English to Quapaw Dictionary

O

oak acorns - oh

oil - on this side

on top of  - one side

one thing - oneself

onion - otter skin

our, ours plural - ox

 

oil, coal oil

► ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil

► cf. ta-xde (táxde) - coals, charcoal; we-kdi (wékdi) - grease, lard, oil

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xthe (noⁿxthe) - coal fuel, charcoal [Omaha]; noⁿ-xthe (noⁿ-xthé) - charcoal, coal [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xle (naⁿxlé) - coals, embers [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

 

oil, coal oil lamp

► ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► cf. ta-xde (táxde) - coals, charcoal; we-kdi (wékdi) - grease, lard, oil, fat; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką) - lamp, lantern, light, candle

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ-gthe we-gthi (wánakóⁿgthe wégthi) - lamp oil [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ we-gthiⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ we-gthiⁿ) - kerosene oil [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ we-li ni-ni (átaʰką wéli níini) - oil well, “lamp oil spring/well” [CQ-Osage]; we-li a-da-kaⁿ (wéli ádakaⁿ) - coal oil [Kaw]

 

oil, grease, lard, fat

► we-kdi (wékdi) - lard, fat, grease, oil

► we-kdi (wéktçi) - grease, fat [JOD]

► we-kdi (weghetih) - oil (huile) [GI]

► we-kdi (wékdi) - lard, grease [AB]

► we-kjhi (wékǰí) - lard, grease [OM]

► ex: ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”

► ex: we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► ex: wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► ex: ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► ex: we-kdi u-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - fat wrapped around [JOD]

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil

► ex: a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► ex: ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - lamp, coal oil              

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

 

oil, lamp oil

► a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil

► cf. a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką) - lamp, lantern, light, candle; we-kdi (wékdi) - grease, lard, oil, fat; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - lamp, coal oil; ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]; we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - fat wrapped around [JOD]; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► Dhegiha: wa-na-koⁿ-gthe we-gthi (wánakóⁿgthe wégthi) - lamp oil [Omaha/Ponca]; a-da-ʰkoⁿ we-gthiⁿ (á-da-ḳoⁿ we-gthiⁿ) - kerosene oil [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaⁿ we-li ni-ni (átaʰką wéli níini) - oil well, “lamp oil spring/well” [CQ-Osage]; we-li a-da-kaⁿ (wéli ádakaⁿ) - coal oil [Kaw]

 

old female dog

► shoⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka (šǫ́ waxʔó žíka) - old female dog [JOD)]

► cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (šǫ́ttąka) - wolf; shoⁿ-zhi-ka (šǫ́žika) - puppy, pup; wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, old female animal, little old lady

► ex: shoⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe i-ki-aⁿ-xa-we (šǫ́ waxʔó žíka nįkʰé íkiąγáwe) - he questioned the old female dog [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

 

old man

► ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother, uncle; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]

► ex: e-ti, ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka (ní-ka) - an archaic word, conveying the idea of “male of the human race,” used in certain compounds [JOD-Omaha]; nu (nu) - man, human male [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka (ní-ḳa) - man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka (níʰka) - man, person, husband [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

 

► ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder; sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very); sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► ex: ni-ka sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (níkka šʔaké tʰą tta tʔéde attahá) - the old man killed many deer [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-sh’a-ge (iⁿshage) - old man, elder [Omaha]; te sh’a-ge (tésh’age) - old buffalo [Omaha]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke (šʔaké) - old, old man [JOD]

► sh’a-ke (jakeh) - old, elderly, aged (vieux) [GI]

► cf. ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]; sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder; sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very); sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman’s wife

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke niⁿ wa-taⁿ a-ki-de tʰe kdi (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke nį wattą́ akíde tʰé kdí) - then the old man returned with the goods that he went after [JOD]

► ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; hi (hi) - very; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there; ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]; sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

old people, elders

► sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]; sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder; sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

old woman

► wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother (older uncle); iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt, older [OM]; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ pa ną́) - grown (old) women wore short dresses [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u naⁿ hi (wa-’u naⁿ hí) - to arrive at middle age, said of women only [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wa-ḳ’ó noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a woman of questionable chastity, a harlot, a prostitute [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫǫhǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow; prostitute, woman of bad reputation [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o naⁿ (waxʔóną) - old woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; naⁿ (ną) - old, grown, mature, adult

► Dhegiha: wa-’u (wa’ú) - woman [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-’u (wa’u) - lady, woman [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o  (wa-ḳ’ó) - woman or women [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o (wakʔó) - woman, wife; wa-k’o (wak’ó) - woman, female, wife  [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ (náⁿ) - grown [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - to grow, to age, to mature, an adult [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nóǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, old female animal; little old lady

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé, iyá) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé, iyá) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį žókde étti hí ną) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, wi-to-shpa, shoⁿ iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (“hǫ́, wíttošpá, šǫ į,” iyí iyá waxʔóžiká tʰą) - “yes, my grandchild, that will do,” the old woman replied  [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then the old woman married him, she took her children along with her [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔó žiká ikkíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya, wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá, waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą waxʔó žiká nį dišʔá) - then the old woman gave out [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe i-ki-aⁿ-xa-we (šǫ́ waxʔó žíka nįkʰé íkiąγáwe) - he questioned the old female dog [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little; hi (hi) - very; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga hi (wa-ḳ’ó zhíⁿ-ga hi) - a woman who has reached old age [FL-Osage]

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka xti (waxʔóžika xti) - aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žiká) - small, little; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xchi (qchi) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real [Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

 

old, aged

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔaké hí), (šʔakée hí) - old man, elder

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; hi (hi) - very; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there; ni-ka sh’a-ke (níkka šʔaké) - old man [JOD]; sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► Dhegiha: ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

 

old, grown up, mature

► naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature ► aⁿ-naⁿ-hoⁿ (ą́nąhǫ́) - I, di-naⁿ-hoⁿ (dínąhǫ́) - you, wa-naⁿ-hoⁿ-we (wánąhǫwe) - we

► cf. naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ą́nąhą́) - me grownup [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-mi-zhi-ka taⁿ-hi a-hi-bda shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ąmížiká tąhí ahíbda šǫ́hi ą́nąhą́) - though/when I was a young girl, I bathed (in the creek/river) until I was grown [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mįtą́ nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ pa ną́) - grown women wore short dresses [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

 

old, mature, adult

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult

► cf. naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ) - adult animal, adult person, elder [Omaha]; naⁿ (náⁿ) - grown [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - an adult, to grow, to age, to mature [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ́ǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

 

older aunt

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt, older aunt on mother’s side; mother’s older sister

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

► cf. iⁿ-da (įdá) - my mother; i-haⁿ (ihą́), i-hoⁿ (ihǫ́), e-haⁿ (ehą́) - someone’s mother, his or her mother; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - girl, young; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-na-ha (íⁿnaⁿ ha) - my mother [Omaha/Ponca]; i-noⁿ-ha (inoⁿha) - my mother [Omaha]; i-na (i-na) - when addressing the mother, i-noⁿ-hoⁿ (í-noⁿ-hoⁿ) - my mother [FL-Osage]; i-naⁿ (iiną́) - my mother, my mother's sister, my maternal aunt, either younger or older than my mother, more precise than English, “my aunt” [CQ-Osage]; i-naⁿ (ináⁿ) - my mother, i-na-ye (inayé) -  my mother (said by a man addressing his own mother), i-na-ye a (ínaye á) - my mother (said by a woman addressing her own mother) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-haⁿ (i-háⁿ) - a mother, his or her mother [JOD-Omaha]; i-hoⁿ (i-hóⁿ) - someone’s mother, his or her mother [Omaha/Ponca]; i-hoⁿ (i-hóⁿ) - mother [Omaha]; i-hoⁿ (i-hóⁿ) - mother [FL-Osage]; i-hoⁿ (iihǫ́) - his or her mother, the mother, a mother [CQ-Osage]; i-hoⁿ (ihóⁿ) - his or her mother [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ) - adult animal, adult person, elder [Omaha]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - an adult, to grow, to age, to mature [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ́ǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

 

older brother, a man’s older brother

► i-zhiⁿ-de (ižį́de), e-zhiⁿ-de (ežį́de) - a man’s elder brother ► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my, di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your

