English to Quapaw Dictionary

N

nail - nighthawk

nine - nuthatch

 

nail

► ma-ze snaⁿ-ka (máze sną́kka) - nail

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron or gun; ma-ze snaⁿ-ka o-ka-taⁿ (máze sną́kka okáttą) - drive a nail into something

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron, metal [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ze (moⁿçe) - nail, iron, metal, female breasts, teats [Omaha]; moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron or any kind of metal [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (mą́ze) - metal of any kind, lead or iron, wire, cable [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (máⁿze) - iron, metal in general [Kaw]

 

nail, drive a nail into something

► ma-ze snaⁿ-ka o-ka-taⁿ (máze sną́kka okáttą) - drive a nail into something

► cf. ma-ze snaⁿ-ka (máze sną́kka) - nail; o-ka-taⁿ (okáttą) - drive in, as nails in a board

► Dhegiha: o-ga-doⁿ (ogadoⁿ) - pound [Omaha]; u-ga-doⁿ (u-gá-doⁿ) - to nail down a board or nail up a box [FL-Osage]; o-ga-daⁿ (ogádaⁿ) - drive a nail into something [Kaw]

 

► o-ka-taⁿ (okáttą) - drive in, as nails in a board ► o-a-ka-taⁿ (oákattą) - I, o-da-ka-taⁿ (odákattą) - you

► cf. ma-ze snaⁿ-ka o-ka-taⁿ (máze sną́kka okáttą) - drive a nail into something

► Dhegiha: o-ga-doⁿ (ogadoⁿ) - pound [Omaha]; u-ga-doⁿ (u-gá-doⁿ) - to nail down a board or nail up a box [FL-Osage]; o-ga-daⁿ (ogádaⁿ) - drive a nail into something [Kaw]

 

nail, fingernail

► naⁿ-pe sha-ke (nąpé šáke) - fingernails

► naⁿ-pe sha-ke (nąpé šáke) - fingernail [MS]

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; sha-ke (šáke) - claw, talon, hoof; si-pa sha-ke (sippá šáke) - toe nail; wa-zhiⁿ-ka xo-we sha-ke (wažį́ka xówe šáke) - eagle claw; wa-zhiⁿ-ka sha-ke (wažį́ka šáke) - bird’s claw

► Dhegiha: shi-sha-ge (shíshage) - fingernails [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-ge-ha (shá-ge-ha) - finger nail [FL-Osage]; sha-ge-ya-ha (shágeyahá) - fingernail [Kaw]

 

nail, toenail

► si-pa sha-ke (sippá šáke) - toe nail(s)

► si-pa sha-ke (sippá šáke) - toe nail [MS]

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; sha-ke (šáke) - claw, talon, hoof

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi sha-ge ((sipáhi sháge) - toenails [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa sha-ge-ha (sipá shágeha) - toenail [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si-pa-ha (çi-p̣á-ha) - toenail [FL-Osage]; si-pa-ha (sipáha) - toenail [Kaw]

 

naked to the waist

► do-ka-niⁿ (dokkánį), to-ka-niⁿ (tokkánį) - naked to the waist

► cf. si do-ka-niⁿ (si dókkanį́) - to be barefoot; to-ka-ni o-zha (tokkáni óža) - war dance, “no shirt - dance” [MS]; zho do-ka-niⁿ hi (žó dokkánį hí) - naked, nude

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ha thu-ka-thiⁿ-i (há¢uká¢iⁿi) - naked [JOD-Omaha]; nu-ka-thiⁿ (nuká¢iⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [JOD-Omaha]; ha thu-ga-thiⁿ (ha thúgathiⁿ) - naked, nude, bare [Omaha]; tho-ʰka-thiⁿ (tho-ḳá-thiⁿ), thu-ʰka-thiⁿ (thú-ḳa-thiⁿ), nu-ʰka-thiⁿ (nu-ḳa-thiⁿ) - stripped to the waist; nude, naked [FL-Osage]; yo-ka-yiⁿ (yokáyiⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [Kaw]

 

naked, nude

► zho do-ka-niⁿ hi (žó dokkánį hí) - naked, nude

► cf. zho (žo) - flesh, meat; do-ka-niⁿ (dokkánį), to-ka-niⁿ (tokkánį) - naked to the waist; hi (hi) - very; si do-ka-niⁿ (si dókkanį́) - to be barefoot; to-ka-ni o-zha (tokkáni óža) - war dance, “no shirt - dance” [MS]

► Dhegiha: ha thu-ka-thiⁿ-i (há¢uká¢iⁿi) - naked [JOD-Omaha]; nu-ka-thiⁿ (nuká¢iⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [JOD-Omaha]; ha thu-ga-thiⁿ (ha thúgathiⁿ) - naked, nude, bare [Omaha]; tho-ʰka-thiⁿ (tho-ḳá-thiⁿ), thu-ʰka-thiⁿ (thú-ḳa-thiⁿ), nu-ʰka-thiⁿ (nu-ḳa-thiⁿ) - stripped to the waist; nude, naked [FL-Osage]; yo-ka-yiⁿ (yokáyiⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [Kaw]

 

name

► zha-zhe (žáže) - name

► ex: ta-taⁿ zha-zhe a-tiⁿ (táttą žáže attį́) - what’s your name? [MS]

► ex: ma-xe-ka a-niⁿ zha-zhe, ka-hi-ka (máxeka anį́ žáže, kahíke) - máxeka-he had-name-chief (the chief’s name was máxeka) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zha-zhe (zhá-zhe) - name [FL-Osage]; zha-zhe (žáže) - name [CQ-Osage]; zha-zhe (zházhe) - name [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-zha-zhe (izházhe) - name [Omaha/Ponca]; i-zha-zhe (izhazhe) - name [Omaha]

 

► i-zha-zhi (ížáži) - name [OM]

► ex: i-zha-zhi ta-to jhi-e (ížáži tátto ǰíe) - what is your name? [OM]

► Dhegiha: i-zha-zhe (izházhe) - name [Omaha/Ponca]; i-zha-zhe (izhazhe) - name [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: zha-zhe (zhá-zhe) - name [FL-Osage]; zha-zhe (žáže) - name [CQ-Osage]; zha-zhe (zházhe) - name [Kaw]

 

name of the west wind or quarter

► a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - the name of the west wind or quarter

► a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - south [MS]

► cf. a-k’a (ákʔa) - west wind; i-de (idé) - do, go; i-de (idé) - departed [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; hi-de (híde) - precipitate, as rain, snow

► ex: si-o-ti a-k’a hi-de tʰe (siótti ákʔa híde tʰé) - the west wind was blowing yesterday

► Dhegiha: a’a (á’a) - south wind, an archaic word still retained in names [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰk’a (á-ḳ’a) - south; the south wind [FL-Osage]; a-ʰk’a-dsi (á-ḳ’a-dsi) - archaic name for south [FL-Osage]; ʰta-dse a-k’a tse (ṭá-dse a-k’a tse) - south wind [FL-Osage]; a-ʰk’a-hiu-e (á-ḳ’a-hiu-e) - wind is from the south [FL-Osage]; a-k’a-hu-e (ákʔahúe) - south wind [CQ-Osage]; a-k’a (ák’a) - south, south wind; deity of the south wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]; a-k’a zhiⁿ-ga (ák’a zhíⁿga), a-k’a-hiⁿ-ga (ák’ahiⁿga) - west, west wind; deity of the west wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]; a-k’o-ye (ák’oye) - west wind [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hí-¢ĕ) - to cause him, her, or it to reach there (not his home) [Omaha]; hi-the (hi-thé), hiu-the (hiu-the) - to have gone; to have departed; to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hiu-the (hiú-the) - coming; to cause to come [FL-Osage]; hu-the (húðe) - cause to come here, send here; hand over, hand to, pass to by hand or other means (e.g., food at the table); come here [CQ-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there (lit., ‘cause to arrive there’) [CQ-Osage]; hu-ye (húye) - relating to weather: blowing, precipitating [Kaw]; hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone (somewhere) [Kaw]; i-ye (iyé), hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone to a particular place; to have set, as the sun [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-de (hidé) - base, bottom, root; lowest part; root of a tree; lowest part of a stream, near the mouth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi-de (hide) - low, base [Omaha]; hiu-dse (hiú-dse) - down, below [FL-Osage]; hu-tse (húuce) - down, downward [CQ-Osage]; hu-je (hujé) - bottom, lower part of something; lower course of a stream just above its mouth [Kaw]

 

name or call something, read aloud

► da-te (daté) - read aloud, call or name something ► bda-te (bdáte) - I, ta-te (ttáte) - you

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo da-te (íkazózo daté) - school, school house, “read books” [MS]

► ex: da-ta-i (dataí) - they called [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-de (thadé) - call, name, speak, utter, pronounce [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-dse (tha-dsé) - to call as by name, to pronounce [FL-Osage]; tha-tse (ðaacé) - say, pronounce, read, call on someone's name, say the name of something or someone, call, define as, assign a name to something or someone, use a name for something or someone [CQ-Osage]; ya-je (yajé) - read, pronounce, to call by name [Kaw]

 

name, first daughter’s birth name

► si-ke (síke) - daughter, oldest daughter, first daughter, birth order name, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [AG] is recorded saying that they called her oldest sister si-ke (siké)

► si-ke (siké) - girl [AG]

► ex: si-ke xda (síke xdá) - skinny girl [AG]

► ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te niⁿ-kʰe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikʰé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

► Dhegiha: si-ge (si-gé) - the ordinal birth-name for the fourth daughter [JOD-Omaha]; si-ge (sigé) - birth-order name; fourth daughter [Omaha/Ponca]; si-ge (çí-ge) - the third daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; si-ke (síke) - third daughter [CQ-Osage]; si-ge (sigé) - third or fourth daughter [Kaw]

