Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

nail - nighthawk nine - nuthatch

nine

► shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine

► shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine [MS, MR, AB, FR, OM]

► shoⁿ-ka (schunk-kah) - 9 [GI]

► shoⁿ-ka (šǫ́kka) - nine [FS]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ka (shóⁿka) - nine [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ka (shoⁿka) - nine [Omaha]; shoⁿ-ʰka (shóⁿ-ḳa) - the archaic word for nine [FL-Osage]; shaⁿ-ka (sháⁿka) - nine [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gthe-bthoⁿ ʰtse wiⁿ thiⁿ-ge (gthé-bthoⁿ ṭse wiⁿ thiⁿ-ge) - nine, “ten minus one” [FL-Osage]; le-braⁿ ʰtse wiⁿ-ke (lébrą ʰce wį́įke) - nine [CQ-Osage]

nine times

► hi-shaⁿ-kiⁿ (híšą́kkį́) - nine times

► cf. shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine; hi-noⁿ-xtiⁿ (hínǫxtį) - once, one time; hi-naⁿpa-iⁿ (hínąpą́į) - twice, two times; hi-da-bniⁿ (hídabnį́) - thrice; hi-to-wiⁿ (hítowį́) - four times; hi-sha-piⁿ (híšappį́) - six times; hi-sha-pe-a-kniⁿ (híšappeaknį́) - sixteen times

nines, by nines

► shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - by nines

► cf. shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals; miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - by ones, one each, one apiece; naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece; da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - by threes, 3 apiece; to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours; sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives; sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - by sixes, 6 apiece, at a time; pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens; pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, at a time; kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - by tens, 10 apiece/at a time; da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - by thirteens, 13 apiece; sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - by sixteens, 16 each; pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, at a time; shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - by nineteens, 19 each; kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece; kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - by thirties, 30 each; wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big (is) each, (distributive)

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

nineteen

► shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ (šą́kka áknį) - nineteen, “9 sitting on 10”

► shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ (šą́kka áknį) - nineteen [MS]

► cf. shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ shaⁿ-ka (a-g¢íⁿ-cañ-ka) - “the extra nine,” nineteen [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthiⁿ shoⁿ-ka (agthíⁿshoⁿka) - nineteen, the extra nine [Omaha/Ponca]; a-li shaⁿ-ka (àlisháⁿka) - nineteen [Kaw]

nineteens, by nineteens

► shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - by nineteens, 19 each

► cf. shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ (šą́kka áknį) - nineteen; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals; miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - by ones, one each, one apiece; naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece; da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - by threes, 3 apiece; to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours; sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives; sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - by sixes, 6 apiece, at a time; pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens; pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, at a time; shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - by nines; kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - by tens, 10 apiece/at a time; da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - by thirteens, 13 apiece; sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - by sixteens, 16 each; pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, at a time; kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece; kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - by thirties, 30 each; wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big (is) each, (distributive)

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

ninety

► kde-bdaⁿ shaⁿ-ka (kdébdą šą́kka) - ninety [MS]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka), shoⁿ-ka (šǫ́kka) - nine

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba shoⁿ-kʰa (gthébashóⁿkʰa) - ninety [Omaha/Ponca]; le-blaⁿ shaⁿ-ka (léblaⁿ sháⁿka) - ninety [Kaw]

ninth

► i-shaⁿ-ka (íšąkká) - ninth

► cf. i (í) - ordinal numeral marker + shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine; i-da-bniⁿ (ídabnį́) - third, ordinal numeral; i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral; i-sa-taⁿ (ísattą) - fifth, ordinal numeral; i-sha-pe (íšappe) - sixth; i-pe-naⁿ-pa (íppeną́pa) - seventh; i-pe-da-bniⁿ (íppedábnį) - eighth; i-kde-bdaⁿ (íkdebdą́) - tenth; i-kde-bdaⁿ-naⁿ-pa (íkdebdąną́pa) - twentieth

► Dhegiha: we-shoⁿ-kʰa (wéshoⁿkʰa) - ninth, the ninth one [Omaha/Ponca]; we-shoⁿ-ka (wéshoⁿka) - ninth [Omaha]; we-shaⁿ-ka (wésháⁿka) - ninth [Kaw]

nip, bite along the edge

► da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip ► bda-zi-pa (bdázippa) - I, ta-zi-pa (ttázippa) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge; bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit/lie on the edge, to perch; di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold, grasp edge of one's own; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something

nipple

► ma-ze-pa (mazéppa) - nipple of the breast

► cf. ma-ze (mazé) - breast; pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze-pa (moⁿçepa) - woman’s nipple; nipple on a bottle [Omaha]; ba-ze-ʰpa (ba-çé-p̣a) - nipple, teat [FL-Osage]

► ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples

► cf. ma-ze (mazé) - breast; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak; pa-pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose

► ex: ma-ze pa-si niⁿ-kʰe (mazé ppasí nįkʰé) - the nipples

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tongue-tip, tree-top, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (p̣a-çí) - point, a peak, the top of a pole, the top of a tree [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object, “like the point of a pencil [Kaw]

no

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ži), (hǫží) - no

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ži) - no [MS, AG, OM]

► hoⁿ-zhi (hongi) - no or nothing (non ou rien) [GI]

► hoⁿ-zhi (hǫží) - not so [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ka-zhi (añ́kajǐ) - no [JOD-Omaha]; uⁿ-ka-zhi (uⁿkazhi) - no, never [Omaha]; hoⁿ-ʰka-zhi (hóⁿ-ḳa-zhi), oⁿ-ʰka-zhi (óⁿ-ḳa-zhi) - no, not so, not [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ka-zhi (hą́ąʰkaži) - no [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ka-zhi (háⁿkazhi) - no, used by both male and female [Kaw]

► hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi (hǫ́ąží) - no [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (hǫ́ąží ihĕ ąmą́) - I usually say no [JOD]

no matter what

► koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding; koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so, or in that case [JOD]; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫttą) - that way, in, therefore

nobody

► be-a-zhi (béaži) - nobody

► cf. be (be) - who; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: e-be-a-zhi (ĕ-bé-â-jĭ) - nobody, it is nobody [JOD-Omaha]; be thiⁿ-ge (bé thiⁿ-ge) - nobody [FL-Osage]; pe thiⁿ-ke (pée ðįké) - no one [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: e-be (ébe) - who, somebody, someone [Omaha/Ponca]; e-be (ebé) - who [Omaha]; be (be) - whoever [FL-Osage]; pe (pée) - who, whom [CQ-Osage]; be (be) - who; someone; somebody [Kaw]

► ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► cf. ho-wa (hówa) - where, who, which; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation; ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is/are the (class) obj?, hówada + (positional); ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd [JOD]; ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, nearby; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, far away; ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose

► Dhegiha: ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X- shaped object? [Kaw]

noise of planks, clatter

► di-xa-xa-da (dixáxada) - clatter, noise of planks ► bdi-xa-xa-da (bdíxaxada) - I, ti-xa-xa-da (ttíxaxada) - you

► cf. ka-xa-xa-da (kaxáxada) - thump, make a dull sound; ka-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

noise, make a crack noise by stepping

► naⁿ-ta-ze (nąttáze) - make crack noise by stepping ► a-naⁿ-ta-ze (aną́ttaze) - I, da-naⁿ-ta-ze (daną́ttaze) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; bi-ta-ze (bittáze) - crackle when squeezed; da-ta-ze (dattáze) - crackling sound by biting; di-ta-ze (dittáze) - crackling sound, snapping; ka-ta-ze (kattáze) - crackling sound of sticks; ta-ta-ze (tattáze) - crackle while burning

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-do-ze (naⁿdóze) - crack ice by stepping on it [Kaw]

noise, make a lot of noise

► x’a-naⁿ e-hi (xʔáną éhi) - make a lot of noise

► cf. x’a-naⁿ (xʔáną) - to make talking noise or any noise, etc.; hi (hi) - very

► ex: x’a-naⁿ e-hi-we i-ya (xʔáną éhiwé iyá) - they made a lot of noise, it is said (they say) [JOD]

noise, make a rattling noise

► di-sha-sha-da (dišášada) - rattle, make a rattling noise

► cf. a-na-sha-da (ánašáda) - bell, rattle [MS]; di-sha-da (dišáda) - rattle; ka-sha-da (kašadá) - rattle by striking something

noise, no noise, “not even breathing”

► o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - no noise, “not even breathing” [JOD]

► cf. o-ni-aⁿ-hi-de (onią́hidé), (oníąhíde) - breathe; o-ni-oⁿ-da-zhi (oníǫkdázi) - sigh