► cf. i-zhiⁿ-de-de (ižį́dede) - to have as an elder brother

► Dhegiha: i-zhiⁿ-the (izhíⁿthe) - elder brother [Omaha]; i-zhiⁿ-the (i-zhíⁿ-the) - his elder brother, brother older than himself [FL-Osage]; i-zhiⁿ-the (ižį́ðe) - his older brother (more precise than English ‘his brother’) [CQ-Osage]; i-zhi-ye (izhíye) - man’s elder brother [Kaw]

 

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my elder brother (male speaking)

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wi-jindheh) - my older brother (frere aîné) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wi-zhiⁿ-the (wizhíⁿthe) - my elder brother [Omaha]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wi-zhíⁿ-the) - my elder brother, my brother older than myself [FL-Osage]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wižį́ðe) - my older brother (used only when speaker is male) [CQ-Osage]; wi-zhi-ye (wizhíye) - my elder brother [Kaw]

 

► di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your elder brother (speaking to a male)

► Dhegiha: thi-zhiⁿ-the (ðižį́ðe) - your older brother (used only when speaking to a man) [CQ-Osage]; yi-zhi-ye (yizhíye) - your elder brother [Kaw]

 

older brother, a woman’s older brother

► i-ti-to (ittítto) - brother, woman’s elder, his or hers ► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my, di-ti-to (dittítto) - your

► Dhegiha: i-ti-nu (itínu) - elder brother [Omaha];  i-tsiⁿ-do (i-tsiⁿ́-do) - her elder brother [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsiⁿ-to (iʰicį́to) - her older brother, any of her brothers who is older than she is [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-do (icído) - woman's eldest brother [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my brother, woman's elder (female speaking)

► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my elder brother (female speaker) [MS]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-tsiⁿ-do (wi-tsiⁿ́-do) - brother older than myself, woman speaking [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtsiⁿ-to (wiʰcį́to) - my elder brother, oldest of speaker's brothers, not necessarily older than the speaker, used only when speaker is female, more precise than English, my older brother [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-do (wicído) - my elder brother, female speaking; my step-brother, female speaking, older; my father's brother's son, older than myself, female speaking; my mother's brother's daughter's son, female speaking; my mother's sister's son, older than myself, female speaking [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-to (dittítto) - your brother, woman’s elder (speaking to a female)

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsiⁿ-to (ðiʰicį́to) - your older brother, used only when speaking to a woman [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-do (yicído) - your elder brother, addressing a woman [Kaw]

 

► i-ti-to-de (ittíttode) - brother, to have as an elder ► i-ti-to-a-de (ittíttoade) - I, i-ti-to-da-de (ittíttodade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-tsi-do-ye (icídoye) - woman to have someone as her older brother, to call someone i-tsi-do (icído) [Kaw]

 

older brother’s daughter, a woman’s older brother’s daughter

► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ittóžąke), e-to-zhaⁿ-ke (eTóžąke) - niece, woman’s elder brother’s daughter ► wi-to-zhaⁿ-ke (wittóžąke) - my, di-to-zhaⁿ-ke (dittóžąke) - your

► Dhegiha: i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (i-t͓ú-jañ-ge) - her brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsu-zhoⁿ-ge (i-ṭsú-zhoⁿ-ge) - a niece; her brother’s daughter [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcóžąke), i-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcióžąke) - her brother’s daughter (more precise than English ‘her niece’) [CQ-Osage]; i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (icózhoⁿge) - niece, woman’s brother’s daughter; her niece [Kaw]

 

► wi-to-zhaⁿ-ke (wittóžąke) - my niece, my elder brother’s daughter

► Dhegiha: wi-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (wit͓újañge) - my niece, my brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ke (wiʰcóžąke), wi-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (wiʰcióžąke) - my brother’s daughter (used only when speaker is female; more precise than English ‘my niece’) [CQ-Osage]; wi-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (wicózhoⁿge) - my niece [Kaw]

 

► di-to-zhaⁿ-ke (dittóžąke) - your niece, your elder brother’s daughter

► Dhegiha: thi-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (¢it͓újañge) - your niece, your brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; thi-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ge (ðiʰcóžąke), thi-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (ðiʰcióžąke) - your brother’s daughter (used only when speaking to a woman; more precise than English ‘niece’) [CQ-Osage]; yi-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (yicózhoⁿge) - your niece [Kaw]

 

► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ittóžąkede) - to have as a niece ► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-a-de (ittóžąkeade) - I, i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-da-de (ittóžąkedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge-the (i-t͓ú-jañ-ge-¢ĕ) - to have another female for an i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (it͓ujañge) [JOD-Omaha]; i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge-ye (icózhoⁿgeye) - woman to have someone for a niece, to call someone i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (icózhoⁿge) [Kaw]

 

older or younger aunt, a man’s father’s sister

► i-ti-mi (ittími), e-ti-mi (eTími) - a man’s aunt, a man’s father’s sister (older or younger) ► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my, di-ti-mi (dittími) - your

► cf. i-ti-mi-de (ittímide) - to have as an aunt

► Dhegiha: i-ti-mi (itími) - aunt [Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-mi (i-ṭsí-mi) - aunt, on father's side, his or her father's sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-mi (iʰcími) - his/her father's sister, his/her paternal aunt, more precise than English, his aunt or her aunt [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-mi (icími) - his or her aunt, father’s sister [Kaw]

 

► wi-ti-mi (wittími) - my aunt, my father's sister [MS, MR, AG]

► ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I'm glad to see you [FR]

► Dhegiha: wi-ti-mi (witími) - my aunt (Omaha); wi-ʰtsi-mi (wiʰcími) - my father's, older or younger sister, my paternal aunt, used when speaker is male or female [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-mi (wicími) - my aunt, my father’s sister [Kaw]

 

► di-ti-mi (dittími) - your aunt, your father’s sister

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsi-mi (ðiʰcími) - your father's sister, younger or older, your paternal aunt [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-mi (yicími) - your aunt, your father’s sister [Kaw]

 

older sister, a man’s older sister

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke), e-taⁿ-ke (eTą́ke) - a man’s elder sister ► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my, di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke) - sister [OM]

► cf. i-taⁿ-ke-de (ittą́kede) - sister, to have as an elder

► ex: wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: i-ʰtoⁿ-ge (í-ṭóⁿ-ge) - sister, his elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtaⁿ-ke (iʰtą́ke) - his/her older sister, i.e., the oldest among a group of sisters; not necessarily older than the person referred to by “his” or “her” [CQ-Osage]; i-taⁿ-ge (itáⁿge) - man’s or woman’s younger sister [Kaw]

 

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: wi-taⁿ-ge (wiʇañ′ge) - my sister [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtaⁿ-ke (wiʰtą́ke) - my older sister, used when speaker is male or female, my sister, loosely used mutually among unrelated younger and older female speakers to show respect, my wife, lit., “my sister”, used to refer to speaker's wife when they have no children and possibly to address her [CQ-Osage]; wi-taⁿ-ge (witáⁿge) - my younger sister [Kaw]

 

► di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your older sister

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-ge (thi-ṭóⁿ-ge) - your sister [FL-Osage]; thi-taⁿ-ke (ðiʰtą́ke) - your older sister, used by anyone speaking to a man or a woman, referring both to a sister older than the addressee and to the oldest of the addressee’s sisters, who may not be older than the addressee [CQ-Osage]; yi-taⁿ-ge (yitáⁿge) - your younger sister [Kaw]

 

older sister, a woman’s older sister

► i-zhoⁿ-de (ižǫ́de), e-zhoⁿ-de (ežǫ́de) - woman’s elder sister ► wi-zhoⁿ-de (wižǫ́de) - my, di-zhoⁿ-de (dižǫ́de) - your

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-the ha (zhoⁿthé ha) - older sister [JOD-Omaha]; i-zhoⁿ-the (i-zhóⁿ-the) - her elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (ižǫ́ą) - her elder sister, more precise than English “her sister” [CQ-Osage]; i-zho-we (izhówe) - man or woman’s elder sister [Kaw]

 

► wi-zhoⁿ-de (wižǫ́de) - my elder sister (woman speaking)

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (wižǫ́ą) - my elder sister, older than the speaker, used only when speaker is female [CQ-Osage]; wi-zho-we (wizhówe) - my elder sister [Kaw]; wi-zho-we a (wízhowe á) elder sister! (female speaking - address form) [Kaw]

 

