English to Quapaw Dictionary

I

I alone - improve

in a bag - in, sit in

in law - index finger

Indian - instrumental

insufficient - its

 

in a bag, put in a bag

► o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ (óžiha okną) - to put into a bag, sack, or pocket ► o-zhi-ha o-a-knaⁿ (óžiha oákną) - I, o-zhi-ha o-da-knaⁿ (óžiha odákną) - you, o-zhi-ha oⁿ-ko-knaⁿ-we (óžiha ǫkóknąwe) - we

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set, put; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put upon a surface; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set or put one’s own; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own object on a surface; o-ki-knaⁿ (okíkną) - put or beneath; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gthoⁿ (u-gthoⁿ) - to put in, putting in, a place of deposit, to inclose, in which to put, to thrust in, to put a stake in a pile when gambling [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oolą́) - put into, place inside of, pour round items into, add items to cooking, pour liquid into [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oláⁿ) - put a sitting/inanimate object into something, to put a curvilinear (wide rather than tall) object such as paper, a book, a bandage, cloth, etc. within a receptacle [Kaw]

 

► o-zhi-ha o-ki-zhi (óžiha ókiži) - to fill one’s own bag, sack, or pocket ► o-zhi-ha o-a-ki-zhi (óžiha oakiži) - I, o-zhi-ha o-da-ki-zhi (óžiha odakiži) - you

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill one’s own; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill something for someone; o-zhi (oží) - put into something, plant, fill; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objs onto something that serves as a platform; mi-zhi (míži) - put under belt, tuck in; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box

► ex: ki-ba-hi a-taⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe o-ki-zhi maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ i-ya (kibáhi attą wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe ókiži mąnį́ nį iyá) - she walked around picking up the pieces, filling her sewing bag, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: to-wa o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-wa-ki-zhi (tówa óžiha žíka ówakiží) - he put the four of them (his own) into the little bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gi-zhi (ugízhi) - to put into one’s own [Omaha/Ponca]; o-gi-zhu (ogízhu), o-gu-zhu (ogúzhu) - put one’s own into, as into a bag [Kaw]

 

► o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (óžiha ókʔǫhe) - to put a long object into a bag, sack, or pocket ► o-zhi-ha o-a-k’oⁿ-he (óžiha oákʔǫhé) - I, o-zhi-ha o-da-k’oⁿ-he (óžiha odákʔǫhé) - you, o-zhi-ha oⁿ-ko-k’oⁿ-ha-we (óžiha ǫkókʔǫhawe) - we

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile; here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile;

► ex: ki-ha naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (kihá ną óžiha ókʔǫhe) - when he finished, he put it (the long object) in the bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-k’oⁿ-he (óžiha žíka ókʔǫhé) - he put it (the long object) in the small bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-hiⁿ u-’oⁿ-he (máhiⁿ u’óⁿhe) - knife sheath [Ponca/Omaha]; u-ʰk’oⁿ-he (u-ḳ’óⁿ-he) - to place in a scabbard, to sheathe [FL-Osage]; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) -  insert, put into, sheathe, place into, put, implies lifting up and putting in [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-he (ok’óhe), o-k’oⁿ-he (ok’óⁿhe) - put a lying inanimate object into something, as when putting a fork or spoon into a drawer [Kaw]

 

► o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - to fill a bag, sack, or pocket ► o-zhi-ha ki-pi pa-xe (óžiha kíppi ppáγe) - I, o-zhi-ha ki-pi shka-xe (óžiha kíppi škáγe) - you, o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he/she, o-zhi-ha ki-pi aⁿ-ka-xa-we (óžiha kíppi ąkáγawe) - we

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket; ki-pi ka-xe (kíppi káγe) - to fill [JOD]; o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; naⁿ-pe o-ki-pi (nąpé ókkippí) - handful; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkkiži) - to put away one’s own [JOD]; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own [JOD]; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži), zhoⁿ-pi-zhi (žǫppíži) - wooden box, truck; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]

► ex: o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he filled the bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gi-ʰpi ga-xe (u-gí-pi ga-xe) - to fill [FL-Osage]; u-ki-pi (úkipi) - full, brim full [Omaha]; u-gi-pi (u-gí-p̣i) - full, will contain no more, replete [FL-Osage]; o-kiu-ʰpiu (oküʰpü), o-ku-ʰpi (ókuʰpi) - full of, have a fullness of, be filled with, be full, be flooded, full amount, houseful [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-pi (ogípi) - be full, filled, full as a box, barrel, kettle, etc., filled as a lodge or room with people, full as with worms, maggots, etc. [Kaw]

 

in a bundle, fold or wrap in a bundle

► o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle ► o-bdi-shiⁿ (obdíšį) - I, o-ti-shiⁿ (ottíšį) - you, oⁿ-ko-di-shiⁿ-we (ǫkódišįwe) - we

► cf. niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants, trousers; wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron; we-do-di-shiⁿ (wédodíšį) - pie; pa-hi o-di-shiⁿ, pa-ho-di-shiⁿ (pah-hŭ-odischih) - bonnet (bonnet) [GI]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shiⁿ (uthíshiⁿ) - cover, to cover, as with a garment [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shiⁿ (u-thí-shiⁿ) - to wrap anything up [FL-Osage]; o-thi-shi (oðíši) - wrap, cover for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc. [CQ-Osage]; a-yi-shiⁿ (áyishiⁿ) - to bundle up in a cloth or blanket [Kaw]; o-yu-shiⁿ (oyúshiⁿ) - bundle something up, cover something by surrounding it [Kaw]

 

in a circle, in circles

► bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle ► pi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (ppíkkowįγe) - I, shpi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (špíkkowįγe) - you

