, holy, bald eagle, dark-plummed eagle, earth division of the Osage tribe, innocence emblem in peace ceremony, a child [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga (háⁿga zhíⁿga) - little eagle gens [Kaw]; haⁿ-ga taⁿ-ga (háⁿga tàⁿga) - black eagle [Kaw]; haⁿ-ga taⁿ-ga (háⁿga táⁿga) - eagle clan, gens, named after the black eagle [Kaw]

and

► shi (ši) - again, and, also

►Dhegiha: shi (shi) - and, and then, again [Omaha/Ponca]; shi (shi) - again, and [FL-Osage]; shi (ši) - again, more [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - again, and [Kaw]

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet

►Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - still, yet, at all events, at any rate, and so, thus [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - by and by, after awhile, eventually [Kaw]

► a-taⁿ (attą) - and

► e-toⁿ (ettǫ́) - and, but

► ta (ttá) - also, too, and

angle

► ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind

angry

► i-ki-shi-ke (íkišíke) - to be angry ► i-da-ki-shi-ke (idákišíke) - I , i-da-ki-shi-ke (ídakišíke) - you

► i-ki-shi-ke (íkišíke) - mad, angry [MS]

►cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly; wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean [MS]

► o-xnaⁿ (óxną) - angry, irritated, cross

► o-xnaⁿ (o-hu-nu) - mean [LH]

►ex: shoⁿ-ke o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - mean dog [MS]

►ex: shoⁿ-ke wi-ta o-xnaⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ke wítta óxną į) - my dog is mean [MS]

►Dhegiha: u-xthoⁿ shtoⁿ (ú-xthoⁿ-shtoⁿ) - to be cross, disagreeable [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (ólą), (óolą), o-loⁿ (olǫ́ǫ), o-dla (ódla) - pout, sulk, sulky [CQ-Osage] …. xthoⁿ (xthoⁿ) - to sulk, pout, peeved [FL-Osage]; loⁿ (lǫ́), laⁿ (lą́) - mad, angry [CQ-Osage]

► o-xnaⁿ ka-xe (óxną káγe) - angry, cross, to make

ankle

► si ta-xe (sittáxe) - ankle

► si ta-xe (sittáxe) - ankle [MS]

►cf. si (si) - foot; ta-xe (ttáxe) - knob, knobby, knot

►Dhegiha: si ta-xe (sitáxe) - ankle, lump at each side of ankle, protrusion of the ankle bones [Omaha/Ponca]; si ta-xe (çi táxe) - ankle bones [Omaha]

► si ta-xe wa-hi (sittáxe wahí) - ankle bone

►cf. si ta-xe (sittáxe) - ankle; wa-hi (wahí) - bone

another

► ha (ha) - another

► e-zhi (éži) - another, different

►Dhegiha: e-zhi (é-zhi) - not that kind [FL-Osage]; e-zhi (éezhi) - odd, unusual, of a different kind, inappropriate, unsuitable, different, other, otherwise, strange [CQ-Osage]; e-zhi (ézhi) - other, different, another [Kaw]

ant

► zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka (žąhį́ška) - ant

► zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka taⁿ-ka (žąhį́ška ttą́ka) - ant, large black

► zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka zi zhi-ka (žą́hį́šká zi žíka) - ant, small yellow (red)

► zhaⁿ-hiⁿ-shka zhi-ka (žąhį́ška žíka) - ant, small black

►Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-gthi-shka (zhóⁿgthíshka) - ant, “wood insect” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-gthi-shka (zhoⁿgthishka) - ant [Omaha]; zha-biu-shka (zhá-biu-çka) - ant [FL-Osage]; zha-pu-shka (žápuška) - ant [CQ-Osage]

antelope

► ta-chʰo-ke (ttačʰóke) - antelope

►Dhegiha: ta-chu-ge (tachúge) - antelope [Omaha]; ta-chʰu-ge (tachʰúge) - antelope [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-tsu-ge (ṭa-tsú-ge) - antelope [FL-Osage]; ta-cho-ge (tachóge) - antelope [Kaw]

antler

► he (he) - horn, antler

► he (he˙) - horn, antler [FS]

►cf. ta he (ttahé) - antlers, deer

►Dhegiha: he (he) - horn [Omaha/Ponca]; he (he) - horn [FL-Osage]; he (hé) - horn, cow or buffalo [CQ-Osage]; he (he) - antlers, horn [Kaw]

anus

► iⁿ-zhiⁿ-xe (į́žįγé) - anus

anxious

► i-hi-ta (íhitta) - to be anxious to do something ► aⁿ-naⁿ-hi-ta (ąną́hitta) - I, i-di-hi-ta (ídihittá) - you, we-hi-ta-we (wéhittawé) - we

►Dhegiha: i-hi-dse (í-hi-dse) - eager, earnest, impatient [FL-Osage]; i-hi-tse (íhice) - be anxious for, be eager that something take place, be impatient, hurry someone along, be ready [CQ-Osage]

► o-hi-ta (ohítta) - be anxious to do something

►Dhegiha: u-hi-da-zhi (uhídazhi) - anxious [Omaha]; u-hi-ta-zhi (uhitazhi) - eager [Omaha]

► o-ki-hi-ta (okíhitta) - be anxious for one's own ► o-a-ki-hi-ta (oákihitta) - I, o-da-ki-hi-ta (odákihitta) - you, oⁿ-ko-ki-hi-ta-we (ǫkókihittawe) - we

anywhere

► ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

► ha-ke hi-te (ho-ge-i hi-tâ) - sit anywhere [LH]

►cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; hi-te (hitté) - indefinite pronoun, (what)-ever; i-te (itté) - indefinite pronoun marker, -ever

ape

► ho-mi-ta-ta (hómittátta) - monkey, trickster

► ho-mi-ta-ta (hómittátta) - monkey [MS]

apiece

► miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - ones, by, one each, one apiece