► di-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (dižǫ́de) - your elder sister (speaking to a woman)

► Dhegiha: thi-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (ðižǫ́ą) - your older sister, used only when speaking to a woman [CQ-Osage]; yi-zho-we (yizhówe) - your elder sister [Kaw]

 

► i-zhoⁿ-de-de (ižǫ́dede), e-zhoⁿ-de-de (ežǫ́dede) - to have someone as elder sister ► i-zhoⁿ-de-a-de (ižǫ́deade) - I, i-zhoⁿ-de-da-de (ižǫ́dedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-zho-we-ye (izhóweye) - have another woman as an elder sister [Kaw]

 

older uncle, a man’s father’s older brother

► i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother, uncle ► iⁿ-ta-e naⁿ-haⁿ (įttátte nąhą́) - my, di-a-te naⁿ-haⁿ (diátte nąhą́) - your

► cf. i-da-te (idátte) - his or her father; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), naⁿ-haⁿ (nąhą́) - old, grown up, mature; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-the (nǫ́ǫðe) - raise, rear, bring up [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

 

oldest boy’s birthname

► iⁿ-knaⁿ (įkną́) - first son [JOD]

► cf. iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi-ka (įkdą́ žíka) - son, first born; iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi (įkdą́ ží) - first son [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, wa-zhiⁿ ki-te da-ni-he  (įkną́, wažį́ kkítte dá-nihé) - first son, go shoot some birds! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te,” i-ke tʰaⁿ (“įkną́, ąkákde tté,” iké tʰą) - “first son, let’s go home,” he said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthoⁿ (iⁿgthóⁿ) - first son, a birth order name [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-gthaⁿ (iñ-g¢áⁿ), iⁿ-gtho (iñ-g¢ó) - the first born son [JOD-Omaha]; iⁿ-gthoⁿ (iⁿ-gthóⁿ) - special kinship term for the first son, one that only the immediate family uses [FL-Osage]; i-loⁿ (ilǫ́ǫ), i-loⁿ-taⁿ (ilǫ́ǫʰtą) - eldest son [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-loⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́ǫʰpa), i-loⁿiⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́įʰpa), i-loⁿ-aⁿ-ʰpa (ilǫ́ąʰpa) - first son in any clan (probably a baby name) [CQ-Osage]; i-lo-a-pa (ilóapa) - first born son [Kaw]

 

► iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi-ka (įkdą́ žíka) - son, first born

► iⁿ-kdaⁿ zhi (įkdą́ ží) - first son [MS]

► cf. iⁿ-knaⁿ (įkną́) - first son [JOD]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthaⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (iñ-g¢áⁿ jiñ-ga) - n.p. masc. of the Ponka gens [JOD-Omaha]; i-lo hiⁿ-ga (ilóhíⁿga) - first born son; last born son [Kaw]

 

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - son, oldest boy’s birth name, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [MR] and [OM] are recorded saying kʰa-ke (kʰáke) as oldest boy

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - oldest boy [MR, OM]

► kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - boy closer to you [AG]

► cf. kʰa-ke (kʰáke) - son, third son’s birthname; kʰa-ke (kʰaké) - younger brother [JOD]; kʰa-ke zhi-ka (kʰaké žíka) - son, 4th son’s birthname

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

► kʰa-zhiⁿ (kʰážį) - first son, birth name

► Dhegiha: ka-ge (ka-gé) - the ____ born son, also used as a vocative by brothers, parents, and grandparents [JOD-Omaha]; ka-ge (káge) - younger brother [Omaha]; ʰka-ge (ḳa-ge), ʰka-ge wa-ha-ge (ḳa-ge wa-há-ge) - the last born of a number of young brothers, the young brothers serve as messengers for elder brothers [FL-Osage]; kxa-ke (kxáke) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį) [CQ-Osage]; kxa-zhiⁿ (kxážį), kxa-zhiⁿ-ka (kxážįka) - third son or subsequent son, synonymous with kxa-ke (kxáke) [CQ-Osage]; ka-ge pa-haⁿ-le (kagé paháⁿle), kha-ge pa-haⁿ-le (khagé paháⁿle) - first of the ka-ge (kagé), third-born son [Kaw]

 

oldest daughter’s birthname

► si-ke (síke) - daughter, oldest daughter, first daughter, birth order name, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [AG] is recorded saying that they called her oldest sister si-ke (siké)

► si-ke (siké) - girl [AG]

► cf. si-ke (síke) - second daughter, birth name; si-ke zhi-ka (síke žika) - second daughter

► ex: si-ke xda (síke xdá) - skinny girl [AG]

► ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te niⁿ-kʰe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikʰé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

► Dhegiha: si-ge (si-gé) - the ordinal birth-name for the fourth daughter [JOD-Omaha]; si-ge (sigé) - birth-order name; fourth daughter [Omaha/Ponca]; si-ge (çí-ge) - the third daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; si-ke (síke) - third daughter [CQ-Osage]; si-ge (sigé) - third or fourth daughter [Kaw]

 

► wi-naⁿ zhi-ka (winą́ žíka) - first born daughter, vocative wi-naⁿ-e (winą́e)

► cf. wi-na (winá), wi-naⁿ (winą́) - second daughter, birth name; wi-na (wi-ná) - second girl [OM]; wi-na (wi-ná) - second girl, this differs with the JOD/RR entries, [OM] says wi-na (winá) for second daughter, one of [MS] great granddaughters was nicknamed wi-na (winá), as she was the second daughter in that family, when [MS] was asked how to say second daughter by her father, she said wi-na (winá)

► Dhegiha: wi-naⁿ (wi-náⁿ) - the ordinal birth-name for the first daughter [JOD-Omaha]; mi-na (mí-na) - this is a special kinship term used by a father and mother for their first daughter, the term is also used by other members of the family, it is not a personal name, it is however, a gentile name, by which she may be addressed by anybody [FL-Osage]; mi-na (míina) - eldest daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-noⁿ (mí-noⁿ) - the first daughter (special kinship term) [FL-Osage]; mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - first daughter [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: mi-naⁿ-ga (mínaⁿga) - second daughter [Kaw]

 

Omaha Tribe

► i-ma-ha (imaha) - was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people [JOD]

► i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► i-ma-ha (ímăha) - a band of Omaha, or perhaps more probably Kwâpâ, who lived with the Kä́dohadä́cho, but retained their own distinct language. There are still a few living with the Caddo, but they retain only the name. It will be remembered that when the Caddo lived in eastern Louisiana the Arkansas or Kwâpâ were their nearest neighbors on the north, and these Imaha may have been a part of the Kwâpâ who lived “upstream” (úmañhañ) on the Arkansas. The Caddo call the Omaha tribe by the same name. [J. Mooney-Caddo]

► ma-ha (maha) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind

► Dhegiha: u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (umoⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha Tribe [Omaha]; u-ma-haⁿ (u-má-haⁿ), u-ma-ha (umaha) - “those who went up-stream,” the Omahas, a tribe of the egiha group of the Siouan Family [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (umóⁿhoⁿ) - the Osage name for Omaha [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-haⁿ (omą́hą) - Omaha tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; o-ma-ha (omáha), oⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (oⁿmóⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha tribe or people, those who went upstream, lit. “those who went upstream”, so called because they (as well as the Ponca, Osage, and Kansa) went up stream when they left the Quapaw, the Omahas derive their name from kímaⁿhaⁿ, while the Osage pronounce that word kimáⁿhaⁿ [Kaw]

 

omentum

► pa-xaⁿ-noⁿ-ta (ppaxą́nǫttá) - diaphragm, caul, omentum

► Dhegiha: ʰtse pa-xe-noⁿ-ta (ṭse-p̣á-xe-noⁿ-ta) - the diaphragm [FL-Osage]; tse pa-xiⁿ-naⁿ-ta (ce páxiⁿnaⁿtá) - buffalo caul or diaphragm [Kaw]

 

on

► a (a) - on, upon

► ex: a-zhaⁿ (ážą) - bed, bedstead; a (a) - on, upon + zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline

► ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde (áwaną́bde) - table; a (a) - on, upon + wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine

► ex: a-taⁿ-we (átąwe) - look upon; a (a) - on, upon + toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something

► ex: a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon; a (a) - on, upon + na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► ex: a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat, sit on; a (a) - on, upon + kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį) - horse; shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog + a-kniⁿ (áknį) - sit on

► ex: a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze  (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something; a (a) - on, upon + haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze  (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening

► ex: a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface; a (a) - on, upon + knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set or put a singular/inanimate object

► ex: a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; a (a) - on, upon + ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set one’s own, put

► ex: a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; a (a) - on, upon + k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out

► Dhegiha: a (a) - on, upon; verbal prefix or prep. [JOD-Omaha]; a (a) - on, upon [FL-Osage]; a (á) - on, upon; for (locative prefix; sometimes has benefactive sense) [CQ-Osage]; a (á) - locative prefix to verbs; on, at [Kaw]

 

on another, pile up many flat objects one on another

► a-ki-ze-ze i-tʰe-de (ákkizéze itʰéde) - pile up many flat objects one on another, such as books

► cf. i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: e-ga-ze-ze (égazéze) - in a row [JOD-Omaha]; a-ta-ze-ze (átazéze) - fill out, fill up, raise level [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - to put or place, make stand: usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

on another, put a horizontal object on another to hold it down

► a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight ► a-ka-spi-he-a-de (ákaspihéade) - I, a-ka-spi-he-da-de (ákaspihédade)  -you

► cf. a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat or (curvilinear) object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!