► cf. ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► Dhegiha: bi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (bi-k͓ú-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn an object around in a horizontal plane by pressing, leaning, or blowing against [JOD-Omaha]; ba-ʰki-wiⁿ-xe (ba-ḳú-wiⁿ-xe) - to make an object turn by pushing, to make a horse turn by driving [FL-Osage]; ʰkoiⁿ-xe (ʰkóįγe) - turn, turn around [CQ-Osage]; bo-ko-mi-ghe (bókomíghe) - blow around in a circle, spin by blowing; to make revolve by blowing on with the mouth, as a paper wheel (pinwheel) or windmill [Kaw]; bu-ko-mi-ghe (bukómighe) - turn around in one’s seat [Kaw]

 

► bi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bikkówįγáγa) - push or blow something in circle ► pi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (ppíkkowįγáγa) - I, shpi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (špíkkowįγáγa) - you

► cf. ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bakkówįγáγa) - push round and round; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, "fire makes him/her/it go around and around"

 

► ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, “fire makes him/her/it go around and around”   

    ► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round

 

► o-di-shaⁿ (odíšą) - go around in a circle ► o-bdi-shaⁿ (obdíšą) - I, o-ti-shaⁿ (ottíšą) - you, oⁿ-ko-di-shaⁿ-we (ǫkódišą́we) - we

► cf. o-di-shaⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ (odíšą mąnį́) - stay close by

► ex: i-di-shaⁿ (idišą́) - he went around it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - around, around someone or something, moving circularly like the hands of a clock, go around, circle, to go around in a circle, to go around something  [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shoⁿ (uthíshoⁿ) - circle, encircle, surround, cycle, round [Omaha]; u-thi-shoⁿ (u-thí-shoⁿ) - marching around in a circle [FL-Osage]

 

            ► o-do-ba-ki-xe (odóbakíxe) - around in a circle, within it [JOD]

► cf. o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - going all around in a circle, go around something at a distance

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti o-do-ba-gi-xe di-xe naⁿ i-ya-we, ma-shtiⁿ-ke di-ze i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą tti odóbakíxe dixé ną iyáwe, maštį́ke dizé iyáwe) - then he chased the rabbit around in a circle within the lodge, and caught the rabbit, they say [JOD]

 

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - going all around in a circle [JOD]

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - go around something at a distance ► o-a-ka-ki-xe (oákakixe) - I, o-da-ka-ki-xe (odákakixe) - you

► o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - to circumambulate at a distance [JOD]

► cf. o-do-ba-ki-xe (odóbakíxe) - around in a circle, within it [JOD]; ho we-ki-xe (ho wékixe) - fish net

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - they walked all around in a large circle [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe (okákixe) - he was going around it [JOD]

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe hi o-shkaⁿ-shkaⁿ hi o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (okákixe hí oską́ską hí óažá ąmą́) - I usually dance, going around in the middle [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé  ke okákixe-xti že iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi te-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi téti ttíže okákixe-xti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - when the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gi-xe (á-gi-xe) - all around a place [FL-Osage]; a-thi-gi-xe (á-thi-gi-xe) - a circle [FL-Osage]; a-ki-xe (ákiɣe) - move around, be all around, encircle a place or a person, be around especially in a bothersome way, pass by, circle around as in a tipi meeting “go clear around”, avoiding the center, around, skirting the edge of something [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-ghe (ágighe) - all around, a roll of something [Kaw]; o-gi-ghe (ógighe) - surround something [Kaw]; yu-gi-ghe (yugíghe) - tie something up by tying all around the object [Kaw]; ba-gi-ghe (bágighe) - cut around with a knife [Kaw]

 

in a curvilinear clump, trees in a curvilinear clump

► zhaⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žą ottǫ́ ošpé), zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; zhaⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žą ottǫ́ ošpášpa), zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► Dhegiha: u-shpe (u-shpé) - a fragment [FL-Osage]; o-shpe zhiⁿ (ošpéžį) - fragment, small piece, chip, bit, bits and baubles, one’s small things, change left over after a purchase, coins, small change, pennies [CQ-Osage]; yu-shpe (yushpé) - pinch off, pull off a piece [Kaw]

 

in a group, in a heap, in a pile

► sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather ► sto-a-de (stóade) - I, sto-da-de (stódade) - you

► cf. ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place pl/an objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather

► Dhegiha: sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]

 

► sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped

 

► sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group

► cf. sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; naⁿ-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

 

► sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group

► cf. a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap

 

► sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps ► sto-a-de a-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stoáde aknąkną) - I, sto-da-de da-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stódade daknąkną) - you

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put

 

► sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap ► sto-de-a-zhi (stodéaží) - I, sto-de-da-zhi (stodédaží) - you, sto-de-oⁿ-zhi-we (stodéǫžíwe) - we

► cf. sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place

 

► a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up

 

► a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile; here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile

► cf. a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something

► Dhegiha: a-ku-k’o-he (ákuk’ohe) - lay one’s own object on a surface for one’s own benefit [Kaw]; a-gu-k’o-he (águk’ohe) - lay one’s own horizontal object on a surface; lay something on surface for someone [Kaw]; a-k’oⁿ-he (ák’oⁿhe), a-k’o-he (ák’ohe) - lay something on top of something else [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhe-’oⁿ-he (zhé’oⁿhe) - roast, to place a long object, such as an ear of corn, in front of the fire to roast [Omaha/Ponca]; k’oⁿ-he (kʔǫ́he) - lay into [CQ-Osage]; k’o-he (k’óhe) - lay down an inanimate object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰkoⁿ-he (ú-ḳ’óⁿ-he) - to place in a scabbard, to sheathe [FL-Osage]; o-k’oⁿ-he (ok’óⁿhe), o-k’o-he (ok’óhe) - put a lying inanimate object into something, as when putting a fork or spoon into a drawer [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰki-k’oⁿ-he (oʰkíkʔǫhe) - interrupt, lit., “insert oneself into” [CQ-Osage]

 