►cf. wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big (is) each, (distributive)

►ex: naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece

►ex: da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - threes, by; 3 apiece

►ex: to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours

►ex: sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives

►ex: sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - sixes, by. 6 apiece, at a time

►ex: pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens

►ex: pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, at a time

►ex: shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - nines, by

►ex: kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - tens, by, 10 apiece/at a time

►ex: da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - thirteens, by; 13 apiece

►ex: sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - sixteens, by. 16 each

►ex: pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, at a time

►ex: shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - nineteens, by. 19 each

►ex: kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - twenties, by, 20 apiece

►ex: kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - thirties, by, 30 each

►Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

appear

► di-naⁿ-pe (diną́pe) - cause to appear, show ► bdi-naⁿ-pe (bdínąpe) - I, ti-naⁿ-pe (ttínąpe) - you

►cf. ka-naⁿ-pe (kaną́pe) - uncover, unearth; naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (nąną́pe) - scuff into view with the feet; bi-naⁿ-pe (biną́pe) - push out into the open; ba-naⁿ-pe (baną́pe) - push into view; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise

►Dhegiha: i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise, emerge, as from water [Kaw]

apple

► kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple [MS, OM]

► kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe (kką́tte íįxe) - apple

► kaⁿ-te …. (kongteh - ipicheh) - apple (pomme) [GI]

►Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰko-dse (ḳoⁿ́-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple, fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káje) - plum [Kaw]

apple juice

► kaⁿ-te ni (kkątténi) - apple juice

► kaⁿ-te ni (kkątténi) - apple juice [MS]

►cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake

►Dhegiha: ʰkaⁿ-tse ni (ʰką́ącenii) - fruit juice [CQ-Osage]

apple seed

► kaⁿ-te si (kką́tte sí) - apple seed [MS]

► kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe si (kką́tte íįxe sí) - apple seed

►cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; si (si) - seed, pit, grain, kernel

apple tree

► kaⁿ-te hi (kkąttéhi) - apple tree

► kaⁿ-te hi (kkąttéhi) - apple tree [MS]

► kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe hi (kką́tte íįxé hi) - apple tree

►cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

apply

► i-di-shki (ídiški) - apply substance like salve ► i-bdi-shki (íbdiški) - I, i-ti-shki (íttiški) - you

►cf. wa-di-shki (wadíški) - wash [MS]; wa-bi-shki (wabíški) - rub, scour when washing

apron

► wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron [OM]

►cf. wa-tʰe (watʰé) - skirt, long skirt, dress; o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle

► e-to-ha-knaⁿ (éttohákną) - apron

►cf. e-to-ha (ettóha) - ahead, in front, in advance; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put si/in; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put sg/si/in or cloth into; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear--JOD) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface

► o-to-ha-knaⁿ (óttohákną) - apron

arch

► si-o-ski-ta (sióskittá) - arch of the sole of the foot

►cf: si (si) - foot

►Dhegiha: si-u-noⁿ-ski-da (çiúnoⁿçkida) - hollow below the instep of the foot [Omaha]; si-u-ski-da (çi-ú-çki-da) - the hollow in the sole of the human foot [FL-Osage]; si-o-ski (síioski) - arch of the foot [CQ-Osage]; si-o-ski-da (sióskida) - arch of the foot [Kaw]

are

► ni-kʰe (nikʰé) - 2sg continuative auxiliary sitting, ‘you’

►ex: hoⁿ ni-kʰe (hǫ nikʰé) - how are you? [OM]

►ex: ta-taⁿ ni-kʰe (ttattą́ níkʰé) - you are drinking

►ex: ta-taⁿ shka-xe ni-kʰe (táttą škáγe nikʰé) - what are you making? [MS]

►ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

►ex: jhi-e ma-kaⁿ sha shkoⁿ-ta ni-kʰe (jhíe makką́ša škǫttá nikʰé) - Do you want coffee? [AG]

►Dhegiha: niⁿ-kʰe (niⁿkʰe) - 2sg aux [JOD-Omaha]; niⁿ-kshe (nįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future) for 2^nd sg. sitting subject [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-khe (hniⁿkhé) - you (sg), while sitting [Kaw]

► aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ąnįkʰe), oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe) - 1du continuative auxiliary sitting, ‘I and one other’

►ex: kdi, toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de t[a]aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kdi, ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - come on, we are going to town [AG]

►Dhegiha: aⁿ-thiⁿ-kshe (ąðįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for sitting or lying down 1^st dual subject ‘we two’ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-niⁿ-khe (aⁿniⁿkhé) - we, while standing [Kaw]

► ni-kʰa-she (nikʰáše) - 2pl continuative auxiliary sitting, ‘you all’

►ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand (you all that are understanding) [AG]

►Dhegiha: noⁿ-ka-she (nóⁿ-ka-she) - you who are sitting there [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-kxa-she (nąkxáše) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd pl. sitting subject [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ-kha-she (hnaⁿkháshe) - you (pl). while sitting, while standing, positional continuative [Kaw]

► ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - 3pl continuative auxiliary sitting, ‘they’

►ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta ni-kʰa (kiknǫké tta nikʰá) - they're married (they're going to be married) [MS]

►ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta ni-kʰa iⁿ-chʰoⁿ i (kiknǫké tta nikʰá į́čʰǫ i) - they’re married (they’re going to be married, now) [MS]

►Dhegiha: a-kxa (akxa) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3^rd person sg. or pl. nonmoving subject that is present with speaker [CQ-Osage]; a-kha (akhá) - he/she/it (animate), while standing or moving, singular and plural, continuative singular/standing/animate [Kaw]

► da-tʰaⁿ-she (dátʰąše) - 2sg continuative auxiliary standing, ‘you’