 

name, first daughter’s birth name

► wi-naⁿ zhi-ka (winą́ žíka) - first born daughter, vocative wi-naⁿ-e (winą́e)

► Dhegiha: wi-naⁿ (wi-náⁿ) - the ordinal birth-name for the first daughter [JOD-Omaha]; mi-na (mí-na) - this is a special kinship term used by a father and mother for their first daughter, the term is also used by other members of the family, it is not a personal name, it is however, a gentile name, by which she may be addressed by anybody [FL-Osage]; mi-na (míina) - eldest daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-noⁿ (mí-noⁿ) - the first daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - first daughter [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - second daughter [Kaw]

 

name, first son’s birth name

► iⁿ-knaⁿ (įkną́) - first son [JOD]

► cf. iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi-ka (įkdą́ žíka) - son, first born; iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi (įkdą́ ží) - first son [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, wa-zhiⁿ ki-te da-ni-he  (įkną́, wažį́ kkítte dá-nihé) - first son, go shoot some birds! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te,” i-ke tʰaⁿ (“įkną́, ąkákde tté,” iké tʰą) - “first son, let’s go home,” he said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthoⁿ (iⁿgthóⁿ) - first son, a birth order name [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-gthaⁿ (iñ-g¢áⁿ), iⁿ-gtho (iñ-g¢ó) - the first born son [JOD-Omaha]; iⁿ-gthoⁿ (iⁿ-gthóⁿ) - special kinship term for the first son, one that only the immediate family uses [FL-Osage]; i-loⁿ (ilǫ́ǫ), i-loⁿ-taⁿ (ilǫ́ǫʰtą) - eldest son [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-loⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́ǫʰpa), i-loⁿiⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́įʰpa), i-loⁿ-aⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́ąʰpa) - first son in any clan (probably a baby name) [CQ-Osage]; i-lo-a-pa (ilóapa) - first born son [Kaw]

 

► iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi-ka (įkdą́ žíka) - son, first born

► iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi (įkdą́ ží) - first son [MS]

► cf. iⁿ-knaⁿ (įkną́) - first son [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthaⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (iñ-g¢áⁿ jiñ-ga) - n.p. masc. of the Ponka gens [JOD-Omaha]; i-lo hiⁿ-ga (ilóhíⁿga) - first born son; last born son [Kaw]

 

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - son, oldest boy’s birth name, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [MR] and [OM] are recorded saying kʰa-ke (kʰáke) as oldest boy

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - oldest boy [MR, OM]

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - boy closer to you [AG]

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

► kʰa-zhiⁿ (kʰážį) - first son

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; kxa-ke (kxáke) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį) [CQ-Osage]; kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį), kxa-zhiⁿ-ka (kxážįka) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-ke (kxáke) [CQ-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

name, fourth son’s birth name

► kʰa-ke zhi-ka (kʰaké žíka) - son, 4th son’s birthname

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; kxa-ke (kxáke) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį) [CQ-Osage]; kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį), kxa-zhiⁿ-ka (kxážįka) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-ke (kxáke) [CQ-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

name, second daughter’s birth name

► wi-na (winá), wi-naⁿ (winą́) - second daughter, birth name

► wi-na (wi-ná) - second girl [OM]

► wi-na (wi-ná) - second girl, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [OM] says wi-na (winá) for second daughter, one of [MS] great granddaughters was nicknamed wi-na (winá), as she was the second daughter in that family, when [MS] was asked how to say second daughter by her father, she said wi-na (winá)

► Dhegiha: mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - second daughter [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wi-naⁿ (wi-náⁿ) - the ordinal birth-name for the first daughter [JOD-Omaha]; mi-na (mí-na) - this is a special kinship term used by a father and mother for their first daughter, the term is also used by other members of the family, it is not a personal name, it is however, a gentile name, by which she may be addressed by anybody [FL-Osage]; mi-na (míina) - eldest daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-noⁿ (mí-noⁿ) - the first daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - first daughter [Kaw]

 

name, second daughter’s birth name

► si-ke (síke) - second daughter

► si-ke zhi-ka (síke žika) - second daughter

► Dhegiha: si-ge (si-gé) - the ordinal birth-name for the fourth daughter [JOD-Omaha]; si-ge (sigé) - birth-order name; fourth daughter [Omaha/Ponca]; si-ge (çí-ge) - the third daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; si-ke (síke) - third daughter [CQ-Osage]; si-ge (sigé) - third or fourth daughter [Kaw]

 

name, second son’s birth name

► iⁿ-kʰe zhi-ka (įkʰé žíka) - son, second born

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-ke (iñ-ké) - n.p. masc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-khe (ikhé) - second son: birth-order name [Kaw]

 

name, third daughter’s birth name

► wi-he (wihé) - third born daughter, birth name

► wi-he zhi-ka (wíhe žíka) - third born daughter, birth name; vocative wi-he (wihé)

► Dhegiha: wi-he (wi-hé) - the ordinal birth-name for second daughter; used by a female in addressing a younger sister, or female friend, just as ka-ge (kage) is used by a male in addressing a younger brother or a male friend [JOD-Omaha]; wi-he (wi-hé) - special kinship term; the name by which the second daughter is called [FL-Osage]; wi-he (wihé) - second daughter [CQ-Osage]; wi-he (wihé) - second born daughter [Kaw]

 

name, third son’s birth name

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - son, third son’s birth name

► ex: “kʰa-ke, ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi (“kʰaké, hakí níkkašíka ettí nįkʰe,” iyí) - “younger brother, where is the human being?” said he [JOD]

► ex: “ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ, kʰa-ke,” i-ye (“hakí níkkašíka ettí nį, kʰaké,” íye) - “where is the human being, younger brother?” he said [JOD]

► ex: “kʰa-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka ha-ki e-ti niⁿ,” i-ye “kʰaké, níkkašíka hakí ettí nį,” iyé) - “younger brother, where is the human being?” he said [JOD]

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) - younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; kxa-ke (kxáke) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį) [CQ-Osage]; kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį), kxa-zhiⁿ-ka (kxážįka) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-ke (kxáke) [CQ-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

names of the original Quapaw towns

► When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages, described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha, Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi, Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1, o-ka-xpa-xti (uʞáqpa-qti), Real Kwapa; 2, ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (tí-u-á-d¢i-maⁿ) (Toriman), tí-u-a-d¢í maⁿ (of Mrs Stafford); 3, o-zo ti-o-we (u-zú-ti-ú-wĕ) (Southois, etc). The fourth was taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (taⁿ́waⁿ jíʞa), Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the fifth village, i-ma-ha (imaha), was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people. [JOD-Quapaw]

 

► i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► i-ma-ha (ímăha) - a band of Omaha, or perhaps more probably Kwâpâ, who lived with the Kä́dohadä́cho, but retained their own distinct language. There are still a few living with the Caddo, but they retain only the name. It will be remembered that when the Caddo lived in eastern Louisiana the Arkansas or Kwâpâ were their nearest neighbors on the north, and these Imaha may have been a part of the Kwâpâ who lived “upstream” (úmañhañ) on the Arkansas. The Caddo call the Omaha tribe by the same name. [J. Mooney-Caddo]

► ma-ha (maha) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind

► Dhegiha: u-ma-ha (u-má-ha), u-maⁿ-haⁿ (umaⁿ-haⁿ) - “those that went upstream,” the Omahas, a tribe of the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family, see Pañka, Wajaje, K͓aⁿze, and Ugaqpa [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (u-móⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for Omaha [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-haⁿ (omą́hą) - Omaha (tribe or tribal member) [CQ-Osage]; o-ma-ha (omáha), oⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (oⁿmóⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha tribe or people, “those who went upstream,” so called because they (as well as the Ponca, Osage, and Kansa) went up stream when they left the Quapaw [Kaw]

 

► o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► ga-pa (gappa) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; ka-xpa (káxpa) - south wind

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (u-gá-qpa) - “those who went downstream,” the Kwapas or Quapaws, they were known to the Illinois tribes as the “Arkansas” or “Alkansas” [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “the down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

 

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom

► o-zo ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: u-zu (u-çú) - lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - 1) wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber; ozó táⁿga éji ayé góⁿyabe che aó, paháⁿle ché. They first desired to go to an extensive bottom land, abounding in timber, where Junction City now stands; 2) hilltops JOD uses this term in reference to the noⁿnóⁿbahu tó, “a kind of grape or berry found on the ozú (hill tops)” but the term more commonly refers to lowlands, as in sense 1. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zu u-gthoⁿ (ú-çu-u-gthoⁿ) - lowland forest in the bend of a stream [FL-Osage]; u-zu i-ha zhiⁿ-ga (u-çú-i-ha zhiⁿ-ga) - at one time there was a large bend in the stream, which was nearly closed; the meaning of the name is small mouth; it is near the u-zu (u-çu) or woods, what is known as Bartlesville, Kans. This was the site of the fourth camp in the fisrt trail, also of the third trail [FL-Osage]; o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber, the name of a village, literally, “they live in the timber”. JOD identifies this as a proper town, that is, it refers to a specific village, also called cexúliⁿ ‘village on a highland or lowland level, destitute of trees.’ The second name seems to contradict the first name but MR’s comments might be intended to clarify: “There used to be three branches, like Pawhuska, and some of them lived in that and some of them lived along the creek, Gaxó’oliⁿ and Zaⁿjóliⁿ. Those people lived in the [_?_], why they used to live north of Kaw there, at Washunga there. And those others, they used to [_?_] on top of the hill. And I think they called Waxága-oliⁿ ‘where the cactus grows.’ Zaⁿjóliⁿ is where they live in the timber, zaⁿjé. And Gaxá-oliⁿ, they used to live along the edge of [creek?] over there at Washunga.” [Kaw]

 

► taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - small town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► cf. taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą), toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą) - town, village; toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-waⁿ (táⁿ-waⁿ) - a cluster of lodges, a camp, village, or Indian town [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town; cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - a town or city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (ttíoádimą) - one of the five original Quapaw villages mentioned in early French narratives, often spelled Toriman or Thoriman by the French

 

naming

► While endeavoring to obtain a full list of personal names of the tribe, I met with considerable difficulty on account of the reluctance of the people to communicate to me the information which they regarded as the peculiar right of a class of men whom the called “wapinaⁿ.” A wapinaⁿ they divined as a nika quwe or mysterious man. [JOD]

► kahike stete (Tall Chief) o Lewis Angells, is a chief or kahike as well as the principal wapinaⁿ of the tribe. His subordinate wapinaⁿ is one of two Kwapa men known as nañka tu or Green Back, the other being kani jika or Little Thunder. Tallchief, in his capacity of wapinaⁿ, is obliged to go back and forth every year to administer to the spiritual wants of both divisions of the Kwapa nation. As chief wapinaⁿ, Tall Chief is essential is the custodian of all the Kwapa personal names. Whenever a person is adopted into the Kwapa nation, the presence of Tall Chief is essential, for he alone can bestow the personal name. When the life of a Kwapa is supposed to be in danger from illness, he or she desires to abandon his or her personal name. Application is made to another member of the tribe, who goes to Tall Chief, and from him purchases a new name which is given to the patient.  With abandonment of the old name, it is supposed that the sickness, too, is thrown off. On the reception of the new name, the patient becomes related to the Kwapa who has purchased the name from Tall Chief. Any Kwapa can change or abandon his or her personal name four times; but it is considered bad luck to attempt such a thing for the fifth time. Tall Chief regulates marriages. While I was on the Quapaw reservation in January, the coming of Tall Chief was looked for every day. I was informed on his arrival he would perform the marriage ceremony for some of the young people, without regarding their individual preferences. [JOD]

 

 

nape, vertebra near the nape of a horse’s neck

► ta-i-ta-kde (ttáittákde) - spinal prominence, vertebra near the nape of a horse’s neck

► cf. ta-i-ta (ttáittá) - neck

► Dhegiha: ta-i-u-gthe (táiúgthe) - neck bone, bone in the lower back of the neck, into which the spine fits [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i u-gthe (tai úgthe) - hollow at the nape of the neck [Omaha]; ta-i-a-ta (taiáta) - at or near the back of the head [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tái) - back of the head, from the parting of the hair on the crown to the neck [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i (taí) - back of the head [Omaha]; ʰta-hiu (ṭá-hiu) - nape of the neck, the neck [FL-Osage]; ʰta-hu (ʰtáhu) - neck [CQ-Osage]; ta-hu (táhu) - neck [Kaw]

 

narrow

► zo-we (zówe) - narrow

► Dhegiha: zu-be (zúbe) - pointed, sharp, peaked [Omaha/Ponca]; zu-be (zú-be) - sharp-pointed, the peak of a hill [JOD-Omaha]; ba-zu-be (bázube) - cut to a point, whittle a point [Kaw]; ba-zu-be (bazúbe), ba-zu-we (bazúwe) - whittle, poke with a point [Kaw]

 

nasal mucus, snot

► pa-xni (ppaxní) - snot, nasal mucus

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; xdi (xdi) - mucous, pus, corruption

► Dhegiha: pa-xthiⁿ (paqthíⁿ) - nasal mucus, nasal excretion, snot [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-xthiⁿ (paxthiⁿ) - snot [Omaha]; ʰpa-xthiⁿ (p̣a-xthíⁿ) - mucus from the nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-liⁿ (ʰpalį́), ʰpa-ʰliⁿ (ʰpaʰlį), ʰpa-li (ʰpali) - mucus from the nose, runny nose, snot [CQ-Osage]; pa-xliⁿ (paxlíⁿ) - nasal mucus, snot [Kaw]

 

nation, tribe

► o-taⁿ-knaⁿ (óttąkną) - tribe, nation

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► Dhegiha: o-taⁿ-maⁿ-laⁿ (otáⁿmaⁿlaⁿ) - to dwell within village [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - tribe, nation, people, city, town; tribe or nation dwelling in a town or village [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (toⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - village, town [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ) - the common name for the gens (clans) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ-la (ʰtą́wąla) - clan [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

native

► de-to (dettó), de-do (dedó) - native; translates to JOD’s “Dhegiha”

► de-do (dédo) - here

► de-do (de-do) - here, this place, right here [AG, OM]

► cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there

► ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą, iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe moⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́ mįkʰé mǫ́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

► ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

► ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé) - I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]

► Dhegiha: the-thu (¢é¢u) - here [JOD-Omaha]; the-thu-di a-toⁿ (thethudi atoⁿ) - from here [Omaha]; the-tho (thé-tho) - here at this place [FL-Osage]; ye-yo (yèyó) - here, right here [Kaw]

 

natural opening, hole

► o-x’o-te (oxʔótte), o-x’o-de (oxʔóde) - hole, natural opening

► cf. na-xi-te o-x’o-te (naxítte oxʔótte), na-xi-te o-x’o-de (naxítte oxʔóde) - meatus of the ear, the external opening; pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-x’o-te (ppažį́že oxʔótte) - nostril(s); o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; zhoⁿ i-di-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► Dhegiha: u-’u-de (u’úde) - hole [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’u-te (uute) - hole [Omaha]; u-ʰk’u-dse (u-ḳ’ú-dse) - a hole, perforation, orifice [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-tse (okʔóce), o-k’o (okʔó) - hole [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-je (ok’óje) - hole, aperture [Kaw]

 

navel

► de-ta (détta) - navel

► cf. de-ta-shoⁿ (déttašǫ), de-ta-shaⁿ (déttašą) - navel

► Dhegiha: the-tʰa (thétʰa) - navel [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► de-ta-shoⁿ (déttašǫ), de-ta-shaⁿ (déttašą) - navel

► cf. de-ta (détta) - navel

► Dhegiha: the-tʰa-shoⁿ (thétʰashoⁿ) - navel, outer part of the navel [Omaha/Ponca]; the-ta-shoⁿ (thétashoⁿ) - navel [Omaha]; the-ʰta-shoⁿ (thé-ṭa-shoⁿ) - navel, umbilicus [FL-Osage]; ye-ta-shoⁿ (yétashoⁿ) - navel [Kaw]

 

navel, belly below the navel

► ta-iⁿ (ttaį́) - belly below navel, above o-zi-zi (ozízi) - belly, pubic region of abdomen

► ta-iⁿ (ttaį́) - belly, stomach [MS]

 

near, bend or lean near the ground

► a-da-bda (ádabda) - bend near the ground, lean near the ground but not touching it, as tree branches

 

near, by

► koⁿ-ha (kkǫ́ha) - near

► koⁿ-ha (kkǫ́ha), kaⁿ-ha (kką́ha) - near, by

► ex: iⁿ koⁿ-ha (į kkǫha) - near the stone

► Dhegiha: ʰkoⁿ-ha (ḳóⁿ-ha) - near to us [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-ha-ha kshe (ḳóⁿ-ha-ha kshe) - the vicinity, neighborhood, surroundings [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-ha (kóⁿha) - selvedge, edge, border [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-ha (koⁿ-ha) - rim, edge [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-ha (ḳóⁿ-ha) - the edge, margin, selvage, welt, of certain goods [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-ha (ʰkǫ́ha) - edge [CQ-Osage]

 

near, close

► a-shka (ašká) - near, close

► a-shka (áška) - near [JOD]

► ex: a-shka hi (ašká hi) - very close [JOD]

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD]

► ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą, iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ni shi-a-pʰe a-shka ki, i-ya-we (ettítʰą ni šiápʰe áška kí, iyáwe) - thence-water-shore-near-reached there again-they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke kʰe a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké kʰe áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► ex: e o-do-ha-ke ni a-shka ki taⁿ pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe ki-ki-knaⁿ (é odóhake ní áška kí tą ppahí nįkʰé kíkikną́) - that-last one-water-near-reached here again-when-head-the (part)-she put down her own for him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-shka (áshka) - near, close by [Omaha/Ponca]; a-shka (á-shka) - near, close by, short distance [FL-Osage]; a-shka (áška) - nearby, close, a short distance away [CQ-Osage]; a-shka (áshka) - near, something nearby; close, close at hand [Kaw]

 

► o-shka (óška) - near [OM]

 

nearby

► ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; nearby

► cf. ho-wa (hówa) - where, who, which; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; far away; ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰettí) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD]; ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is/are the (class) object; ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose; ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd [JOD]; ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► Dhegiha: ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X- shaped object? [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-gi-ʰtoⁿ (hó-wa-gi ṭoⁿ) - from where [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-gi-ʰtoⁿ-tse (hó-wa-iⁿ-gí-ṭoⁿ-tse) - from what source, what direction [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-iⁿ-ge (hó-wa-iⁿ-ge) - where; in what place [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-iⁿ-ki (howáįki), ho-wa-iⁿ-ki-tse (hówaįkice), ho-wa-i-ke (howáike), ho-wa-i (hówai) - where, wherein, where at, where to; be where; wherever, be wherever [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-yiⁿ-ge-ji (hówayiⁿgeji) - in, by, or near what place or object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-ge (hó-wa-ge), hu-wa-ge (hú-wa-ge) - where [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-ge (hówage) - where are the scattered objects; where are the different places [Kaw]; ho-wa-ge-ji (hówagèji) - where, to what place; at what place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-the (hó-wa-the) - where; which one [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-the-shki (howaðéeshki) - whichever one (animate), whatever one (person or animate being); anybody; everybody; whoever [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-ye (hówaye) - where is the moving animate object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-tsʰe-shki (howacʰéeški) - whichever one (inanimate), whatever (thing), anything, everything [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-che (hówache) - which; where is the standing inanimate object; where is the pile or collection of object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-thiⁿ-ke (hó-wa-thiⁿ-ke) - which one (sitting) [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-iⁿ-kshe (hówaįkše) - which one (round, sitting) [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-yiⁿ-khe (hówayiⁿkhè) - where is the animate object; where is the one who; where is the sitting one; where is the wider-than-tall inanimate object [Kaw]