            ► a-ki-ze-ze i-tʰe-de (ákkizéze itʰéde) - pile up many flat objects one on another, such as books

                   ► cf. i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in

 

            ► koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ) - so or of that sort [JOD]; a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objs onto something that serves as a platform; mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; e-ti-zhi (ettíži) - put them on [JOD]

 

in a lg. line

            ► tʰi-he (tʰihé) - becomes in a lg. line [JOD]

► cf. i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; tʰi-de (tʰidé) - to begin, suddenly [JOD]; tʰi-kde (tʰikdé) - become suddenly; tʰi-kda-kda (tʰíkdakdá) - repeat a sudden action

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ tʰi-he (hą́ba są́hą tʰihé) - dawn, daybreak

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ tʰi-he taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (hą́ba są́hą tʰihé tą odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - as soon as you perceive that the day is breaking, you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-he (tʰi-hé) - marks sudden action, to have become suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ba soⁿ tʰi-he (oⁿba çoⁿtihe) - daybreak, dawn [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-the (tʰithé) - to begin, commence, or start suddenly, to come forth at birth [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-the (ṭsi-thé), ʰtsi-e (ṭsi-e) - suddenly, denoting sudden action, he hastened, he began [FL-Osage]; chi-ye (chiyé) - suddenly, action in this direction [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-gthe (tʰígthe) - suddenly [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsi-gthé) - denoting sudden action, sudden, suddenly [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-gtha-gtha (tʰigthagtha) - suddenly, repeatedly [Omaha/Ponca]

 

in a little while, presently

            ► e-koⁿ-te zhi-ka (ekǫ́tte žiká) - in a little while, presently

► cf. e-koⁿ-te (ékǫtté) - wait, imperative, this and the following are probably not imperatives, they appear to be adverbs, e.g., ‘in a while’, ‘presently [RR]; e-koⁿ-te-he (ékǫttehé) - wait, imperative

 

in a location, be in a location, exist

► niⁿ (nį) - be in a location, exist ► bniⁿ (bnį́) - I, tiⁿ (ttį́) - you, oⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫnį́we) - we

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - to be [Omaha/Ponca]; niⁿ (nį́), thiⁿ (ðį́) - be a certain way, live as, exist as, be characterized by the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ (yiⁿ) - to be, to be so, to be such a one, indicates permanent or long-term condition [Kaw]

 

in a lying position, horizontal

► i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► cf. i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; aⁿ-he (ą́he) - lay a long/inanimate object on something; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something, put

► ex: a-ka-zi i-he a-taⁿ di-ze (ákazi íhe áttą dizé) - to stretch out on an object and take something else

► ex: a-ka-zi i-he a-zhaⁿ-taⁿ bdi-ze (ákazi íhe ažą́ttą bdizé) - I stretch, etc.

zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - be lying down

► Dhegiha: i-he (i-hé) - after verbs, to be placed or laid [JOD-Omaha]; i-he (ihé) - lying object acted upon, post-verbal [Kaw]

 

in a mortar, pound something in a mortar

            ► pʰe (pʰe) - pound something in a mortar ► a-pʰe (apʰé) - I, da-pʰe (dapʰé) - you, oⁿ-pʰa-we (ǫPáwe) - we

                    ► cf. wa-pʰe (wapʰé) - pound, grind corn in a mortar

► ex: a-pʰe a-taⁿ wa-ske pa-x[e]a-taⁿ bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (ápʰe áttą wáske ppaγ[e]áttą bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - I pounded and made bread and then I ate it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pshe (pshe) - to pound corn into fine meal [FL-Osage]; pʰe (phé) - pound in a mortar, as corn or wheat [Kaw]

 

            ► wa-pʰe (wapʰé) - pound, grind corn in a mortar ► a-wa-pʰe (awápʰe) - I, wa-da-pʰe (wadápʰe) - you

                    ► cf. pʰe (pʰe) - pound something in a mortar

► Dhegiha: pshe (pshe) - to pound corn into fine meal [FL-Osage]; pʰe (phé) - pound in a mortar, as corn or wheat [Kaw]

 

in a place, sit or be in a place

► kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp, be sitting ► a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - I, da-kniⁿ (daknį́) - you, kniⁿ (knį) - he/she, aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ąknį́we), oⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ǫknį́we) - we, kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-hi-kniⁿ (áhiknį́) - to get on and sit, to come to and sit upon, to reach/arrive and sit on [JOD]; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit, to come to and sit in, to reach/arrive and sit in [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► ex: kniⁿ (knį) - sit down! (command) [MS, AB, OM]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi íkaxátta kóitta knį́ iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, sit over there on the other side of the lodge, they said [JOD]

                        ► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

                        ► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

► ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ (pʰí aníhe ną́ ppáze dé tą aknį́) - I was coming-I who move-when-after dark-when-I camped [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ mi-aⁿ-ba miⁿ a-ki-haⁿ a-kniⁿ (į́čʰǫ mią́ba mį́ ákkihą aknį́) - I have now been (here) over a month

► ex: aⁿ-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (ą́ttaska daknį́) - you sit close to me

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

                    ► ex: kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ (kąhį́ knį) - so she sat awhile [JOD]

                    ► ex: ádidaska knį́) - he sits close to you

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi maštį́ke étti knį́ niⁿkʰe iyá) - then the rabbit sat there, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ naⁿ kniⁿ i-wa-we (koíšǫ́ttą ppáze dé tą ną knį́ iyáwe) - then, when it became night she camped, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sat, we camped, I and one other [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (koíšǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then after awhile we camped [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti aⁿ-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppázĕ dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then-we were coming back (or home)-after night-when-we camped-when(where)-we slept [JOD]

► ex: kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they camp [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de taⁿ kniⁿ-wi (ppazé dé tą knį́wi) - after dark they camped [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢iⁿ́) - sit, dwell [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ), gliⁿ (glíⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside, continue [Kaw]