►Dhegiha: tha-toⁿ-she (thá-toⁿ-shé) - 2sg aux [JOD-Omaha]; tha-toⁿ-she (tha-toⁿ-she) - standing [FL-Osage]; tha-txaⁿ-she (ðatxą́še) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past) for standing 2^nd sg. or 2^nd pl. subject, may also be used for imminent future action of state [CQ-Osage]; ya-kha-she (yakháshe) - you (sg), while standing [Kaw]

► aⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́katʰą), oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ǫ́katʰą) - 1du continuative auxiliary standing, ‘I and one other’

►ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tta ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

►ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tta ǫkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

►Dhegiha: oⁿ-ga-tʰoⁿ (oⁿgatʰoⁿ) - 1pl aux [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-tʰoⁿ (óⁿ-ga-ṭoⁿ) - we who are here [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-txaⁿ (ąkatxą́) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing (sometimes lying down) 1^st pl. subject, imminent future action or state, regardless of whether subject is standing [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-khaⁿ (aⁿgákhaⁿ) - we, while standing [Kaw]

► ni-she (nišé), da-ni-she (danišé) - 2sg continuative auxiliary moving, ‘you’

►ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

►ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

►ex: ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (háažǫ nišé) - how are you (how are you doing)? [AG]

►ex: jhi-e ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (ǰíe hážǫ níšé) - how are you (how are you doing)? [AG]

►Dhegiha: tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thiⁿshe) - 2sg aux [JOD-Omaha]; tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thíⁿ-she) - you who are going [FL-Osage]; thaiⁿ-she (ðaįšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 2^nd sg. subject (action or state may continue from past to present, corresponding to English perfect ‘have/had been’ [CQ-Osage]; ya-yi-she (yayishé) - you (sg), while moving (or not visible) [Kaw]

► niⁿ (nį), (nyį) - be in a location, exist ► bniⁿ (bnį́) - I, tiⁿ (ttį́) - you

►ex: dedótą bniⁿ (d¢ed¢útaⁿ p͓níⁿ), déketitaⁿ bniⁿ (d¢ék͓etítaⁿ p͓níⁿ) - I am Dhegiha [JOD]

►Dhegiha: thiⁿ (¢iⁿ) - to be [Omaha/Ponca]; niⁿ (nį́), thiⁿ (ðį́) - be a certain way, live as, exist as, be characterized by the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ (yiⁿ) - to be, to be so, to be such a one, indicates permanent or long-term condition [Kaw]

argue

► a-ki-ki (ákkiki) - to dispute; argue over something such as the division of a thing ► a-ki-ki (áakkikí) - I, a-da-ki-ki (ádakkiki) - you

►Dhegiha: i-e a-ki-ki-tha (iéakikitha) - argument, quarrel [Omaha]; a-ʰki-tha (á-ḳi-tha) - to contend as in a fight [FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-e (áʰkie) - talk for or against, talk up or talk down, as when expressing one’s emotions with respect to some topic, take up for, argue on behalf of, take someone’s side as an attorney at law argues on behalf of a client [CQ-Osage]

arise

► ki-ta (kítta), gi-ta (gítta) - arise, get up

►ex: gi-ta (gittá) - Get up! [MS, AG]

►ex: jhi-e gi-ta (ǰíe gítta) - you get up, you're getting up [AG]

►ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te niⁿ-khe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikhé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

►ex: ma-shiⁿ gi-ta (mášį́ gítta) - Feather Rising, Feather Getting up, female personal name [MS]

►ex: maⁿ-shaⁿ ki-ta (maⁿ́caⁿ k͓íta) - female name [JOD]

►ex: mi ska ki-ta (mi ská kítta) - White Sun Gets Up, Comes', female personal name [MS]

arm

► a (a) - arm

► a (a) - arm [MS]

► a (āā) - arm (bras) [GI]

► a (a˙) - arm, shoulder to wrist [FS]

►ex: a kʰe (a kʰe) - the arm

►ex: a a-ki-pa-xta-na (á ákkippáxtana) - turn up the sleeve of a shirt or coat

►ex: a di-ko-ze (á dikóže) - bend the arm, bend the arm at the elbow

►ex: a o-zhiⁿ-ka (á ožįka) - arm below elbow, forearm

►ex: a shtoⁿ-ka kʰe (a štǫ́ka kʰe) - the right arm

►ex: a da-ta kʰe (á dátta kʰe) - the left arm

►ex: a-koⁿ-ta (akkǫ́tta) - arm, upper; large tendon in the arm of humans and monkeys and that of the foreleg in oxen, etc.

►Dhegiha: a (a) - arm [Omaha/Ponca]; a (a) - arm, that part of the shoulder to and including the hand [FL-Osage]; a (áa) - arm [CQ-Osage]; a (a) - arm [Kaw]

armband

► wa-di-shki-ta (wadiškítta) - armband

► wa-di-shki-ta (wadiškítta) - armband [MS]

armpit

► to-si (tosí) - armpit

►Dhegiha: nu-si (nusí) - armpit, underarm [Omaha/Ponca]; thu-si (thu-çí) - armpit, the pit of the arm [FL-Osage]; do-su (dosú) - armpits [Kaw]

armpit odor

► to-si zaⁿ-ze (tosí zą́ze) - armpit odor

►cf. to-si (tosí) - armpit; zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - smell, offensive, strong smell

►Dhegiha: zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly, strong smelling, like a goat or a male deer [Omaha/Ponca]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell, such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ-zhe (žą́ąže) - smell as spoiled food smells, have a stinking odor or bad odor, underarm odor [CQ-Osage]

around

► ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around ► a-ki-kdi-koiⁿ-xe (akkíkdikkoįγe) - I, da-ki-kdi-koiⁿ-xe (dakkíkdikkoįγe) - you

►Dhegiha: ki-gthi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (kigthi kuwiⁿxe) - turn around [Omaha]; ʰki-li-ʰkoⁿiⁿ-xe (ʰkiliʰkǫįγe) - turn oneself around [CQ-Osage]

► ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around ► pa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (ppákkowįγe) - I, shpa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (špákkowįγe) - you

►cf. bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long

►Dhegiha: ba-ʰku-wiⁿ-xe (ba-ḳu-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn by pushing [FL-Osage]; ba-ko-mi-ghe (bakómighe) - turn, spin, cause to revolve in a horizontal or vertical plane by pushing [Kaw]

► ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle ► a-koiⁿ-xe (ákoįγe) - I, da-koiⁿ-xe (dákoįγe) - you

►Dhegiha: ga-gu-wiⁿ-xe (ga guwiⁿxe) - spin [Omaha]; ga-ko-mi-ghe (gakómighé) - turn, revolve as a windmill or clock, make an object revolve in a horizontal or perpendicular plane, as a wheel, by hitting [Kaw]

► ka-koiⁿ-xa-xa (kakóįγáγa) - go around and around

► ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, "Fire makes him/her/it go around and around"

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - go around something at a distance ► o-a-ka-ki-xe (oákakixe) - I, o-da-ka-ki-xe (odákakixe) - you

►cf. ho we-ki-xe (ho wékixe) - fish net

►Dhegiha: a-gi-xe (á-gi-xe) - all around a place [FL-Osage]; a-ki-xe (ákiγe) - around, skirting the edge of something, pass by, circle around as in a tipi meeting, ‘go clear around’, avoiding the center, move around, be all around, encircle a place or a person, be around, especially in a bothersome way [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-ghe (ágighe) - all around [Kaw]

► o-di-shaⁿ (odíšą) - go around in a circle ► o-bdi-shaⁿ (obdíšą) - I, o-ti-shaⁿ (ottíšą) - you, oⁿ-ko-di-shaⁿ-we (ǫkódišą́we) - we

►cf. o-di-shaⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ (odíšą mąnį́) - stay close by

►Dhegiha: u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - go around, circle, to go around in a circle, like the hands of a clock [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - circle, encircle, surround, cycle, round [Omaha]; u-thi-shoⁿ (u-thí-shoⁿ) - marching around in a circle [FL-Osage]

► e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction

►cf. ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of; to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of

►Dhegiha: a-ta-thi-shoⁿ (atáthishoⁿ) - in that direction, towards, pertaining to, about [Omaha/Ponca]; e-ʰta-thi-shoⁿ (e-ṭá-thi-shoⁿ) - in the direction of, toward [FL-Osage]

► e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side

►cf. ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side, toward the sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► o-be-tʰaⁿ (obétʰą) - wrap something around an object ► o-pe-tʰaⁿ (oppétʰą) - I, o-shpe-tʰaⁿ (ošpétʰą) - you, oⁿ-ko-be-tʰaⁿ-we (ǫkóbetʰąwe) - we

►cf. zhaⁿ a-be-tʰaⁿ (žą́abetʰą́) - barrel, "wood wrapped around"

►ex: o-di-be-tʰaⁿ (odibétʰą) - wrap it up [MS]

►Dhegiha: u-be-toⁿ (ubetoⁿ) - wrap [Omaha]; u-be-ʰtoⁿ (u-bé-ṭoⁿ) - to wrap or envelop [FL-Osage]; o-pe-txaⁿ (opétxą) - tie in a bundle or wrap up something specific [CQ-Osage]; o-pe-txaⁿ (ópetxą) - wrap or tie stuff as a bundle [CQ-Osage]; o-be-khaⁿ (obékhaⁿ) - wrap up, wrap something around an object, to bandage [Kaw]

arouse

► di-xi (dixí) - awaken, arouse ► bdi-xi (bdíxi) - I, ti-xi (ttíxi) - you

►Dhegiha: thi-xi (thíxi) - arouse from sleep [Omaha]; thi-xi [thi-xí) - to arouse one from sleep, to awaken [FL-Osage]; thi-xi (ðixí) - wake [CQ-Osage]; yu-xi (yuxí) - wake or arouse by pulling, pinching, or shaking [Kaw]

► di-xi-xi (dixíxi) - awaken, arouse by shaking ► bdi-xi-xi (bdíxixi) - I, ti-xi-xi (ttíxixi) - you

arrive

► kʰi (kʰi) - arrive back at one's own ► a-kʰi (akʰí) - I, da-kʰi (dakʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kʰi-we (ǫkákʰiwe) - we

►ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-taⁿ a-shi-ti i-tʰe-de naⁿ i-ya (kʔį́ kʰíttą ášitti itʰéde ną iyá) - when he reached home carrying (the meat) on his back, he piled it outside (the lodge), it is said

►Dhegiha: gi (gi) - come back, return, home, to come back, to return home [Omaha]; khi (khi) - arrive home over there, reach a place again, go back to one’s own place [Kaw]

► tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here ► a- tʰi (atʰí) - I, da-tʰi (datʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-tʰi-we (ǫkátʰiwe) - we

►ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

►ex: a-tʰi (atʰí) - I came [MR]

►ex: a-tʰi (atʰí) - I'm coming, I come [MR]

►ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

►ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-ti da-tʰi e (hatʰą́tti datʰí e) - when did you come? [MS]

►ex: da-tʰi ta (datʰí tta) - when you come? [MS]

►ex: ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - I don't want you coming around my house [MS]

►ex: hi-bde ta, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tta, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I'm gone, don't you come around my house [MS]

►ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ o-ho zhi da-tʰi ta (hǫní̜ttą óho ži datʰí tta) - how come he (dog) doesn't bark when you come around? [MS]

►ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi hne (mą́tʰe datʰí hné) - come back inside [MS]

►ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come back and see me again (request) [MS]

