Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

oak acorns - oh oil - on this side on top of - one side one thing - oneself onion - otter skin our, ours plural - ox

onion

► shiⁿ-ka (šįká) - onion

► shiⁿ-ka (šįká) - onion [MS, OM]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-zhoⁿ-xe (moⁿzhoⁿxe) - onion [Omaha]; ma-zhaⁿ-xe (majáⁿqĕ) - onion [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ-xe (moⁿ-zhóⁿ-xe) - onion, garlic; garlic was plentiful on the praries, but until the Indians saw white men using it for food they did not use it because its odor was offensive [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-zhaⁿ-xe (mą́ąžąxe) - garlic, onion [CQ-Osage]; mo-zhoⁿ-xe (mózhoⁿxe), ma-zhaⁿ-xe (mázhaⁿxe) - onion, so called because the onions are “buried in the ground” mo-zhóⁿ - earth, o - at that place, xe - bury [Kaw]

only

► naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka naⁿ-xti wa-da-tʰe-we, i-ya (wasá ke níkkašíka ną-xti wádatʰéwe, iyá) - the black bears only ate people, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška ną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in future [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hnaⁿ-xti (hnaⁿqti) - only [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: e-na-xti (enáqti), e-na-xshti (enáqcti) - only, that only, he only, it only, very alone, alone, that alone, he alone, it alone [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ-xji (enoⁿxji) - only, single [Omaha]; e-noⁿ-xtsi (e-nóⁿ-xtsi) - he, she, or it alone [FL-Osage]

only five

► sa-taⁿ-hi (sattą́hi) - just five, only five

► cf. sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five; hi (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only; naⁿ-pa-hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba-hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two; da-bni-hi (dabníhi) - only three; just three; to-wa-hi (towáhi) - four only, just four

only four

► to-wa-hi (towáhi) - four only, just four

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - four; hi (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only; naⁿ-pa-hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba-hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two; da-bni-hi (dabníhi) - only three; just three; sa-taⁿ hi (sattą́hi) - just five, only five

only I

► wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone

► wi-e naⁿ-hi (wíe nąhí) - I only [JOD]

► cf. wi (wi) - I, me pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-e (wíe) - I, me; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną) - only we, only us

► ex: wi-e naⁿ-hi (wíe nąhí) - I-only [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-noⁿ (wínoⁿ) - only I [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-naⁿ (wí-naⁿ), wi-hnaⁿ (wí-hnaⁿ) - only I, I only, I alone [JOD-Omaha]; wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, it is only I [CQ-Osage]

only one

► miⁿ-xti (mį́xti), mi-a-xti (míaxti) - one, exactly one, only one, just one

► miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one [MS, MR, FR, AG, OM]

► miⁿ-xti (milchtih) - 1 [GI]

► miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one [FV]

► cf. miⁿ (mį) - one, a, an, indefinite article; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mį́xti áknį) - eleven

► ex: kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ mį́xti áknį) - eleven, “10 when 1 sitting on”, same as miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mįxti aknį), the contracted and more common form

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-pa miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (kdébdą ną́pa mį́xti aknį) - twenty one

► ex: ma-ze-ska miⁿ-xti (máze ska mį́xti) - dollar, one dollar [MS, OM]

► ex: de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime [MS, OM]

► ex: miⁿ-xti o-shte (mį́xti ošté) - just one remained [JOD]

► ex: mi-aⁿ-ba mi-xti-naⁿ (mią́ba míxtiną) - monthly

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and one female, two remained after the striking down of the others, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka miⁿ-xti bdi-ba-xa taⁿ a-wa-k’i aⁿ-maⁿ (wažį́ka mį́xti bdíbaxá tą awákʔi ąmą́) - I usually give them just one bird, I twist it’s head off [JOD]

► ex: wa-zho-kte miⁿ-xti wa-taⁿ-ka a-niⁿ (wažokte mį́xti wattą́ka anį́) - so they dance, one leader, special leader [MS]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿáqchi) - exactly one; just one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿ-á-qtci) - just one; one [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wiⁿ́-xtsi) - one of a kind, a single piece [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wį́xci) - one, a, an [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-xtsi (míⁿxci) - one, just one [Kaw]

only that, him, her, it

► e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it

► cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, the aforementioned; naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]; naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone; de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this, just this; naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]; naⁿ-iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance [MS]

► ex: e-naⁿ (eną́) - she only [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there alone [JOD]

► ex: e-naⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ (ĕnáⁿ máⁿníⁿ) - masculine name, Walks Alone, refers to the buffalo bull (tetúka) [JOD]

► ex: e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - female personal name, The Only Precious, Difficult One [OM]

► ex: e-ti e-naⁿ-hi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ tʰaⁿ ta-bde de naⁿ (étti enąhí ką-tʰą́ tʰą tábde dé ną) - she was there alone, when he went hunting [JOD]

► ex: e-naⁿ-hi (eną́hí) - only [JOD]

► ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi e-naⁿ-hi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą, iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - they only [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-hnaⁿ (e-hnáⁿ), e-naⁿ (é-naⁿ), e-na (ená) - that only, he only, only he, alone, that alone, it alone, he alone [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ (é-noⁿ) - that only, only one, alone, sole, exclusive, special [FL-Osage]; e-naⁿ (éeną), e-na (éena), e-ʰna (éʰna) - he/she/it only, it is only he/she/it [CQ-Osage]

only this

► de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this, just this

► cf. de (de) - this; naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone

► ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ, she-mi zhi-ka de naⁿ-hi a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi (ešą́ttą, šémižíka dé nąhí akdábnį akdí) - and then, I only brought back this little girl [JOD]

► Dhegiha: the-hnaⁿ (¢é-hnaⁿ) - this only [JOD-Omaha]; the-noⁿ (thé-noⁿ) - this much [FL-Osage]; ye-naⁿ (yénaⁿ), ye-noⁿ (yénoⁿ) - this many, this much, this number [Kaw]

only three

► da-bni-hi (dabníhi) - only three; just three

► cf. da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three; hi (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only; naⁿ-pa-hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba-hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two; to-wa-hi (towáhi) - four only, just four; sa-taⁿ hi (sattą́hi) - just five, only five

only two

► naⁿ-pa-hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba-hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; hi (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only; da-bni-hi (dabníhi) - only three; just three; to-wa-hi (towáhi) - four only, just four; sa-taⁿ hi (sattą́hi) - just five, only five

only we

► oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

► cf. oⁿ-ko (ǫkó), aⁿ-ko (ąkó) - we, pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, I alone; wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

► Dhegiha: aⁿgu-hnaⁿ (añgú-hnaⁿ) - we alone [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną), aⁿ-ko-na (ąkóna) - we only, it is only we [CQ-Osage]

only you

► di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

► cf. di (di) - you pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; di-e (díe) - you; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

► Dhegiha: thi-hnaⁿ (¢í-hnaⁿ) - thoe alone [JOD-Omaha]; thi-e noⁿ (thi-e noⁿ) - youself [FL-Osage]; thi-naⁿ (ðíną), thi-na (ðína) - you only, it is only you [CQ-Osage]

only, alone

► naⁿ-iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]; naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone; naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]; de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this, just this; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it

only, alone, all alone

► naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only [JOD]

► naⁿ-hi (nąhí) - alone, all alone

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]; hi (hi) - very; with numerals: just, only; naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone; naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]; de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this, just this; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; naⁿ-iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa tʰaⁿ xa-ke naⁿ-hi tʰaⁿ, i-ya (wasá tʰą γaké nąhí tʰą, iyá) - he alone was crying, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-hi-we (nąhíwe) - only/plural [JOD]

► ex: e-da-te naⁿ-hi a-kda-niⁿ o-shte (edátte nąhí akdánį ošté) - her father-only-keeping his own-remained [JOD]

► ex: e-ti e-zha do-taⁿ naⁿ-hi de niⁿ (étti éža dóttą nąhí de nį) - and then he was going straight all by himself [JOD]

► ex: “e-te e-hi,” i-ye naⁿ-hi wa-x’o kʰe (“étte éhi,” iye nąhí waxʔó kʰe) - “well, but then ….,” is all the woman said [JOD]

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zi da-tʰe pa naⁿ (watʰą́zi nąhí datʰé ppa ną) - the only ate corn [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ, she-mi zhi-ka de naⁿ-hi a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi (ešą́ttą, šémižíka dé nąhí akdábnį akdí) - and then, I only brought back this little girl [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ (naⁿ), hnaⁿ (hnáⁿ) - only, alone [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - the [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), na (na) - only, just, soley, not anything else than, not anything but [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [Kaw]

only, alone, just

► naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone; naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]; de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this, just this; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; naⁿ-iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone

► ex: ke naⁿ (ke ną) - the plural-only [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke naⁿ (mižíka éži ke ną) - only the other girls [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ (naⁿ), hnaⁿ (hnáⁿ) - only, alone [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - the [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), na (na) - only, just, soley, not anything else than, not anything but [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [Kaw]

only, if only

► taⁿ-he (tąhé) - if only, irrealis modal, postposed to verb phrase

only, just

► hi (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only

► ex: naⁿ-pa-hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba-hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two