► ex: ti-ze a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-da (ttižé ákaspe jíka itʰedá) - shut the door a little!

► ex: maⁿ-a-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does

► ex: maⁿ-a-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe (á-ga-çpe) - the falling of something heavy on a person or thing, to cover up an object [FL-Osage]; a-ka-spe (akáaspe) - shade, blind, covering [CQ-Osage]; a-ka-spe (ákaaspe) - put over, put upon, cover as with cloth or blanket, cover with dirt as a grave, cover over, cover up [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-spe (ágaspe), a-ga-spaⁿ (ágaspaⁿ) - cover completely, concealing every part [Kaw]

 

on another, put a squat (curvilinear) object on another to hold it down

► a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat (curvilinear) object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone ► a-ka-spi-naⁿ-a-de (ákaspiną́ade) - I, a-ka-spi-naⁿ-da-de (ákaspiną́dade) - you

► cf. a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put sg/si/in or cloth/paper; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!

► ex: ti-ze a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-da (ttižé ákaspe jíka itʰedá) - shut the door a little!

► ex: maⁿ-a-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does

► ex: maⁿ-a-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe (á-ga-çpe) - the falling of something heavy on a person or thing, to cover up an object [FL-Osage]; a-ka-spe (akáaspe) - shade, blind, covering [CQ-Osage]; a-ka-spe (ákaaspe) - put over, put upon, cover as with cloth or blanket, cover with dirt as a grave, cover over, cover up [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-spe (ágaspe), a-ga-spaⁿ (ágaspaⁿ) - cover completely, concealing every part [Kaw]

 

on another, spread out one object on another

► a-di-bda (ádibda) - spread out one object on another, as a robe on a horse or a table cloth on a table ► a-bdi-bda (ábdibda) - I, a-ti-bda (áttibda) - you, oⁿ-ka-di-bda-we (ǫkádibdáwe) - we

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; di-bda (dibdá) - pull apart, separate

► Dhegiha: u-zhoⁿ a-thi-btha (uzhoⁿ athibtha) - cover [Omaha]; wa-tha-te a-thi-btha (wathate athibtha) - table cloth [Omaha]; a-thi-btha (á-thi-btha) - spread oilcloth [FL-Osage]; a-thu-bra (áðubra), a-thi-bra (áðibra) - spread upon, spread over [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-btha (thibtha) - unfold [Omaha]; thi-btha (thi-bthá) - to spread a robe or blanket [FL-Osage]; thi-bra (ðíbra), thu-bra (ðúbra) - spread, spread out, as a cloth [CQ-Osage]; yu-bla (yublá) - spread out or hang up to dry, corn, clothes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: btha (b¢a) - open, spread out [JOD-Omaha]; btha (btha) - to open, to spread out; to be opened or spread out [Omaha/Ponca]; bla (bla) - spread out, as dishes on the table [Kaw]

 

on behalf, strike on behalf of someone else

► o-ki-tʰiⁿ (okítʰį) - strike on behalf of someone else

► cf. o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit; ki (kí) - for someone, on behalf of someone

► Dhegiha: u-tiⁿ (utiⁿ) - beat, hit, spank, strike, a blow, club [Omaha]; u-tʰiⁿ (utʰíⁿ) - to hit or strike him [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tsiⁿ (ú-tsiⁿ) - to maul, to beat, to pound, to strike, to give a drubbing, to thrash [FL-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ocʰí) - whip strongly, beat up, spank or get someone, drub, thrash [CQ-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ócʰį) - hit or beat things, such as a drum [CQ-Osage]; o-chiⁿ (ochíⁿ) - hit [Kaw]

 

on bottom, down on bottom

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom

► o-zo ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: u-zu (u-çú) - lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - 1) wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber; ozó táⁿga éji ayé góⁿyabe che aó, paháⁿle ché. They first desired to go to an extensive bottom land, abounding in timber, where Junction City now stands; 2) hilltops JOD uses this term in reference to the noⁿnóⁿbahu tó, “a kind of grape or berry found on the ozú (hill tops)” but the term more commonly refers to lowlands, as in sense 1. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zu u-gthoⁿ (ú-çu-u-gthoⁿ) - lowland forest in the bend of a stream [FL-Osage]; u-zu i-ha zhiⁿ-ga (u-çú-i-ha zhiⁿ-ga) - at one time there was a large bend in the stream, which was nearly closed; the meaning of the name is small mouth; it is near the u-zu (u-çu) or woods, what is known as Bartlesville, Kans. This was the site of the fourth camp in the fisrt trail, also of the third trail [FL-Osage]; o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber, the name of a village, literally, “they live in the timber”. JOD identifies this as a proper town, that is, it refers to a specific village, also called cexúliⁿ ‘village on a highland or lowland level, destitute of trees.’ The second name seems to contradict the first name but MR’s comments might be intended to clarify: “There used to be three branches, like Pawhuska, and some of them lived in that and some of them lived along the creek, Gaxó’oliⁿ and Zaⁿjóliⁿ. Those people lived in the [_?_], why they used to live north of Kaw there, at Washunga there. And those others, they used to [_?_] on top of the hill. And I think they called Waxága-oliⁿ ‘where the cactus grows.’ Zaⁿjóliⁿ is where they live in the timber, zaⁿjé. And Gaxá-oliⁿ, they used to live along the edge of [creek?] over there at Washunga.” [Kaw]

 

on credit, buy on credit

► ni-zhi di-ze (níži dizé) - buy on credit ► ni-zhi bdi-ze (níži bdíze) - I, ni-zhi ti-ze (níži ttíze) - you

► cf. ni-zhi (níži) - credit, a debt; di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive; ni-zhi a-ki-niⁿ (níži ákinį) - owe something to someone; wa-di-ze (wadíze) - credit, debt; wa-di-ze di-ze (wadíze dizé) - to get goods on credit

► Dhegiha: wa-thu-ze (wa-thú-çe) - to seize, to default, or failure to catch up with one’s debts; wa-thu-ze a-thiⁿ (wa-thú-çe a-thiⁿ) - indebted [FL-Osage]; we-u-ze (weúuze) - debt, something owed, wé + ðuuzé [CQ-Osage]

 

on edge

► ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge ► pa-zi-pa (ppázippa) - I, shpa-zi-pa (špázippa) - you

► cf. bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit/lie on the edge, to perch; da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip; di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold, grasp edge of one’s own; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something; ta-zi-pa (tázippa) - burn along the edge of something

 

► bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit or lie on the edge, to perch ► pi-zi-pa (ppízippa) - I, shpi-zi-pa (špízippa) - you

► cf. ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge; da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip; di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold, grasp edge of one’s own; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something; ta-zi-pa (tázippa) - burn along the edge of something

 

► di-saⁿ (disą́) - side, edge, on its side

 

on end, make one’s hair stand on end

► ki-kdi-sha-k’a (kkikdíšakʔa) - make one’s hair stand on end ► a-ki-kdi-sha-k’a (akkíkdišakʔa) - I, da-ki-kdi-sha-k’a (dakkíkdišakʔa) - you