 

nearby, that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

► to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that sg/si/an nearby object on this side of a place

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the sg/si/an or in; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that sg/mv/an object that arrived on this side; to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that sg/st/an object on this side of a place he has reached

 

nearer, that singular/moving/animate object on this side or the nearer of two objects

► to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį) - that sg/mv/an object on this side or the nearer of two objects

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; niⁿ (nį) - the sg/mv/an; to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those du/st or cl/in objects on this side; to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those pl/st/an objects on this side; to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that sg/ly/in object on this side; to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those pl/si or lying objects on this side; to-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (tówanįkʰé) - that sg/si object on this side; to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those pl/mv/an objects on this side; to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that sg/st or cl/in object on this side

 

nearly dawn

► haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke-te (hą́ba hą́kette) - nearly dawn

► haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke-te (hą́pa hą́kette) - nearly day

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost

 

nearly day

► haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke (hą́pa hą́ke) - nearly day [JOD]

► haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke-te (hą́pa hą́kette) - nearly day

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost

► ex: e haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke hi (é hą́pa hą́ke hí) - that-day-nearly-very [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke taⁿ a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (kóišǫ́ttą éką nį hąp͓á hąke tą́ atéže tią́ áttaha) - so then it was almost day when I had a strong urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ o-do-tʰe kde (kóišǫ́ttą hą́p͓a hąké hi tą ódotʰe kdé) - then when it was almost day the maneater started homeward [JOD]

 

nearly night, almost dark

► pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it’s almost dark [MS]

► pa-ze de haⁿ-ke (ppáze dé hąké) - dark-became-almost [JOD]

► pa-zi de haⁿ-ke (ppázi dé hąké) - nearly night

► cf. pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; pa-ze-de (ppazéde) - evening; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost; a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze (páze) - evening, dusk, time between afternoon and night [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-ze (páçe) - evening [Omaha]; pa-ze (pá-çe) - evening, close of the day [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ze (ʰpáze) - evening, in the evening time, not quite dark yet, night [CQ-Osage]; pa-ze (páze) - evening, late fternoon [Kaw]

 

nearly noon

► miⁿ haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke (mį́ hą́bahąké) - nearly noon

 

nearly, almost

► haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost

► haⁿ-ke (hąké) - almost, nearly [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti ki, i-ya-we, wax’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti ki, i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí, iyáwe, waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí, iyáwe) - they say, he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-ba i-haⁿ-ke (hǫba ihąke) - morning, forenoon

► ex: hoⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke-ta (hǫba hąkéttą) - in or during forenoon

 

nearly, come near doing something

► aⁿ-ni … ni-hi (ą́ni ... nihí) - nearly, come near doing something, verb falls between

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-thiⁿ (áⁿ-¢iⁿ) - almost, nearly [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-thiⁿ-oⁿ (oⁿthiⁿoⁿ) - almost [Omaha]; hoⁿ-ni (hóⁿ-ni) - nearly, almost [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-ni (hǫ́ni), ho-ni (hóni) - almost, nearly, can be used to express “fail to” [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-niⁿ-daⁿ … niⁿ-e (háⁿniⁿdáⁿ … níⁿ e), haⁿ-ni-daⁿ … ni (háⁿnidáⁿ … ní) - almost, to nearly do X (unintentionally); expresses the idea that something that might have occurred by accident did not happen [Kaw]

 

nearsighted, be nearsighted

► i-shta we-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéde daknį́ži) - be nearsighted ► i-shta we-a-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéade daknį́ži) - I, i-shta we-da-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wédade daknį́ži) - you

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; we-de (wéde) - to see, find, or discover them, from i-de (íde) - see, find; da-kniⁿ-zhi (daknį́ži) - not good, not well; wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased; ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį), ki-da-kni (kidákni) - happy, pleased, to like

► Dhegiha: i-shta (ishtá) - eye [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta (iⁿshta) - eyes [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta (iⁿ-shtá) - eye, eyes [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta (įįštá), i-shta (iištá) - eye [CQ-Osage]; i-shta (ishtá) - the eye, pair of eyes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-the (wé-¢ĕ) - to find them (the an. objects for which they have been hunting); to find, as the horses which he had lost; to discover or detect, as the approach or presence of enemies [JOD-Omaha]; we-the (wéthe) - find, detect, discover; to find, detect, or discover a plural object [Omaha/Ponca]; we-the (wé-the) - to see, find, or discover [FL-Osage]; we-ye (wéye) - to see, find, or discover them (plural animate objects) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ-a-zhi (thágthiⁿázhi) - not well made; clumsily or badly done [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ a-zhi (thá-gthiⁿ a-zhi) - not good [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ-zhi (ðáalįži) - not good [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (¢á-g¢iⁿ) - good, this is the Ponka notation of the Osage, tha-gthiⁿ (¢ak͓¢iⁿ), and the Kansas, ya-liⁿ (yaliⁿ), used chiefly in personal names [JOD-Omaha]; tha-gthiⁿ (thágthiⁿ) - good, used primarily in Ponca names [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, peaceful and beautiful, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid  [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį), tha-ʰliⁿ (ðáaʰlį) - good, be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good or well-behaved person, or good food; good, pleasant, to be good [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (jǐ), a-zhi (a-jǐ) - negation, not [JOD-Omaha]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

 

neat

► wa-si-taⁿ-hi (wasíttąhi) - neat ► aⁿ-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (ąwásittą́hi) - I, di-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (diwásittą́hi) - you

► cf. di-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (diwásittąhí) - pluck clean, e.g. of feathers

► Dhegiha: wa-si-hi (wa-çí-hi) - neat, tidy, clean in character, without reproach, free from blame [FL-Osage]; wa-su-hu (wasúhu) - clean, clear, cleanly, clearly [CQ-Osage]; wa-su-hu (wasúhu) - be clean, neat, tidy, above reproach [Kaw]

 

Nebraska

► ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Nebraska, “flat water” [OM]

► ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Platte river, NE

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; bda-ska (bdáska) - flat

► Dhegiha: ni-btha-ska (ni-b¢á-ska) - “flat water”; the Platte River, Neb., hence the name of the state, Nebraska [JOD-Omaha]; ni-btha-ska (ni-bthá-çka) - flat river, Platte River, Nebraska [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni (ní) - water [Omaha/Ponca]; ni (ni) - water, liquid, river [Omaha]; ni (ni) - water, river, rivulet, creek [FL-Osage]; ni (níi) - water, any fluid, liquid [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - water, river, any liquid [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bda-ska (bdáska) - flat [RR-Quapaw]; btha-ska (btháska) - flat [Omaha/Ponca]; btha-ska (bthá-çka) - flatten [FL-Osage]; bra-ska (bráaska) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-ska (bláska) - flat, as the edges, not the surfaces, of something [Kaw]

 

neck

► ta-i-ta (ttáittá) - neck

► cf. ta-i-ta-kde (ttáittákde) - spinal prominence, vertebra near the nape of a horse’s neck

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i-a-ta (taiáta) - at back of head; at or near the back of the head [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i (tái) - back of head, back of the head, from the parting of the hair on the crown to the neck [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-i (taí) - back of the head [Omaha]; ʰta-hiu (ṭá-hiu) - the neck, the nape of the neck; back of the neck [FL-Osage]; ʰta-hu (ʰtáhu) - neck [CQ-Osage]; ta-hu (táhu) - neck [Kaw]

 

neck, wear around the neck

► naⁿ-’iⁿ (nąʔį́) - wear around the neck ► a-naⁿ-’iⁿ (aną́ʔį) - I, da-naⁿ-’iⁿ (daną́ʔį) - you

► ex: wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace, necktie, nekerchief

► ex: wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ a-ba-tʰe (waną́ʔį abátʰe) - necklace made of beadwork that is sewed on

► ex: ma-ze-ska ka-sta wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (mazéska kásta waną́ʔį) - silver breast ornament (gorget), from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

► ex: wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads

► ex: wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ si-zhi-ka (waną́ʔį sížiká) - small beads

► ex: to-te wa-na-’iⁿ (tótte waną́ʔį) - necklace

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka sha-ke to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka šáke tótte waną́ʔį) - birds’ claw necklace

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-p’iⁿ (náⁿp’iⁿ) - to wear on the neck [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (nóⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - to wear around the neck, as a necklace [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-p’iⁿ (nǫpʔį) - wear around the neck [CQ-Osage]

 

necklace made of beadwork that is sewed on

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ a-ba-tʰe (waną́ʔį abátʰe) - necklace made of beadwork that is sewed on

► cf. wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads, necklace, necktie, neckerchief, something worn around the neck; a (a) - on, upon; ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, a general word used for all ornaments [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-tʰe (ba-tʰé) - sew, to sew [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-tse (ba-tsé) - to sew [FL-Osage]; pa-tsʰe (paacʰé) - sew [CQ-Osage]; ba-che (baché) - sew [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-tʰe (ábatʰe) - to sew on [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-che (ábache) - sew something on [Kaw]

 

necklace, bird’s beak necklace

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill to-te (tótte) - throat; wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace, necktie, neckerchief, beads

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga pa (wa-zhíⁿgapa) - beak, bill [Kaw]

 

necklace, birds’ claw necklace

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka sha-ke to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka šáke tótte waną́ʔį) - birds’ claw necklace

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; sha-ke (šáke) - claw, talon, hoof; to-te (tótte) - throat; wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace, necktie, neckerchief, beads