►Dhegiha: a-ti (atí) - arrive here, came [Omaha]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - to come, has come [FL-Osage]; a-tsʰi (acʰí) - arrive here, come here, motion accomplished, reach as a location or place [CQ-Osage]; chi (chi) - arrive here, arrive over there, arrive at a place not his home for first time [Kaw]

► a-kda tʰi (ákda tʰí) - arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not one's home) to get one's own object (horse, child, gun, etc.) ► a-kda a-tʰi (ákda atʰí) - I, a-da-kda da-tʰi (adákda datʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda oⁿ-ka-tʰi-we (ǫkákda ǫkátʰiwe) - we

►cf. a-kda de (ákda dé) - go after, fetch one's own; a-kda kde (ákda kdé) - go homeward for one's own

► a-ki tʰi (akí tʰi) - to have arrived here to get someone's ► a-ki a-tʰi (áki átʰi) - I, a-shki da-tʰi (aškí datʰí) - you

► ki-tʰi (kítʰi) - to have arrived to/for someone ► aⁿ-tʰi (ą́tʰi) - I, di-tʰi (dítʰi) - you

► hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been ► pʰi (pʰi) - I, shi (ši) - you, oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we dual

►ex: a-shi-ti hi (ášitti hi) - she arrived outside

►ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́ [tta ǫkatʰą́]) - later on, we will reach there, where you are

►ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said

►ex: ha-ki shi e (háki ši e) - where have you been? [MS]

►Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; a-hi (a-hí) - he has been to [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there, motion accomplished, come there, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, become, begin to, start to [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► hi kʰi-de (híkʰide) - send, cause to arrive there ► hi a-kʰi-de (híakʰide) - I, hi da-kʰi-de (hídakʰide) - you

►cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; kʰi-de (kʰíde) - to cause one

► i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place

►cf. i-hi-zhi (íhiži) - almost, not quite

► ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived sg/mv/an], dem], the one who has reached

► cf. ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that sg/st/in, yon

► to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that sg/mv/an object that arrived on this side

►cf. to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that sg/st/an object on this side of a place he has reached; to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that sg/si/an nearby object on this side of a place

arrow

► maⁿ (mą) - arrow, arrow shaft

► maⁿ (mą) - arrow [MS]

► maⁿ (mong) - arrow (flèche) [GI]

► maⁿ (mą) - arrow [FS]

►ex: maⁿ kʰe (mą kʰe) - the arrow

►ex: maⁿ a-di-taⁿ (mą́ ádittą) - to aim at with a bow

►ex: maⁿ de-de (mą déde) - shoot an arrow

►ex: maⁿ o-zhi (mą́oží) - quiver for arrows

►Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - an arrow [FL-Osage]; maⁿ (mą́ą), moⁿ (mǫ́) - arrow, staff used at peyote meetings [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ (maⁿ) - arrow [Kaw]

arrow feathers

► maⁿ i-da-da (mą idáda) - arrow feathers

►cf. i-da-da (idáda) - glue something to something; a-da (áda) - glue on; glue feathers on an arrow

►Dhegiha: moⁿ i-tha-tha-ge (moⁿíⁿthathge) - arrow feathers [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ i-tha-tha (móⁿ-i-tha-tha) - arrow feather [FL-Osage]; maⁿ a-ya-ge (maⁿáyage) - arrow feathers [Kaw]

arrow notch

►maⁿ-te o-zhaⁿ-ka (mą́tte ožą́kka) - arrow notch

arrow shaft

► maⁿ (mą) - arrow, arrow shaft

► maⁿ di-kde-ze (mą díkdeze) - groove in an arrow shaft

►Dhegiha: moⁿ thu-ghte-ze (móⁿ-thu-gthe-çe) - the grooves made in an arrow shaft [FL-Osage]; maⁿ yu-le-ze (máⁿ yuléze) - groove in an arrow shaft [Kaw]

arrowhead

► maⁿ-hiⁿ si (mą́hį sí) - arrowhead

►cf. ma-hiⁿ (máhį) - knife

►Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ si (móⁿhiⁿsí) - arrowhead [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-hiⁿ si (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çi) - flint arrow point [FL-Osage]; iⁿ moⁿ-hiⁿ si (íⁿ-moⁿ-hiⁿ-çi) - stone arrowhead [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-ze moⁿ-hiⁿ si (móⁿ-çe moⁿ-hiⁿ-çi) - iron arrowhead [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ su (máⁿhiⁿ sú) - arrowhead [Kaw]; iⁿ ma-hiⁿ su (íⁿ máⁿhiⁿ sú) - flint arrowhead [Kaw]

► maⁿ-hiⁿ si o-kde (mą́hį sí okdé) - arrowhead

►cf. maⁿ-hiⁿ si (mą́hį sí) - arrowhead; o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► maⁿ-hiⁿ si pa-haⁿ-te (mą́hį sí ppáhą[tte]) - tip of an arrowhead

artery

► wa-paiⁿ kaⁿ (wappaį́ kką) - vein, artery

►cf. wa-paiⁿ (wappaį́) - blood; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line

►Dhegiha: koⁿ (koⁿ) - blood vessel, veins [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ʰkoⁿ) - a vein or blood vessel, roots of trees or plants [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ (ʰką́), ʰkoⁿ (ʰkǫ́) - vein, artery, blood vessel [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ (kaⁿ) - vein, artery, root [Kaw] …. kaⁿ wa-biⁿ (káⁿ wabíⁿ) - vein or artery [Kaw]

arthritis

► o-ki-te iⁿ-te (okkítte įté) - to have rheumatism

►cf. o-ki-te (okkítte) - joint; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, pain

► koⁿ (kǫ), kaⁿ (ką) - as, since

► taⁿ (tą) - because, as

►Dhegiha: doⁿ (doⁿ) - because, when, did [FL-Osage]; taⁿ (tą) - if, provided that, when, since, because [CQ-Osage]

► a-kaⁿ (áką) - like, as, so

►cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́), (ékǫ) - like, thus, like that, so