► Dhegiha: o-ni thiⁿ-ke (oní ðįké) - be quiet, not make noise, no sound [CQ-Osage]; ni-aⁿ-yiⁿ-ge (niáⁿyiⁿgè) - speechless, quiet, unmoving, still [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-u (niu) - to breathe [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-oⁿ (ni-óⁿ) - breath [FL-Osage]; o-ni-e (ónie) - breathe, draw breath, sound [CQ-Osage]

noise, to make noise talking, or any noise, etc

► x’a-naⁿ (xʔáną) - to make talking noise or any noise, etc. ► a-x’a-naⁿ (axʔáną) - I, da-x’a-naⁿ (daxʔáną) - you

► cf. x’a-naⁿ e-hi (xʔáną éhi) - make a lot of noise

noise, to make noise with the feet

► naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe (nątatáxe káγe) - to make noise with the feet [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; naⁿ-ta-xe (nąttáxe) - stomp, trample, thump with feet

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-da-da-xe (ga-dá-da-xe) - to knock at a door [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ga-da-da-xe (p̣a-gá-da-da-xe) - woodpecker [FL-Osage]; ga-ta-xe (gatáxe), ga-ta-xi (gatáxi) - tap, make a tapping noise [Kaw]; ga-da-ghe (gadághe) - to knock (once) [Kaw]; ga-da-da-ghe (gadádaghe), ga-da-da-xe (gadádaxe) - knock repeatedly on something; To tap the bark of a tree and make a quick sound: said of the woodpecker and other birds; woodpecker [Kaw]

noiseless, silent, speechless

► a-pe (áppe) - silent, noiseless, speechless

► cf. a-pe-hi (appéhi) - very silent

noiseless, very noiseless

► a-pe-hi (appé hi) - noiseless-very [JOD]

► a-pe-hi (appéhi) - very silent

► cf. a-pe (áppe) - silent, noiseless, speechless; hi (hi) - very

non-hearsay

► i-ye (iyé) - quotative, non-hearsay evidential

► i-ye (iyé) - he/she says/said [JOD]

► cf. i-ye (iyé), e (e), i-e (ié) - say; i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak; word

► ex: “hau ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ i-ya (“hau maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé,” íkeyáwe nį́ iyá) - “ho, the rabbit says that he has come to tell us news,” they (black bears) said to one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, “ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te,” i-ye (atéže ną, “táttą ke ą́teže hidé, mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé étte tte,” iyé) - when I urinated, “what is this urinating on me, I wonder if it’s the stars urinating on me,” he said [JOD]

► ex: i-ye niⁿ-kʰe (iyé nįkʰé) - she was saying as she sat [JOD]

► ex: i-ye niⁿ (iyé nį) - she said / the mv. ob. or as she walked [JOD]

► ex: “e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya (“ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawe” iyé nį, iyá) - “then, you went and thus, like that, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya, wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá, waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” they say [JOD]

► ex: i-ye tʰaⁿ, i-ya (iyé tʰą) - he was saying as he stood [JOD]

► ex: “wi-e-hoⁿ t’e-aⁿ-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde,” i-ye tʰaⁿ, i-ya (“wíehǫ tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde,” iyé tʰą, iyá) - he said, “me too, they killed me, I dreamed that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: i-ye pa (iyé pa) - they were saying [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: i-ye na (iyé ną) - she said / when [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ, “di-te-ke wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe ta e-ti da,” i-ye naⁿ, aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (įkką́, “dítteke wasá niⁿkʰe tta étti dá,” iyé ną, ąną́hosá ną) - my grandmother scolded me and said, “go to the black bear, your uncle” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e (e) - to say [FL-Osage]; e (ée) - say, ask or tell someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; e (e) - say [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-e (íe) - speak [JOD-Omaha]; i-ye (iye) - speak, talk, speaker, word, language [Omaha]; i-e (íe) - to speak [FL-Osage]; i-e (íe) - talk about, discuss, speak of, talk, say, speak, make a speech or talk, speak a language, word, words, language, teachings, one’s word, speech, prayer [CQ-Osage]; i-e (íe) - speak; speech, language, sentence [Kaw]

none, leave none

► ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none” ► ni-a-wa-de (niawade) - I, ni-wa-da-de (niwadade) - you, ni-oⁿ-wa-da-we (niǫwadawe) - we

► cf. ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all; ni-ki-de (níkide) - to expend someone’s property; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous, give away; wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property

► ex: o-ki-hi-ta-zhi ni-ki-de tʰe (okíhittaži níkide tʰe) - he is anxious to expend it all [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to exterminate; to destroy utterly; annihilate; to spend money; to give away one’s own possessions, till all are gone [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - give away, divest oneself of, be out of, be lacking [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi e-the (wathi éthe) - give away [Omaha]; wa-ni-the (waníðe) - give things away, hold a giveaway, giveaway at i-loⁿ-shka (ilǫ́ǫška) dances and other special occasions [CQ-Osage]; wa-yiⁿ-ye (wayíⁿye) - give away freely, as gifts at a dance; to give to a stranger or to a member of another tribe [Kaw]

none, to have none

► ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking ► aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I, di-ni-ke (diníke) - you

► niⁿ-ke (niñk͓é) - none [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, mind [JOD]

► ex: ni niⁿ-ke (ni nįké) - no water [JOD]

► ex: wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we (wanį́kehiwé) - we have none at all [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat, “something to eat, they were lacking” [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (mątté-įkʰe ąnį́ke) - I do not have a paddle [JOD]

► ex: o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - no noise, “not even breathing” [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-we (nikáwe) - they are not, there are none [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness”

► ex: wa-haⁿ-ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan, “without family/relation”

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha ni-ke (hǫbį́tteáha niké) - slippers, lit. “without moccasin flaps”

► ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient, “lack hearing”

► ex: o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, lit. “without joints”

► ex: te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. “cow without balls”

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk [MS]

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hí) - there is none [OM]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke naⁿ-ta ni-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke nąttá niké nįkʰé) - the dog didn’t have no ear [MS]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good, “he has no woman/wife” [AG]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿge) - blank, obsolete, zero, vanish, nothing, none, erosion, absent, lack [Omaha]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

noon

► hoⁿ-be (hǫbé) - noon

► cf. hoⁿ-be-haⁿ-ke (hǫbéhąké) - morning, forenoon, hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba) + i-haⁿ-ke (ihąke); hoⁿ-be-ka-bni-da (hǫbékabnída) - afternoon, hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba) + i-ka-bni-da (ikabnída); haⁿ-be-haⁿ-ke-taⁿ (hąbéhąkéttą) - in or during forenoon, hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba) + i-haⁿ-ke-taⁿ (ihąkettą); miⁿ-haⁿ-pe-haⁿ-ke (mį́hąpéhąké) - nearly noon, miⁿ (mį) + hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba) + i-haⁿ-ke (ihąke)

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-thu-maⁿ-shi (míⁿ¢umáⁿci) - noon [JOD-Omaha]; mi-thu-moⁿ-shi (mi thumoⁿshi) - noon [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: mi-tho-ʰtoⁿ (mi-thó-ṭoⁿ) - mid-day, noon [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-tho-ʰta (mįįðóʰta), miⁿ-tho-ʰtaⁿ (mį́įðoʰtą) - (at) noon, midday, high noon, sun seen straight overhead [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-yo-taⁿ (miⁿyótaⁿ), miⁿ i-yo-taⁿ (miⁿ iyótaⁿ) - noon, midday [Kaw]

north, northwind, cold

► o-sni (osní) - cold, north, northwind

► cf. sni (sni) - cold, to be cold; o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”

► Dhegiha: u-sni (úçni) - cold [Omaha]; u-sni (u-s͓ní) - cold, cool [JOD-Omaha]; u-hni (u-hní) - shade, cool [FL-Osage]

north, winter

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north, winter

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north [MS]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - cold, cold weather [MS, AG]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - winter [FR, OM]

► sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - power of winter (male)

► cf. sni (sni) - cold, to be cold; sni-tʰe (snítʰe) - cold; ka-sni-sni (kasnísni) - autumn, “blows cold on and off”; ni-sni (nisní) - spring, lit. “cold water”; sni-tʰe zho-ka-te (snítʰe žókkatte) - to have chills and fever

► ex: sni-wa-te hi (sníwatte hi) - very cold [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi pa-de taⁿ (sníwatte hi páde ttą) - cold, winter time [MS]

► ex: a-shi sni-wa-te (áši sníwatté) - cold outside [AG]

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta (sníwatte kdi tta) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta tʰe (sníwatte kdi tta tʰe) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter, precedes pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska)

► Dhegiha: hni-wa-ʰtse (hní-wa-ṭse), ni-wa-tse (ní-wa-tse) - to be cold, cold weather, a cold day, it is cold [FL-Osage]; ni-wa-ʰtse (níwaʰce) - (be) cold (an impersonal weather expression, not used for people [CQ-Osage]; hni-wa-tse (hníwace) - cold, as the weather; winter, the cold months [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sni-te (s͓níte) - to be cold: said of persons, feeling cold [JOD-Omaha]; zni-tʰe (znítʰe) - to be cold (said of humans) [Omaha/Ponca]; hni-ʰtse (hní-ṭse) - cold [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰtse (níʰce) - be cold, feel cold [CQ-Osage]; hni-tse (hníce) - to be cold, as a person or animal [Kaw]

northeast

► mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - northeast, “towards sunrise”

► mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - sun-rise-towards [JOD]

► cf. mi (mi) - sun; o-tiⁿ (óttį) - visible, insight; naⁿ-pe (ną́pe) - come into view, come into the open, to appear, to show; ta-de-de (ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise; o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”; a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► ex: “e-ti mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da!” i-ke (“étti mi ottinąbettadede į́tʰį dedá!” iké) - she told him, “throw the club/stick there, towards the sunrise!” [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti ka-ki mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da!” aⁿnaⁿ-ki-ye (“étti káki mi óttiną́bettadéde į́tʰį dedá!” ąną́kiye) - “there, yonder, towards the sunrise, throw the club/stick!” she said to me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ e-thoⁿ-be (míⁿethóⁿbe) - sunrise [Omaha/Ponca]; mi i-thoⁿ-be (mí-i-thoⁿ-be) - the sun appears, sunrise [FL-Osage]; miⁿ i-thoⁿ-pe (mį́į íðǫpe) - sunrise, the emergence of the sun, lit., ‘sun appears’ [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-be (é-thoⁿ-be) - rises and appears [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise, emerge, as from water [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]; wa-tiⁿ (watíⁿ) - visible, in sight [Kaw]

northwest

► o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”

► cf. o-sni (osní) - cold, north, northwind; hi (hi) - come, be coming here; ta-de-de (ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► Dhegiha: u-sni-a-ta-thi-shaⁿ (u-s͓ní-a-t͓á-¢i-caⁿ) - towards the cold, towards the north [JOD-Omaha]; u-sni a-ta-thi-shoⁿ (uçni atathishoⁿ) - north [Omaha]; ni-wa-ʰtse-kshi ʰta-ha (níwaʰcekši ʰtáha) - north, lit., ‘in the direction of the cold’, toward the cold’ [CQ-Osage]; niⁿ ke ʰta hu-the (nį́ ké ʰta huðe) - north wind [CQ-Osage]; hni-ta (hníta) - north, north wind, lit. “towards the cold”; the deity or power of the north wind [Kaw]

nose perforation for ring

► pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; wa-sa i-ba-xdo-xdo (wasá íbaxdoxdó) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks [JOD]; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto), wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto) - fork, a table fork, “something to stick food”; ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó), ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear

► Dhegiha: ʰpa ba-xthu-ge (p̣á-ba-xthu-ge) - perforation in the septum of the nose [FL-Osage]; pa ba-xlo-ge (pa báxloge) - pierced septum, pierced nose [Kaw]

nose, beak, bill

► pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill

► pa (ppa) - nose [MS, AB, OM]

► pʰa (p'a) - nose [FV]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pa (pa) - nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa (pa) - nose [Omaha]; ʰpa (p̣a) - snout, the projecting nose of an animal [FL-Osage]; ʰpa (ʰpá) - nose, snout [CQ-Osage]; pa (pa) - nose [Kaw]

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose

► pʰa-zi zhe (p'azí˙že) - nose, may mean tip of nose [VG]

► Dhegiha: pa-shi-zhe (pashízhe) - nose tip, tip of the nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-shi-zhe (pashizhe) - tip of the nose [Omaha]; ʰpa-zhu-zhe (p̣a-zhú-zhe) - the tip of the nose; the bill of a swan and other birds [FL-Osage]; pa-zho-zhe (pázhozhe), pa-zhu-zhe (pazhúzhe) - nostrils [Kaw]

nose, crooked nose

► pa kaⁿ-ka (ppá kkąkká) - crooked nose, a trader’s nickname

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; kaⁿ-ka (kkąkká) - crooked

nose, ridge of the nose

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe bdo-ka hi (ppažį́že bdóka hí) - ridge of the nose

► cf. pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose; bdo-ka (bdóka) - whole, entire, circular, round; hi (hi) - very

nose, septum of the nose

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe i-koⁿ-kde (ppažį́že íkkǫkde) - septum of the nose

► ex: pa-zhiⁿ-zhe i-koⁿ-kde kʰe (ppažį́že íkkǫkde kʰe) - the septum

nose, tip

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-shtaⁿ-ka (ppažį́že oštą́ka) - nose, tip, “soft part”

► cf. pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose; pʰa-zi zhe (p'azí˙že) - nose, may mean tip of nose [VG]; shtoⁿ-ka (štǫká) - soft; naⁿ-ta o-shtaⁿ-ka (nąttá oštąká) - ear lobe; wa-shtaⁿ-ka (waštą́ka) - green corn; di-shtoⁿ-ka (dištǫ́ka) - hold a soft object; a-bi-shtaⁿ-ka (ábištąka) - sit softly on, as when a horse is saddled with a blanket

► Dhegiha: pa u-shtoⁿ-ga (pá ushtóⁿga) - the soft part of the nose, around the tip, including the septum [Omaha/Ponca]; pa u-shtoⁿ-ga (paushtoⁿga) - septum [Omaha]

nose, tip of the nose

► pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose

► cf. a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak; ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill

► Dhegiha: ʰpa ʰpa-si (p̣á-p̣á-çi) - tip of the nose [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: pa (pa) - nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa (pa) - nose [Omaha]; ʰpa (p̣a) - snout, the projecting nose of an animal [FL-Osage]; ʰpa (ʰpá) - nose, snout [CQ-Osage]; pa (pa) - nose [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tongue-tip, tree-top, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (p̣a-çí) - point, a peak, the top of a pole, the top of a tree [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object, “like the point of a pencil” [Kaw]

nose, White Nose

► pa ska iⁿ (pa skáiⁿ), pa skaⁿ-iⁿ (pa skáⁿ-iⁿ) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; White Nose. Sister of Alphonsus Valliere, and former wife of “John Medicine” [JOD]

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; ska (ska) - white; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names

nosed, long nosed fish

► ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish

► ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - garfish [MS, OM]

► cf. ho (ho) - fish; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; ste-te (stétte) - long, tall

► Dhegiha: hu pa-si zne-de (hu pási znéde) - gar pike, “fish with a long nose tip” [Omaha/Ponca]; hu pa-si sne-de (hupáçiçnede) - garfish [Omaha]; hu pa-si stse-e (hu pá-çi stse-e) - long nosed fish, garfish [FL-Osage]; ho pa-su stse-je (ho pásu scéje) - gar, lit. “long nosed fish” [Kaw]

nostril(s)

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-x’o-te (ppažį́že oxʔótte) - nostril(s)

► cf. pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose; pʰa-zi zhe (p'azí˙že) - nose, may mean tip of nose [VG]; o-x’o-te (oxʔótte) - hole, natural opening; na-xi-te o-x’o-te (naxítte oxʔótte) - meatus of the ear, the external opening

► Dhegiha: pa-xthu-ge (paqthúge) - nostrils [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-xthu-ge (paxthuge) - nostril, nasal [Omaha]; pa-xtho-ge (p̣a-xthó-ge) - nostrils [FL-Osage]; pa-zhu-zhe u-xthu-k’a (p̣a-zhú-zhe u-xthu-k’a) - the nostrils [FL-Osage]; pa-xlo-ge (pá xlóge) - nostril [Kaw]

not

► zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ko-ka-zhi (kkokkáži) - weak, feeble; ko-ke (kkókke) - health, strength, healthy, be physically + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da (ną́tte šǫ́dada) - unsteady heart, insecure heart + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ta-ti-oⁿ-ha-zhi (ttáttiǫ́haži) - windless, a calm; ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, ill behaved; wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-di-xa-zhi (wádiγáži) - unmarried woman, virgin; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wa-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (wanáxʔǫží) - to be deaf; wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them + na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: shi-ka-zhi (šikáži) - she/he is not bad; shi-ke (šíke) - bad + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ zhi (winaxʔǫ́ ži) - I didn’t hear you [MS]; wi (wi) - I to you; first person singular acting on second person + na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (jǐ), a-zhi (a-jǐ) - negation, not [JOD-Omaha]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

not a little, a great deal

► haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi (hą́eą́ži), (hą́eąží) - not a little, a great deal [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ she-mi ke wa-ki-shka-te haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi wa-saⁿ-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šemí ke wákiškátte hą́eąží wasą́de tʰą́ ną) - then-girl-the plural-played with them-a great deal-she liked (prized) them-the standing-past sign [JOD]

► ex: xa-ke haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi niⁿ (γaké hą́eą́ži nį́) - he cried out-not a little-the moving one [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then-so-the moving-orphan-the standing-treated her miserably-a great deal-the standing-past sign [JOD]

not a long time, soon

► ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - not a long time, soon [JOD]