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga sha-ge (wa-zhiⁿ-ga sha-ge) - bird claws, talons, as of the eagle [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: sha-ge (shage) - hoof, talon, claws, fingernails [Omaha]; sha-ge (shá-ge) - hands, paws, claws, talons [FL-Osage]; sha-ke (šáake) - hand, claw [CQ-Osage]; sha-ge (sháge) - claws, finger [Kaw]

 

necklace, necktie, neckerchief

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace, necktie, neckerchief

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace [MS]

► wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wŭ nŭ ī) - medicine necklace, this is worn in the “mescal” (peyote) ceremony, it bears an arrowhead charm maⁿ-hiⁿ si (máⁿ hī si) representing Flint-Fire, panther (grizzly) claw maⁿ-tʰo (mú tó) representing the panther that shows the way to the spirit world, and a medicine root ma-kaⁿ (mú kuⁿ) “to make everything all right in the lodge,” any of these may be “talked to” by people under the influence of “mescal” by holding the charm in the hand, this speciman was very hard to get, from Solomon Quapaw [MH]

► cf. wa-naⁿ-’íⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads, “something worn around the neck”; naⁿ-’iⁿ (nąʔį́) - wear around the neck

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, a general word used for all ornaments [Kaw]

 

► to-te wa-na-’iⁿ (tótte waną́ʔį) - necklace

► cf. to-te (tótte) - throat; wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka sha-ke to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka šáke tótte waną́ʔį) - birds’ claw necklace

► Dhegiha: nu-de (nude) - throat; front part of the neck, including the trachea [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de (nude) - throat [Omaha]; do-dse (dó-dse) - throat, gullet [FL-Osage]; to-tse (tóoce) - throat, gullet [CQ-Osage]; do-je (dóje), to-je (tóje) - throat; Adam’s apple [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, a general word used for all ornaments [Kaw]

 

necklace, silver breast ornament/gorget

► ma-ze-ska ka-sta wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (mazéska kásta waną́ʔį) - silver breast ornament (gorget), from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

► cf. ma-ze-ska (mazéska) - silver, money, “white metal”; ka-sta (kastá) - strike, fall on; ma-ze we-ka-sta (mazé wékastá) - hammer; wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - beads, necklace, necktie, neckerchief, something worn around the neck

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze-ska wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (moⁿçe çka wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - medal [Omaha]; moⁿ-ze-ska wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (móⁿ-çe-çka wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ) - silver medal; peace medal [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze-ska wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (mą́ze wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace of iron or other metal, iron necklace (personal name) [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ-ze wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (máⁿze wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - friendship medal, lit., “metal necklace”, a silver medal, such as are given to Indians by the U.S. [Kaw]

 

needle

► wa-hi-ka zhi-ka (wahíkka žíka) - needle

► cf. wa-hi-ka (wahíkka) - awl; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; wa-hi (wahí) - bone; wa-hi-ka zhi-ka ta-sha-knaⁿ (wahíkka žíka tášakną́) - small pin [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-hiu-ʰka (wa-hiú-ḳa) - an awl [FL-Osage]; wa-hu-ʰka (wahúʰka) - fork [CQ-Osage]; wa-hu-ka (wahúka) - awl of any sort [Kaw]

 

needle, to thread a needle

► wa-hi-ka zhi-ka o-da-ze (wahíkka žíka odáze) - to thread a needle

► cf. wa-hi-ka zhi-ka (wahíkka žíka) - needle; o-da-ze (odáze) - to thread a needle

 

► o-da-ze (odáze) - to thread a needle ► o-bda-ze (obdáze) - I, o-ta-ze (ottáze) - you, oⁿ-ko-da-za-we (ǫkódazawe) - we

► Dhegiha: o-ya-ze (oyáze) - push through, thread a needle; to push, as a ring on the finger or as a stick into a ring [Kaw]

 

negative

► zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ko-ka-zhi (kkokkáži) - weak, feeble; ko-ke (kkókke) - health, strength, healthy, be physically + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da (ną́tte šǫ́dada) - unsteady heart, insecure heart + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ta-ti-oⁿ-ha-zhi (ttáttiǫ́haži) - windless, a calm; ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone  + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, ill behaved; wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-di-xa-zhi (wádiγáži) - unmarried woman, virgin; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (wanáxʔǫží) - to be deaf; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: shi-ka-zhi (šikáži) - she/he is not bad; shi-ke (šíke) - bad  + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ zhi (winaxʔǫ́ ži) - I didn’t hear you [MS]; wi (wi) - I to you; first person singular acting on second person + na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (jǐ), a-zhi (a-jǐ) - negation, not [JOD-Omaha]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

 

negro, African American

► i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit. “dark whiteman”

► i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - African American, negro [MS, MR]

► i-sta-ge sha (istáge šá) - African American, negro [OM]

► cf. i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - frenchman, whiteman; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxį), i-shta-xiⁿ (iištáxį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, lit., ‘light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes’; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe), i-shta-ghe (ishtághe) - white man, a Frenchman, probably so called on account of having eyebrows; subsequently, any white man [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sha-be (shábe) - dark [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-be (shabe) - dark [Omaha]; sha-be (shá-be) - dark in color [FL-Osage]; sha-pe (šápe) - dark in color, shaded, darkened [CQ-Osage]; sha-be (shábe) - dark, shadowy, distant black, brown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ʰka sa-be (ni-ḳá ça-be) - negro, “black man” [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka sa-pe (níʰka sápe) - black person, African American [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka sa-be (níka sàbe) - black man, negro male [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-xe sa-be (wá-qe sá-bĕ) - a black man or negro [JOD-Omaha]; wa-xe sa-be (wáqe sábe) - Black person, African-Anerican [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xe sa-be (waxe çábe) - black man, African [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-ka-sa (mįʰkása) - black person; slang, a corruption, blending ‘blackened by the sun’ with ‘racoon’; influenced by English derogatory expression coon [CQ-Osage]; mi-a-sa (miása), miⁿ-a-sa (mįįása), miⁿ-a-sa-i (mį́įasai) - black person, lit., ‘sun-blackened’ [CQ-Osage]; sa-e-zhiⁿ (sáežį), sa-i-zhiⁿ (sáižį) - little black person [CQ-Osage]

 

nephew

► i-taⁿ-shka (ittą́ška), i-toⁿ-shka (ittǫ́ška), e-taⁿ-shka (ettą́ška) - nephew, son of woman’s brother or man’s sister ► wi-taⁿ-shka (wittą́ška) - my, di-taⁿ-shka (dittą́ška) - your

► Dhegiha: i-taⁿ-shka (i-t͓aⁿ-cka) - his sister’s son, his father’s sister’s son [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-tu-shka (i-t͓ú-cka) - her brother’s son, including father’s brother’s son’s son, her mother’s sister’s son’s son, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsu-shka (i-ṭsú-shka) - nephew, son of a sister or father’s sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtso-shka (iʰcóška) - his wife’s brother’s son, his sister’s son, her brother’s son (more precise than English ‘his/her nephew’; his/her father’s sister’s son (his/her paternal aunt’s son; more precise than English ‘his/her cousin’ [CQ-Osage]; i-tso-shka (icóshka) - nephew, man’s sister’s son [Kaw]

 

► i-taⁿ-shka-de (ittą́škade), i-toⁿ-shka-de (ittǫ́škade) - to have as a nephew or cousin ► i-taⁿ-shka-a-de (ittą́škaade) - I, i-taⁿ-shka-da-de (ittą́škadade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-taⁿ-shka-the (i-t͓áⁿ-cka-¢ĕ) - to have one for an it͓aⁿcka [JOD-Omaha]

 

► i-zhiⁿ-ke (ižį́ke), e-zhiⁿ-ke (ežį́ke) - someone’s son, his/her son ► wi-zhiⁿ-ke (wižį́ke) - my, di-zhiⁿ-ke (dižį́ke) - your

► ex: wi-zhiⁿ-ke (wižį́ke) - my elder brother’s son (male speaking) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-zhiⁿ-ge (izhíⁿge) - son [Omaha]; i-zhiⁿ-ge (i-jíñ-ge) - his or her son [JOD-Omaha]; i-zhiⁿ-ge (i-zhíⁿ-ge) - his or her son [FL-Osage]; i-zhiⁿ-ke (ižį́ke) - his/her son (any son); his brother’s son, her sister’s son (more precise than English ‘his nephew’ or ‘her nephew’ [CQ-Osage]; i-zhiⁿ-ge (izhíⁿge) - his or her son [Kaw]

 

nest

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka o-zhi-ha (wažį́ka ožíha) - bird’s nest

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder; shi o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus; ta shi o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha) - doe’s womb

► Dhegiha: u-zhi-ha (úzhiha) - bag, sack [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi-ha (úzhi ha) - bag, gunny sack, burlap bag [Omaha]; u-zhu-ha (ú-zhu-ha), o-zho-ha (ó-zho-ha) - a sack or bag [FL-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (óožuhaa) - bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather, literally, skin into which to put stuff [CQ-Osage]

 

net, fish net

► ho we-ki-xe (ho wékixe) - fish net

► cf. ho (ho) - fish; o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - go around something at a distance; going all around in a circle; to circumambulate at a distance, they walked all around in a large circle

► Dhegiha: a-gi-xe (á-gi-xe) - all around a place [FL-Osage]; a-thi-gi-xe (á-thi-gi-xe) - a circle [FL-Osage]; a-ki-xe (ákiɣe) - move around, be all around, encircle a place or a person (especially in an annoying way); be around, especially in a bothersome way; pass by, circle around (as in a tipi meeting: ‘go clear around’, avoiding the center), go table-hopping, table-hop, hang around, be around close, be arrayed around, as when making a path around, skirting the edhe (such as cows around a pond; around (e.g., the edge of a pond), skirting the edge of something [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-ghe (ágighe) - all around, a roll of something [Kaw]; o-gi-ghe (ógighe) - surround something [Kaw]; yu-gi-ghe (yugíghe) - tie something up by tying all around the object [Kaw]; ba-gi-ghe (bágighe) - cut around with a knife [Kaw]