► cf. di-sha-k’a (dišakʔá) - bristle up, cause by handling

 

on high, talks on high

► maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit. “talks on high”

► cf. maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upward, heaven; o-ki (okí), o-ki-e (okkie), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki niⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši okkí nįkʰé) - pray (he/she is praying) MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above”

► ex: mo-sho-ki (móšokki) - church [AG]

► ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow) [AG]

► ex: jhi-e mo-sho-ki da-kde (ǰíe móšokki dakdé) - did you go to church yesterday? (you to church?) [AG]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-shi (máⁿ-ci) - above; high in the air (with no connection between the object and the ground) [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-goⁿ-ze wa-koⁿ-du kʰi-e (wagóⁿze wakóⁿdukʰíe) - minister, missionary, “teacher who talks to God” [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ki-e (u-kí-e) - to speak or talk with [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-ye (ukiye) - talk with, talk to (Omaha]; u-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-e) - to speak or to talk to one another, to hold an interview [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe) - get together, meeting of a group of people to converse [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe), o-ʰki (oʰkí) - call on the phone, converse with, interview, talk with or to [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-e (okíe) - speak to, talk to [Kaw]

 

on one side then on the other

► i-ki-di-toⁿ (ikídittǫ) - first on one side then on the other [JOD]

► cf. i-ki-di-toⁿ-toⁿ (íkkidíttǫttǫ) - back and forth, interchange

► ex: shi-naⁿ-naⁿ i-ki-di-toⁿ o-pʰe niⁿ i-ya-we (šiną́ną ikídittǫ opʰé nį iyáwe) - again and again, first on one side then on the other, he was paddling, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi i-ki-thi toⁿ-ga (thi ikithi toⁿga) - reverse, convert [Omaha]; i-ʰki-thi-ʰtoⁿ-ga (i-ḳi-thi-ṭoⁿ-ga) - to interchange, permutation [FL-Osage]

 

on one’s back

► maⁿ-da (mą́da) - on one’s back

► ex: maⁿ-da kdi-he (máⁿ-d^¢a kt^çi-hé) - female name of the Kwapa Elk gens; Falls Backwards; wife of ka-hi-ka ste-e (kahike stĕtĕ), Lies suddenly on her back [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-da kdi-he (maⁿd^¢a kt^çihĕ́) - zha-we mi-te-xi (jáwe mí teqí) another name for maⁿ-da kdi-he (maⁿd^¢a kt^çihĕ́) wife of ka-hi-ka ste-e (k͓ahik͓e stĕ́tĕ) [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-te maⁿ-da (iⁿ-té máⁿ-da) - female name of the Kwapa Elk gens; Face up [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-te maⁿ-da (iⁿ́tĕ́ máⁿd^¢a) - female name (deer) with it’s Face Raised (to browse), Julia Shapp [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-te maⁿ-da (íⁿtĕ́ máⁿd^¢a) - (elk) holds face up (in browsing) or Mrs. Peter Shapp, also Minnie Josette, dau of naⁿ-ka to (nañka tú) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-da kaⁿ-iⁿ zhaⁿ e-shoⁿ t’e kaⁿ-ze ke i-ya-we (mą́da kąį́ žą ešǫ́ tʔe ką́ze ké iyáwe) - she laid there on her back pretending to be dead, they say [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-da a-bi-saⁿ-te naⁿ i-ya (mą́da ábisątte ną, iyá) - he held him down on his back, it is said

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-a-tha (máⁿ-a-¢a) - on the back [JOD-Omaha]; maⁿ-a-tha (máⁿ-a-¢á-¢a) - on the back again and again [JOD-Omaha]; ba-moⁿ-tha i-the-the (ba-móⁿ-tha i-the-the) - to push a person backward [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thu-ma-tha (ðumáða) - lift, hold high, raise, turn up [CQ-Osage]

 

on one’s back, to carry one’s own on one’s back

► ki-kda-k’iⁿ (kíkdakʔį́) - to carry one’s own on one’s back

► cf. kda-k’iⁿ (kdakʔį) - carry one’s own bundle or pack; ki-k’iⁿ (kikʔį́) - carry on one’s own back, pack; k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (ąkíkdakʔį́) - he/she carry me, her own (around) on his/her back [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda (ąkíkdakʔį́ kkǫ́bda) - I want her to carry me around on her back [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te kaⁿ (ąkíkdakʔį́ tte ką́) - about to carry me on her back [JOD]

► ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (wikíkdakʔį́) - I carry you, my own (around) on my back [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tteá,” iké) - All right! I will carry you (on my back), she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te iⁿ,” i-yi (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tté į́,” iyí) - All right! I will carry you (on my back), he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi-’iⁿ (gi-’íⁿ) - carry one’s own on one’s back [JOD-Omaha]; gi-k’iⁿ (gi-k’íⁿ) - to carry something belonging to him, to carry his child, or his gun [FL-Osage]; gi-k’iⁿ (gi-k’íⁿ) - to carry on one’s back, pack one’s own property on the back [Kaw]

 

on one’s own back, carry or pack on one’s own back

► ki-k’iⁿ (kikʔį́) - carry on one’s own back, pack ► a-ki-k’iⁿ (akíkʔį) - I, da-ki-k’iⁿ (dakíkʔį) - you

► cf. k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back; kda-k’iⁿ (kdakʔį) - carry one’s own bundle or pack; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load; wa-k’iⁿ tʰe (wakʔį́ tʰe) - the carrying of something; we-k’iⁿ (wékʔį) - pack, bundle carried on back; i-k’iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders [MS]; maⁿ-o-zhi i-k’iⁿ (mą́oži íkʔį) - quiver strap

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé, iyá) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-kna, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikná, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi kikʔį́ ą́tą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back when they went [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (ąkíkdakʔį́) - he/she carry me, her own (around) on his/her back [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda (ąkíkdakʔį́ kkǫ́bda) - I want her to carry me around on her back [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-k’iⁿ (ądákikʔį́) - you carry for me (your own) [JOD]

► ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe i-niⁿ-ha aⁿ-da-kdi-ze taⁿ ta-x’aⁿ-da-ki-de taⁿ aⁿ-da-ki-k’iⁿ da-kde te, i-ke naⁿ (ppahí nįkʰé inįhá ądákdizé tą táxʔądákidé tą ądákikʔį dakdé tte, iké ną) - you take my head and you barbecue it (for me), you carry/pack it (for me) when you go home, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o niⁿ kde, i-ya-we, nika ti-te-ki-de kʰe ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ kde, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó nį kdé, iyáwe, níkka títtekidé kʰe kíkʔį ą́ttą kdé, iyáwe) - then the woman started homeward, they say, when she had cooked her husband, she started home packing him on her back, they say [JOD]

► ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ (wikíkdakʔį́) - I carry you, my own (around) on my back [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tteá,” iké) - All right! I will carry you (on my back), she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “ko-he, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te iⁿ,” i-yi (“kohé, wikíkdakʔį́ tté į́,” iyí) - All right! I will carry you (on my back), he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi-’iⁿ (gi-’íⁿ) - carry one’s own on one’s back [JOD-Omaha]; gi-k’iⁿ (gi-k’íⁿ) - to carry something belonging to him, to carry his child, or his gun [FL-Osage]; gi-k’iⁿ (gi-k’íⁿ) - to carry on one’s back, pack one’s own property on the back [Kaw]

 

on one’s own, sit on one’s own

► a-ki-kniⁿ (ákiknį́) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ki-kniⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ de (šǫ́keáknį akíknį ą́tą baháhatta hóttą ką́į dé) - horse-she sat on her own-when-trotting-good-so-she went [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kde taⁿ hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́ tą ką́į kdé tą hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - then-horse-to the std.-she sat on her own-when-just as she was starting home-when-shoe-they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gi-gthiⁿ (á-gi-g¢iⁿ) - to sit on his horse or chair [JOD-Omaha]; a-gi-gthiⁿ (á-gi-gthiⁿ) - to sit on one’s own [FL-Osage]; a-gi-liⁿ (ágiliⁿ) - sit on one’s own [Kaw]

 

on one’s stomach, crawl on one’s stomach

► ki-kdi-sto-we (kkikdístowe) - crawl on one’s stomach ► a-ki-kdi-sto-we (akkíkdistówe) - I, da-ki-kdi-sto-we (dakkíkdistówe) - you