► cf. ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago; ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]; ti-aⁿ-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-zhi hi (ttią́ži hí) - not a long time, very soon [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e (kóišǫ́ttą ttią́ži hí hatʔé) - then in a very short time, he became sick [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

not afraid, He Fears Not Arrows

► maⁿ naⁿ-pa-zhi (máⁿ naⁿ-pá-ji) - masculine name, He Fears Not Arrows [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow, arrow shaft; naⁿ-pe (ną́ppe), noⁿ-pe (nǫ́ppe) - to fear the sight of something; zhi (ži) - not, negative, negation; noⁿ-pe-wa-de (nǫ́ppewade) - dangerous

► Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - an arrow [FL-Osage]; maⁿ (mą́ą), moⁿ (mǫ́) - arrow, staff used at peyote meetings [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ (maⁿ) - arrow [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ʰpa-zhi (nóⁿ-p̣a-zhi) - not afraid, not afraid to face danger [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ʰpa-zhi (nǫ́ǫʰpaži) - unafraid, fearless [CQ-Osage]

not bad

► shi-ka-zhi (šikáži) - she/he is not bad

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; zhi (zhi) - negative, negation, not

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ shi-ka-zhi (mažą́ šikáži) - prewar times, before civil war, lit. “when the land was good (not bad)”

not bark

► o-ho-zhi (óhoži) - to not bark

► cf. o-ho (óho) - bark, as a dog [MS]; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ o-ho zhi da-tʰi ta (hǫnį́ttą óhoži datʰí tta) - how come he (dog) doesn’t bark when you come around? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke o-di-ho zhi (hǫn̨ttą šǫ́ke ódihoži) - why didn’t dog bark at you? [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-hu-hu (ú-hu-hu) - to bark at, as a dog does [JOD-Omaha]; u-hu-hu (úhuhu) - dog’s bark [Omaha]; u-hu-hu (ú-hu-hu) - bark of a dog [FL-Osage]; o-ho (óhoo) - bark, woof, as a dog does [CQ-Osage]; o-ho (ohó) - bark [Kaw]

not cause it to be

► ki-da-zhi (kidáži) - to not cause it to be [JOD]

► cf. kʰi-de (kʰide), (kʰíde) - cause to; ki-de (kíde) - cause one’s own; reflexive-possessive causative; ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: o-ki-hoⁿ a-ta-ha ti-te-ki-da-zhi (ókihǫ attahá títtekidáži) - cooking-much-she had not caused it to be done [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-the (kithe) - to cause oneself [Omaha/Ponca]; kʰi-the (kʰíthe) - to cause someone [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-the (gi-the) - make to be [FL-Osage]; ʰki-the (ḳi-the) - to cause, to cause one, to cause oneself; to cause another, to cause themselves [FL-Osage]; kshi-the (kshi-the) - to cause to do a thing [FL-Osage]; ki-the (kíðe) - make or have someone engage voluntarily in some act, let or allow someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-the (ʰkíðe) - cause, make oneself to be or do [CQ-Osage]; kshi-the (kšíðe) - let or allow someone to do something, have someone do something for his/her own benefit [CQ-Osage]; khi-ye (khíye) - cause to do, let, allow to do (dative causative auxiliary) [Kaw]

not correct, not like, not so

► e-koⁿ-zhi (ekǫ́ži) - wrong

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži) - negative, not; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; e-kaⁿ xti (ékąxtí), e-koⁿ xti (ekǫ́xti) - really, just so

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-a-zhi (egoⁿazhi) - wrong, illegal, inaccurate, incorrect, false [Omaha]; e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži) - not be like this or that, be not thus, be otherwise, unseemly, inappropriate, not right, unsuitable, unfitting, ill-advised, wrong [CQ-Osage]; e-go-zhi (égozhi) - not like, not so, not as [Kaw]

not defend, talk against

► o-do-ki-zhi (odókkiži) - talk against, (not defend) ► o-do-a-ki-zhi (odóakkíži) - I, o-do-da-ki-zhi (odódakkíži) - you

► cf. o-do-wa-ki (odówakki) - to side with them; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► Dhegiha: u-thu-ki (u-thú-ki) - to defend, to defend a friend or relative in a fight or altercation, to uphold in an argument [FL-Osage]

not drink

► da-taⁿ-zhi (dattą́ži) - to not drink

► cf. da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: bda-taⁿ-zhi (bdattą́ži) - I don’t/didn’t drink

► ex: bda-taⁿ-zhi ta miⁿkʰe (bdattą́ži tta mįkʰé) - I won’t go on drinking

► ex: da-taⁿ-zhi (dattą́ži) - she/he doesn’t/didn’t drink

► ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha haⁿ da-taⁿ-wa-zhi, e-niⁿ-te iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ da-taⁿ pa (makką́ša hą dattą́waží, énįtté į́čʰǫ tą dattą́ ppa) - they didn’t drink coffee, though now they do [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-tʰoⁿ (thatʰóⁿ) - drink, to drink [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-ʰtoⁿ (tha-ṭóⁿ) - to drink, to quaff [FL-Osage]; tha-ʰtaⁿ(ðaaʰtą́) - drink [CQ-Osage]; ya-taⁿ (yatáⁿ) - drink [Kaw]

not even second hand, indirectly

► a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - indirectly, not even second hand

► cf. a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events; a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession; fire a volley

► ex: a-ki-kde-kde a-na-x’oⁿ (ákkikdekde anáxʔǫ) - I heard it indirectly

not finish, fail to finish

► ki-ha-zhi (kiháži) - fail to finish ► a-ki-ha-zhi (akíhaží) - I, da-ki-ha-zhi (dakíhaží) - you

► cf. ki-ha (kihá) - finish, quit; zhi (ži) - not, negative, negation; ki-ha (kihá) - quit, divorce [MS]; ki-ha oⁿ-pa (kihá ǫ́ppa) - Monday

not go

► da-zhi (dáži) - didn’t go, went not [JOD]

► cf. de (de) - go; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: ko-zhi da-zhi hi, bdi-ze (kkóži dáži hi, bdíze) - it didn’t go very far, I caught it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-zhi (tházhi) - not go, not to go [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhi (thá-zhi) - to remain [FL-Osage]; tha-zhiⁿ (ðaažį́) - to not go [CQ-Osage]

not he, it is not he

► e-tʰaⁿ-zhi (etʰą́ži) - it is not he [JOD]

► cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it; aforementioned; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; e-tʰaⁿ (etʰą́) - he was that [JOD]; zhi (zhi) - negative, negation, not

► ex: de haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ-zhi hi e-de, e-zhi hi e-koⁿ, ma-shtiⁿ-ke kaⁿ hi (de hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ži hí edé, éži hí ekǫ́, maštį́ke ką hí) - surely this is not Haⁿ-ka’s son, he’s different, sure enough looks like a rabbit [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - the standing animate; the, animate, obviative, standing; the animate standing, proximate [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - the; the one standing; he who is standing; to stand as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage]; txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for singular animate standing entity [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ) - “the”; definite article for standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]

not hear

► na-x’oⁿ-zhi (naxʔǫ́ží) - to not hear, to not listen

► cf.na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen; wa-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (wanáxʔǫží) - to be deaf

► ex: wi-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (winaxʔǫ́ži) - I didn’t hear you [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-x’o-zhi (ą́nąxʔǫ́ži) - she had not listened to me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: na-’oⁿ-zhi (na’óⁿzhi) - to not hear or listen, to not understand [Omaha/Ponca]

not heavy, light

► ha-ha (háha) - light, not heavy

► ex: ha-ha hi (háha hi) - very light, not very heavy [MS]

► Dhegiha: ha-ha-da (hahada) - lightweight [Omaha]; ha-ha-daⁿ (háhadáⁿ) - light [JOD-Omaha]; ha-ha (há-ha) - light weight [FL-Osage]; ha-ha (háha) - light, lightweight [Kaw]

not in sight, wait for someone not in sight

► i-da-pe (idáppe) - wait for someone not in sight ► i-bda-pe (ibdáppe) - I, i-ta-pe (ittáppe) - you

► Dhegiha: i-tha-pe (ithape) - wait [Omaha]; i-tha-ʰpe (i-thá-p̣e) - to wait for someone [FL-Osage]; i-tha-ʰpe (iðáʰpe) - wait, wait for [CQ-Osage]; i-ya-pa (iyapa) - wait [Kaw]

not laugh or smile

► i-xa-zhi (ixaží) - to not laugh, to not smile ► i-da-xa-zhi (idáxaží) - I, i-da-xa-zhi (ídaxaží) - you

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; zhi (zhi) - negative, negation, not

► ex: i-da-xa-zhi (idáxaží) - I laugh not [JOD]

► ex: “i-da-xa naⁿ o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ, i-da-xa-zhi,” i-yi (“idáxa ną ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį́, idáxa-ží,” iyí) - I thought, if I laugh the man eater will see/find me, I didn'’t laugh, she said [JOD]