► ex: da-bni-hi (dabníhi) - only three; just three

► ex: to-wa-hi (towáhi) - four only, just four

► ex: sa-taⁿ hi (sattą́hi) - just five, only five

onto, drip onto an object

► a-ka-ch’e-che’e (ákačʔéčʔe) - drip onto an object, drop by drop

► cf. di-ts’e (ditsʔé) - drip liquid; di-ts’e-ts’e (ditsʔétsʔe) - drip periodically; o-ts’e (otsʔé) - drop of any liquid; o-ts’e-kʰi-de (otsʔékʰide) - cause to drip

► Dhegiha: u-ga-’e (ugá’e) - to drip, to drop a small amount of liquid [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-e-’e (gae’e) - drip, dripping, dribble of water [Omaha]; a-ga-ʰts’e (a-gá-ṭs’e) - to drop, as water; to drop water on some object [FL-Osage]; o-thi-k’e (oðíkʔe) - drop something into [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-ts’e-ts’e (ágats’ets’e) - cause to drip, fall in drops; sprinkle [Kaw]; a-yu-ts’e-ts’e (áyuts’ets’e) - drip from the hand, through fingers [Kaw]; o-ts’e-ts’e (ots’éts’e) - whatever is dripping, in reference to liquids [Kaw]

onto, put small objects onto something that serves as a platform

► a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; put small objects onto something that serves as a platform ► a-a-zhi (áaži) - I, a-da-zhi (ádaži) - you, oⁿ-ka-zhi-we (ǫkážiwe) - we

► cf. sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; e-ti-zhi (ettíži) - put them on [JOD]; mi-zhi (míži) - put under belt, tuck in; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; o-zhi (oží) - filled [JOD]; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill something for someone; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill one’s own; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own [JOD]; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]

► ex: a-zhi (áži) - put on her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - copy, write over again

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (áji) - to spread a number of small objects on [JOD-Omaha]; a-zhi (a-zhi) - scattered upon, scattered about [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (á-zhu) - to put a number of articles on a rack [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (ážu) - put out, set out (multiple items); place, array, display (multiple items) on top of something else [CQ-Osage]; a-zhu (ázhu) - put many objects on a surface of any thing [Kaw]

onto, rub onto

► bi-xtaⁿ (bixtą́) - rub onto ► pi-xtaⁿ (ppíxtą) - I, shpi-xtaⁿ (špíxtą) - you

► cf. si-di i-bi-xtaⁿ (sidí íbixtą) - tattoo marks, rubbed in with gunpowder

ooze

► po-xdo (póxdo), po-xto (póxto) - ooze, as water from the ground

► Dhegiha: a-xthu-e (á-xthu-e) - to exude, to ooze, as sap from a tree; dripping of sap; to discharge, as fluids [FL-Osage]; xto-e (xtoe) - be snotty, filled with mucus [CQ-Osage]; ʰpa-ʰli-xto-e (ʰpaʰlíxtoe) - mucus, runny nose [CQ-Osage]

open

► di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open ► bdi-shi-we (bdíšiwe) - I, ti-shi-we (ttíšiwe) - you

► cf. i-di-shi-we (ídišíwe) - key; o-naⁿ-taⁿ di-shi-we (oną́ttą díšiwe) - door knob; o-shi-we (ošíwe) - slipped off of its own accord; mi-aⁿ-pa di-shi-we (mią́pa dišíwe) - eclipse of the moon

► Dhegiha: thi-shi-be (thishibe) - open, unlock, uncap, unhitch [Omaha]; thi-shi-be (thi-shí-be), thi-shu-be (thi-shú-be) - to open anything that has a lid or a door, to open a covered box, to open as a door, to open or unfasten a door [FL-Osage]; thi-shu-pe (ðiišúpe), thu-shu-pe (ðuušúpe) - open, unlock and open [CQ-Osage]; yu-shu-be (yushúbe), yu-shu-we (yushúwe) - open, as a door or a sacred bundle, unlock, gate [Kaw]

open a barrel

► ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel ► a-shto-te (áštotte) - I, da-shto-te (dáštotte) - you

► cf. o-shto-te (oštótte) - broken in, caved in; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - to pull off; di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-shnu-de (ga-c͓nú-de) - to knock off or out; blow off; to fall out; to dislodge; to pull out; to moult; to pull up [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

open one’s own

► kdi-a-ze (kdiáze) - to open one’s own [JOD]

► cf. di-a-ze (diáze) - pull open

► ex: o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze (óppiži kʰe kdiáze) - she opened the box (her own) [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-a-ze (thi-á-çe) - to uncover, to remove the cover of a tent or the lid of a box [FL-Osage]; thu-a-ze (ðuuáze) - open (e.g., a door, a window, the lid on a box) [CQ-Osage]

open the hand

► naⁿ-pe ba-kda (nąpé bakdá) - open the hand ► pa-kda (ppákda) - I, shpa-kda (špákda) - you

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; bi-kda (bikdá) - press out, push/blow loose; da-kda (dakdá) - undo with the mouth, teeth; di-kda (dikdá) - undo, untie, pull loose; di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank; di-ki-kda-ha (díkkidáha) - separate, sort; ka-kda (kakdá) - sway; ka-kda-hi (kakdáhi) - stretched out; naⁿ-kda (nąkdá) - loosen; come undone, as a shoelace

► Dhegiha: ba-gtha (bagthá) - to undo braided hair, plaited rope, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: gtha (gtha) - unbraided, unwoven [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: gtha-tha (gthátha) - unbraided, unwoven, unraveled [Omaha/Ponca]; gtha-tha (gtha-tha) - to unravel [FL-Osage]; la-ya (layá) - opened out, untied, uncoiled, undone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-gtha (ga-gthá) - untangle; to make one’s hair become undone by accident [FL-Osage]; ga-la-ya (galáya) - cause to uncoil by throwing or striking, as a spool of thread or wire; wind or other natural force to cause an object to fall and spread out (coming undone); comb out, cause hair to come undone by running a comb through, such as braids [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-la-ya (naⁿláya) - to come undone, as a moccasin string; straighten with the foot, as a crooked stick [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-gtha-tha (thi-gthá-tha) - to unravel, unbraid [FL-Osage]; yu-la-ya (yuláya) - open out, spread out, as the hand; pull open or separate, as the leaves of a book, by turning with the hand; open out, spread out, as the hand [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-gtha-wa (thi-gthá-wa) - to stretch a rope, to stretch [FL-Osage]; thu-la-wa (ðuuláwa) - spread, spread out (e.g., a tarpaulin, a blanket, corn to be dried) [CQ-Osage]

open the mouth

► i-ka (íka) - open the mouth ► i-da-ka (idáka) - I, i-da-ka (ídaka) - you, oⁿ-naⁿ-ka-we (ǫną́kawe) - we

► cf. i-a-da (iáda) - yawn, gape

► Dhegiha: i (i) - mouth of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - mouth [Omaha]; i (i) - mouth [FL-Osage]; i (i) - mouth [Kaw]

open up

► ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up ► a-wa-di-shta (áwadišta) - I, da-wa-di-shta (dáwadišta) - you

► cf. wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain; ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view; da-wa-di-shta (dawádištá) - declare a thing to be something; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; pa-wa-di-shta (páwadišta) - skin an animal; po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet; ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand

► Dhegiha: ga-wa-thi-shna (ga-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to make visible by digging, as something buried under ground, snow, etc.; to blow off the sand or snow, causing what was covered to appear [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; shi-wa-thi-shna (shíwathishna) - appear [Omaha]; thi wa-thi-shna (thi wathishna) - reveal, show, bring it out [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

open, break or burst open

► ka-to-xi (kattóxi) - burst, break open ► a-to-xi (áttoxi) - I, da-to-xi (dáttoxi) - you

► cf. ba-to-xi (battóxi) - burst by punching or pushing; bi-to-xi (bittóxi) - burst from pressure or weight; di-to-xi (dittóxi) - discharge, make a bang; di-to-to-xi (dittóttoxi) - one of the sounds of thunder; naⁿ-to-xi (nąttóxi) - step on and burst something; po-to-xi (póttoxi) - burst from a shot or punch; ta-to-xi (táttoxi) - to cause to burst by burning

► Dhegiha: tu-shi (túshi) - to snap; to make a snapping sound [Omaha/Ponca]; tu-shi (tushí) - shooting sound, the sound of a gun shooting [Omaha/Ponca]

open, lift off as a door or plank

► di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank ► bdi-ki-kda (bdíkkikda) - I, ti-ki-kda (ttíkkikda) - you

► cf. naⁿ-pe ba-kda (nąpé bakdá) - open the hand; bi-kda (bikdá) - press out, push/blow loose; da-kda (dakdá) - undo with the mouth, teeth; di-kda (dikdá) - undo, untie, pull loose; di-ki-kda-ha (díkkidáha) - separate, sort; ka-kda (kakdá) - sway; ka-kda-hi (kakdáhi) - stretched out; naⁿ-kda (nąkdá) - loosen; come undone, as a shoelace