► cf. a-sto-we (ástowe) - slide; di-sto-we (distówe) - lead, pull along

► Dhegiha: we-thi-znu (wéthiznu) - something to pull or drag along by, as a lariat fastened to a sled [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-znu (thiçnu) - drag, pull, tow [Omaha]; a-ga-stu-e (a-ga-çtu-e) - slides [FL-Osage]

 

on one’s stomach, lie on one’s stomach

► ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one’s stomach ► ki-kda-shaⁿ da-zhaⁿ (kkikdášą dažą́) - you

► cf. ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over

► Dhegiha: thi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thi akigthashoⁿ) - turn over [Omaha]; ba-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (ba-ḳí-gtha-shoⁿ) - to push upside down [FL-Osage]; ba-a-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (ba-á-ḳi-gtha-shoⁿ) - to turn an object upside down by pushing [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-a-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (noⁿ-á-ḳi-gtha-shoⁿ) - kick over, as to upset; upset with the foot [FL-Osage]; ba-ku-la-shaⁿ (bakúlashaⁿ) - turn upside down, push over [Kaw]; bo-ku-la-shaⁿ (bókulashaⁿ) - knock upside down by shooting [Kaw]; bu-ku-la-shaⁿ (bukúlashaⁿ) - turn upside down, overturn by pressure; to turn an object upside down by pushing with the hands alone, with nothing in them, by weight or presssure [Kaw]; ga-ku-la-shaⁿ (gakúlashaⁿ) - knock upside down; turn somersaults [Kaw]; yu-ku-la-shaⁿ (yukúlashaⁿ) - roll over, turn upside down; to turn an object such as a boat bottom upward by pulling [Kaw]; naⁿ-ku-la-shaⁿ (naⁿkúlashaⁿ) - kick over, to upset [Kaw]

 

on oneself, bring trouble on oneself

► e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ ka-xe (éwakikʔǫ káγe) - bring trouble on oneself ► e-a-wa-ki-k’oⁿ pa-xe (éawakikʔǫ ppáγe) - I, e-wa-da-ki-k’oⁿ shka-xe (ewadakikʔǫ škáγe) - you

► cf. e-maⁿ (émą), e-waⁿ (éwą), e-woⁿ (éwǫ) - to be cause of trouble, be blameworthy; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ (éwakkikʔǫ́), e-wa-ki-k’aⁿ (éwakkikʔą́) - do something for onself

► Dhegiha: e-wa-ki-’aⁿ (é-wa-k͓í-’aⁿ) - of e-waⁿ (ewaⁿ) - to bring trouble on himself; to cause trouble to happen to himself; to be the only one to be blamed; to get himself into difficulty; to deserve or merit punishment or suffering [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: e-woⁿ (éwoⁿ) - cause to happen [Omaha]; e-woⁿ-xti (éwoⁿxti) - cause sin [Omaha]; e-waⁿ (é-waⁿ) - to be the cause of trouble to another; to be worthy of blame [JOD-Omaha]; e-woⁿ (é-woⁿ) - motive, reason for doing a thing [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ a-ka (é-woⁿ a-ka) - to blame; the causer, one who caused the mischief [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ (éewǫ), e-waⁿ (éewą) - he does it, he did it [CQ-Osage]; ’e-moⁿ (’émoⁿ) - be to blame, be culpable, be at fault [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-k’aⁿ (ú-’aⁿ) - to put trouble on one, to be the cause of trouble, to be blameworthy [JOD-Omaha]; o-k’aⁿ (ók’aⁿ) - to be the cause, to be to blame for
[Kaw]

 

on sticks or spits, small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits

► wa-sa i-ba-xdo-xdo (wasá íbaxdoxdó) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits [JOD]

► cf. wa-sa (wasá) - black bear; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; i-ba-xdo (íbaxdo) - stuck in him [JOD]; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, lit. “something to stick food with”; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó), ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus plant; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear

► ex: wa-sa i-ba-xto-xto we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wasá íbaxtoxtó wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks with the fat around it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (ba-q¢ú) - to punch a hole in meat, put on both sides of a horse, to be carried, fastening an end of a cord to each hole; to pierce; to punch holes in moccasins [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

 

on that side of

► ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the, at the [JOD]; i-di-shaⁿ (idišą́) - to go around an object [JOD]; e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction; to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of; o-di-shaⁿ (odíšą) - go around in a circle

► Dhegiha: gu-da-thi-shaⁿ (gú-da-¢i-caⁿ), gu-a-thi-shaⁿ (gú-a-¢i-caⁿ) - beyond, on that side of [JOD-Omaha]; go-da thi-shoⁿ (gó-da thi-shoⁿ) - on the other side [FL-Osage]

 ► Dhegiha: gu-da-tʰe-ta (gú-da-tĕ́-t͓a), gu-a-tʰe-ta (gú-a-tĕ́-t͓a) - to the std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da-tʰe (gú-da-tĕ), gu-a-tʰe (gú-a-tĕ) - the std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects beyond (another place) [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa)  - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-ta (tĕ́-t͓a) - at or to the std. in. ob., etc. [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-shoⁿ-ha (í-thi-shoⁿ-ha) - to detour, to go around [FL-Osage]; i-thi-shaⁿ-ha (íðišąha) - detour around, go around, avoid [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - around, around someone or something, moving circularly like the hands of a clock, go around, circle, to go around in a circle, to go around something  [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - circle, encircle, surround, cycle, round [Omaha]; u-thi-shoⁿ (u-thí-shoⁿ) - marching around in a circle [FL-Osage]

 

on the back, pack or carry on the back

► k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back ► a-k’iⁿ (akʔį) - I, da-k’iⁿ (dakʔį) - you, k’iⁿ (kʔį) - he/she/it, aⁿ-k’iⁿ (ąkʔį) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-k’iⁿ-we (ąkʔįwe) - we

► cf. kda-k’iⁿ (kdakʔį) - carry one’s own bundle or pack; ki-k’iⁿ (kikʔį́) - carry on one’s own back, pack; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load; wa-k’iⁿ tʰe (wakʔį́ tʰe) - the carrying of something; we-k’iⁿ (wékʔį) - pack, bundle carried on back; i-k’iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders [MS]; maⁿ-o-zhi i-k’iⁿ (mą́oži íkʔį) - quiver strap

► ex: pa-te taⁿ k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (pátte tą kʔį kdé, iyá) - she butchered the carcass, packed it on her back, and carried it home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-taⁿ a-shi-ti i-tʰe-de naⁿ i-ya (kʔį́ kʰíttą ášitti itʰéde ną iyá) - when he reached home carrying (the meat) on his back, he piled it outside (the lodge), it is said

► Dhegiha: ’iⁿ (’íⁿ) - carry, carrying [JOD-Omaha]; ʰk’iⁿ (ḳ’iⁿ) - to carry [FL-Osage]; k’iⁿ (kʔį́) - carry, carry on the back [CQ-Osage]; k’iⁿ (k’iⁿ) - pack on the back, carry on the back [Kaw]

 

on the ground, down below

► ki-ha-ti (kihátti) - down below, below, on the ground [JOD]

► cf. ki-ha (kihá) - down [JOD]; ti (-tti) - at, by, in; ki-ha-knaⁿ (kihákną) - helped her off (the horse) [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn't want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze naⁿ zhoⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi i-ya-we ki-ha-ti (kóišǫ́ttą hą́nąppáze ną žǫ kǫdaží iyáwe kihátti) - then when it was dark, she did not want to sleep at the bottom, they say [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha-ti ti maⁿ-tʰe ki-we (kihátti ttí mą́tʰe kíwe) - down below within the lodge, they arrived there [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-ha (kihá) - down, downward, down into [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-ha-di (kihádi) - down below [JOD-Omaha]; ʰki (ḳi) - down upon the ground [FL-Osage]

 

on the hill

► a-ni a-shi (áni áši) - on the hill

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; a-shi (áši) - over, on top of, on

► ex: a-ni a-shi (áni áši) - up on a hill [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ni a-shi tʰaⁿ, i-bniⁿ-aⁿ (šǫ́keaknį áni áši tʰą́, íbnįą́) - I think the horse is standing on the hill