 

never

► e-ka-naⁿ-ta-zhi (eką́nąttáži) - never

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; naⁿ-te (ną́tte) - perhaps, maybe; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ thoⁿ-ʰta-zhi (é-goⁿ thoⁿ-ṭa zhi) - impossible, futile, done in vain, of no avail, useless [FL-Osage]; e-goⁿ thoⁿ-ʰtse (é-goⁿ thoⁿ-ṭse) - possible [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ʰta-zhi (thóⁿ-ṭa zhi) - impossible, not possible [FL-Osage]; thaⁿ-tsʰa-zhi (ðąącʰáži) - improbably, against all odds, impossible, unable [CQ-Osage]

 

never, always, ever

► shoⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de (šǫžǫ́kide), shoⁿ-zho-ki-de (šǫžókide) - always, ever, never

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, unceasing, enduring [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿ-shoⁿ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-e (shóⁿ-shoⁿ-e) - forever, always, without stopping [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-we (šǫ́šǫwe) - always, forever, during that time, refers to something going on and on through time, uninterruptedly [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, continually [Kaw]

 

new

► te-ka (ttéka) - new

► ex: di-te-ka (dittéka) - repair, renew

► ex: mi-aⁿ-pa te-ka (mią́pa ttéka) - new moon

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - New Year’s Day

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓ega) - new [Omaha/Ponca]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew, right now, just now [Kaw]

 

New Hawk Female

► kde-taⁿ mi te-ka (ktçe-t͓ŭⁿ́ mi té-k͓a), (ktqetăⁿ́ mi ték͓a) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; New Hawk Female

► cf. kde-taⁿ (kdetą́) - hawk; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; te-ka (ttéka) - new

► Dhegiha: le-daⁿ mi tse-ga (ledáⁿ mi céga) - female name, New Hawk Female [Kaw]

 

new moon

► mi-aⁿpa te-ka (mią́pa ttéka) - new moon

► cf. mi-aⁿ-pa (mią́pa), mi-oⁿ-pa (miǫ́pa), mi-aⁿ-ba (mią́ba) - moon; te-ka (ttéka) - new; o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - New Year's Day dittéka) - repair, renew; bi-te-ka (bitteka) - shine, polish rubbing

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓ega) - new [Omaha/Ponca]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew, right now, just now [Kaw]

 

New Orleans

► a-ka-hi-da (akahidah) - New Orleans (Nouvelle Orléans) [GI]

► cf: a-ka-hi-da (ákahída) - downstream, downwind, with the wind or current; a-ka-hi-da o-ka-xde (ákahída okáxde) - facing downstream, with his back to the wind; a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”; a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - south [MS]

► Dhegiha: a’a (á’a) - south wind, an archaic word still retained in names [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰk’a (á-ḳ’a) - south; the south wind [FL-Osage]; a-ʰk’a-dsi (á-ḳ’a-dsi) - archaic name for south [FL-Osage]; ʰta-dse a-k’a tse (ṭá-dse a-k’a tse) - south wind [FL-Osage]; a-ʰk’a-hiu-e (á-ḳ’a-hiu-e) - wind is from the south [FL-Osage]; a-k’a-hu-e (ákʔahúe) - south wind [CQ-Osage]; a-k’a (ák’a) - south, south wind; deity of the south wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]; a-k’a zhiⁿ-ga (ák’a zhíⁿga), a-k’a-hiⁿ-ga (ák’ahiⁿga) - west, west wind; deity of the west wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]; a-k’o-ye (ák’oye) - west wind [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hí-¢ĕ) - to cause him, her, or it to reach there (not his home) [Omaha]; hi-the (hi-thé), hiu-the (hiu-the) - to have gone; to have departed; to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hiu-the (hiú-the) - coming; to cause to come [FL-Osage]; hu-the (húðe) - cause to come here, send here; hand over, hand to, pass to by hand or other means (e.g., food at the table); come here [CQ-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there (lit., ‘cause to arrive there’) [CQ-Osage]; hu-ye (húye) - relating to weather: blowing, precipitating [Kaw]; hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone (somewhere) [Kaw]; i-ye (iyé), hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone to a particular place; to have set, as the sun [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-de (hidé) - base, bottom, root; lowest part; root of a tree; lowest part of a stream, near the mouth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi-de (hide) - low, base [Omaha]; hiu-dse (hiú-dse) - down, below [FL-Osage]; hu-tse (húuce) - down, downward [CQ-Osage]; hu-je (hujé) - bottom, lower part of something; lower course of a stream just above its mouth [Kaw]

 

New Year’s Day

► o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - New Year’s Day (New Year)

► cf: o-ma-ni-ka (ománikka) - year; te-ka (ttéka) - new; o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year; o-ma-ni-ka kde-bdaⁿ-hi (ománikka kdébdąhí) - century, a hundred years

► Dhegiha: o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka ʰtse-ka (omą́įʰka ʰcéka) - new year, January [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (u-máⁿ-¢iñ-ka) - a season, a year [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (umoⁿ thiⁿka), u-mai-ka (umaika) - year [Omaha]; u-moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (u-móⁿ-iⁿ-ḳa) - year [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-iⁿ-ka (omą́įʰka) - year [CQ-Osage]; o-maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (omáⁿyiⁿka) - year [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓ega) - new [Omaha/Ponca]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew, right now, just now [Kaw]

 

news, to tell the news

► o-da-ke (odáke) - to tell news [JOD]

► o-da-ke (odáke) - tell about something ► o-bda-ke (obdáke) - I, o-ta-ke (ottáke) - you

► cf. o-ki-da-ke (okídake) - tell it to one or someone; o-da (odá) - tell something; o-ki-da (okída) - tell something to another

► ex: o-da-ke (odáke) - to tell news [JOD]

► ex: “hau ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ i-ya (“hau maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé,” íkeyáwe nį́ iyá) - “ho, the rabbit says that he has come to tell us news,” they (black bears) said to one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke (ówikibdáke) -  I tell you news [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, a-tʰi, o-wi-ki-bda-ke a-tʰi, i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hǫ atʰí ówikibdáke atʰí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - yes, I have come, I have come to tell you the news, the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe (ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé) - I tell you (plural) news-will (plural)-I who sit [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all the news” it is said (they say)

► Dhegiha: o-tha-ge (o-thá-ge), u-tha-ge (u-thá-ge) - to tell, recite, relate, narrate; to tell a tale or  story, to make a statement [FL-Osage]; u-tha-ge (ú-tha-ge) - a story, narrative, a legend, tradition; story or news [FL-Osage]; o-tha-ke (oðáake) - tell (e.g., news, stories), relate, narrate, recite, state, proclaim, inform, say so; o-tha-ke (óðaake) - tell things, inform; story, tale, legend, narrative, telling of something, reporting of news [CQ-Osage]; o-ya-ge (oyáge) - tell someone; promise [Kaw]; o-ya-ge (óyage) - tell something to someone [Kaw]

 

newspaper

► o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-zo-zo (ónaxʔǫ íkazózo) - newspaper, lit. “paper that hears”

► cf: o-na-x’oⁿ (ónaxʔǫ) - hear about something, hear a report; i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph; o-na-x’oⁿ-de (onáxʔǫde) - tell, lit. “cause to hear something”

► Dhegiha: u-na-’aⁿ (uná’aⁿ) - to hear about it [JOD-Omaha]; u-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ (u-nóⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ) - a rumor, a report, hearsay [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-k’oⁿ (ónąkʔǫ) - rumor, hear a rumor, have foreknowledge of an event, something heard about [CQ-Osage]

 

next

► o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next

► ex: de o-ba-tʰaⁿ (dé obátʰą) - this next one [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska o-pa-taⁿ (nąpé ózoskąská opáttą) - third finger, ring finger, “next to the middle finger”

► ex: si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► ex: si-po-za zhi-ka o-ba-taⁿ (sippóza žíka obáttą) - fourth toe, “next to the little toe”

► ex: hi o-ta-ho-kde o-ba-taⁿ (hí ottahokdé obáttą) - bicuspid teeth, “next to the canine teeth”

► Dhegiha: u-wa-taⁿ (u-wá-taⁿ) - the next [JOD-Omaha]; u-wa-tʰoⁿ (uwátʰoⁿ) - next [Omaha/Ponca]; u-wa-ʰtoⁿ (u-wá-ṭoⁿ) - next in order or line; the next time, place or rank [FL-Osage]; o-txaⁿ (otxą́), o-kxaⁿ (okxą́) - next, following, the following one [CQ-Osage]; o-wa-khaⁿ (owákhaⁿ) - next of kin [Kaw]

 

next morning

► a-ka-sa-ni (ákasáni) - the next morning [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ o-zha da-wi (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža ákasáni tą óža dáwi) - and then the next morning they went to the dance [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ e-ti hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i niⁿ-kʰe-ta hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą étti hǫp͓é kidíštotá-i nįkʰétta hǫ́p͓é nįkʰé ánį žą́dittą́da žiká oknį áttą tʰíwe) - then-there-the next morning-when-there-shoe-they pulled off from her-to the st. one-shoe-the part-having it-when-wagon-small-sat in-and-they came [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ a-ka-sa-ni ta-bde de (šiną́ ákasáni tábde dé) - again, the next morning he went hunting [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (gaçoⁿ thiⁿ) - tomorrow [Omaha]; ga-sa-ni (gasáni) - to morrow [JOD-Omaha]; e-ga-sa-ni (égasáni) - the morrow [JOD-Omaha]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ), ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (ga-çóⁿ thiⁿ) - the morrow, dawn of another day, next day [FL-Osage]; ga-so-iⁿ-xtsi (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ-xtsi) - early morning, dawn [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ (kaasį́), ka-siⁿ-e (kaasį́e), ka-siⁿ-ta (kaasį́ta), ka-siⁿ-taⁿ (kaasį́tą) - tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ka-siⁿ-e-xtsi (kaasį́excí), ka-siⁿ-e-x-tsiⁿ (kaasį́excį́), ka-siⁿ-xtsi (kaasį́xci) - in the early morning, morning, this morning [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ (gasíⁿ) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-si-daⁿ (gasídaⁿ), ga-si-da (gasída) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-siⁿ-xtsi (gasíⁿxci), ga-si-xtsi (gasíxci) - morning, in the morning [Kaw]