► Dhegiha: thi-gtha-tha (thi-gthá-tha) - to unravel, unbraid [FL-Osage]; yu-la-ya (yuláya) - open out, spread out, as the hand; pull open or separate, as the leaves of a book, by turning with the hand; open out, spread out, as the hand [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-gtha-wa (thi-gthá-wa) - to stretch a rope, to stretch [FL-Osage]; thu-la-wa (ðuuláwa) - spread, spread out (e.g., a tarpaulin, a blanket, corn to be dried) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gtha (gtha) - unbraided, unwoven [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: gtha-tha (gthátha) - unbraided, unwoven, unraveled [Omaha/Ponca]; gtha-tha (gtha-tha) - to unravel [FL-Osage]; la-ya (layá) - opened out, untied, uncoiled, undone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-gtha (bagthá) - to undo braided hair, plaited rope, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ga-gtha (ga-gthá) - untangle; to make one’s hair become undone by accident [FL-Osage]; ga-la-ya (galáya) - cause to uncoil by throwing or striking, as a spool of thread or wire; wind or other natural force to cause an object to fall and spread out (coming undone); comb out, cause hair to come undone by running a comb through, such as braids [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-la-ya (naⁿláya) - to come undone, as a moccasin string; straighten with the foot, as a crooked stick [Kaw]

open, pick or pull open

► di-zha-ke (dižáke) - pick, pull open, peel ► bdi-zha-ke (bdížake) - I, ti-zha-ke (ttížake) - you

► cf. ma-ze di-zha-ke (máze dižáke) - cock a gun

► Dhegiha: thu-sha-ke (ðuušáake) - pull out multiple pieces from or of something; husk, pick or pluck, peel; strip, denude [CQ-Osage]; yu-zha-ge (yuzháge) - split something or tear a larger hole, using the hands or by cutting with scissors [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zha-ge (zháge) - verb root, made larger, enlarged, as a hole [Omaha/Ponca]; zha-ge (zháge) - verb root, to be opened wider, as a hole or split [Kaw]

open, pull open

► di-a-ze (diáze) - pull open ► bdi-a-ze (bdíaze) - I, ti-a-ze (ttíaze) - you

► cf. kdi-a-ze (kdiáze) - to open one’s own [JOD]

► ex: di-a-ze (diáze) - she pulled it aside [JOD]

► ex: ti-zhe di-a-ze (ttižé diáze) - she pulled the door flap aside, she opened the door [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-a-ze (kídiazé) - he raised it for her, he pulled it off from her [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-hiⁿ-taⁿ ki-di-a-ze (mą́hį́ttą kidiazé) - he raised the blanket for her, he pulled the blanket off from her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-a-ze (thi-á-çe) - to uncover, to remove the cover of a tent or the lid of a box [FL-Osage]; thu-a-ze (ðuuáze) - open (e.g., a door, a window, the lid on a box) [CQ-Osage]

open, pull open a box

► di-xde (dixdé) - pull open a box ► bdi-xe (bdíxde) - I, ti-xde (ttíxde) - you

► cf. di-xde-xde (dixdéxde) - break glass, smash; ka-xde (kaxdé) - smash, break a brittle object; ka-xde-xde (kaxdéxde) - smash, break something brittle; xte-xte (xtéxte) - disorderly (mass), broken up

► Dhegiha: thi-xthe-xthe-ge (thi-xthé-xthe-ge) - to shatter glass or other brittle substances with the hand [FL-Osage]; thu-le-ke (ðuuléke) - cause to break, cause to shatter, break or shatter with the hands (e.g., a dish, an egg, a light bulb, a window) [CQ-Osage]; yu-xle-ge (yuxlége) - crack something like an egg [Kaw]

open, pull open a cache

► o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache

► cf. o-xe (óxe) - cache; xe (xe) - bury; di-xto (dixtó), di-xdo (dixdó) - pull open, peel back; o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache; di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface; xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab; xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord

► Dhegiha: u-xe (uxe) - cellar, grave, tomb [Omaha]; u-xe (ú-qĕ) - a pit for burying provisions; a cache [JOD-Omaha]; o-xe (óxe) - grave, ditch, burial place [CQ-Osage]; o-xe (óxe) - cache, grave in the ground, this is in contrast to burials above ground, such as on a scaffold or in a tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xe (qe) - to bury a corpse; to bury or cache food such as corn or dried meat [Omaha/Ponca]; xe (xe) - bury [Omaha]; xe (qe) - bury, cache, to bury a corpse, to bury or cache food such as corn or dried meat [Omaha/Ponca]; xe (xe) - to bury, to inter, to place in a grave [FLOsage]; xe (xe) - bury [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-xthu (thi-xthú) - to exhume [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthó-dse), thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthú-dse) - to pull the bark off a tree, to peel with the bare hands; to peel, as the peeling of potato [FL-Osage]; thi-lo-tse (ðiilóce) - peel [CQ-Osage]; yu-xlo-je (yuxlóje) - peel something; peel with the hand [Kaw]

open, pull open or apart

► di-zaⁿ (dizą́) - pull open, pull apart ► bdi-zaⁿ (bdízą) - I, ti-zaⁿ (ttízą) - you

► cf. ba-zaⁿ-zaⁿ (bazą́zą) - comb, run fingers through hair

open, pull open or out

► di-sti-te (distítte) - pull out, pull open, to milk ► bdi-sti-te (bdístitte) - I, ti-sti-te (ttístitte) - you

► cf. kdi-sti-te (kdístitte) - pull out one’s own (bow, etc.); kdi-sti-sti-te (kdístistítte) - pull out one’s own repeatedly, as arrows from a quiver; di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot

► ex: ma-ze-ni di-sti-te (mazéni distítte) - to milk an animal

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze-ni thi-zni-de (moⁿçe ni thiçnide) - milk a cow [Omaha]; ba-ze-ni thi-stsu-e (ba-çé-ni thi-stsu-e) - to milk [FL-Osage]; pa-ze-ni thi-stsu-e (paazénii ðiiscúe) - to milk [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gthi-sniⁿ-de (g¢ísninde) - pulled his out [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-sniⁿ-sniⁿ-de (g¢ísniⁿsnińde) - pulled out several off his own [JOD-Omaha]

open, pull open or peel back

► di-xto (dixtó), di-xdo (dixdó) - pull open, peel back ► bdi-xto (bdíxto) - I, ti-xto (ttíxto) - you

► cf. o-xe di-xto (óxe dixtó) - pull open a cache; o-di-xdo (odíxdo) - take food from a cache; di-xdo-te (dixdótte) - peel something off a surface; xdo-te (xdótte) - peel off, come off as a scab; xdo-ta-de (xdottáde) - peel off of its own accord

► Dhegiha: thi-xthu (thi-xthú) - to exhume [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthó-dse), thi-xthu-dse (thi-xthú-dse) - to pull the bark off a tree, to peel with the bare hands; to peel, as the peeling of potato [FL-Osage]; thi-lo-tse (ðiilóce) - peel [CQ-Osage]; yu-xlo-je (yuxlóje) - peel something; peel with the hand [Kaw]

open, push out into the open

► bi-naⁿ-pe (biną́pe) - push out into the open ► pi-naⁿ-pe (ppínąpe) - I, shpi-naⁿ-pe (špínąpe) - you

► cf. ba-naⁿ-pe (baną́pe) - push into view; di-naⁿ-pe (diną́pe) - cause to appear, show; ka-naⁿ-pe (kaną́pe) - uncover, unearth; naⁿ-naⁿ-pe (nąną́pe) - scuff into view with the feet; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise

► Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-be (é-thoⁿ-be) - rises and appears [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; hi-thoⁿ-be (hí-thoⁿ-be) - to be exposed [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise, emerge, as from water [Kaw]

open, untie, loosen

► di-shke (dišké) - untie, loosen, open ► bdi-shke (bdíške) - I, ti-shke (ttíške) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-shke (thishke) - untie [Omaha]; thi-shke (thi-shke) - to untie a knot [FL-Osage]; yu-shke (yushké) - untie something, as a knot [Kaw]

opening of the ear

► ni-xi-te (niγítte) - inner ear, opening of the ear

► ni-xi-te (niγítte) - ear, the ear hole [MS]

► ni-xe-te (ni˙xé˙tte) - ear [VG]

► ni-xi-te (niγítte) - hearing

► cf. ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient; ni-xi-te niⁿ-ke (niqítĕ niñk͓é), (naqítĕ niñk͓é) - masculine name, was father of míhita [JOD]; ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe tiⁿiⁿ (niγítte mą́tʰe ttį́į́) - ringing in the ear [MS]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-de (noⁿxide) - ear, the inner hearing organ [Omaha]; noⁿ-xu-dse (noⁿ-xú-dse) - the internal ear, that which holds the hearing orifice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xu-tse (nąąγúce) - ear, inner ear, act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice [CQ-Osage]; ni-ghu-je (nighúje) - the external ear, sense of hearing [Kaw]

opening, an artificial opening

► o-kdo (okdó) - hole, an artificial opening

► cf. o-da-kdo (odákdo) - gnaw holes in [JOD]; o-po-kto (opókto), o-po-xdo (opóxdo) - shoot through something; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate

► Dhegiha: ba-gthu (bagthú) - to thrust at ice, in order to make a hole in it for horses, etc., to drink [Omaha/Ponca]

opening, natural opening

► o-x’o-te (oxʔótte), o-x’o-de (oxʔóde) - hole, natural opening

► cf. na-xi-te o-x’o-te (naxítte oxʔótte), na-xi-te o-x’o-de (naxítte oxʔóde) - meatus of the ear, the external opening; pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-x’o-te (ppažį́že oxʔótte) - nostril(s); o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; zhoⁿ i-di-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► Dhegiha: u-’u-de (u’úde) - hole [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’u-te (uute) - hole [Omaha]; u-ʰk’u-dse (u-ḳ’ú-dse) - a hole, perforation, orifice [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-tse (okʔóce), o-k’o (okʔó) - hole [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-je (ok’óje) - hole, aperture [Kaw]

opening, the external opening of the ear

► na-xi-te o-x’o-te (naxítte oxʔótte), na-xi-te o-x’o-de (naxítte oxʔóde) - meatus of the ear, the external opening

► cf. ni-xi-te (niγítte) - inner ear, opening of the ear, hearing; o-x’o-te (oxʔótte) - hole, natural opening; pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-x’o-te (ppažį́že oxʔótte) - nostril(s); o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; zhoⁿ i-di-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-de (noⁿxide) - ear, the inner hearing organ [Omaha]; na-xi-de (naxíde) - ear [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-xu-dse (noⁿ-xú-dse) - the internal, that which holds the hearing orifice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xu-tse (nąąγúce) - ear, inner ear, act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice [CQ-Osage]; ni-ghu-je (nighúje) - the external ear, sense of hearing [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-’u-de (u’úde) - hole [Omaha/Ponca]; u-’u-te (uute) - hole [Omaha]; u-ʰk’u-dse (u-ḳ’ú-dse) - a hole, perforation, orifice [FL-Osage]; o-k’o-tse (okʔóce), o-k’o (okʔó) - hole [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-je (ok’óje) - hole, aperture [Kaw]

opening, window opening or hole

► ti o-haⁿ-ba-de o-zhi (ttí ohą́bade oží) - window opening or hole

► cf. ti o-haⁿ-ba-de (ttí ohą́bade) - window, “what admits light”; ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling, lodge; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; o-zhi (oží) - filled [JOD]; haⁿ-ba (hąbá), hoⁿ-ba (hǫbá) - light, the morning light; haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa) - day; aⁿ-ba (ą́ba) - morning, before daybreak; di-aⁿ-ba (dią́ba) - sheet lightning; o-ki-aⁿ-ba (ókkiąba) - flash; taⁿ-ba (tą́ba), toⁿ-ba (tǫ́ba) - a light; hoⁿ-ba-de (hǫ́bade) - today

► Dhegiha: u-hoⁿ-ba thiⁿ-ge (u-hóⁿ-ba thiⁿ-ge) - in which the light of day enters not (refers to the black bear’s cave chosen for hibernating [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba (óⁿba) - day [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-ba (hóⁿ-ba) - day [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa (hą́ąpa) - day [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ba (háⁿba) - day [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]; u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

opinion, form an opinion

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan ► i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately

► cf. di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - wise, be, have sense

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wápt^çik͓naⁿ́) - I am planning something [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (ítik͓naⁿ) - you plan [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (ítik͓naⁿ) - you decide [JOD]

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-ka (íd^¢ik͓naⁿ́ niká) - they were deciding [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one's mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

opossum

► siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum

► siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum [MS]

► siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum [JOD]

► siⁿ-te shta (sinteschtah) - opossum (oppossum) [GI]

► cf: siⁿ-te (sį́tte) - tail; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; xo-te (xótte) - gray

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-e-sta (çíⁿ-e-sta) - opossum, the opossum is used by the Osage for food [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-shta (sį́štaa) - possum, lit., “smooth squirrel” [CQ-Osage]; siⁿ-je shta (síⁿje shta) - opossum, lit. “smooth tail; hairless tail” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-xa-shtoⁿ (íqashtoⁿ) - opossum, “the laugher” [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shtiⁿ-pa (iⁿshtíⁿpa) - opossum [Omaha]

opposite

► e-ta-kaⁿ-za (ettákkąza) - above, directly, opposite

► cf. e-ta-ki-kaⁿ-za (ettákkikką́za) - opposite, even with, parallel; e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; kaⁿ-ze (ką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kǫ́ze) - pretend, feign, “to pretend by being equal to, to pretend by being similar to, to pretend by acting as, to pretend being like”; ki-koⁿ-ze (kíkǫze), ki-kaⁿ-ze (kíkąze) - teach someone something, “to teach by being similar to, to teach by acting as, to teach by doing as”; wa-kaⁿ-ze (waką́ze) - teacher, “to act as them, to be similar to them, to be like them, to do as them”; kaⁿ-se (kańse), (káñsĕ) - Kwapa name for the Kansa Indians; Kansa, Kanse, Kanze, Kanza, Kaw Tribe [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-ʰta (e-ṭá) - thitherward; toward the person [FL-Osage]; e-ta (éta) - there, towards that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-goⁿ-za (ígoⁿça) - copy [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha gthiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha gthiⁿ) - to sit side by side; to sit beside [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha moⁿ-thiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha moⁿthiⁿ) - to walk side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha zhoⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha zhoⁿ) - to lie side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha shkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ-çá shkoⁿ) - simultaneous [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé ḳi-goⁿ) - alike, resembling [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-toⁿ-ha (goⁿ-çé ḳi-toⁿ-ha) - equal in height [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze thoⁿ-ska (goⁿ-çé 'thoⁿ-çka) - same in size, as large as [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-ʰki-ʰkoⁿ (kǫzéʰkiʰkǫ) - similar to or like each other, resembling each other [CQ-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]; go-ze ei-ki-khaⁿ (góze ékikhaⁿ) - equal length [Kaw]; go-ze e-na (góze éna) - equal, even in number or quantity, an even number [Kaw]; go-ze e-yoⁿ-ska (góze éyoⁿska) - equal in size, as large as, same size [Kaw]

► e-ta-ki-kaⁿ-za (ettákkikką́za) - opposite, even with, parallel

► cf. e-ta-kaⁿ-za (ettákkąza) - above, directly, opposite; e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; kaⁿ-ze (ką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kǫ́ze) - pretend, feign, “to pretend by being equal to, to pretend by being similar to, to pretend by acting as, to pretend being like”; ki-koⁿ-ze (kíkǫze), ki-kaⁿ-ze (kíkąze) - teach someone something, “to teach by being similar to, to teach by acting as, to teach by doing as”; wa-kaⁿ-ze (waką́ze) - teacher, “to act as them, to be similar to them, to be like them, to do as them”; kaⁿ-se (kańse), (káñsĕ) - Kwapa name for the Kansa Indians; Kansa, Kanse, Kanze, Kanza, Kaw Tribe [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-ʰta (e-ṭá) - thitherward; toward the person [FL-Osage]; e-ta (éta) - there, towards that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-goⁿ-za (ígoⁿça) - copy [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha gthiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha gthiⁿ) - to sit side by side; to sit beside [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha moⁿ-thiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha moⁿthiⁿ) - to walk side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha zhoⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha zhoⁿ) - to lie side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha shkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ-çá shkoⁿ) - simultaneous [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé ḳi-goⁿ) - alike, resembling [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-toⁿ-ha (goⁿ-çé ḳi-toⁿ-ha) - equal in height [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze thoⁿ-ska (goⁿ-çé 'thoⁿ-çka) - same in size, as large as [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-ʰki-ʰkoⁿ (kǫzéʰkiʰkǫ) - similar to or like each other, resembling each other [CQ-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]; go-ze ei-ki-khaⁿ (góze ékikhaⁿ) - equal length [Kaw]; go-ze e-na (góze éna) - equal, even in number or quantity, an even number [Kaw]; go-ze e-yoⁿ-ska (góze éyoⁿska) - equal in size, as large as, same size [Kaw]

opposite side

► ma-sa-ni (masáni) - opposite side, on, across; a horizontal object, a road or river

► ex: ma-sa-ni (masáni) - on one side [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then-just as they started home-when-shoe-other one-on one side-pull ye it off from her-he was saying it to them-it is said-police [JOD]

► ex: ma-sa-ni-taⁿ (masanítą) - from the other side [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-sa-ni (masáni) - the other side; on the other side; half of a pair; on one side of [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta (masániaʇá) - on the other side of [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta (masániaʇa), (masániat͓a) - to the other side; to the other side of [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-soⁿ-í-ʰta (móⁿ-çoⁿ-í-ṭa) - at the other side [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-soⁿ-í-ʰta (moⁿ-çóⁿ-thiⁿ-ṭa) - on one side [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-siⁿ-ha (mąsį́ha) - to or on the other side, opposite [CQ-Osage]; ma-siⁿ (masíⁿ), mo-siⁿ (mosíⁿ) - other side of something, as a stream; in the direction of the other side; on one of two sides; half of something  [Kaw]

opposite, directly opposite

► o-niⁿ-hi (onįhí) - directly opposite [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha shi-naⁿ o-niⁿ-hi a-ba-zo i-ya-we (ną́ža šiną́ onįhí abazó iyáwe) - then-again-directly opposite-pointed-they say [JOD]

opposite, on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc.