► ex: i-xa-zhi (ixaží) - he/she laugh not [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe i-xa koⁿ-da niⁿ-kʰe e-ni-te, o-do-tʰe aⁿ-naⁿ-de te a-zha-miⁿ, i-da-xa-zhi (waxʔó nįkʰe íxa kǫ́da nįkʰe énitte, ódotʰe ąną́de tte ážąmį, idáxa-ži) - the woman wanted to laugh, although she thought he will see/find me, I won’t laugh [JOD]

not like, to not like

► ki-ho-taⁿ a-ta-ha-zhi (kíhottą áttaháži) - dislike something intensely ► aⁿ-ho-taⁿ a-ta-ha-zhi (ą́hottą áttaháži) - I, di-ho-taⁿ a-ta-ha-zhi (díhottą áttaháži) - you

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly; zhi (zhi) - negative, negation, not; ki-ho-taⁿ ye wa-x’o koi (kíhottą ye waxʔó kói) - she liked it, lit., “that woman liked it” [MS]

► ki-shoⁿ-zhi (kíšǫži) - to be displeased ► aⁿ-shoⁿ-zhi (ąšǫ́ži) - I, di-shoⁿ-zhi (dišǫ́ži) - you

► cf. ki-wa-shoⁿ (kíwašǫ) - to be happy

► ex: aⁿ-ki-da-zhi hi tʰe aⁿ-shoⁿ-zhi a-ta-pa (ą́kidáži hí tʰe ąšǫ́ži áttappá) - I did not like it much that he did not tell me at all

► Dhegiha: gi-shoⁿ-zhi (gí-shoⁿ-zhi) - to dislike, disagree, to disapprove [FL-Osage]; ki-shoⁿ-zhi (k͓í-cŭⁿ-c͓i) - to dislike, to disagree with, to disapprove of [JOD-Osage]; gi-zu a-zhi (gí-çu a-zhi) - he is not happy over it, disconsolate [FL-Osage]; ki-zo-zhi (kízoži) - be lonesome, unhappy, sad, disconsolate [CQ-Osage]; gi-zo-zhi (gízozhi) - to be unhappy [Kaw]

► koⁿ-da zhi (kǫdá ži) - to not want, not like ► koⁿ-bda zhi (kkǫbdá ži) - I, shkoⁿ-ta zhi (škǫ́tta ži) - you, koⁿ-da zhi (kǫdá ži) - he/she

► cf. koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn’t want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-bda zhi (kkǫbdá ži) - I don’t like it (I don’t want it) [MS]

► ex: ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - I don't want you coming around my house [MS]

► ex: hi-bde ta, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tta, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I’m gone, don’t you come around my house [MS]

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ taⁿ (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą tą) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► ex: koⁿ-da zhi e (kǫdá ži e) - she didn't like it [MS]

► ex: a-ki-na-x’oⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi (akínaxʔǫ́ kǫdáži) - he did not want to hear him (listen to him) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze naⁿ zhaⁿ koⁿ-da zhi, i-ya-we, ki-ha-ti (kóišǫttą hą́nąppáze ną žą kǫdá ží, iyáwe, kihátti) - then when it was dark, she did not want to sleep, they say, at the bottom [JOD]

► o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká), o-koⁿ-shi-ka (okkǫ́šika) - hate

► cf. o-kaⁿ-shi-ka-wa-de (okką́šikáwade) - hateful, abominable; o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► ex: o-wi-kaⁿ-shi-ka (owíkkąšiká) - I hate you

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn’t like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

not mine, not my

► wi-ta zhi (wítta ži) - not mine, not my

► cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine; zhi (ži) - not, negative, negation

► ex: si-kde wi-ta zhi (sikdé wítta ži) - they’re not my tracks [MS]

► ex: si-kde di-ta e-koⁿ, wi-ta zhi (sikdé dítta ekǫ́, wítta ži) - it looks just like your tracks, not mine [MS]

► ex: wi-ta zhi i-pe-hiⁿ (wítta ži ípehį) - not my pillow [MS]

not quite, almost

► i-hi-zhi (íhiži) - almost, not quite

► cf. i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

not stingy, generous

► wa-te-da-zhi (wáttedáži) - generous, not stingy ► a-wa-te-da-zhi (awáttedáži) - I, da-wa-te-da-zhi (dawáttedáži) - you

► cf. wa-te-de (wattéde) - stingy

not there

► e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi (ettí nįkʰaží) -

► cf. e-ti (ettí) - there; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative sitting; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti niⁿ-ka-zhi (maštį́ke ettí nįkʰaží) - the rabbit was not there [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-di (edí) - there [Omaha/Ponca]; e-di (edi) - there, over there, at [Omaha]; e-dsi (e-dsí) - there [FL-Osage]; e-tsi (ecí) - be present here/there, exist here/there; be at that time [CQ-Osage]; e-ji (ejí) - there, in that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (¢iñké) - sitting one, animate sitting [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the (one) sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé) - 3^rd person sitting continuative aspect marker; sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) - the sitting animate object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (jǐ), a-zhi (a-jǐ) - negation, not [JOD-Omaha]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

not to eat, fast

► da-tʰa-zhi (datʰáži) - fast, not to eat ► bda-tʰa-zhi (bdátʰaži) - I, ta-tʰa-zhi (ttátʰaži) - you

► cf. da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew; zhi (ži) - not, negation; ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, lit. “eat no meat”

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-ta-zhi (wathatazhi) - fast [Omaha]; ʰta tha-ta zhi hoⁿ-ba (ṭa thá-ta-zhi hoⁿ-ba) - ṭa - meat, tha-ta - eat, zhi - not, hoⁿ-ba - day, day not eat meat, Friday [FL-Osage]; haⁿpa ʰta tha-tsʰa zhi (hą́ąpa ʰtaaðáacʰaži) - Friday, literally, day of no meat eating [CQ-Osage]; ta ya-cha zhi (ta yáchazhi) - Eats no Deer, subclan of the Kaw deer clan [Kaw]

not to have come back here

► kdi-zhi (kdiži) - to not have come back here

► cf. kdi (kdi) - to have come back here; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: kdi-zhi (kdíži) - he had not come back [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ kdi-zhi (hǫnį́ttą kdíži) - why hasn’t he come back? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi (g¢í) - to have come back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (ag¢í) - came back [JOD-Omaha]; gthi (gthi) - to come home, to return home [FL-Osage]; a-gthi (a-gthí) - returning, this expression is found frequently when referring to the return of one who has been searching for some particular thing [FL-Osage]; li (lí), a-li (alí) - arrive back here, arrive home here, return here, come back, get back, motion accomplished; initial a is often omitted in 3rd person [CQ-Osage]; li (li) - to have come home, to have come back [Kaw]

not to know how to do anything

► kaⁿ-zhi-ka (ką́žiká) - not to know how to do anything ► paⁿ-zhi-ka (ppą́žiká) - I, shkaⁿ-zhi-ka (šką́žiká) - you

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ-zhiⁿ-ga (gáⁿ-jiñ-ga) - to be ignorant of, not know how to do or make [JOD-Omaha]; goⁿ-zhiⁿ-ga (góⁿ-zhiⁿ-ga) - failure to do a thing for lack of skill, unskilled [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka (kǫ́žįka) - be unskilled at, not know how to [CQ-Osage]; go-zhiⁿ-ga (gózhiⁿga) - ignorant, not to know how to [Kaw]; ga-go-zhiⁿ-ga (gagózhiⁿga) - not to know how, be ignorant of how to use an implement such as a hoe or ax [Kaw]

not to listen or heed, ignore, disobey

► a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (ánaxʔǫži) - ignore, heed not, disobey ► a-a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (áanaxʔǫ́ži) - I, a-da-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (ádanaxʔǫ́ži) - you

► cf. a-na-x’oⁿ (ánaxʔǫ) - listen to; zhi (ži) - not, negation; na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen; wa-na-x’oⁿ-zhi (wanáxʔǫží) - to be deaf; ki-na-x’oⁿ (kínaxʔǫ) - listen to someone, heed someone; o-na-x’oⁿ (ónaxʔǫ) - hear about something, hear a report; o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-zo-zo (ónaxʔǫ íkazózo) - newspaper, lit. “paper that hears”; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph; o-na-x’oⁿ-de (onáxʔǫde) - tell, lit. “cause to hear something”

► ex: a-a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi pʰi (áanaxʔǫ́ži pʰí) - I did not heed him-I was coming, (I ignored him as I was coming) [JOD]

► ex: “tʰi-we, tʰi-we, wi-he,” i-ye naⁿ a-na-x’aⁿ-zhi hi kde i-ya-we (“tʰiwé, tʰiwé, wihé,” iyé ną ánaxʔąži hí kdé iyáwe) - “come, come, younger sister,” he said, she was not listening to (ignoring) him as she headed home, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi (ą́nąxʔǫ́ži) - she had not listened to me, she ignored me [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ta-bde bde a-kdi naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi hi da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šíną tábde bdé akdí ną ą́nąxʔǫ́ži hí datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - I went hunting again, when I came back, she had not listened to me, she was eating it and the little girl was crying [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-na-’aⁿ-zhi (ána’aⁿ́ji) - he did not listen to, he does not listen to [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-tha-na-’aⁿ-zhi (aⁿ́¢ana’aⁿ́ji) - you do not listen to me [JOD-Omaha]; a-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ-zhi (á-noⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ zhi) - to disobey [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-tha-na-k’oⁿ-zhi-e (ą́ðanakʔǫžíe) - you did not listen to me [CQ-Osage]

not to speak, mute

► i-a-zhi (íaží) - mute

► i-ya-zhi (íyaži) - he/she spoke not [JOD]