 

in a place, stand in a place

► o-na-zhiⁿ (ónažį) - stand in a place ► o-a-na-zhiⁿ (oánažį) - I, o-da-na-zhiⁿ (odánažį) - you, oⁿ-ko-na-zhiⁿ (ǫkónažį́we) - we

► cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon; iⁿ-ka-bde a-na-zhiⁿ (įkábde anážį) - Lovers Leap near Quapaw, OK; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - floor; a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (ákinážį) - stand on one’s own; ki-na-zhiⁿ (kínažį) - stand with reference to another; ni-a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (niákinážį) - have duty of fetching water; i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge u-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (shoⁿge unoⁿzhiⁿ) - stable [Omaha]; u-noⁿ-zhi (u-noⁿ-zhi) - standing in [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-zhiⁿ (oną́ąžį) - stand in there, get in or stay in there, as in a room or place, attend, wear or put on [CQ-Osage]; o-na-zhiⁿ (onázhiⁿ), o-naⁿ-zhi (onáⁿzhi) - to stand in or inside [Kaw]

 

in a row or series

            ► o-ki-kde-kde (ókikdékde) - set up in a row [JOD]

► cf. a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events; a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - indirectly, not even second hand; a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession; fire a volley; ti-kde-kde (ttíkdekde kʰe) - line of standing lodges

► ex: pe-zhe-xta zhaⁿ-a-be-tʰaⁿ o-zhi o-ki-kde-kde (ppežéxta žą́abetʰą́ oží ókikdékde) - flour-barrel-filled-set up in a row [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthe-boⁿ kʰi-gthe (gthéboⁿ kʰígthe) - ten times in succession, ten times in a row [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-koⁿ kʰi-gthe (shóⁿkoⁿ kʰígthe) - nine times in a row [Omaha/Ponca]; e-shoⁿ ki-gthe (eshoⁿ kigthe) - close together [Omaha]

 

            ► o-ki-ba-taⁿ-taⁿ (okkíbattą́ttą) - one after another, several in a row or series [JOD]

► cf. o-ki-ba-taⁿ (okkíbattą) - together; o-ki-ba-taⁿ kniⁿ (okkíbattą knį) - to sit on together; a-ba-taⁿ (ábattą) - push together, as firebrands when the ends next to the fire are burned; o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next

► ex: i-ka-she-knaⁿ o-ki-ba-taⁿ-taⁿ (íkašekną́ okkíbattą́ttą) - breastpins/buttons one after another/several in a row [JOD]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-ze-ska a-kaⁿ-ta i-niⁿ-ha wa-di-ski-ta maⁿ-ze shto-zha o-ki-ba-taⁿ e-ti-zhi pa naⁿ (ettí mązéska ákątta inįhá wádiskittá mązé štóža okkíbattą ettíži ppa ną) - sliver armlets and silver crescent bracelets, they put them on in rows, one after another [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰki-a ’toⁿ-toⁿ (u-ḳi-á ’toⁿ-toⁿ) - a series, consecutive, one following the other [FL-Osage]

 

            ► wa-hi kʰe (wahí kʰe) - the bones laying in a row

► cf. wa-hi (wahí) - bone; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate; ke (ké) - in a line, line of standing [JOD]; ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in, the scattered

► Dhegiha: kʰe (kʰe) - the inanimate lying, the inanimate horizontal, be positioned horizontally, an extended action in a lying position [Omaha]; kshe (kshe) - to prostrate, that lies, to lay down, to place flat on the ground or to be prostrate on any surface, the length of time from the beginning of a vigil [FL-Osage]; kshe (kše) - positional article for an entity that is lying down or long; positional article that indicates plurality of an inanimate entity that takes tsʰe (cʰe) “standing” positional in the singular [CQ-Osage]; kshe (kše) - lying down or long [CQ-Osage]; khe (khe) - “the”; definite article for lying/inanimate objects [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ge (ge) - the inanimate scattered [Omaha]; ge (ge) - the, these, sign of plural used to qualify plural nouns [FL-Osage]; ke (ke) - positional article for dispersed, scattered, or randomly located entities; around, in dispersed locations or with dispersing action [CQ-Osage]; ge (ge) - “the”; definite article used with scattered inanimate objects, such as beads, rocks, etc. 2) “the”, used with cloth-like objects like fabric, hides, thin paper [Kaw]

 

            ► a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► cf. a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni (áni) - hill; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shta (shta) - hairless, destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth as a lake surface, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

 

            ► kde-za-za (kdezáza) - striped in rows

                        ► cf. kde-ze (kdezé) - striped; kde-zhe (kdežé) - spotted

► Dhegiha: gthe-za-za (gthezáza) - striped, streaked, figured, striped or streaked in many places; figured striped, as calico or dimity [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-za-za (gthe-çá-ça) - striped in parts [FL-Osage]; le-za-za (lezáza) - striped here and there or with many stripes [Kaw]

 

in a while

            ► kda-he-he (kdahéhe) - often, once in a while

► Dhegiha: gtha-he thoⁿthoⁿ (gthahe thoⁿthoⁿ) - frequently [Omaha]

 

in abundance, make in abundance

            ► ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

► cf. wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot; o-she-xti (óšexti) - full

► Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; u-sha-zhi (ú-sha-zhi) - scarce, not plenty [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-she (í-she) - abundant [FL-Osage]; i-sha zhi (íshazhi) - negation of i-she (ice): poor, not rich [Omaha/Ponca]

 

in addition to

            ► a-ka-ha-ti (ákahátti), a-ka-ha-tsi (ákahátsi) - besides, in addition to; ts - suggests an Osage word