► i-ki-xa-ta (ikkixátta) - on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc.

► cf. i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of something; ka-xa (kaxá) - to outdistance, surpass, excel, exceed, go ahead or beyond a person or place, outrun, outstrip, beat someone in a race, get the better of; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction;

► Dhegiha: ga-xa-ta gthiⁿ (gaqat͓a g¢iⁿ) - to sit elsewhere or apart from the rest [JOD-Omaha]

ga-xa-ta xtshi (gaqáʇaqtci) - at one side [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ta (ga-qá-t͓a) - aside; back from the stream or fire; to go back or aside; to retire or withdraw [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ʰta (ga-xá-ṭa) - at a distance away [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa (gaqá) - surpass, excel, exceed, go beyond [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xa (ga-qá) - to excel, surpass, go ahead or beyond a person or place; said of two men or chiefs, one excels at first in activity or bravery, but by and by the inferior one outstrips him; said of two men running or walking, when one gets ahead; said of two brothers, when the younger excels the older (who is lazy, etc.) in activity [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa (ga-xá) - to outdistance; to excel; outrun; outstrip [FL-Osage]; ka-xa (káaxa) - beat someone in a race [CQ-Osage]; ga-xa (gaxá) - surpass, excel, get the better of [Kaw]

opposite, on the opposite side of something

► i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of something

► cf. ka-xa (kaxá) - to outdistance, surpass, excel, exceed, go ahead or beyond a person or place, outrun, outstrip, beat someone in a race, get the better of; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; i-ki-xa-ta (ikkixátta) - on the opposite side from, of a house, tent, etc.

► ex: i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on the opposite side of the lodge [JOD]

► ex: i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ (íkaxátta kóitta knį́) on the opposite side of the lodge/in that place/sit thou [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa-ta gthiⁿ (gaqat͓a g¢iⁿ) - to sit elsewhere or apart from the rest [JOD-Omaha]

ga-xa-ta xtshi (gaqáʇaqtci) - at one side [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ta (ga-qá-t͓a) - aside; back from the stream or fire; to go back or aside; to retire or withdraw [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa-ʰta (ga-xá-ṭa) - at a distance away [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xa (gaqá) - surpass, excel, exceed, go beyond [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xa (ga-qá) - to excel, surpass, go ahead or beyond a person or place; said of two men or chiefs, one excels at first in activity or bravery, but by and by the inferior one outstrips him; said of two men running or walking, when one gets ahead; said of two brothers, when the younger excels the older (who is lazy, etc.) in activity [JOD-Omaha]; ga-xa (ga-xá) - to outdistance; to excel; outrun; outstrip [FL-Osage]; ka-xa (káaxa) - beat someone in a race [CQ-Osage]; ga-xa (gaxá) - surpass, excel, get the better of [Kaw]

oral stop

► iⁿ (į) - period, oral stop [JOD]

► iⁿ (į) - declarative particle, female speech, also male?

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ-e she iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“įkką́-e šé į,” iyí iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “there he is, grandmother,” said the rabbit [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ į) - that will do [JOD]

orange, color

► zi-hi (zíhi) - orange, color; yellow, color

► zi-hi (zíhi) - orange, color [FR]

► zi-hi (zíhi) - yellow [LQ]

► cf: zi-hi o-zhi (zíhi óži) - jug; zi (zi) - yellow; zhi-hi (žihí) - reddish yellow

► Dhegiha: zi-hi (çí-hi) - yellow; pallor, an unhealthy color; brown [FL-Osage]; zi-hi (zíhi) - brown, yellow [CQ-Osage]; zi-hi (zíhi) - yellow, light yellow; this is typical among native speakers of many, if not all, Siouan languages where shades of yellow, orange, and even brown, are concerned [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi (zhi) - color between red and yellow; a reddish orange [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (ji) - a color between red and yellow, perhaps an orange-red [JOD-Omaha]; zhi-se-zi e-goⁿ (zhíseçi egoⁿ) - orange [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: zi (zi) - yellow [Omaha/Ponca]; zi (zi) - yellow [JOD-Omaha]; zi (çi) - yellow [Omaha]; zi (çi) - yellow [FL-Osage]; zi (zí) - yellow [CQ-Osage]; zi (zi) - yellow [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhi-hi (zhi-hi) - reddish; pink [FL-Osage]; zhi-hi (žíhi) - brown [CQ-Osage]; zhi-hi (zhíhi) - brown; orange [Kaw]

orange, fruit

► kaⁿ-te hi (kką́tte hí) - orange, fruit

► kaⁿ-te hi (kką́tte hí) - orange, fruit [MS]

► koⁿ-te hi (kkǫ́tte hí) - orange, fruit [OM]

► cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple [MS, OM]; kaⁿ-te si (kkątté si) - peach stone; kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]; kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątte žíka) - cherry; kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątté žíka) - plum; kaⁿ-te shta (kkątté šta) - plum; kaⁿ-te shta (konteh-schtah) - pear (poire) [GI]; kaⁿ-te waⁿ-poⁿ-shta (konteh uonponschtah) - plum, prune (prune) [GI]; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (kkątté ttą́ka) - peach, clingstone; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (konteh-tonkah) - peach (pêche fruit) [GI]

► Dhegiha: she zi-hi (she çi hi) - orange fruit [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-dse zi (ḳóⁿ-dse-çi) - an orange [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse zi (ʰką́ące zi) - orange (fruit) [CQ-Osage]; zi-hi taⁿ-ga (zíhitàⁿga) - orange, fruit [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

order, command

► a-ka-zhi (ákaži) - command, tell someone to do something ► a-a-ka-zhi (áakaži) - I, a-da-ka-zhi (ádakaži) - you, oⁿ-ka-ka-zhi-we (ǫ́kakážiwe) - we

► cf: a-kda-zhiⁿ (ákdažį́) - to command one’s own; to tell one’s relation to do something [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ ka-xe a-wi-ka-zhi (ekǫ́ káγe áwikaži) - I commanded you to do so

► ex: wa-wi-ka-zhiⁿ (wáwikažį) - I tell you to do something [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ (ą́kažį) - he told me [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-niⁿ kda-i taⁿ, a-ki-de aⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ naⁿ, a-ki-pʰi, a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákinį́ kdái tą, akíde ą́kažį ną, akípʰi, ákibnį akdí) - they took it from him, he told me to go get it, I went there for it, I brought it back to him [JOD]

► ex: kda-tʰe ki-ha-i naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka ki-te a-kda-zhiⁿ naⁿ (kdatʰé kihaí ną wažį́ka kkítte ákdažį́ ną) - when they finished eating (their own food), she commanded him (her relation) to go shoot some birds [JOD]

► ex: a-ka-zhiⁿ-wi (ákažįwí) - they ordered him [JOD]

► ex: i-tʰi-ki i-ki-pʰe a-ka-zhiⁿ-wi (itʰíki íkipʰe ákažįwí) - they ordered the crier to invite the people [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ga-zhi (ágaji) - to command; to tell him to do something [JOD-Omaha]; a-ga-shi (agashi) - persuade, command [Omaha]; a-ga-zhi (á-ga-zhi) - to command, dictate, or order [FL-Osage]; a-ka-zhi (ákaaži) - force over or through something, order, command, or force someone to do a task, make someone do something [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-zhiⁿ (ágazhiⁿ) - order, tell someone to do something [Kaw]

order, put house in order

► di-ki-ki-za (dikkíkkiza) - clean up, put house in order ► bdi-ki-ki-za (bdíkkikkíza) - I, ti-ki-ki-za (ttíkkikkíza) - you

► cf. di-ki-za (dikkíza) - clean up, put things away

ordinal numeral marker

► i (í) - ordinal numeral marker; i (í) + numeral stem

► ex: i-naⁿ-pa (ínąpa), i-naⁿ-paⁿ (ínąpą́), i-naⁿ-baⁿ (ínąbą́) - second, second time, again, i (í) + naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya (ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-naⁿ-pa tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (šǫ́žiká ínąp͓á tʰą kíkikną́wi) - they put their second pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-naⁿ-pa niⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ínąp͓á nį dišʔá) - then the second one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąpą́ ąbą híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I will go [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bniⁿ (ídabnį́) - third, ordinal numeral, i (í) + da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three

► ex: de i-da-bniⁿ (dé ídabnį) - this third one [JOD]

► ex: e-ti shoⁿ-zhi-ka i-da-bniⁿ tʰaⁿ ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti šǫ́žiká ídabnį tʰą kíkikną́wi) - there, they put their third pup down for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ i-da-bniⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą ídabnį dišʔá) - then the third one gave out [JOD]

► ex: i-da-bni-ka (ídabnika) - third, fraction

► ex: i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + to-wa (tówa) - four

► ex: naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) - fourth finger [MS]

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

► ex: i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ (ísattą) - fifth, ordinal numeral, i (í) + sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five