► cf. i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak, word; zhi (ži) - not, negative, negation

► Dhegiha: i-a-zhi (íazhi) - not to speak, be silent [Omaha/Ponca]; i-a-zhi (í-a-zhi) - speak not, a mute, reticent [FL-Osage]; i-a-zhi (íaži) - to say anything [CQ-Osage]

not to swallow, not to devour

► da-sniⁿ-zhi (dasnį́ži) - not to swallow, not to devour

► cf. da-sniⁿ (dasnį́) - swallow; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: da-sniⁿ-zhi (dasnį́ži) - he swallowed not [JOD]

► ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi (dasnį́waží) - they had not eaten up, they had not devoured all [JOD]

► ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi naⁿ pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (dasnį́waží ną ppíkiži dikną́) - they had not devoured it all, she decided to put her scraps away [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-sniⁿ (¢asníⁿ) - to swallow [JOD-Omaha]; tha-hni (tha-hní) - to gulp or swallow [FL-Osage]; ya-hniⁿ (yahníⁿ) - swallow [Kaw]

not very

► hi-zhi (híži) - not very, negation of hi (hi) - very

► cf. hi (hi) - very; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several, many, more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi), a-zhi (ázhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (jǐ), a-zhi (a-jǐ) - negation, not [JOD-Omaha]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (a-zhí) - not, is not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negaitive, negator; initial a replaces final e of preceding verb [FL-Osage]; zhi (zhi), a-zhi (azhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

not want

► koⁿ-da zhi (kǫdá ži) - to not want, not like ► koⁿ-bda zhi (kkǫbdá ži) - I, shkoⁿ-ta zhi (škǫ́tta ži) - you, koⁿ-da zhi (kǫdá ži) - he/she

► cf. koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn’t want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-bda zhi (kkǫbdá ži) - I don’t like it (I don’t want it) [MS]

► ex: ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - I don't want you coming around my house [MS]

► ex: hi-bde ta, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tta, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I’m gone, don’t you come around my house [MS]

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ taⁿ (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą tą) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► ex: koⁿ-da zhi e (kǫdá ži e) - she didn't like it [MS]

► ex: a-ki-na-x’oⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi (akínaxʔǫ́ kǫdáži) - he did not want to hear him (listen to him) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze naⁿ zhaⁿ koⁿ-da zhi, i-ya-we, ki-ha-ti (kóišǫttą hą́nąppáze ną žą kǫdá ží, iyáwe, kihátti) - then when it was dark, she did not want to sleep, they say, at the bottom [JOD]

not, do not

► na-ha (nahá) - prohibitive, beware lest..., do not

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ, “te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we,” i-yi iya (ínąpą́, “tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe,” iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-he naⁿ (étti tté nahá ihé ną) - you do not go there!, I’ve been saying [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there!, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti te na-ha,” i-yi i-ya e-kaⁿ-ki-dai (“étti tté nahá,” iyí iyá eką́kídai) - “you do not go there,” said his grandmother, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: da-xa-ke naⁿ-ha (daγáke nąhá) - beware lest you cry out [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-shpi-ta na-ha (ą́špitta nahá) - beware lest you lean on me!

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► ex: a-da-ka-xdi-we da-na-zhiⁿ na-ha (ádakaxdíwe danážį nahá) - beware lest you stand gazing on it!

► ex: ka-she-naⁿ na-ha (kašéną nahá) - don’t do that! [AB]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-ha (naⁿha), noⁿ-ha (noⁿha) - imperative [Kaw]; na-ha-o (nahao) - imperative, masculine singular [Kaw]

not, it is not there (standing)

► e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi (ettítʰąží) - there it stands not [JOD]

► cf.e-ti (ettí) - there; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - it stands there [JOD]; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - the standing animate; the, animate, obviative, standing; the animate standing, proximate [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - the; the one standing; he who is standing; to stand as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage]; txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for singular animate standing entity [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ) - “the”; definite article for standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]

not, to not bring back here

► a-niⁿ ki-zhi (anį́ kiži) - to not bring back here ► a-tiⁿ shki-zhi (attį́ škiži) - you

► cf. a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; ki (ki) - be returning to here; zhi (ži) - negative, negation, not

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰe a-tiⁿ shki-zhi a (hǫ́tʰe attį́ škiží a) - why didn’t you bring it home? [JOD]

notch, arrow notch

► maⁿ-te o-zhaⁿ-ka (mą́tte ožą́kka) - arrow notch

► cf. o-zhoⁿ-ke ki-di-zhoⁿ-ka (ožǫ́ke kkídižǫká) - fork in a road; maⁿ (mą) - arrow, arrow shaft; maⁿ-te (mą́tte) - bow

► Dhegiha: moⁿ i-tʰa-xe zhoⁿ-kʰa (moⁿ ítʰaxe zhóⁿkʰa) - forked arrow tip [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-be zhoⁿ-ka (iⁿbe zhoⁿka) - fork tailed hawk, swallow tail hawk [Omaha]; iⁿ-be zhoⁿ-ʰka (íⁿ-be zhoⁿ-ḳa) - fork tailed kite [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-bo-zha-ga (óⁿ-bo-zha-ga) - fly around me in forked lines [FL-Osage]; ni oi-zhaⁿ-ka (ni oízhaⁿka) - fork in a river [Kaw]; o-i-zhaⁿ-ka (oízhaⁿka), o-wi-zhaⁿ-ka (ówizhaⁿka) - fork of a road or stream, mouth of a stream [Kaw]; u-be zhaⁿ-ka (úbe zhaⁿkà) - swallow, forked tail swallow [Kaw]

notched

► ti-te (ttítte) - notched

► cf. di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something; ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something; pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife

notches, cut notches or scallops

► di-shka-shka (diškáška) - cut notches or scallops ► bdi-shka-shka (bdíškaška) - I, ti-shka-shka (ttíškaška) - you

notches, cut notches with a knife

► pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife ► pa-a-ti-te (páattítte) - I, pa-da-ti-te (pádattítte) - you, pa-oⁿ-ti-te-we (Paǫ́ttittewe) - we

► cf. ti-te (ttítte) - notched; di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something; ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something

notches, strike notches in something

► ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something ► a-ti-te (áttitte) - I, da-ti-te (dáttitte) - you

► cf. ti-te (ttítte) - notched; di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something; pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife

notches, tear notches or scallops in something

► di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something ► bdi-ti-te (bdíttitte) - I, ti-ti-te (ttíttitte) - you

► cf. ti-te (ttítte) - notched; ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something; pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife

note, hold a note singing

► da-ste-te (dastétte) - hold a note singing ► bda-ste-te (bdástette) - I, ta-ste-te (ttástette) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long

nothing

► ta-taⁿ-zhi (táttąží) - nothing

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation; ta-taⁿ hi-te (ttátą hitté) - some kind or other, whatever [JOD]; ta-taⁿ za-ni (ttátą zaní) - everything, “what+all” [JOD]; ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi (táttą hottą́ hi) - something very good [JOD]

► Dhegiha: da-doⁿ-zhi (dádoⁿzhí) - nothing, “what not” [Omaha/Ponca]; da-daⁿ-zhi (dá-daⁿ-ji) - negation of da-daⁿ (dadaⁿ); what-not, nothing [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what?; something, a thing [JOD-Omaha]; da-doⁿ (dádoⁿ) - what, interrogation [FL-Osage]; ta-taⁿ (táatą) - what (interrogative), thing(s), anything, something, what, whatever (indefinite or relative), what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative), do what (interrogative) [CQ-Osage]; da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what, something, thing, things [Kaw]

nothing but, only that

► e-naⁿ-xti (énąxti) - nothing but that, only that

► naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]

► cf. e-naⁿ (éną) - only that, him, her, it; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; naⁿ-hi (nąhí) - alone, all alone, only; wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́), wi-naⁿ (wíną) - I, only I, I alone; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną) - we, only, only us

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka naⁿ-xti wa-da-tʰe-we i-ya (wasá ke níkkašíka-nąxtí wádatʰéwe iyá) - the black bears only ate people, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-xti-shka naⁿ-xti ta-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha waxtíška-nąxtí ttatʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in future [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-na-xti (e-ná-qti) - only that, it, he, she, or they; he, she, it, or them alone [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ-xti (enoⁿxji) - only, single [Omaha]; e-noⁿ-xtsi (e-nóⁿ-xtsi) - he, she, or it alone [FL-Osage]

nothing, for nothing

► o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► cf. ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke da-hoⁿ-bde (óxʔą niké dahǫ́bde) - there was no reason for your having such a dream [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-’óⁿ thiⁿ-ge (u’óⁿthiⁿgé) - without cause, without permission, free, for nothing, without pay [Omaha/Ponca]; o-k’aⁿ yiⁿ-ge (ók’aⁿyiⁿge) - without cause, for nothing, freely [Kaw]

nothing, to have none, be lacking

► ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking ► aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I, di-ni-ke (diníke) - you