►Dhegiha: she-goⁿ e-goⁿ (shégoⁿ égoⁿ) - like that, to be somewhat like that [Omaha/Ponca]; e-goⁿ (egoⁿ) - kind, type, as, like, certainly, action [Omaha]; e-goⁿ (e-goⁿ) - like, verily, very [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ (ékǫ) - like, similar to, like that, likewise, similarly, somewhat, kind of, rather, slightly, a bit, right, correctly, correct, appropriate, appropriately, that is right, true, that's the way, thus, therefore, mean, signify, happen, be so [CQ-Osage]; e-go (égo) - like, as, so [Kaw]

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I, I too, me too, as for me

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]

►ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don't like me and I don't like him either [MS]

► wi-e e-miⁿ-kʰe-ti (wíe émįkʰétti) - I, as for me

ascend

► maⁿ-shi de (mą́ši dé) - go up, ascend

►cf. maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, heaven; de (de) - go

►cf. maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative; maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit.,"talks on high"; maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, "house to talk above"; maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mąší ttą́ka) - mountain

►Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi a-di (moⁿshíadi) - tall, be very tall, extend from the ground far up into the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi a-ha (moⁿshiaha) - high [Omaha]; moⁿ-shi (moⁿ́-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]; maⁿ-shi-ta (maⁿshíta) - above, upper, e.g. upper teeth [Kaw]

ash tree

► ta-shna hi (ttašną́hi) - ash tree, Fraxinus

►Dhegiha: ta-zhnoⁿ-ge (tazhnóge) - ash tree [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-zhnoⁿ-ge (tazhnoⁿge) - ash tree [Omaha]

ashamed

► i-shte (íšte) - ashamed, be ► i-da-shte (idášte) - I, i-da-shte (ídašte) - you, oⁿ-doⁿ-shta-we (ǫdǫ́štawe) - we

►Dhegiha: i-shte (íshte) - ashamed, bashful, to be ashamed or bashful [Omaha/Ponca]; i-shtse (iišcé), i-shtse-wai (iišcéwai) - be ashamed, feel ashamed [CQ-Osage]; i-shtse wa-the (íshtse wa-the) - shameful [FL-Osage]

ashes

► ni-xo-te (nixótte) - ashes

►cf. xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

►Dhegiha: ma-xu-de (maqúde) - ashes, gunpowder [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-xu-de (moⁿxúde) - ashes, cinder, gun powder [Omaha]; ni-xo-dse (ni-xó-dse) - ashes [FL-Osage]; ni-xo-tse (níixoce) - ashes [CQ-Osage]; ni-xo-je (nixóje), niⁿ-xo-je (niⁿxóje) - ashes, gunpowder [Kaw]

ask

► i-ho-de (íhode) - ask, consult about something ► i-da-ho-de (idáhode) - I, i-da-ho-de (ídahode) - you

►Dhegiha: i-hoⁿ (íihǫ), i-ho-e (iihóe) - ask permission from someone for something, ask or request someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; wa-hu-the (wahúthe) - respect, honor, consult, to consult someone before acting, treat with respect [Omaha/Ponca]

► i-moⁿ-xe (ímǫγe) - ask someone a question ► i-moⁿ-xe (ímǫγe) - I, i-zhoⁿ-xe (ížǫγe) - you, i-moⁿ-xe (ímǫγe) - he/she, i-ma-xa-we (ímaγáwe) - we

►cf. i-ki-ma-xe (íkkimáγe) - question oneself; i-ki-aⁿ-xe (íkiąγe), i-ki-ma-xe (íkkimáγe) - question one's own relation

►Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-xe (imoⁿxe) - ask [Omaha]; i-moⁿ-xe (í-moⁿ-xe) - inquire [FL-Osage]

► wa-naⁿ (waną́) - charge a price, ask ► wa-bnaⁿ (wabną́) - I, wa-taⁿ (wattą́) - you

►Dhegiha: wa-na wa-xiⁿ-ha (wana waxiⁿha) - invoice order [Omaha]; wa-na the-the (wana thethe) - order [Omaha]

► ki-de (kíde) - charge, ask a price ► a-ki-de (akíde) - I, da-ki-de (dakíde) - you

asleep

► zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline ► a-zhaⁿ (ažą́) - I, da-zhaⁿ (dažą́) - you

► zhoⁿ (jon) - sleep (dormir) [GI]

►ex: zhaⁿ i-de (žą́ idé) - sleep

►ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de (žǫ́kkidé) - lie down to sleep

►ex: zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - lying down, be

►ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ-ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwittąwe ažą́tta mįkʰe) - I will lie watching you

►ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

►ex: a-zhoⁿ (ažǫ́) - I sleep [MS]

►ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I want to lay down (I feel like lying down) [MS]

►ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I'm going to bed (I feel like lying down) [OM]

►ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-ke (ažǫ́ tiké) - go to sleep [OM]

►ex: da-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažǫ́ tią́) - sleepy (you feel like laying down) [MS]

►ex: zhaⁿ i-de (žą́ idé) - sleep [MS]

►ex: a-zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (ážą́ įké) - go to sleep [MS]

►ex: da-zhaⁿ i-te naⁿ[da?] hoⁿ-bde (dažą́ itté ną[da?] hǫ́bde) - when you go to sleep, you dream [MS]

►ex: aⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-ki-wi-taⁿ (ąžǫ́kkidé ąkiwittą́) - let's go to bed [MS]

►ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de ta miⁿkʰe (žǫ́kkidé tta mįkʰé) - I want to lay down (I am going to lie down to sleep) [MS]

►ex: a-zhoⁿ (ážǫ) - bed [MS, OM]

►Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to recline, to lie down, to sleep, to be asleep, 24-hour period, “a sleep” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to sleep [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - sleep, go to sleep, lie down to sleep, go to bed, sleep over, stay all night, night’s rest, overnight stay [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - lie down, recline, sleep, day, a sleep [Kaw]

assemble

► ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather ► oⁿ-ki-sto-we (ǫkístowe) - we