► ex: i-sa-taⁿ-ka (ísattąka) - fifth, fraction

► ex: i-sha-pe (íšappe) - sixth, i (í) + sha-pe (šappé) - six

► ex: i-pe-naⁿ-pa (íppeną́pa) - seventh, i (í) + pe-naⁿ-pa (ppénąpa) - seven

► ex: i-pe-da-bniⁿ (íppedábnį) - eighth, i (í) + pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► ex: i-shaⁿ-ka (íšąkká) - ninth, i (í) + shaⁿ-ka (šą́kka) - nine

► ex: i-kde-bdaⁿ (íkdebdą́) - tenth, i (í) + kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten

► ex: i-kde-bdaⁿ-naⁿ-pa (íkdebdąną́pa) - twentieth, , i (í) + kde-bdaⁿ-naⁿ-pa (kdebdąną́pa) - twenty

original Quapaw towns

► When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages, described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha, Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi, Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1, o-ka-xpa-xti (uʞáqpa-qti), Real Kwapa; 2, ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (tí-u-á-d¢i-maⁿ) (Toriman), tí-u-a-d¢í maⁿ (of Mrs Stafford); 3, o-zo ti-o-we (u-zú-ti-ú-wĕ) (Southois, etc). The fourth was taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (taⁿ́waⁿ jíʞa), Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the fifth village, i-ma-ha (imaha), was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people. [JOD-Quapaw]

► i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► i-ma-ha (ímăha) - a band of Omaha, or perhaps more probably Kwâpâ, who lived with the Kä́dohadä́cho, but retained their own distinct language. There are still a few living with the Caddo, but they retain only the name. It will be remembered that when the Caddo lived in eastern Louisiana the Arkansas or Kwâpâ were their nearest neighbors on the north, and these Imaha may have been a part of the Kwâpâ who lived “upstream” (úmañhañ) on the Arkansas. The Caddo call the Omaha tribe by the same name. [J. Mooney-Caddo]

► ma-ha (maha) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other; i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on the other side

► Dhegiha: u-ma-ha (u-má-ha), u-maⁿ-haⁿ (umaⁿ-haⁿ) - “those that went upstream,” the Omahas, a tribe of the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family, see Pañka, Wajaje, K͓aⁿze, and Ugaqpa [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (u-móⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for Omaha [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-haⁿ (omą́hą) - Omaha (tribe or tribal member) [CQ-Osage]; o-ma-ha (omáha), oⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (oⁿmóⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha tribe or people, “those who went upstream,” so called because they (as well as the Ponca, Osage, and Kansa) went up stream when they left the Quapaw [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

► o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► ga-pa (gappa) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; ka-xpa (káxpa) - south wind

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (u-gá-qpa) - “those who went downstream,” the Kwapas or Quapaws, they were known to the Illinois tribes as the “Arkansas” or “Alkansas” [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “the down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom

► o-zo ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: u-zu (u-çú) - lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - 1) wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber; ozó táⁿga éji ayé góⁿyabe che aó, paháⁿle ché. They first desired to go to an extensive bottom land, abounding in timber, where Junction City now stands; 2) hilltops JOD uses this term in reference to the noⁿnóⁿbahu tó, “a kind of grape or berry found on the ozú (hill tops)” but the term more commonly refers to lowlands, as in sense 1. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zu u-gthoⁿ (ú-çu-u-gthoⁿ) - lowland forest in the bend of a stream [FL-Osage]; u-zu i-ha zhiⁿ-ga (u-çú-i-ha zhiⁿ-ga) - at one time there was a large bend in the stream, which was nearly closed; the meaning of the name is small mouth; it is near the u-zu (u-çu) or woods, what is known as Bartlesville, Kans. This was the site of the fourth camp in the fisrt trail, also of the third trail [FL-Osage]; o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber, the name of a village, literally, “they live in the timber”. JOD identifies this as a proper town, that is, it refers to a specific village, also called cexúliⁿ ‘village on a highland or lowland level, destitute of trees.’ The second name seems to contradict the first name but MR’s comments might be intended to clarify: “There used to be three branches, like Pawhuska, and some of them lived in that and some of them lived along the creek, Gaxó’oliⁿ and Zaⁿjóliⁿ. Those people lived in the [_?_], why they used to live north of Kaw there, at Washunga there. And those others, they used to [_?_] on top of the hill. And I think they called Waxága-oliⁿ ‘where the cactus grows.’ Zaⁿjóliⁿ is where they live in the timber, zaⁿjé. And Gaxá-oliⁿ, they used to live along the edge of [creek?] over there at Washunga.” [Kaw]

► taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - small town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► cf. taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą), toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą) - town, village; toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-waⁿ (táⁿ-waⁿ) - a cluster of lodges, a camp, village, or Indian town [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town; cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - a town or city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

► ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (ttíoádimą) - one of the five original Quapaw villages mentioned in early French narratives, often spelled Toriman or Thoriman by the French

ornament, silver breast ornament

► ma-ze-ska ka-sta wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (mazéska kásta waną́ʔį) - silver breast ornament (gorget)

► mazéska kastá waną́ʔį (ma zas ka ga sta wŭ nŭ i) - silver breast ornament, from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

► cf. ma-ze-ska (mazéska) - silver, money, a dollar; ma-ze (máze) - iron, metal; ska (ska) - white; ma-ze we-ka-sta (mazé wékastá) - hammer, “with which to strike metal”; ka-sta (kastá) - strike, fall on; wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (waną́ʔį) - necklace, necktie, neckerchief; naⁿ-’iⁿ (nąʔį́) - wear around the neck

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze ska (moⁿçeçka) - money, silver, currency [Omaha]; maⁿ-ze ska (máⁿzĕskă) - money [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-ze ska (móⁿ-çe-çka) - white metal, money [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze ska(mą́zeska) - money, coin, silver, literally white metal [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze ska (máⁿzeska) - money, esp. silver money [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-ga-sta (wé-ga-çta) - a hammer, “with which to pound” [FL-Osage]; ga-sta (ga-çtá) - to beat or hammer metal [FL-Osage]; ka-shta (kaaštá) - hammer, hit or beat, flatten by striking [CQ-Osage]; ga-sta (gastá) - hammer flat, beat until flat and long, as when hammering metal or other malleable material [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanóⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, man’s necklace; something worn around a man’s neck [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanoⁿp’iⁿ) - choker, necklace, necktie [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰp’iⁿ (wa-noⁿ-p̣’iⁿ) - necklace, these were made of shells, nuts of trees, elk teeth, pendants were made of mussel shells also, this is also applied to the symbolic neck ornament, gorget [FL-Osage]; wa-noⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanǫ́pʔį) - necklace, gorget, choker, medallion, medal, something worn around the neck [CQ-Osage]; wa-naⁿ-p’iⁿ (wanáⁿp’iⁿ) - necklace, a general word used for all ornaments [Kaw]

orphan

► wa-haⁿ ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan

► cf: wa-haⁿ (wahą́) - relation, family [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then-so-the moving-orphan-the standing-treated her miserably-a great deal-the standing-past sign [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ a-shi-aⁿ-he de (wahą́nįké tʰą ášiąhé dé) - the orphan went afterward (behind them, after them) [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: di-sh’a-i taⁿ za-ni di-sh’a-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ niⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’i de-da-wi (dišʔai tą zaní dišʔaí tą wahą́nįké nįkʰé kikʔí dedáwi) - they all failed, when they failed, they gave it back to the orphan [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-hoⁿ thiⁿ-ge (wahóⁿthiⁿge) - orphan, “without relatives” [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-hoⁿ thiⁿ-ge (wahoⁿ thiⁿge) - orphan [Omaha]; wa-haⁿ thiⁿ-ge (wa-háⁿ-¢iñ-ge) - “one without relations”; an orphan; to be an orphan [JOD-Omaha]; wa-hoⁿ-iⁿ-ge (wa-hóⁿ-iⁿ-ge) - an orphan, literally, no mother, the word was used among the Indians when speaking of a child with neither father nor mother [FL-Osage]; wa-hoⁿ-iⁿ-ke (wahǫ́įke) - be an orphan [CQ-Osage]; wa-hoⁿ yiⁿ-ge (wahóⁿyiⁿge) - orphan, one who has lost one or both parents [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-wa-hoⁿ-e (uwáhoⁿe) - kinship system [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-hoⁿ-iⁿ (wahǫ́į) - address folks with respect, address as friends and relatives [CQ-Osage]; o-wa-haⁿ (ówaháⁿ) - kin, relation [Kaw]; o-wa-haⁿ-e (ówaháⁿe) - kinship, relationship [Kaw]

Osage Tribe

► wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage

► wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage Indians [MS]

► wa-zha-zhe (wajáje) - Kwapa name for the Osage Indians [JOD]

► wa-sha-zhi (wašáži) - Osage Indians [OM)]