 

► e-ka-sa-ni (ékasáni) - next morning

► e-ka-sa-ni-taⁿ (ékasánittą) - next morning

► Dhegiha: ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (gaçoⁿ thiⁿ) - tomorrow [Omaha]; ga-sa-ni (gasáni) - to morrow [JOD-Omaha]; e-ga-sa-ni (égasáni) - the morrow [JOD-Omaha]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ), ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (ga-çóⁿ thiⁿ) - the morrow, dawn of another day, next day [FL-Osage]; ga-so-iⁿ-xtsi (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ-xtsi) - early morning, dawn [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ (kaasį́), ka-siⁿ-e (kaasį́e), ka-siⁿ-ta (kaasį́ta), ka-siⁿ-taⁿ (kaasį́tą) - tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ka-siⁿ-e-xtsi (kaasį́excí), ka-siⁿ-e-x-tsiⁿ (kaasį́excį́), ka-siⁿ-xtsi (kaasį́xci) - in the early morning, morning, this morning [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ (gasíⁿ) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-si-daⁿ (gasídaⁿ), ga-si-da (gasída) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-siⁿ-xtsi (gasíⁿxci), ga-si-xtsi (gasíxci) - morning, in the morning [Kaw]

 

► ka-sa-ni-a-ti (kásaniáti) - on the next morning [JOD]

► ka-sa-ni-a-ti (kásaniáti) - morning

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti e zhiⁿ-ka tʰaⁿ a-shi-ti hi, i-ya-we (kásaniáti e žįká tʰą ášitti hí, iyáwe) - the next morning, the little/young one went outside, they said [JOD]

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti shi-naⁿ kdwe, i-ya-we (kásaniáti šíną kdáwe, iyáwe) - then in the morning, again they started for home, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (gaçoⁿ thiⁿ) - tomorrow [Omaha]; ga-sa-ni (gasáni) - to morrow [JOD-Omaha]; e-ga-sa-ni (égasáni) - the morrow [JOD-Omaha]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ), ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (ga-çóⁿ thiⁿ) - the morrow, dawn of another day, next day [FL-Osage]; ga-so-iⁿ-xtsi (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ-xtsi) - early morning, dawn [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ (kaasį́), ka-siⁿ-e (kaasį́e), ka-siⁿ-ta (kaasį́ta), ka-siⁿ-taⁿ (kaasį́tą) - tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ka-siⁿ-e-xtsi (kaasį́excí), ka-siⁿ-e-x-tsiⁿ (kaasį́excį́), ka-siⁿ-xtsi (kaasį́xci) - in the early morning, morning, this morning [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ (gasíⁿ) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-si-daⁿ (gasídaⁿ), ga-si-da (gasída) - tomorrow [Kaw]; ga-siⁿ-xtsi (gasíⁿxci), ga-si-xtsi (gasíxci) - morning, in the morning [Kaw]

 

Nez Perce Indians

► i-na-shpe (ínacpĕ) - Kwapa name for the Nez Percé Indians [JOD]

                ► Dhegiha: pe-ga zuⁿ-de (pega çuⁿde) - Nez Perce Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-de (p̣e-gá-çon-de) - the Nez Percé Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dse (p̣e-gá-çoⁿ-dse), ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dsi (p̣e-ga çoⁿ-dsi) - Crow Tribe, so called by the Osage Indians [FL-Osage]; pe-ga-zaⁿ-je (pegázaⁿje), pe-ga zaⁿ-de (pegázaⁿde) - Nez Perce or Sahaptin tribe or people, lit. “hair in braids over the forehead” [Kaw]

 

nice, good

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good ► aⁿ-ho-taⁿ (ąhóttą) - I’m, di-ho-taⁿ (dihóttą) - you’re

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good [MS, OM]

► ho-toⁿ (hóttǫ) - good [AG]

► ho-toⁿ (hŭckton) - good (bon) [GI]

► ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good [JOD]

► ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-khe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkhé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

► Dhegiha: u-daⁿ (údaⁿ) - good, to be good [Omaha/Ponca]; u-doⁿ (údoⁿ) - good, better, nice [Omaha]; u-daⁿ (ú-daⁿ) - to be good; good [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (thágthiⁿ) - good, used primarily in Ponca names [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ (¢á-g¢iⁿ) - good, this is the Ponka notation of the Osage, tha-gthiⁿ (¢ak͓¢iⁿ), and Kansas, ya-liⁿ (yaliⁿ), used chiefly in personal names [JOD-Omaha]; tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, peaceful and beautiful, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid  [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį), tha-ʰliⁿ (ðáaʰlį) - good, be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good or well-behaved person, or good food [Kaw]; ya-le (yále) - good, pleasant, to be good [Kaw]

 

nickel

► pi-kai-aⁿ (ppikkaíą) - nickel, five cents [MS, OM]

► pi-kai-oⁿ (ppikkaíǫ) - 5 cents [JOD]

► pi-kai-aⁿ (ppikkaíą) - picayune, 5 or 15 cents, depending on the time

► cf. pe-ta-yoⁿ (petáyǫ), (ppetáyǫ) - picayune, 15 cents, approximately 15 cents; ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents [AG]

► Dhegiha: pi-kiu (pikiu) - Picayunne or Nickel Band, named after the French coin; so named because this band was the first to obtain five-cent pieces [Kaw]

 

niece

► i-zhaⁿ-ke (ižą́ke), e-zhaⁿ-ke (ežą́ke) - daughter, someone’s daughter ► wi-zhaⁿ-ke (wižą́ke) - my, di-zhaⁿ-ke (dižą́ke) - your

► Dhegiha: i-zhaⁿ-ge (i-jáñ-ge) - his or her daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-zhuⁿ-ge (izhúⁿge) - daughter [Omaha]; i-zhoⁿ-ge (i-zhóⁿ-ge) - his or her daughter [FL-Osage]; i-zhoⁿ-ke (ižǫ́ke) - his/her daughter; his brother’s daughter, hes sister’s daughter (more precise than English ‘his/her niece’) [CQ-Osage]; i-zhoⁿ-ge (izhóⁿge) - his or her daughter; his brother’s daughter, her sister’s daughter, her father’s sister’s daughter (This represents the range of relatives that would be called i-zhoⁿ-ge (izhóⁿge) 'daughter' under the traditional Kaw kinship system. It is broader than the European system in that it includes the female offspring of one's siblings and of one’s paternal aunts.) [Kaw]

 

► wi-zhaⁿ-ke (wižą́ke) - my daughter

► wi-zhoⁿ-ke (wižǫ́ke) - my daughter [MR]

► wi-zhoⁿ-ke (wižǫ́ke) - my elder brother’s daughter (male speaking) JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-zhaⁿ-ge (wi-jáñ-ge) - my daughter [JOD-Omaha]; wi-zhuⁿ-ge (wizhúⁿge) - my daughter, spoken by mother [Omaha]; wi-zhoⁿ-ke (wižǫ́ke) - my daughter (used when speaker is male or female); my brother’s daughter (used only when speaker is male; more precise than English ‘my niece’); my sister’s daughter (used only when speaker is female; more precise than English ‘my niece’) [CQ-Osage]; wi-zhoⁿ-ge (wizhóⁿge) - my daughter [Kaw]

 

► di-zhaⁿ-ke (dižą́ke) - your daughter

► Dhegiha: thi-zhaⁿ-ge (¢i-jáñ-ge) - your daughter [JOD-Omaha]; thi-zhoⁿ-ke (ðižǫ́ke) - your daughter (used when speaking to a man or woman); your sister’s daughter (used only when speaking to a woman; more precise than English ‘niece’); your brother’s daughter (used only when speaking to a man; more precise than English ‘niece’) [CQ-Osage]; yi-zhoⁿ-ge (yizhóⁿge) - your daughter [Kaw]

 

► i-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ižą́kede), e-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ežąkede) - to have as a daughter ► i-zhaⁿ-ke-a-de (ižą́keade) - I, i-zhaⁿ-ke-da-de (ižą́kedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-zhaⁿ-ge-the (i-jáñ-ge-¢ĕ) - to have her for a daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-zhoⁿ-ge-ye (izhóⁿgeye) - to have as a daughter, to call someone i-zhoⁿ-ge (izhóⁿge) [Kaw]

 

niece, man’s sister’s daughter

► i-ti-zhoⁿ (ittížǫ), e-ti-zhoⁿ (eTížǫ) - niece, a man’s sister’s daughter ► wi-ti-zhoⁿ (wittížǫ) - my, di-ti-zhoⁿ (dittížǫ) - your

► Dhegiha: i-ti-zhaⁿ (i-t͓í-jaⁿ) - his sister’a daughter; his father’s sister’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-ti-zhuⁿ (itízhuⁿ) - niece (speaking in relation to her uncle) [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-zhoⁿ (i-ṭsí-zhoⁿ) - niece, daughter of a sister or a father’s sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-zho (iʰcížo) - his sister’s daughter (more precise than English ‘his niece’), his father’s sister’s daughter (more precise than English ‘his cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-zho (icízho) - his niece, man’s sister’s daughter [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-zhoⁿ (wittížǫ) - my niece, my sister’s daughter