► Dhegiha:a-ga-ha-di (á-ga-há-di) - above, besides, in addition to; lying on something, as one book on another [JOD-Omaha]; a-ga-ha-ha-di (á-ga-ha-há-di) - in addition to, but in seceral places, here and there [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha:a-ga-ha (á-ga-ha) - besides, on, upon: out side of an enclosure [JOD-Omaha]; a-ga-ha (á-ga-ha) - on top of, or on the outside [FL-Osage]; a-ka-ha (ákaha) - on top, top, summit [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-ha (ágaha) - on, upon, on top [Kaw]

 

in folds, wrinkled

► be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (besǫ́sǫ) - wrinkled, in folds

► cf. be-shoⁿ (besǫ́) - wrinkle, fold; be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold

► Dhegiha: ga-ba-shoⁿ (gabáshoⁿ) - bend, to bend something by hitting it, for instance and axe [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-shoⁿ-de (baçoⁿde) - crease, press together [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ (ba-shóⁿ) - incurve, the bend of a river, crooked [FL-Osage]; ba-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (ba-shóⁿ-sho) - in a zigzag way [FL-Osage]; pa-shoⁿ-we (pašǫ́we) - bind as a blanket, using a zigzag pattern on the edges [CQ-Osage]; pa-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-we (pašǫ́šǫwe) - bind [CQ-Osage]; ba-shoⁿ (bashóⁿ) - close a knife blade, fold shut [Kaw]

 

in front, in advance, ahead

            ► e-to-ha (ettóha) - ahead, in front, in advance

► cf. e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction, probably “facing forward” given the meaning of e-to (etto)

 

in good health

► ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness” ► ha-t’e aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I’m, ha-t’e di-ni-ke (diníke) - you’re

► cf. ha-t’e (hátʔe) - to be sick, ill; ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking; ha-t’e wa-shkoⁿ (hátʔe waškǫ́) - relapse

 

in it, abound in it

            ► o-toⁿ (ottǫ́), o-taⁿ (ottą́) - abound, abound in it

► cf. taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► ex: zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest, “trees abound”

► ex: xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T.; lit. “cedars abound in it”; near Quapaw, OK

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

 

in one place together

            ► miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

                        ► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

 

in or during forenoon

            ► hoⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke-ta (hǫba hąkéttą) - forenoon, in or during

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost; haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke-te (hą́ba hą́kette), haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke-te (hą́pa hą́kette) - nearly day, nearly dawn; miⁿ haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke (mį́ hą́bahąké) - nearly noon; hoⁿ-ba i-haⁿ-ke (hǫba ihąke) - morning, forenoon; pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it’s almost dark [MS]; pa-zi de haⁿ-ke (ppázi dé hąké) - nearly night; t’e-hoⁿ-ke (tʔéhǫké) - to be insensible, nearly or almost dead

 

in order

► di-ki-ki-za (dikkíkkiza) - clean up, put house in order ► bdi-ki-ki-za (bdíkkikkíza) - I, ti-ki-ki-za (ttíkkikkíza) you

► cf. di-ki-za (dikkíza) - clean up, put things away

 

in quick succession

            ► a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events

► cf. a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - indirectly, not even second hand

► ex: a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession; fire a volley

► ex: a-ki-kde-kde a-na-x’oⁿ (ákkikdekde anáxʔǫ) - I heard it indirectly

 

in same tent

► ti-kde (ttikdé) - to set housekeeping, to live together in same tent, village, collection of lodges

► ex: ti-kde ta bde (ttikdé tta bdé) - I’m going to my house [OM]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną iyá) - rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti-kda-wi (ttíkdawi) - they dwelt in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde miⁿ ti kʰi (ttíkde mį́-tti kʰí) - he arrived at one lodge [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ka niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke nįkʰé áni kóihidé-nįkʰétti ttíkde nįkʰé) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond yonder distant bluff [JOD]

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the frenchman and his wife, the both of them kept house’ (JOD)]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde-kde (ttíkdekde) - different lodges [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde-kde kʰe a-kde (ttíkdekde kʰe akdé ….) - I go home to the (line of standing) lodges

► Dhegiha: ti-gthe (tígthe) - to live/dwell in a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gthe (tigthe) - home [Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsí-gthe) - to reside, to dwell, to set up and keep house [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-le (ʰcíle) - live, reside, make a home, set up a household, set up housekeeping, house, home, family [CQ-Osage]

 

in scattered clumps, trees in scattered clumps

► zhaⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žą ottǫ́ ošpášpa), zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest; zhaⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žą ottǫ́ ošpé), zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T.; lit. “cedars abound in it”; near Quapaw, OK; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece

► Dhegiha: shpa-shpa (shpashpa) - fragment [Omaha]; u-shpa-shpa (ushpáshpa) - piece, remnant [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-shpa-shpa (bá-shpa-shpa) - to cut an apple or potato into many pieces with a knife [FL-Osage]; ga-shpa-shpa (gashpáshpa) - chip off many pieces [Kaw]

 

in short time

            ► ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - in a short time, not a long time, soon [JOD]

► cf. ti-a-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time [JOD]; ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago; ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-zhi hi (ttią́ži hí) - in a very short time, not a long time, very soon [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e (kóišǫ́ttą ttią́ži hí hátʔe) - then in a very short time, he became sick [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítą ttią́ži hí hátʔe žókkatte áttaha) - then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

 

            ► di-o-za (dióza) - just now, a short time ago

                        ► ex: di-o-za (dióza) - in a little while [JOD]

                        ► ex: o-di-o-za (ódióza) - in a little while [JOD]

                        ► ex: o-di-o-za hi (odiózahí) - in a very little while [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha di-o-za hi o-xde (ną́ža dióza hí oxdé) - then in a very short time he overtook her [JOD]

► ex: bdo-ka o-di-o-za hi o-wa-xde (bdoká odiózahí ówaxde) - in a very short time, he overtook the entire group [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha o-di-o-za hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (ną́ža ódióza hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - then, in a very short time the man eater had come [JOD]