► Dhegiha: wa-zha-zhe (wazhazhe) - an Osage, the Osage Tribe, the Osages, they belong with the K͓aⁿze, Ugaqpa, Umaⁿhaⁿ, and Pañka, to the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family [Omaha]; wa-zha-zhe (wa-zhá-zhe) - name of the Osage Tribe, corrupted by the French to Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage [CQ-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wazházhe) - Osage tribe or people [Kaw]

other side of, on the other side of

► ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side, toward the sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; gu-da (gú-da) - facing the opposite direction [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi (u¢úci) - at the front [JOD-Omaha]; u-thu-shi-xti (u¢úciqti) - at the very front [JOD-Omaha]; o-tho-shi (oðóši) - in the way, in front of and blocking [CQ-Osage]; ti u-taⁿ-noⁿ u-thu-shi (tiu taⁿnoⁿ uthushi) - front yard [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ (u-thú-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ) - to walk in advance of a group of people [FL-Osage]; o-tho-shi maⁿ-thiⁿ (oðóšimąðį) - block someone’s way or be in the way while moving [CQ-Osage]; go-da o-yo-shi-ha (góda oyóshiha) - to the other side, to the other side of [Kaw]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (kímaⁿhaⁿtáha óyoshiha) - to the windward of something [Kaw]; a-la-xle-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (álaxletáha óyoshiha) - to the leeward of something, on the leeward side [Kaw]; do-do-yo-shi-ha (dódoyoshiha) - adverb of motion [Kaw]

other side, around by the other side

► e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side

► cf. e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side, toward the sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► Dhegiha: e-ta (ĕ́ʇa) - there [JOD-Omaha]; e-ʰta (e-ṭá) - thitherward; toward the person [FL-Osage]; e-ta (éta) - there, towards that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi (u¢úci) - at the front [JOD-Omaha]; u-thu-shi-xti (u¢úciqti) - at the very front [JOD-Omaha]; o-tho-shi (oðóši) - in the way, in front of and blocking [CQ-Osage]; ti u-taⁿ-noⁿ u-thu-shi (tiu taⁿnoⁿ uthushi) - front yard [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ (u-thú-shi ha u-moⁿ-thiⁿ) - to walk in advance of a group of people [FL-Osage]; o-tho-shi maⁿ-thiⁿ (oðóšimąðį) - block someone’s way or be in the way while moving [CQ-Osage]; go-da o-yo-shi-ha (góda oyóshiha) - to the other side, to the other side of [Kaw]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (kímaⁿhaⁿtáha óyoshiha) - to the windward of something [Kaw]; a-la-xle-ta-ha o-yo-shi-ha (álaxletáha óyoshiha) - to the leeward of something, on the leeward side [Kaw]; do-do-yo-shi-ha (dódoyoshiha) - adverb of motion [Kaw]

other side, at or on the other side

► i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on the other side

► cf. i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► ex: i-maⁿ-ta o-pʰe naⁿ de, i-ke (imą́tta opʰé ną dé, iké) - paddle on the other side, he said to him [JOD]

► ex: i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - other one [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then-just as they started home-when-shoe-other one-on one side-pull ye it off from her-he was saying it to them-it is said-police [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ma-ta (áⁿ-ma-ta) - to the other side, in the other direction [JOD-Omaha]; a-maⁿ-ʰta (ámąʰta), e-maⁿ-ʰta (émąʰta) - that way, that direction, lit., ‘toward the other’ [CQ-Osage]; a-moⁿ-ta (ámoⁿta), o-moⁿ-ta (ómoⁿta) - to the other side [Kaw]

other side, from the other side

► ma-sa-ni-taⁿ (masanítą) - from the other side [JOD]

► cf. ma-sa-ni (masáni) - opposite side, on, across; a horizontal object, a road or river; ma-sa-ni (masáni) - on one side [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-sa-ni (masáni) - the other side; on the other side; half of a pair; on one side of [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta (masániaʇá) - on the other side of [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta (masániaʇa), (masániat͓a) - to the other side; to the other side of [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-soⁿ-í-ʰta (móⁿ-çoⁿ-í-ṭa) - at the other side [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-soⁿ-í-ʰta (moⁿ-çóⁿ-thiⁿ-ṭa) - on one side [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-siⁿ-ha (mąsį́ha) - to or on the other side, opposite [CQ-Osage]; ma-siⁿ (masíⁿ), mo-siⁿ (mosíⁿ) - other side of something, as a stream; in the direction of the other side; on one of two sides; half of something  [Kaw]

other way, face the other

► e-ta de-de o-ka-xde (ettá déde okáxde) - face the other way ► e-ta de-de o-a-ka-xde (ettá déde óakáxde) - I, e-ta-de-de o-da-ka-xde (ettá déde ódakáxde) - you

► cf. e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; ta de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards; e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction, etta+okaxde, “facing forward given the meaning of etto”; a-ka-hi-da o-ka-xde (ákahída okáxde) - facing downstream, with his back to the wind; a-shi-to-ka-xde (ašíttokáxde) - face the back of the lodge; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; ko-to-ka-xde (kótokáxde) - facing the other way; ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind; to-to-ka-xde (tótokáxde) - facing this way; o-i-naⁿ-be o-ka-xde (óinąbé okáxde) - facing uphill

► Dhegiha: e-ʰta u-ga-xthe (e-ṭá u-ga-xthe) - facing in that direction [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: e-ta (ĕ́ʇa) - there [JOD-Omaha]; e-ʰta (e-ṭá) - thitherward; toward the person [FL-Osage]; e-ta (éta) - there, towards that place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xthe (ú-ga-q¢e) - to be facing a certain direction [JOD-Omaha]; o-ka-le (okále) - face a certain direction [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xle (ogáxle) - facing, face a direction [Kaw]

► ko-to-ka-xde (kótokáxde) - facing the other way

► cf. ko-ta (kóta) - over there, on that side of, on the other side, beyond, yonder, farther off, farther over there, ahead; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards; ko-ta-ha (kótaha) - that yonder, that over there; ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular/moving/animate over there; ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that singular/sitting/animate, yonder; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular/standing/animate, yonder; ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of; ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder; ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder

► Dhegiha: gu-du-ga-xthe (gúdugaq¢e) - facing the other way [JOD-Omaha]; ko-ta o-ka-la (kóota okála) - face the other way! [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gúda), gu-a (gúa) - on that side of, beyond (a person or place), yonder, farther off [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; gu-da (gú-da) - facing the opposite direction [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker or hearer); the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xthe (ú-ga-q¢e) - to be facing a certain direction [JOD-Omaha]; o-ka-le (okále) - face a certain direction [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xle (ogáxle) - facing, face a direction [Kaw]

other, crossing each other

► a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other

► ex: o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads

► cf. a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc; a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish, male personal name [MS, JOD]; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream

► Dhegiha: a-ki-thi-te (á-ki-¢í-t͓e) - to cross each other, crossing each other, to lie across one another; to cross a stream together [JOD-Omaha]; a-kʰi-thi-te u-ga-doⁿ (ákʰithíte ugádoⁿ) - to nail on crosswise, to crucify [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-te (¢it͓é) - to cross, as a stream [JOD-Omaha]; ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

other, different, another

► e-zhi (éži) - another, different, other

► cf. e (e) - that, it, he, she, it; zhi (ži) - not, negative, negation; e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different; di-e-zhi (dieží) - change, alter, abrogate

► ex: e-zhi ke (éži ke) - the others [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) - the other girls [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi pa éži pá) - the others [JOD]

► ex: e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi (ežą́ke éži) - step-daughter, “his daughter+other” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi shi-naⁿ kdi-ze (éži šiną́ kdizé) - again, he took a different one, another of his own [JOD]

► ex: o-zhoⁿ-ke e-zhi o-pa (ožǫ́ke éži opá) - she followed along a different road [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi o-do-hi pa-xe te (éži odóhi ppáγe tte) - I’ll come up with (make) something different [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-zhi (é-zhi) - not that kind [FL-Osage]; e-zhi (éezhi) - odd, unusual, of a different kind, inappropriate, unsuitable, different, other, otherwise, strange [CQ-Osage]; e-zhi (ézhi) - other, different, another [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (azhi) - strange [Omaha]; a-ji (áji) - different, another [JOD-Omaha]

other, first on one side then on the other

► i-ki-di-toⁿ (ikídittǫ) - first on one side then on the other [JOD]

► cf. i-ki-di-toⁿ-toⁿ (íkkidíttǫttǫ) - back and forth, interchange

► ex: shi-naⁿ-naⁿ i-ki-di-toⁿ o-pʰe niⁿ i-ya-we (šiną́ną ikídittǫ opʰé nį iyáwe) - again and again, first on one side then on the other, he was paddling, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi i-ki-thi toⁿ-ga (thi ikithi toⁿga) - reverse, convert [Omaha]; i-ʰki-thi-ʰtoⁿ-ga (i-ḳi-thi-ṭoⁿ-ga) - to interchange, permutation [FL-Osage]

other, help each other

► o-ki-kaⁿ (ókkikką́) - help each other ► o-a-ki-kaⁿ (oákkikką́) - I, o-da-ki-kaⁿ (odákkikką́) - you