► Dhegiha: wi-ti-zhaⁿ (wit͓íjaⁿ) - my sister’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ti-zhuⁿ (witízhuⁿ) - niece (speaking in relation to her uncle, spoken of by uncle) [Omaha]; wi-tsi-zhoⁿ a (wi-tsí-zhoⁿ a) - my niece [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtsi-zho (wiʰcížo) - my sister’s daughter (used only when speaker is male, more precise than English ‘my niece’), my father’s sister’s daughter (used when speaker is male or female, more precise than English ‘my cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-zho (wicízho) - my niece, man's sister's daughter [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-zhoⁿ (dittížǫ) - your niece, your sister’s daughter

► Dhegiha: thi-ti-zhaⁿ (¢it͓íjaⁿ) - your sister’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; thi-tsi-zho (ðiʰcížo) - your sister’s daughter (used only when speaking to a man, more precise than English ‘niece’), your father’s sister’s daughter (used when speaking to a man or a woman, more precise than English ‘cousin’) [CQ-Osage]; yi-chi-zho (yichízho) - your niece, man’s sister’s daughter [Kaw]

 

► i-ti-zhoⁿ-de (ittížǫde), e-ti-zhoⁿ-de (eTížǫde) - to have as a niece

► Dhegiha: i-ti-zhaⁿ-the (i-t͓í-jaⁿ-¢ĕ) - to have a female for his i-ti-zhaⁿ (it͓ijaⁿ) [JOD-Omaha]; i-tsi-zho-ye (icízhoye) - man to have as a niece, to call someone i-tsi-zho (icízho) [Kaw]

 

niece, woman’s elder brother’s daughter

► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ittóžąke), e-to-zhaⁿ-ke (eTóžąke) - niece, woman’s elder brother’s daughter ► wi-to-zhaⁿ-ke (wittóžąke) - my, di-to-zhaⁿ-ke (dittóžąke) - your

► Dhegiha: i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (i-t͓ú-jañ-ge) - her brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsu-zhoⁿ-ge (i-ṭsú-zhoⁿ-ge) - a niece; her brother’s daughter [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcóžąke), i-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcióžąke) - her brother’s daughter (more precise than English ‘her niece’) [CQ-Osage]; i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (icózhoⁿge) - niece, woman’s brother’s daughter; her niece [Kaw]

 

► wi-to-zhaⁿ-ke (wittóžąke) - my niece, my elder brother’s daughter

► Dhegiha: wi-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (wit͓újañge) - my niece, my brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ke (wiʰcóžąke), wi-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (wiʰcióžąke) - my brother’s daughter (used only when speaker is female; more precise than English ‘my niece’) [CQ-Osage]; wi-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (wicózhoⁿge) - my niece [Kaw]

 

► di-to-zhaⁿ-ke (dittóžąke) - your niece, your elder brother’s daughter

► Dhegiha: thi-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (¢it͓újañge) - your niece, your brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; thi-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ge (ðiʰcóžąke), thi-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (ðiʰcióžąke) - your brother’s daughter (used only when speaking to a woman; more precise than English ‘niece’) [CQ-Osage]; yi-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (yicózhoⁿge) - your niece [Kaw]

 

► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ittóžąkede) - to have as a niece ► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-a-de (ittóžąkeade) - I, i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-da-de (ittóžąkedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge-the (i-t͓ú-jañ-ge-¢ĕ) - to have another female for an i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (it͓ujañge) [JOD-Omaha]; i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge-ye (icózhoⁿgeye) - woman to have someone for a niece, to call someone i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (icózhoⁿge) [Kaw]

 

night

► haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night

► ho (ho) - night [OM]

► cf. haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe, i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že, iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ te-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke a-shi-ti hi, i-ya (hǫ téti maštį́ke ášitti hi, iyá) - when it was night, the rabbit went outside, it is said (they say) [Kaw]

► ex: ho ho-toⁿ (ho hóttǫ) - good night [OM]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [Omaha]; haⁿ (haⁿ) - night [JOD-Omaha]; hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [FL-Osage]; haⁿ (hą́ą) - night, nighttime, during the night, at night, nocturnal [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ (haⁿ) - night [Kaw]

 

night time, at night

► haⁿ-taⁿ (hą́tą) - at night, night time [JOD]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; taⁿ (tą) - when

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-doⁿ (hóⁿdoⁿ) - at night, during the night, by night, nightly [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-doⁿ (hoⁿdoⁿ) - nightfall [Omaha]; hoⁿ-doⁿ (hóⁿ-doⁿ) - during the night [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-taⁿ (hą́ą tą) - when night [CQ-Osage]

 

Night Walker

► haⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ (háⁿ maⁿníⁿniⁿ) - masculine name [JOD-Quapaw]

► haⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ (Hamonmini) - Night Walker, Treaty of St. Louis with the Quapaw (1818)

► haⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ (Hummonene) - Treaty with the Quapaw (1833)

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; niⁿ (nį) - 3sg continuative moving

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ moⁿ-thiⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (hóⁿmoⁿthiⁿzhiⁿga) - Little Night Walk, male name [Omaha]; hoⁿ moⁿ-iⁿ (hóⁿ-moⁿ-iⁿ) - Moves in the Night, personal name [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-maⁿ-thiⁿ (hą́ąmąðį), haⁿ-maⁿ-iⁿ (hą́ąmąį), haⁿ-moⁿ-iⁿ (hąąmǫ́į) - Night Walker (personal name); Hominy (place name); Osage name of Frances Holding’s maternal grandfather, after whom the town of Hominy (Osage County, Oklahoma) was named [CQ-Osage]

 

night, at night, after night

► pa-ze de (ppazé de) - at night [MS]

► pa-ze de (ppáze dé) - after night [JOD]

► pa-ze de (ppazé de) - evening

► cf. pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► ex: pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ, pa-ze de taⁿ naⁿ kniⁿ, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą, ppáze dé tą ną knį́, iyáwe) - then, when it became night she camped, they say [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de taⁿ kniⁿ-wi (ppazé dé tą knį́wi) - after dark they camped [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then-we were coming back (or home)-after night-when-we camped-when(where)-we slept [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it’s almost dark [MS]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke (ppáze dé hąké) - dark-became-almost [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze the (paze the) - this evening [Omaha]; ʰpa-ze the (ʰpáze ðe) - this evening [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze (páze) - evening, dusk, time between afternoon and night [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-ze (páçe) - evening [Omaha]; pa-ze (pá-çe) - evening, close of the day [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ze (ʰpáze) - evening, in the evening time, not quite dark yet, night [CQ-Osage]; pa-ze (páze) - evening, late fternoon [Kaw]

 

night, midnight

► haⁿ skaⁿ-ska (hą́skąska) - midnight

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half, middle

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ kʰoⁿ-ska (hóⁿkʰoⁿska) - midnight [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ skoⁿ-ska (hóⁿ çkoⁿ-çka) - midnight [FL-Osage]; haⁿ o-ʰka-ska (hą́ą oʰkáska) - midnight [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ o-kaⁿ-ska (háⁿ okáⁿska) - midnight [Kaw]

 

night, the whole night

► haⁿ bdo-ka (hą bdoká) - the whole night, all night, the entire night [JOD]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; bdo-ka (bdóka) - whole, entire, circular, round

► ex: haⁿ bdo-ka za-ni hi o-wa-ki-da (hą bdoká zaní hi ówakidá) - all night long, he told it to everyone [JOD]

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

 

night, tonight

► haⁿ-de (hą́de) - tonight

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; de (de) - this

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-the (hoⁿthé) - tonight, this night [Omaha/Ponca]; haⁿ the (hą́ą ðe) - tonight [CQ-Osage]

 

nightfall

► a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall

► cf. pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; pa-ze de (ppazéde) - evening; pa-ze de (ppazéde) - at night [MS]; pa-ze de (ppáze dé) - after dark; a little after dark; it became night [JOD]; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]; pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it’s almost dark [MS]; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► Dhegiha: a-pa-ze (á-p͓a-zĕ) - to become evening on one, to be be knighted [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze (páze) - evening, dusk, time between afternoon and night [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-ze (páçe) - evening [Omaha]; pa-ze (pá-çe) - evening, close of the day [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ze (ʰpáze) - evening, in the evening time, not quite dark yet, night [CQ-Osage]; pa-ze (páze) - evening, late fternoon [Kaw]

 

nighthawk, bullbat

► iⁿ-taⁿ (į́ttą), iⁿ-tʰaⁿ (į́tʰą) - nighthawk, bullbat

► cf. iⁿ-tʰaⁿ (į́tʰą) - owl; iⁿ-tʰaⁿ (į́tʰą) - owl, horned owl [MS]

► Dhegiha: te-u-bi-xoⁿ (téubixoⁿ) - nighthawk [Omaha]; pshoⁿ-shka (pshóⁿ-shka) - a nighthawk [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-shiⁿ-shiⁿ-e (ṭse-shíⁿ-shiⁿ-e) - nighthawk [FL-Osage]; bu-shka (búshka) - nighthawk, bullbat [Kaw]; pe-be-to (pebéto) - bullbat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-chuⁿ suⁿ (iⁿchuⁿ çuⁿ) - snowy owl [Omaha]; iⁿ-tshaⁿ-saⁿ (íⁿ-tcaⁿ-sáⁿ) - snowy owl [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtoⁿ (í-ṭoⁿ) - the horned owl, the horned owl figures in the tribal war rites of the Osage as a symbol [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ (íⁿ-ṭoⁿ) - the snowy owl, white owl [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-thaⁿ (íⁿthaⁿ), iⁿ-khaⁿ (íⁿkhaⁿ), i-khaⁿ (íkhaⁿ) - owl [Kaw]

 

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