 

in sight, visible

            ► taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

                        ► cf. taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttą́įži) - invisible, out of sight; taⁿ-hi-de (ttąhíde) - to have passed by in sight

► ex: naⁿ-zha a-shi o-a-te naⁿ taⁿ-iⁿ tʰi (ną́ža áši oatté ną ttą́į́ tʰi) - then when I looked back, he appeared in sight, he had come [JOD]

                        ► ex: mi-taⁿ-iⁿ (mittą́į) - sun sure up [MS]

► ex: mi-taⁿ-iⁿ (mi taⁿ́-iⁿ) - female name of the Kwapa Sun gens, Visible Moon, mother of ka-hi-ke ste-te (k͓ahík͓e stĕ́tĕ) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-iⁿ-the (tóⁿiⁿthe) - to make something visible or clear, to explain [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿiⁿ), tiⁿ (ṭiⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; toiⁿ (tǫ́į), toⁿ-pe (tǫ́pe) - see, observe, watch, look, look at, on, or upon [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - pronounced ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į), ʰtiⁿ-e (ʰtį́e) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

► ke-da iⁿ, ke taⁿ-iⁿ (ke taⁿ́iⁿ) - female name, Clear Sky, Visible [JOD]

► cf. ke-da (kkéda) - clear sky; taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

► Dhegiha: tu ke-tha e-goⁿ (tú kétha egoⁿ) - sky blue, light blue, dark green with an indigo tinge [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰke-tha (ḳé-tha) - the sky, the unclouded or clear sky [FL-Osage]; ʰke-tho (ʰkéðo) - clear sky, as after a storm [CQ-Osage]; ke-ya (kéya) - be clear, as sky or water [Kaw]

 

► wa-koⁿ taⁿ-iⁿ (wa-kŭⁿ́ taⁿ́-iⁿ) - masculine name of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) or Elk gens; Visible  [JOD]

    ► cf. taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight

 

► xi-da t’iⁿ (qi-d^¢á t’iⁿ) - female name of the (Kwapa) oⁿpʰŭⁿ gens; Visible Eagle [JOD]

► cf. he a-ka-t’iⁿ (he ák͓at’iⁿ) - masculine name, Horns (of young Elk) becoming Visible [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭóⁿ-iⁿ) - pronounced ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ), visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; ʰtiⁿ (ʰtį́į), ʰtsiⁿ (ʰcį́į), ʰtiⁿ-e (ʰtį́e) - appear, show [CQ-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]

 

in something

► di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something ► bdi-ti-te (bdíttitte) - I, ti-ti-te (ttíttitte) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand; ti-te (ttítte) - notched; ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something; pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife

 

► ka-ti-te (kattítte) - strike notches in something ► a-ti-te (áttitte) - I, da-ti-te (dáttitte) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; ti-te (ttítte) - notched; di-ti-te (dittitté) - tear notches, scallops in something; pa-ti-te (páttitte) - cut notches with a knife

 

► o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (obíttąttą́da) - roll something repeatedly in something

► cf. o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over

► Dhegiha: u-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-tha (u-bí-t͓aⁿ-t͓áⁿ-¢a) - to bear or lean against a heavy log, etc., making it roll over and over [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ga-toⁿ-toⁿ-tha (uga toⁿtoⁿtha) - tumble [Omaha]; bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - rolling [FL-Osage]; we-bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (wé-bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - a rolling pin [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-tha (ʰtą́ąða) - roll, rolling [CQ-Osage]; o-ba-taⁿ-ya (obátaⁿya) - roll something, roll something over, to roll something, to roll an object over by pushing, said of the act of the tumblebug and kindred beetles in making balls of manure [Kaw]

 

► o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something ► o-a-k’oⁿ-he (oákʔǫhé) - I, o-da-k’oⁿ-he (odákʔǫhé) - you, oⁿ-ko-k’oⁿ-ha-we (ǫkókʔǫhawe) - we

► cf. a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile; here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay sg/ly/in inside something, put

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (kihá ną óžiha ókʔǫhe) - when he finished, he put it (the long object) in the bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-k’oⁿ-he (óžiha žíka ókʔǫhé) - he put it (the long object) in the small bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-hiⁿ u-’oⁿ-he (máhiⁿ u’óⁿhe) - knife sheath [Ponca/Omaha]; u-ʰk’oⁿ-he (u-ḳ’óⁿ-he) - to place in a scabbard, to sheathe [FL-Osage]; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) -  insert, put into, sheathe, place into, put, implies lifting up and putting in [CQ-Osage]; o-k’o-he (ok’óhe), o-k’oⁿ-he (ok’óⁿhe) - put a lying inanimate object into something, as when putting a fork or spoon into a drawer [Kaw]

 

► naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something ► aⁿ-naⁿ-ste (ą́nąste) - I’m, di-naⁿ-ste (dínąste) - you’re

► cf. naⁿ-ste-ste (nąstéste) - kick or tread to pieces; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; ba-ste-ste (bastéste) - cut to shreds, stab repeatedly; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; bi-ste-ste (bistéste) - split repeatedly, shred; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; da-ste-ste (dásteste) - chew into slivers; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; di-ste-ste (distaste) - pull into shreds, slivers; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds/slivers; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; pa-ste-ste (pásteste) - cut to slivers, split often; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers

 

in spots or places, red in spots or places

            ► zhi-zhi-te (žižítte) - red in spots or places

                        ► cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red

► Dhegiha: zhu-zhu-dse (zhú-zhu-dse) - splotches of red on the body, measles [FL-Osage]; zhu-zhu-je (zhúzhuje) - red here and there, in spots [Kaw]

 

in that case

            ► koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - so, in that case, of that sort, in that manner, in this way [JOD]

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding; koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą) - then [JOD]; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫttą) - that way, in, therefore; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way