► niⁿ-ke (niñk͓é) - none [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, mind [JOD]

► ex: ni niⁿ-ke (ni nįké) - no water [JOD]

► ex: wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we (wanį́kehiwé) - we have none at all [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat, “something to eat, they were lacking” [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (mątté-įkʰe ąnį́ke) - I do not have a paddle [JOD]

► ex: o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - no noise, “not even breathing” [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-we (nikáwe) - they are not, there are none [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness”

► ex: wa-haⁿ-ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan, “without family/relation”

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha ni-ke (hǫbį́tteáha niké) - slippers, lit. “without moccasin flaps”

► ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient, “lack hearing”

► ex: o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, lit. “without joints”

► ex: te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. “cow without balls”

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk [MS]

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hí) - there is none [OM]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke naⁿ-ta ni-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke nąttá niké nįkʰé) - the dog didn’t have no ear [MS]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good, “he has no woman/wife” [AG]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿge) - blank, obsolete, zero, vanish, nothing, none, erosion, absent, lack [Omaha]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

notwithstanding, anyhow, at any rate, despite

► shoⁿ-hi-te (šǫ́hitte) - anyhow, at any rate, despite, notwithstanding

► ex: aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ, shoⁿ-hi-te (ątʔé tta mįkʰe ážąmį́, šǫ́hitte) - at any rate, I think I will be dead/die [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-hi-te aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe, aⁿ-t’e taⁿ zho za-ni ta-x’aⁿ-ki-da ni-he, aⁿ-naⁿki-ye (šǫ́hitte ątʔé tta mįkʰé, ątʔé tą žó zaní táxʔąkidá-nihĕ́, ąną́kiye) - well/at any rate I am going to die, when I'm dead barbecue all my flesh for me, he said to me [JOD]

notwithstanding, then, despite

► koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so, or in that case [JOD]; koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫttą) - that way, in, therefore

now

► iⁿ-chʰoⁿ (į́čʰǫ) - now

► cf. iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi (į́čʰǫ hi) - now, right now; ka-chʰoⁿ zhi-ka (kačʰǫ́ žiká) - a little while

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active and I’m very sickly [JOD]

► ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha haⁿ da-taⁿ-wa-zhi, e-niⁿ-te iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ da-taⁿ pa (makką́ša hą dattą́waží, énįtté į́čʰǫ tą dattą́ ppa) - they didn’t drink coffee, though now they do [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ mi-aⁿ-ba a-ki-haⁿ a-kniⁿ (į́čʰǫ mią́ba mį́ ákkihą aknį́) - I have now been (here) over a month

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-chʰaⁿ (íⁿ-tcaⁿ) - now, at present [JOD-Omaha]; iⁿ-chuⁿ (iⁿchuⁿ) - meanwhile, current, now, immediately, abrupt [Omaha]; iⁿ-choⁿ (į́-choⁿ) - at this moment, now, immediately, right away [FL-Osage]

► e-koⁿ-te zhi-ka (ekǫ́tte žiká) - in a little while, presently

► cf. e-koⁿ-te (ékǫtté) - wait!; in a while, presently; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; e-koⁿ-te-he (ékǫttehé) - wait!; in a while, presently

► Dhegiha: the-goⁿ-dsi (the-góⁿ-dsi) - now, at the present time [FL-Osage]; the-koⁿ-tse (ðekǫ́ǫce), the-koⁿ-tsi (ðekǫ́ǫci) - now, at this moment [CQ-Osage]; ye-go-ji (yegóji) - now, at this time or place [Kaw]

now and then, start now and then to do something

► tʰi-da-da (tʰidáda) - start now and then to do something ► a-tʰi-bda-bda (atʰíbdabdá) - I, da-tʰi-ta-ta (datʰíttattá) - you, tʰi-oⁿ-da-da-we (tʰiǫ́dadawé) - we

► cf. tʰi-de (tʰidé) - to begin, suddenly [JOD]; tʰi-kde (tʰikdé) - become suddenly; tʰi-kda-kda (tʰíkdakdá) - repeat a sudden action

► Dhegiha: tʰi-tha-tha (ti-¢á-¢a) - freq. of tʰi-the (ti¢e), beginning suddenly now and then [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-the (ti-¢é) - to begin, commence, or start suddenly; to come forth, as an infant at birth [JOD-Omaha]; tʰi-the (tʰithé) - to begin, to start; to arrive, as a baby being born [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-the (ṭsi-thé) - he began, he hastened, denoting sudden action [FL-Osage]; chi-ye (chiyé) - suddenly, action in this direction [Kaw]

now, just now

► di-o-za (dióza) - just now, a short time ago

► ex: di-o-za (dióza) - in a little while [JOD]

► ex: o-di-o-za (ódióza) - in a little while [JOD]

► ex: o-di-o-za hi (odiózahí) - in a very little while [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha di-o-za hi o-xde (ną́ža dióza hí oxdé) - then in a very short time he overtook her [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha o-di-o-za hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (ną́ža ódióza hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - then, in a very short time the man eater had come [JOD]

► ex: bdo-ka o-di-o-za hi o-wa-xde (bdoká odiózahí ówaxde) - in a very short time, he overtook the entire group [JOD]

now, right now

► iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi (į́čʰǫ hi) - now, right now

► cf. iⁿ-chʰoⁿ (į́čʰǫ) - now; hi (hi) - very; ka-chʰoⁿ zhi-ka (kačʰǫ́ žiká) - a little while

► ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta niⁿ-kʰa iⁿ-chʰoⁿ i (kiknǫké tta nįkʰá į́čʰǫ i) - they’re married (they’re going to be married, now) [MS]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-chʰaⁿ (íⁿ-tcaⁿ) - now, at present [JOD-Omaha]; iⁿ-chuⁿ (iⁿchuⁿ) - meanwhile, current, now, immediately, abrupt [Omaha]; iⁿ-choⁿ (į́-choⁿ) - at this moment, now, immediately, right away [FL-Osage]

now, this

► de (de) - this, now

► Dhegiha: the (¢é) - this [JOD-Omaha]; the (the) - this [FL-Osage]; the (ðe) - positional article for singular moving; that, the aforesaid [CQ-Osage]; the (ðée) - that; this; those; these; they [CQ-Osage]; ye (ye) - this, here, hither [Kaw]

nowhere

► ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nowhere

► cf. ho-wa (hówa) - where, who, which; ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; nearby; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; far away; ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰettí) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD]; ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is/are the (class) object; ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose; ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd [JOD]; ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► Dhegiha: ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X- shaped object? [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-gi-ʰtoⁿ (hó-wa-gi ṭoⁿ) - from where [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-gi-ʰtoⁿ-tse (hó-wa-iⁿ-gí-ṭoⁿ-tse) - from what source, what direction [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-iⁿ-ge (hó-wa-iⁿ-ge) - where; in what place [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-iⁿ-ki (howáįki), ho-wa-iⁿ-ki-tse (hówaįkice), ho-wa-i-ke (howáike), ho-wa-i (hówai) - where, wherein, where at, where to; be where; wherever, be wherever [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-yiⁿ-ge-ji (hówayiⁿgeji) - in, by, or near what place or object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-ge (hó-wa-ge), hu-wa-ge (hú-wa-ge) - where [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-ge (hówage) - where are the scattered objects; where are the different places [Kaw]; ho-wa-ge-ji (hówagèji) - where, to what place; at what place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-the (hó-wa-the) - where; which one [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-the-shki (howaðéeshki) - whichever one (animate), whatever one (person or animate being); anybody; everybody; whoever [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-ye (hówaye) - where is the moving animate object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-tsʰe-shki (howacʰéeški) - whichever one (inanimate), whatever (thing), anything, everything [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-che (hówache) - which; where is the standing inanimate object; where is the pile or collection of object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ho-wa-thiⁿ-ke (hó-wa-thiⁿ-ke) - which one (sitting) [FL-Osage]; ho-wa-iⁿ-kshe (hówaįkše) - which one (round, sitting) [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa-yiⁿ-khe (hówayiⁿkhè) - where is the animate object; where is the one who; where is the sitting one; where is the wider-than-tall inanimate object [Kaw]

nude, naked

► zho do-ka-niⁿ hi (žó dokkánį hí) - naked, nude

► cf. zho (žo) - flesh, meat; do-ka-niⁿ (dokkánį), to-ka-niⁿ (tokkánį) - naked to the waist; hi (hi) - very; si do-ka-niⁿ (si dókkanį́) - to be barefoot; to-ka-ni o-zha (tokkáni óža) - war dance, “no shirt - dance” [MS]