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

 

on the ice

► to-xa-ta (toγátta) - on the ice

► cf. to-xe (tóγe) - ice

► Dhegiha: nu-xe (núxe) - ice [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-xe (núxe) - ice, iceberg, icicle, icy [Omaha]; noⁿ-xe (nóⁿ-xe) - ice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xe (ną́γe) - ice [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-ghe (náⁿghe), na-ghe (nághe) - ice [Kaw]

 

► to-xa-ta (toγátta) - ice [MS]

► cf. to-xe (tóγe) - ice; a-ta (átta) - freeze, freeze on, freeze to

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xe a-da (nóⁿ-xe a-da) - iciness, icy [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xe a-ta (ną́γe átaa) - iced over, iced (e.g., referring to an iced road or river); iciness, icy [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-da (á-da) - to freeze, as water on some object [FL-Osage]; a-ta (átaa) - freeze to, freeze sticking to something [CQ-Osage]; a-da (áda) - freeze, as water, or a green buffalo hide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: nu-xe (núxe) - ice [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-xe (núxe) - ice, iceberg, icicle, icy [Omaha]; noⁿ-xe (nóⁿ-xe) - ice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xe (ną́γe) - ice [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-ghe (náⁿghe), na-ghe (nághe) - ice [Kaw]

 

on the one hand

► oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we (contrastive), “we, on the one hand”

► cf. wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I; di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive

► Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - I, in contrast to others, marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e-zha (thíezha) - you on the one hand, you on the other [Omaha/Ponca]

 

on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc

► i-ki-xa-ta (ikkixátta) - on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc.

► cf. i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of something; ka-xa (kaxá) - to outdistance, surpass, excel, exceed, go ahead or beyond a person or place, outrun, outstrip, beat someone in a race, get the better of; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction;

► Dhegiha: ga-xa-ta gthiⁿ (gaqat͓a g¢iⁿ) - to sit elsewhere or apart from the rest [JOD-Omaha]

ga-xa-ta xtshi (gaqáʇaqtci) - at one side [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ta (ga-qá-t͓a) - aside; back from the stream or fire; to go back or aside; to retire or withdraw [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ʰta (ga-xá-ṭa) - at a distance away [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa (gaqá) - surpass, excel, exceed, go beyond [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xa (ga-qá) - to excel, surpass, go ahead or beyond a person or place; said of two men or chiefs, one excels at first in activity or bravery, but by and by the inferior one outstrips him; said of two men running or walking, when one gets ahead; said of two brothers, when the younger excels the older (who is lazy, etc.) in activity [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa (ga-xá) - to outdistance; to excel; outrun; outstrip [FL-Osage]; ka-xa (káaxa) - beat someone in a race [CQ-Osage]; ga-xa (gaxá) - surpass, excel, get the better of [Kaw]

 

on the opposite side of something

► i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of something

► cf. ka-xa (kaxá) - to outdistance, surpass, excel, exceed, go ahead or beyond a person or place, outrun, outstrip, beat someone in a race, get the better of; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; i-ki-xa-ta (ikkixátta) - on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc.

► ex: i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of the lodge [JOD]

► ex: i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ (íkaxátta kóitta knį́) on the opposite side of the lodge/in that place/sit thou [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa-ta gthiⁿ (gaqat͓a g¢iⁿ) - to sit elsewhere or apart from the rest [JOD-Omaha]

ga-xa-ta xtshi (gaqáʇaqtci) - at one side [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ta (ga-qá-t͓a) - aside; back from the stream or fire; to go back or aside; to retire or withdraw [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ʰta (ga-xá-ṭa) - at a distance away [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa (gaqá) - surpass, excel, exceed, go beyond [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xa (ga-qá) - to excel, surpass, go ahead or beyond a person or place; said of two men or chiefs, one excels at first in activity or bravery, but by and by the inferior one outstrips him; said of two men running or walking, when one gets ahead; said of two brothers, when the younger excels the older (who is lazy, etc.) in activity [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa (ga-xá) - to outdistance; to excel; outrun; outstrip [FL-Osage]; ka-xa (káaxa) - beat someone in a race [CQ-Osage]; ga-xa (gaxá) - surpass, excel, get the better of [Kaw]

 

on the other side

► i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on the other side

► cf. i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► ex: i-maⁿ-ta o-pʰe naⁿ de, i-ke (imą́tta opʰé ną dé, iké) - paddle on the other side, he said to him [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then-just as they started home-when-shoe-other one-on one side-pull ye it off from her-he was saying it to them-it is said-police [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ma-ta (áⁿ-ma-ta) - to the other side, in the other direction [JOD-Omaha]; a-maⁿ-ʰta (ámąʰta), e-maⁿ-ʰta (émąʰta) - that way, that direction, lit., ‘toward the other’ [CQ-Osage]; a-moⁿ-ta (ámoⁿta), o-moⁿ-ta (ómoⁿta) - to the other side [Kaw]

 

on the other side of

► ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; ko-to-ka-xde (kótokáxde) - facing the other way; ko-ta-ha (kótaha) - that yonder, that over there; ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular/moving/animate over there; ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that singular/sitting/animate, yonder; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, yonder; ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of; ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder; ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa)  - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; gu-da (gú-da) - facing the opposite direction [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi (u¢úci) - at the front [JOD-Omaha]; u-thu-shi-xti (u¢úciqti) - at the very front [JOD-Omaha]; o-tho-shi (oðóši) - in the way, in front of and blocking [CQ-Osage]; ti u-taⁿ-noⁿ u-thu-shi (tiu taⁿnoⁿ uthushi) - front yard [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ (u-thú-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ) - to walk in advance of a group of people [FL-Osage]; o-tho-shi maⁿ-thiⁿ (oðóšimąðį) - block someone’s way or be in the way while moving [CQ-Osage]; go-da o-yo-shi-ha (góda oyóshiha) - to the other side, to the other side of [Kaw]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (kímaⁿhaⁿtáha óyoshiha) - to the windward of something [Kaw]; a-la-xle-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (álaxletáha óyoshiha) - to the leeward of something, on the leeward side [Kaw]; do-do-yo-shi-ha (dódoyoshiha) - adverb of motion [Kaw]

 

on the right side

► ta-te-ta (tattétta) - on the right side

► e-ta te-ta (ettá ttetta) - at or on the right side

► cf. e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; tʰe-ta (tʰettá) - to the, at the; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction; naⁿ-pe ta-te-ta (nąpé tattétta) - right hand; naⁿ-pe da-ta te-ta (nąpé dátta ttétta) - left hand; ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of; to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of

► Dhegiha: e-ta (ĕ́ʇa) - there [JOD-Omaha]; e-ʰta (e-ṭá) - thitherward; toward the person [FL-Osage]; e-ta (éta) - there, towards that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-ta (tĕ́-t͓a) - at or to the std. in. ob., etc. [JOD-Omaha]

 

► shtoⁿ-ka (štǫ́ka) - right side or hand

► cf. a shtoⁿ-ka kʰe (a štǫ́ka kʰe) - the right arm

► Dhegiha: i-shnu-ga (iɔnúga) - right [JOD-Omaha]; i-sdo-ge (í-sdo-ge), i-stu-ge (í-stu-ge) - on the right hand or side, the right side, the right hand, the right arm [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-be i-sdo-ge tse (nóⁿ-be i-sdo-ge tse) - the right hand [FL-Osage]; i-shtoⁿ-ka (íštǫka) - right, on the right, rightward, to the right [CQ-Osage]; i-shtoⁿ-ga (ishtóⁿga) - right, on the right side [Kaw]; naⁿ-be i-shtoⁿ-ga (naⁿbé ishtóⁿga) - right hand [Kaw]

 

on the way home, pass here on the way home

► kdi-kde (kdikdé) - pass here on the way home ► a-kdi-kde (ákdikdé) - I, da-kdi-kde (dákdikdé) - you, oⁿ-ka-kdi-kda-we (ǫkakdikdawe) - we

► cf. kdi (kdi) - to have come back here; kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

► Dhegiha: gthi-gthe (gthi-gthé) - to pass by an object; to pass by [FL-Osage]; li-le (lilé) - pass by a place on the way back or homeward [Kaw]

 

on the west side

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (míoxpe-ttadede doši) - toward the sunset

► cf. mi o-xpe (mí oxpé) - sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; e-ta-do-shi éttadóši) - around by the other side; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of

► Dhegiha: mi u-xpe (mi-ú-xpe) - sun falls, sunset [FL-Osage]

 

on this side

► to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular/lying/inanimate object on this side