►cf. ki-sto kniⁿ (kistó knį) - council, to sit in; ki-sto kniⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka (kistó knį́ níkkašíka) - Congress, U.S.; ki-sto taⁿ-ka (kistó ttą́ka) - council, tribal; ki-sto ta (kistó ttá) - tipi [MS]

►Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a season [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]

assist

► i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone ► i-da-na-zhiⁿ (idánažį́) - I, i-da-na-zhiⁿ (ídanážį) - you

►cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

►Dhegiha: i-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (í-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ) - to depend on someone [FL-Osage]; i-ki-na-zhi (íkinaazhi) - depend on, count on, rely on, lit., ‘ stand with another’ [CQ-Osage]

► o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone ► o-a-kaⁿ (óakką) - I, o-da-kaⁿ (ódakką) - you

►ex: o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone [OM]

►ex: wi-ki-kaⁿ ta (wi-gi-kun-tâ) - I will help you [LH]

►Dhegiha: o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help one's own relative [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help another who is not a relative [CQ-Osage] …. o-ʰkaⁿ (óʰką) - help, help someone with a task, assist, aid [CQ-Osage] …. u-wa-koⁿ (úwakoⁿ) - help, to help them [Omaha/Ponca]; o-wa-kaⁿ (ówakaⁿ) - help, to help someone [Kaw] …. u-wa-gi-koⁿ (úwagikóⁿ) - aid, help, to help them or us, to aid more than one person [Omaha/Ponca]

► o-ki-kaⁿ (ókkikką́) - help each other ► o-a-ki-kaⁿ (oákkikką́) - I, o-da-ki-kaⁿ (odákkikką́) - you

astride

► ka-zha-te (kažátte) - straddle, (stand) astride ► aⁿ-zha-te (ą́žatte) - I, di-a-zha-te (diážatte) - you

►cf. a-ka-zha-te (ákažátte) - pass over, stride over something

►Dhegiha: ga-zha-ta (gazháta) - with legs far apart [Kaw]; ga-zha-je (gazháje) - stand with legs wide apart, to step over something [Kaw] …. zha-ta (zhata) - forked, split, cloven [Omaha/Ponca]; zha-ʰta (zhá-ṭa) - cloven, parted, as the foot of a deer, buffalo, or cow [FL-Osage]; zha-ʰta (žáʰta) - divided, forked, notched, branded, split, cut, sliced [CQ-Osage]; zha-ta (zháta) - forked, notched [Kaw]

► ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

►ex: ti-kde ta bde (ttikdé tta bdé) - I'm going to my house [OM]

►ex: kdi, toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kdi, ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - come on, we are going to town [AG]

►ex: a-kde ta ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta tta mįkʰé) - I'm going home [OM]

►ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - town, to town [AG]

►ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I'm going to town [OM]

►ex: ni-sni toⁿ ta (nísni ttǫ ttá) - to Baxter Springs, Kansas [AG]

►Dhegiha: ta (ta) - at, to, suffix of position, motion to a place [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, inside, to the inside of, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - in, at, towards [Kaw]

► ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

►cf. e-ti (ettí), (étti) - there

►ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - You go to town! [MS]

►ex: hi-bde ta, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tta, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I'm gone, don't you come around my house [MS]

►ex: toⁿ ti bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tti bdé tta mįkʰé) - I go to town (I'm going to town) [MS]

►ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

►Dhegiha: dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - to, to something upright or vertical, in, at [CQ-Osage]

attack

► wa-koⁿ-da (wákkǫda) - attack pl/an beings ► a-wa-koⁿ-bda (awákkǫbdá) - I, wa-da-koⁿ-ta (wadákkǫttá) - you

►Dhegiha: wa-ʰkoⁿ-tha (wa-ḳóⁿ-tha) - to pounce upon, to attack with force and quickness, a riot, a raid [FL-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-ya (wakáⁿya) - rush on them, attack them [Kaw]

► wa-koⁿ-da-ya (wákkǫdáya) - attack pl/an beings, (witnessed)

►cf: ya (-ya) - past witnessed evidential

► wa-na-se (wánase) - attack

►cf: a-na-se (ánase) - intercept, head off

►Dhegiha: wa-na-se (wánase) - to surround them, surrounding of a herd [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-se (wa-nóⁿ-çe) - points of attack [FL-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-se (wanáⁿse) - head off, surround a herd, surround them [Kaw]

► wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal ► wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I, wa-shpaⁿ (wašpą́) - you

►cf. baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo; wa-paⁿ (wappą́ ) - I call (to them)

►Dhegiha: wa-paⁿ (wapą́) - call, holler for folks, invite people [CQ-Osage]; wa-baⁿ (wabáⁿ) - to call them (not by their request) [Kaw]

► a-ki-da (ákkida) - attack in return; return blow for blow ► a-ki-bda (áakkíbda) - I, a-da-ki-ta (ádakkítta) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-oⁿ-da-we (ǫkákkiǫdawe) - we

►ex: a-wi-ki-bda ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkibda ttá mįkʰé) - I will attack you in return

attend

► e-ti o-i-he (étti óihé) - follow, go with, attend

►cf. e-ti (ettí), (étti) - there

► a-ki-hi-te (ákkihítte) - pay attention, attend, give heed, to insist on ► a-ki-hi-te (áakkihítte) - I, a-da-ki-hi-te (ádakkihítte) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-hi-ta-we (ǫkákkihíttawe) - we

►ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

►cf. di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things ► bdi-hi-te (bdíhitte) - I, ti-hi-te (ttíhitte) - you

attention

►ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

►cf. di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things ► bdi-hi-te (bdíhitte) - I, ti-hi-te (ttíhitte) - you

attorney

► wa-ki-ya (wákkiyá) - lawyer

►Dhegiha: wa-ʰki-e (wá-ḳi-e) - lawyer [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰki-e (wáʰkie) - lawyer, attorney, lit., ‘taking up for a person’ [CQ-Osage]

auger

► zhoⁿ i-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► zhoⁿ i-di-x’o-te zhi-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte žíka) - gimlet

►cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; o-x’o-te (oxʔótte) - hole, natural opening

►Dhegiha: u-thi-u-de (uthíude) - bore, pierce, to break through, to bore through [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-ʰk’u-dse (u-thí-ḳ’u-dse) - to drill (a hole), to bore, as a hole [FL-Osage]; o-yu-k’o-je (oyúk’oje) - break a hole through a solid, to bore a hole with a brace and bit [Kaw]

aunt

► i-ti-mi (ittími) - aunt, man's. father's sister, older or younger ► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my, di-ti-mi (dittími) - your

►Dhegiha: i-ti-mi (itími) - aunt [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-mi (i-ṭsí-mi) - aunt, on father's side, his or her father's sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-mi (iʰcími) - his/her father's sister, his/her paternal aunt, more precise than English, his aunt or her aunt [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-mi (icími) - his or her aunt, father’s sister [Kaw]

► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my aunt, my father's sister [MS, MR, AG]

►ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I'm glad to see you [FR]

►Dhegiha: wi-ti-mi (witími) - my aunt (Omaha); wi-ʰtsi-mi (wiʰcími) - my father's, older or younger sister, my paternal aunt, used when speaker is male or female [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-mi (wicími) - my aunt, my father’s sister [Kaw]

► di-ti-mi (dittími) - your aunt, your father’s sister

►Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsi-mi (ðiʰcími) - your father's sister, younger or older, your paternal aunt [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-mi (yicími) - your aunt, your father’s sister [Kaw]

► i-ti-mi-de (ittímide) - aunt, to have as an ► i-ti-mi-a-de (ittímiade) - I, i-ti-mi-da-de (ittímidade) - you

►Dhegiha: i-tsi-mi-ye (icímiye) - to have as an aunt, to call someone i-tsi-mi (icími) [Kaw]

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older; older aunt on mother's side; mother's older sister

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

►cf. iⁿ-da (įdá) - my mother [MS, MR, OM]; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), naⁿ-haⁿ (nąhą́) - old, grown up, mature

►cf. i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - father's older brother, man's; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; wa-x'o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► iⁿ-da zhiⁿ-ka (įdážįka) - aunt, youngest; younger aunt on mother's side; mother's younger sister

► iⁿ-da zhi-ka (įdážika) - aunt, youngest [OM]

►cf. iⁿ-da (įdá) - my mother [MS, MR, OM]; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá), zhiⁿ-ka (žįká), (žį́ka) - small, little, young

►Dhegiha: i-naⁿ zhiⁿ (iiną́žį) - my mother's younger sister, more precise than English, my aunt [CQ-Osage]; i-hoⁿ zhiⁿ (iihó̜žį) - his, her mother's younger sister, more precise than English, his, her maternal aunt [CQ-Osage]; i-hoⁿ zhiⁿ-a (i-hoⁿ́-zhiⁿ-a) - little mother, a mother's sister or niece [FL-Osage]

authority

► wa-taⁿ-ka (wattą́ka) - special, authority, someone with authority [MS]

►ex: wa-zho-kte miⁿ-xti wa-taⁿ-ka a-niⁿ (wažokte mį́xti wattą́ka anį́) - so they dance, one leader, special leader [MS]

►Dhegiha: wa-ʰtoⁿ-ga (wa-ṭóⁿ-ga) - a master, a high-rank official, one of high rank, a great person, principal [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtaⁿ-ka (waʰtą́ka), wa-ʰtoⁿ-ka (waʰtǫ́ka) - authoritative, authority, someone with authority [CQ-Osage]; wa-taⁿ-ga (watáⁿga) - principal chief, a chief [Kaw]

► wa-pi-na (wapína) - one who tells about old ways; kahike stete; nanka tu, kani jika only ones now [JOD]

► wa-pi-na (wappína) - chief of a gens (clan)

►cf. wa-pi-na o-ti (wappína ótti) - council house of a gens

autumn

► ka-sni-sni (kasnísni) - autumn, "blows cold on and off"

►cf. ka (ka) - by striking, wind, water; sni (sni) - cold, to be cold

►Dhegiha: u-ga-sni (ugáçni) - breezy, ventilate [Omaha]

► wa-sa zhoⁿ aⁿ-he (wasá žǫ́ ąhé) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter or late Autumn

►cf. wa-sa (wasá) - bear, black; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline

awaken

► di-xi (dixí) - awaken, arouse ► bdi-xi (bdíxi) - I, ti-xi (ttíxi) - you

► di-xi-xi (dixíxi) - awaken, arouse by shaking ► bdi-xi-xi (bdíxixi) - I, ti-xi-xi (ttíxixi) - you

awl

► wa-hi-ka (wahíkka) - awl, made of metal

►cf. wa-hi-ka zhi-ka (wahíkka žíka) - needle; wa-hi (wahí) - bone

►Dhegiha: wa-ku (wa’ku) - awl [Omaha]; wa-hiu-ʰk’e (wa-hiú-ḳ’e) - a bone awl [FL-Osage]; wa-hu-ʰka (wahúʰka) - fork [CQ-Osage]; wa-hu-ka (wahúka) - awl of any sort [Kaw]

axe

► iⁿ-spe (į́spe), (įspé) - axe

► iⁿ-spe (inn-speh) - axe (hache) [GI]

►cf. iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet

►Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze pe (moⁿçe pe) - ax [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ spe (moⁿ́-hiⁿ-çpe) - ax [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (mą́ąhįspe) - axe [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (máⁿhiⁿspe) - axe [Kaw]