► Dhegiha: ha thu-ka-thiⁿ-i (há¢uká¢iⁿi) - naked [JOD-Omaha]; nu-ka-thiⁿ (nuká¢iⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [JOD-Omaha]; ha thu-ga-thiⁿ (ha thúgathiⁿ) - naked, nude, bare [Omaha]; tho-ʰka-thiⁿ (tho-ḳá-thiⁿ), thu-ʰka-thiⁿ (thú-ḳa-thiⁿ), nu-ʰka-thiⁿ (nu-ḳa-thiⁿ) - stripped to the waist; nude, naked [FL-Osage]; yo-ka-yiⁿ (yokáyiⁿ) - naked, stripped to the waist [Kaw]

nudge, edge, push on edge

► ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge ► pa-zi-pa (ppázippa) - I, shpa-zi-pa (špázippa) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit/lie on the edge, to perch; da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip; di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold, grasp edge of one's own; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something; ta-zi-pa (tázippa) - burn along the edge of something

number, equal in quantity or number

► kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - equal in quantity or number

► cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - of equal size; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ (kką́ze átʰą) - of equal length; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - equal or like depth; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ka (kką́ze atʰąkká) - of equal height; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ékǫ), koⁿ-ze e-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze eką), koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze áką) - similar, alike; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - copy, write over again; koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ-kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze ákąkʰíde) - treat the same, get even with

► Dhegiha: go-ze e-na (góze éna) - equal, even in number or quantity, an even number [Kaw]

number, half of a number or quantity

► o-di-shte (odíšte) - half (number or quantity)

► cf. o-di-shte (odíšte) - saw, split by sawing

► Dhegiha: u-thi-stse-ge (u-thi-stse-ge) - split [FL-Osage]; o-yu-stse-ge (oyúscege) - pull apart, split by pulling [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰki-stse (u-ḳí-stse), u-ʰki-ste (u-ḳi-çte) - half [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-stse(oʰkísce) - half of anything, half dollar [CQ-Osage]

number, to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► cf. a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - masculine name, Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-thi-te u-ga-doⁿ (ákʰithíte ugádoⁿ) - to nail on crosswise, to crucify [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across the breast [FL-Osage]

numeral, ordinal numeral marker

► i (í) - ordinal numeral marker; i (í) + numeral stem

► ex: i-naⁿ-pa (ínąpa), i-naⁿ-paⁿ (ínąpą́), i-naⁿ-baⁿ (ínąbą́) - second, second time, again, i (í) + naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya (ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-naⁿ-pa tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (šǫ́žiká ínąp͓á tʰą kíkikną́wi) - they put their second pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-naⁿ-pa niⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ínąp͓á nį dišʔá) - then the second one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąpą́ ąbą híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I will go [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bniⁿ (ídabnį́) - third, ordinal numeral, i (í) + da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three

► ex: de i-da-bniⁿ (dé ídabnį) - this third one [JOD]

► ex: e-ti shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-da-bniⁿ tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti šǫ́žiká ídabnį tʰą kíkikną́wi) - there, they put their third pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-da-bniⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ídabnį dišʔá) - then the third one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bni-ka (ídabnika) - third, fraction

► ex: i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + to-wa (tówa) - four

► ex: naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) - fourth finger [MS]

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

► ex: i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ (ísattą) - fifth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ-ka (ísattąka) - fifth, fraction

► ex: i-sha-pe (íšappe) - sixth, i (í) + sha-pe (šappé) - six

► ex: i-pe-naⁿ-pa (íppeną́pa) - seventh, i (í) + pe-naⁿ-pa (ppénąpa) - seven

► ex: i-pe-da-bniⁿ (íppedábnį) - eighth, i (í) + pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► ex: i-shaⁿ-ka (íšąkká) - ninth, i (í) + shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine

► ex: i-kde-bdaⁿ (íkdebdą́) - tenth, i (í) + kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten

numerals, distributive of numerals

► na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals

► ex: miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - by ones, one each, one apiece

► ex: naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece

► ex: da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - by threes; 3 apiece

► ex: to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours

► ex: sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives

► ex: sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - by sixes, 6 apiece, 6 at a time

► ex: pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens

► ex: pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, eight at a time

► ex: shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - by nines

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - by tens, 10 apiece, 10 at a time

► ex: da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - by thirteens; 13 apiece

► ex: sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - by sixteens, 16 each

► ex: pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, seventeen at a time

► ex: shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - by nineteens, 19 each

► ex: kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - by thirties, 30 each

► ex: e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different

► ex: ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big is each

► ex: wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

nurse, suckle

► ma-ze k’i (mazé k’í) - nurse, suckle

► cf. ma-ze (mazé) - breast; k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone

► ex: ma-ze k’i (mazé k’í) - breast-give to her [JOD]

► ex: ma-ze k’i, xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (mazé kʔí, γaké nįkʰé) - let her suckle, she’s crying [JOD]

► ex: “xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe, ma-ze k’i,” i-he miⁿ-kʰe (“γaké nįkʰé, mazé kʔí,” ihé mįkʰé) - “she’s crying, let her suckle,” I said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-ze-iⁿ (ma-zé-iⁿ) - to use the breasts; to suck, as infants or the young of animals suck the breasts of the mother [JOD-Omaha]; ba-ze-ʰk’iⁿ (ba-çé-ḳ’i), ba-ze-iⁿ (ba-çé-iⁿ) - the act of a mother suckling her child [FL-Osage]

nut, black walnut

► ta-ke (ttáke) - black walnut

► ta-ke (ttáke) - black walnut [MS]

► cf. ta-ke hi (ttakéhi) - black walnut tree

► Dhegiha: ta-ge (táge) - black walnut [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ge (tage) - walnut [Omaha]; ʰta-ge (ṭá-ge) - black walnut [FL-Osage]; ʰta-ku-e (ʰtákue) - walnut, black walnut [CQ-Osage]; ta-gu (tágu) - black walnut [Kaw]

nut, hazel nut

► wa-ta-sto-ta sha-ka (watástotta šákka) - hazel nut

► cf. wa-ta-sto-ta (watástotta) - pecan nut; sha-ka (šákka) - matted, as hair; wa-ta-sto-ta sha-ka hi (watástotta šákka hi) - hazel bush

nut, hickory nut

► poⁿ (ppǫ) - hickory nut

► poⁿ (poⁿ) - hickory nut [MS]

► poⁿ (pon) - hickory nut (noix) [GI]

► cf. poⁿ hi (ppǫhí) - hickory tree; poⁿ ka-xnaⁿ-zhe (poⁿ ga ka n[m]o zha) - stone for crushing hickory nuts, from John Quapaw [MH]

► Dhegiha: ʰpoⁿ toⁿ-ga (p̣óⁿ-ṭoⁿ-ga) - nut of the hickory tree, hickory nut [FL-Osage]; ʰpa ʰtaⁿ (ʰpáʰtąą) - hickory nut [CQ-Osage]; paⁿ taⁿ-ga (páⁿtàⁿga) - hickory nut, walnut [Kaw]; paⁿ pa-zhiⁿ-ga (paⁿ pázhiⁿga) - a type of small hickory nut [Kaw]

nut, pecan nut

► wa-ta-sto-ta (watástotta) - pecan (nut)

► wa-ta-sto-ta (watástotta) - pecan [MS]

► wa-ta-sto-ta (uattah-stŭttah) - pecan nut (noix de pecan) [GI]

► cf. wa-ta-sto-ta hi (watástottá hi) - pecan tree

► ex: wa-ta-sto-ta ba-hi (watástotta báhi) - to pick pecan nuts [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-da-sto-sta (wa-dá-çto-çta) - pecan nuts [FL-Osage]; wa-ta-sto-sta (watástosta), wa-ta-sto-e (watástoe), wa-ta-shtsʰo-tsʰe (watáščoče) - pecan nut [CQ-Osage]

nutcracker, crack nuts

► di-xi-xe (dixíxe) - crack nuts, nutcracker ► bdi-xi-xe (bdíxixe) - I, ti-xi-xe (ttíxixe) - you

► cf. ka-xi-xe (kaxixé), (kaxíxe) - crack something, as an egg

► Dhegiha: xi-xe (qíxe) - broken in hollow object, broken in as any hollow object [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ge i-ga-xi-xe (tage igaxixe) - nut cracker [Omaha]; ga-xi-xe (ga-xí-xe) - to break or crack hard substance like corn, nuts, etc., by striking [FL-Osage]; ka-xu-xe (kaaxúɣe) - split, split open, crack or splinter by sudden impact [CQ-Osage]

nuthatch

► wa-zhiⁿ zha ma-ni (wažį žá máni) - nuthatch, lit. “walks upside down”; mutch-hotch; Sittidae

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird; maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ xa-tha a-he (zhoⁿ qátha áhe) - nuthatch or Nuttall’s woodpecker; bird that “goes back again down the tree” [Omaha/Ponca]

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