► ex: koi-shoⁿ pa naⁿ i-ya-we (kóišǫ ppá ną iyáwe) - so they did (in the past), they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-te i-ya-we, a-ba-ko koi-shoⁿ maⁿ-shi kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (žą átte iyáwe, abakkó kóišǫ́ mąši ką́-nįkʰé iyáwe) - she climbed high up into a crooked tree and sat there, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her (my own) back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ zhaⁿ a-ba-ko koi-shoⁿ e-ti kʰe taⁿ a-te bde a-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe (éšą žą ábakko kóišǫ́ étti kʰé tą átte bd[e]á-ttą mą́ši mįkʰé) - then, I climbed up high in this crooked (bent, lying there) tree and I sat there [JOD]

 

in that direction

► ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, yonder, in that direction [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki o-zha da-i (káki óža dá-i) - there-to dance-they went [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder-the moving [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kda-i ke-ni-te ka-ki niⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kʰi a-taⁿ we-da-niⁿ shi-ke he-naⁿ i-da-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ taⁿ ki-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettą́nį kdá-i kenitté kaki nį ettą́nį kʰí áttą wédanį šíke héną idákikdánį áttą ką-tʰą́ tą kíwe) - then they (her step-sisters) started home first, although she arrived home first, before them (her step-sisters), and she put on her bad clothes and was there awhile when they (her step-sisters) reached home [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežį́ke ákkidá-i ké tą hí) - then-to dance-there-they went-the pl.-chief-large-his son-they took part with (=danced)-the pl. when-she arrived’ (JOD)]

 

► ka-ki-de-de (kákidéde) - in that direction [JOD]

► cf. ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; e-ta de-de o-ka-xde (ettá déde okáxde) - face the other way; koi-ta de-de (kóitta déde) - a little to one side; ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder; ko-ta-de-de tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► ex: wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I will go in this direction [JOD]

► ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidéde dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetʰą́ kákidéde) - from this place-going in that direction [JOD]

 

            ► ka-ki de-da (káki dedá) - send (throw) it in that direction!

► cf. ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, yonder, in that direction [JOD]; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► ex: e-ti ka-ki de-da (étti káki dedá) - throw it (send it) there, in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club yonder!” she said to me [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye ) - “throw the club there, yonder again!” she said to me [JOD]

 

            ► ko-ha (kóha) - in that direction [JOD]

► cf. ko-ta-ha (kótaha) - that yonder, that over there; kaⁿ-ha (kką́ha), koⁿ-ha (kkǫ́ha) - near, by; e-to-ha (ettóha) - ahead, in front, in advance; i-maⁿ-ha (imąha) - Imaha, a Quapaw village; the “up river” Quapaw village

► ex: ko-ha da-kde ta-i, aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“kóha dakdé tai,” ąną́kiye) - in that direction you two will go homeward, she said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: go (go) - there, yonder: distal prefix of relative location; on the other side; on the far side [Kaw]; ha (ha) - through (direction), along a path, in a direction, by way of, from [CQ-Osage]

 

            ► o-ha de (óha dé) - to go in that direction, go along that path [JOD)]

► cf. o-ha (ohá) - following, following its course [JOD]; de (de) - go

                        ► ex: hi-da-ta-kde o-ha de (hidáttakde óha dé) - she ascended the ladder [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ha (uhá) - following [JOD-Omaha]; u-ha u-ga-shoⁿ (uha ugashoⁿ) - tour [Omaha]; u-ha maⁿ-thiⁿ (uhá maⁿ¢íⁿ) - to walk along the line or course of a stream, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; u-zhaⁿ-ge u-ha (ujañge u-há) - to follow the course of a path or road [JOD-Omaha]; wa-chi-shka u-ha (watcicka uha) - to follow the course of a stream [JOD-Omaha]; ha (ha) - through (direction), along a path, in a direction, by way of, from [CQ-Osage]

 

            ► ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: tʰe-ta (tʰettá) - to the, at the [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttí tʰétta kʰí ną iyá) - then, when he returned to his home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ta da-kʰi taⁿ (ttí tʰettá dakʰí tą) - lodge-to the-you reach home-when [JOD]

► ex: a-kʰi-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ta hi-we i-ya (akʰíknį-xti tti tʰetta híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ta (kʰétta) - at the [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ta bde (ttikdé tta bdé) - I’m going to my house [OM]

► ex: a-kde ta ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta tta mįkʰé) - I’m going home [OM]

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ ta (nísni ttǫ ttá) - to Baxter Springs, Kansas [AG]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]

► ex: koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ta (nįkʰettá) - to the curvilinear object [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (ttǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ta e-ti te na-ha i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (wasá ttikdé ke-tta étti tté nahá iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - do not go to the village of the black bears, his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́) - horse-to the standing-she sat on her own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

 

            ► ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► cf. ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of; e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of

► ex: mi-o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (míoxpe-ttadede doši) - toward the sunset, on the west side

                       

            ► e-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (étta ttétta ídišą) - around in that direction

► cf. ko-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (kóta ttétta ídišą) - on that side of; to-ta te-ta i-di-shaⁿ (tóta ttétta ídišą) - on this side of

► Dhegiha: a-ta-thi-shoⁿ (atáthishoⁿ) - in that direction, towards, pertaining to [Omaha/Ponca]; e-ta thi-shoⁿ (eta thishoⁿ) - toward [Omaha]; ga-ke ta-thi-shoⁿ (gake tathishoⁿ) - direction [Omaha]; ʰta-thi-shoⁿ (ṭa-thi-shoⁿ) - towards that direction [FL-Osage]; e-ʰta-thi-shoⁿ (e-ṭá-thi-shoⁿ) - in the direction of, toward [FL-Osage]

 

► e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction, etta+okaxde, “facing forward given the meaning of etto” ► e-ta o-a-ka-xde (etta oákaxde) - I, e-to-da-ka-xde (ettodákaxde) - you