► cf. o-ki-kaⁿ (okíkką) - help someone; wi-ki-kaⁿ ta (wi-gi-kun-tâ) - I will help you [LH]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-kaⁿ-i (u-kí-kaⁿ-i) - to help one another [JOD-Omaha]; o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help another who is not a relative [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-gi-kaⁿ (u-gí-kaⁿ) - to help his own [JOD-Omaha]; o-ki-ʰkaⁿ (okíʰką) - help one’s own relative [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-wi-kaⁿ (uwíkaⁿ) - I help you [JOD-Omaha]; o-wi-ʰkaⁿ (owíʰką) - I help you [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-wa-gi-koⁿ (úwagikóⁿ) - aid, help, to help them or us, to aid more than one person [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-i-goⁿ (úwigoⁿ) - help [Omaha]; u-i-kaⁿ (u-í-k͓aⁿ) - to aid or help another, not a relation [JOD-Omaha]; u-wi-ʰkoⁿ (u-wí-ḳoⁿ) - to help; to give aid in times of distress [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-wa-koⁿ (úwakoⁿ) - help, to help them [Omaha/Ponca]; o-wa-kaⁿ (ówakaⁿ) - help, to help someone [Kaw]

other, let’s seesaw each other

► aⁿ-ki-pi-za-za (ąkkíppizaza) - let’s seesaw each other, let’s play seesaw

► cf. ki-pi-za-za (kkíppizáza) - to play seesaw

other, some kind or other

► ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - some kind or other [JOD]

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą), ta-toⁿ (táttǫ) - what, something; hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - indefinite pronoun, (what)-ever; ta-taⁿ za-ni (ttátą zaní) - everything, “what/something + all”; ta-taⁿ-zhi (táttąží) - nothing, “what/something + not”

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te a (wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á) - I will bring you (my own daughter) back some kind of really good calico cloth [JOD]

► Dhegiha: da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what?; something, a thing [JOD-Omaha]; da-doⁿ (dádoⁿ) - what, interrogation; whatever things [FL-Osage]; ta-taⁿ (táatą) - what (interrogative), thing(s), anything, something, what, whatever (indefinite or relative), what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative), do what (interrogative) [CQ-Osage]; da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what, something, thing, things [Kaw]

other, somehow or other

► haⁿ-ni-tʰe (hą́nitʰé), haⁿ-niⁿ hi-te (hą́nį hítte) - somehow or other [JOD]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ (hąnį́ttą), hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ (hǫnį́ttą) - why or how; hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe hǫnįkʰé), hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you?; haⁿ-ni-haⁿ (hą́nihą́) - why [JOD]; hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter?; hoⁿ-tʰe (hǫ́tʰe), hoⁿ-te (hǫ́tte) - why, how

► ex: haⁿ-ni-tʰe ka-ta-te ka-xdo de (hą́nitʰé kattátte kaxdó dé) - somehow or other he got through (pierced) the mud/mire [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ hi-te shi-naⁿ de (hą́nį hítte šíną dé) - somehow he went again [JOD]

other, talk to each other

► o-ki-ki-e (okkíkkie) - talk to each other or oneself ► o-a-ki-ki-e (oákkikkie) - I, o-da-ki-ki-e (odákkikkie) - you

► cf. o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okkí), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one; court a girl; o-ki-ki-e (okíkkie) - talk to a relation; i-e (íe), i-ye (íye) - word; talk, speak; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé), e (e) - say; quotative, non-hearsay evidential

► Dhegiha: u-gi-ki-e (u-gí-ki-e) - to talk with his own relation or friend [JOD-Omaha]; u-gi-ʰki-e (u-gí-ḳi-e) - to speak to a friend or some relation [FL-Osage]; o-ki-ʰki-e (okíʰkie) - speak to one’s own relative, family, or friends [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-ki-ye (ogíkiye) - talk with one’s own (kinsman or friend) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-ki-e (ukíkie) - to talk together [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-ki-ye (ukikiye) - court, converse, conversation [Omaha]; u-ʰki-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-ḳi-e) - to speak to one another, to hold a conversation, talk together or to each other, a dialogue [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-ʰki-e (oʰkíʰkie) - talk with one another, converse with each other (usually more than two people) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-ye (ukiye) - talk to, talk with, date, court [Omaha]; u-ki-e (ú-ki-e) - to speak or talk with them; to pay a friendly visit to another tribe [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-e (u-ki-é) - to speak or talk with; to court a woman [JOD-Omaha]; u-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-e) - to speak or talk to one another; to hold an interview [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe), o-ʰki (oʰkí) - call on the phone, converse with, interview, talk with or to; get together, meeting of a group of people to converse [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-e (okíe) - speak to, talk to; to court a woman [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-e (íe) - to speak, word [JOD-Omaha]; i-ye (iye) - speak, talk, speaker, word language [Omaha]; i-e (í-e) - a language; to speak [FL-Osage]; i-e (íe) - talk about, discuss, speak of, talk, say, speak, make a speech or talk, speak a language, word, words, language, teachings, one’s word, speech, prayer [CQ-Osage]; i-e (íe) - speak; speech, language, sentence [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: e (e) - say [FL-Osage]; e (ée) - say; ask or tell someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; e (e) - say [Kaw]

other, the other

► i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other

► cf. i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on other side; i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ma (aⁿma), a-ma (áma) - the other one [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-moⁿ (ǫ́-moⁿ) - one of two things [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-maⁿ (ą́mą), a-ma (áma), a-maⁿ (amą́) - other (one of two); one of several; one to be chosen among many [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ-moⁿ (oⁿmóⁿ), aⁿ-ma (áⁿma) - the other one; which one [Kaw]

other, they are married to each other

► ki-ki-knaⁿ-ka-we (kikíknañkáwe) - they married each other [JOD]

► cf. ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife

► Dhegiha: gi-gthoⁿ (gigthoⁿ) - marriage [Omaha]; ʰki-gthoⁿ-ge (ḳi-gthóⁿ-ge) - intermarrying into another tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰki-laⁿ-ke (ʰkilą́ke) - marry each other [CQ-Osage]; ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - pair off as mates; marry, intermarry [Kaw]; ki-loⁿ-ge (kíloⁿge), ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - marry (each other) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ (gthoⁿ) - to take a wife; to take someone as one’s wife [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-ge (gthoⁿ-ge) - to take a wife, to marry, refers to a man [FL-Osage]; laⁿ-ke (lą́ke) - marry a woman, take as a wife [CQ-Osage]; laⁿ-ge (láⁿge), loⁿ-ge (lóⁿge) - marry, take a wife (male term) [Kaw]

other, wider at one end than the other

► o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other

► cf. ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

► ex: to-hi taⁿ-ka poi hi zi-ka a-ta-ha (tóhi ttąká ppói hí zíkka áttaha) - the large extremely sharp/pointed thorn [JOD]

others, smaller than the others

► a-ma-ka-ke (ámakaké) - smaller than the others [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-spe a-ma-ka-ke a-ki-te naⁿ kde, i-ya-we (į́spe ámakaké ákitte ną́ kdé, iyáwe) - ax-smaller than the others-she took hers in her arm-when-she started homeward-they say [JOD]

Otoe-Missouria Tribe

► wa-zho-xda (wajúqd^¢ă) - Kwapa name for the Missouria and perhaps the Otoe Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zho-xtha (wa-zhó-xtha) - Oto Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-zho-la (wažóla) - Oto tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-zho-xla (wazhóxla), wa-sho-xla (washóxla) - Otoe tribe or people [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thu-ta-da (wathútada) - Oto Tribe [Omaha]; wa-do-ta-ta (wadótata), wa-do-ta-daⁿ (wadótadaⁿ) - Otoe tribe or people, according to MR, this is a synonym for washóxla [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni u-ta-chi (niútachi) - Missouri Tribe [Omaha]; ni-sho-je (nishóje) - Missouri tribe or people, the Missouri people call themselves Niót’a Ci, but the early French travelers called them Emissourites, Missourites, and Missouris [Kaw]

otter

► to-shnaⁿ-ke (tošną́ke) - otter

► to-shnaⁿ-ke (tošną́ke) - otter [MS]

► to-shnaⁿ-ke (tuge-nōkĭēh) - otter (loutre) [GI]

► Dhegiha: nu-zhnoⁿ (nuzhnóⁿ) - otter [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-zhnoⁿ (nuzhnoⁿ) - otter [Omaha]; ʰto-hnoⁿ-ge (ṭo-hnóⁿ-ge) - otter, the Osage and the Omaha used the otter skin for making ornamental caps, quivers, collars, etc., the Omahas used the skin of the otter when it was fresh for divining powers, the fur traders dealt extensively with these two tribes for otter skins [FL-Osage]; ʰto-naⁿ-ke (ʰtónąke), ʰto-ʰnaⁿ-ke (ʰtoʰną́ke) - otter, otter skin, otter hide (e.g., in Osage dance clothes) [CQ-Osage]; do-hnaⁿ-ge (dohnáⁿge), to-hnaⁿ-ge (tóhnaⁿge) - otter [Kaw]

otter skin

► to-shnaⁿ-ke-ha (tošną́keha) - otter skin

► cf. to-shnaⁿ-ke (tošną́ke) - otter; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell;

► Dhegiha: nu-zhnoⁿ-ha (nuzhnóⁿha) - otter skin [Omaha/Ponca]; do-haⁿ-ge-xu-ha (doháⁿgexuha) - otter skin [Kaw]

Back to Top