► cf. kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

 

on this side

► to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative moving

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

 

► to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

 

► to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

 

on this side

► to-ta (tóta) - on this side, in this direction, this way, hither

► ex: to-ta hi ka ha-o (tóta hí ka haó) - you come hither! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: du-da (dúda), du-a (dúa)  - on this side and nearer this place; hither [JOD-Omaha]; do-da (dó-da) - in this direction [FL-Osage]; do-da (dóda) - this way, the one on this side; the one who is present [Kaw]

 

► to-ta-hi-de-niⁿ (tótahídenį́) - that sg/mv/an object arriving on this side

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; hi-de (hidé) - to send it hither [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative moving

► Dhegiha: du-da-hi-the-thiⁿ (dú-da-hi-¢é-¢iⁿ), du-a-hi-the-thiⁿ (dú-a-hi-¢é-¢iⁿ) - the an. ob. mv. (in a crowd) at a great distance (from the speaker), and on this side of (a place) [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-hi-the (dú-da-hi-¢é), du-a-hi-the (dú-a-hi-¢é) - at a great distance from (the speaker), and on this side of a place [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-hi (dú-da-hi), du-a-hi (dú-a-hi) - on this side of (it) at a short distance [JOD-Omaha]

 

► to-ta-hi-de-tʰaⁿ (tótahídetʰą́) - that singular/standing/animate object coming, on this side

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; hi-de (hidé) - to send it hither [JOD]; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: du-da-hi-the-taⁿ (dú-da-hi-¢é-taⁿ), du-a-hi-the-taⁿ (dú-a-hi-¢é-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. at a great distance from (the speaker) and on this side of (a place) [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-hi-the (dú-da-hi-¢é), du-a-hi-the (dú-a-hi-¢é) - at a great distance from (the speaker), and on this side of a place [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-hi (dú-da-hi), du-a-hi (dú-a-hi) - on this side of (it) at a short distance [JOD-Omaha]

 

► to-ta-niⁿ (tótanį́) - that singular/moving/animate object on this side

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; continuative moving

► Dhegiha: du-da-thiⁿ (dúda¢iⁿ), du-a-thiⁿ (dua¢iⁿ) - the an. ob. mv. on this side of (the place); what is seen [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: du-da (dúda), du-a (dúa)  - on this side and nearer this place; hither [JOD-Omaha]; do-da (dó-da) - in this direction [FL-Osage]; do-da (dóda) - this way, the one on this side; the one who is present [Kaw]

 

► to-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (tótanįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate object on this side

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: du-da-thiⁿ-ke (dú-da-¢iñ-ké), du-a-thiⁿ-ke (dú-a-¢iñ-ké) - the an. ob. st. on this side of (the place) [JOD-Omaha]; du-da thiⁿ-kse (dú-da thiⁿ-kshe) - the one sitting on this side [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: du-da (dúda), du-a (dúa)  - on this side and nearer this place; hither [JOD-Omaha]; do-da (dó-da) - in this direction [FL-Osage]; do-da (dóda) - this way, the one on this side; the one who is present [Kaw]

 

► to-ta-tʰaⁿ (tótatʰą́) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► Dhegiha: du-da-taⁿ (dú-da-taⁿ), du-a-taⁿ (dú-a-taⁿ) - the an. ob. std. on this side of (a place) [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-toⁿ (dú-da toⁿ) - the one standing on this side [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: du-da (dúda), du-a (dúa)  - on this side and nearer this place; hither [JOD-Omaha]; do-da (dó-da) - in this direction [FL-Osage]; do-da (dóda) - this way, the one on this side; the one who is present [Kaw]

 

► to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the, at the [JOD]; i-di-shaⁿ (idišą́) - to go around an object [JOD]; o-di-shaⁿ (odíšą) - go around in a circle; e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction; ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of

► Dhegiha: du-da-tʰe-ta (dú-da-tĕ́-t͓a), du-a-tʰe-ta (dú-a-tĕ́-t͓a) - to the std. in. od. or col. of in. objects on this side of (a place) [JOD-Omaha]; tʰe-ta (tĕ́-t͓a) - at or to the std. in. ob., etc. [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-tʰe-ta-thi-shaⁿ (dú-da-tĕ-t͓á-¢i-caⁿ), du-a-tʰe-ta-thi-shaⁿ (dú-a-tĕ-t͓á-¢i-caⁿ) - on account of the std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects on this side of (a place) [JOD-Omaha]; tʰe-ta-thi-shaⁿ (tĕ-t͓á-¢i-caⁿ) - towards, pertaining to, or on account of, the std. in. ob., etc. [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: du-da-thi-shaⁿ (dúda¢icaⁿ), du-a-thi-shaⁿ (duá¢icaⁿ) - on this side of [JOD-Omaha]; du-da-thi-shoⁿ (du-dá-thi-shoⁿ) - this side, on this side [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-shoⁿ-ha (í-thi-shoⁿ-ha) - to detour, to go around [FL-Osage]; i-thi-shaⁿ-ha (íðišąha) - detour around, go around, avoid [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of

► cf. to-ta (tóta) - on this side; to-to-ka-xde (tótokáxde) - facing this way; e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side, toward the sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi (u¢úci) - at the front [JOD-Omaha]; u-thu-shi-xti (u¢úciqti) - at the very front [JOD-Omaha]; o-tho-shi (oðóši) - in the way, in front of and blocking [CQ-Osage]; ti u-taⁿ-noⁿ u-thu-shi (tiu taⁿnoⁿ uthushi) - front yard [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ (u-thú-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ) - to walk in advance of a group of people [FL-Osage]; o-tho-shi maⁿ-thiⁿ (oðóšimąðį) - block someone’s way or be in the way while moving [CQ-Osage]; go-da o-yo-shi-ha (góda oyóshiha) - to the other side, to the other side of [Kaw]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (kímaⁿhaⁿtáha óyoshiha) - to the windward of something [Kaw]; a-la-xle-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (álaxletáha óyoshiha) - to the leeward of something, on the leeward side [Kaw]; do-do-yo-shi-ha (dódoyoshiha) - adverb of motion [Kaw]

 

on this side

► to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual/standing or collection/inanimate objects on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual/standing/inanimate; ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual/standing/invisible/inanimate; she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual/standing/visible/inanimate objects

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural/standing/animate objects on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular/lying/inanimate object on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: kʰe (kʰe) - the inanimate lying, the inanimate horizontal, be positioned horizontally, an extended action in a lying position [Omaha]; kshe (kshe) - to prostrate, that lies, to lay down, to place flat on the ground or to be prostrate on any surface, the length of time from the beginning of a vigil [FL-Osage]; kshe (kše) - positional article for an entity that is lying down or long; positional article that indicates plurality of an inanimate entity that takes tsʰe (cʰe) “standing” positional in the singular [CQ-Osage]; kshe (kše) - lying down or long [CQ-Osage]; khe (khe) - “the”; definite article for lying/inanimate objects [Kaw]

 

► to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying objects on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying/animate; ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural sitting or lying/invisible/animate; koi-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying/visible; ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder; she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/visible

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį) - that singular/moving/animate object on this side or the nearer of two objects

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; niⁿ (nį) - continuative moving

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - the moving [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - a man or animal moving about [FL-Osage]; yi (yi) - continuative, moving/animate [Kaw]

 

► to-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (tówanįkʰé) - that singular/sitting object on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: to-wa iⁿ-kshe (tówa įkše) - that one of uncertain or unimportant identity (animate or inanimate); that person sitting; that object or thing sitting there; that group of objects of uncertain or unimportant identity (not animate if plural) [CQ-Osage]; to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - continuative aspect marker, plural of niⁿ (nį)

► Dhegiha: to-wa a-pa (tówa apa) - group of people or single person of unknown or unimportant identity, moving and marked as the subject of a sentence [CQ-Osage]; to-wa pa (tówa pa) - group of people of unknown or unimportant identity [CQ-Osage]; to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

► to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular/standing or collection/inanimate object on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collection/inanimate

► Dhegiha: to-wa tsʰe (tówa cʰe) - this one (thing) standing here, that one (thing) standing there; those ones, that stuff (a collection of sitting or round inanimate objects (such as a bunch of grapes) whose exact identity is unimportant or unknown) [CQ-Osage]; to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

 

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