► cf. e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards

► Dhegiha: e-ʰta u-ga-xthe (e-ṭá u-ga-xthe) - facing in that direction [FL-Osage]

 

in that manner

            ► koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

► cf. koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ) - so or of that sort [JOD]; a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objs onto something that serves as a platform; mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; e-ti-zhi (ettíži) - put them on [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti ta-zho ta-bi-ze ka-xe koi-shoⁿ-zhi i-ti-kde-kaⁿ ni-kha (kóišǫ́ttą ettí ttažó tábizé káγe koišǫ́ži ítikdéką nikʰá) - then-there-venison-dried by heat-made-piling up the pieces in that manner-like a hose-they were (pl. classifier) [JOD]

 

in that place, there

            ► koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ta (-tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

in that way

            ► koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), koi-shoⁿ-ta (kóišǫ́tta) - then, thus, accordingly, in that way, therefore, so

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet; shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough; koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding, so, of that sort, in that case; koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫnį́ wašką́ kdé šǫnį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke kʰe a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké kʰe áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

 

in the claws

► di-xda-te (dixdátte) - catch in the claws, scratch

► Dhegiha: thi-xtha-de (thixtháde) - claw, animal claw [Omaha]; we-thi-xtha-de (wéthiqtháde) - grappling irons [Omaha/Ponca]

 

in the country

            ► ma-zhoⁿ a-shi (mažǫ́ áši) - out in the country

► cf. ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land; a-shi (áši) - over, on top of, on, back; a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series, behind, after him/her, afterward; a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - outside of; a-shi-ta (ašítta) - behind; at or to the back or rear; a-shi-ti (ášitti) - outside, outdoors

                        ► ex: ha-zi ma-zhoⁿ a-shi (házi mažǫ́ áši) - grapes, out in the country [MS]

► Dhegiha: ma-zhoⁿ (mazhóⁿ) - land [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿzhoⁿ) - world, country, land [Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿ-zhoⁿ) - earth, country, farm, world, land [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-zhaⁿ (mą́žą), moⁿ-zhoⁿ (mǫ́žǫ́) - land, country, countryside, earth, world, allotment, farm [CQ-Osage]; mo-zhoⁿ (mozhóⁿ), ma-zhaⁿ (mazháⁿ), moⁿ-zhaⁿ (moⁿzháⁿ) - land, earth, country [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-shi (áshi) - out, outside of the house [Omaha/Ponca]; a-shi (áši), a-shi-ʰta (ášiʰta) - outside, outdoors [CQ-Osage]

 

            ► ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (mažą́atti), ma-zhaⁿ-ti (mažą́tti) - in the country, on the land, on the ground

                        ► cf. ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

                        ► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (síkka ttą́ka mažą́atti) - wild turkey

                        ► ex: taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (ttądą́ kdéže mažą́atti) - bobcat, spotted cat

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► Dhegiha: ma-zhaⁿ-a-di (ma-jaⁿ́-a-di) - on the land [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ dsi (moⁿ-zhóⁿ dsi) - on the prairies, on the earth, on the march [FL-Osage]

 

in the direction of, towards

            ► ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of

► cf. ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

                        ► ex: mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - northeast, “towards sunrise”

                        ► ex: o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”

► ex: a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”  

                        ► ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

 

in the future, when

            ► ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą) - when, in the future

            ► a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in future

                        ► cf.  ha-thaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time

                        ► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-taⁿ-daⁿ (a-táⁿ-daⁿ) - at what time or season (does it generally occur) [JOD-Omaha]; ha-toⁿ-doⁿ (ha-tóⁿ doⁿ) - when [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time [Kaw]

 

► a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - at some future time

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever; ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in future; ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time

► Dhegiha: a-taⁿ-daⁿ (ataⁿ́daⁿ) - at what time (of the day) [JOD-Omaha]; ha-toⁿ-doⁿ (ha-tóⁿ doⁿ) - when [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time [Kaw]

 

► ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic ► ta miⁿ-kʰe (tta mįkʰé) - I, ta niⁿ-kʰe (tta nįkʰé) - you; taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ttąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫkatʰą́) - we, I and one other

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I'll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta mįkʰé) - I’m going home (I will be going home) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I’ll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow) [AG]

► ex: bda-taⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (bdattą́ tta mįkʰé) - I will be drinking

► ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I will meet you

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą tté tta nikʰé) - why will you be going?, why are you going? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ sh-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a] ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔaké tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akidé tta tʰą́ ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river [JOD]

► ex: shi-noⁿ i-ta-de ta niⁿ-kʰe (šínǫ íttade tta nįkʰé) - they’re (she’s) going to have another baby [AG]

► ex: ta tʰaⁿ (tta tʰą) - he was about to, “future-the standing” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - will, shall, potential or future marker [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta (ṭa) - shall, he shall, you shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - future tense marker, will, be going to, could, so that it could/might be, what if, were it the case that, would be [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - future potential or intentive aspect [Kaw]

 

► ta-i (taí) - we shall, let’s [JOD]

► ta-i (taí) - will (plural) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi tʔeą́wade taí) - let us (let’s) kill all the black bears [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o-zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔóžiká ikíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe”, i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé”, iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

 

► ta-tʰe (ttatʰé) - shall be [JOD]

 

 

► ta-i-tʰe (taitʰé) - shall (plural), they shall [JOD]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, and mind [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-da wi-te-ke e-ta-we di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá wítteke ettáwe dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i-te (ta íte) - shall [Omaha]; ta-i-te (taité) - will surely, shall, shall surely [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i-tʰe (ta-i-tʰe) - shall [Omaha]; ʰta-i-tse (ṭa-í-tse) - they shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta-i-te (ṭa i te) - they will [FL-Osage]

 

► te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will be

► ex: bda-taⁿ te (bdattą́ tte) - I will/would drink

► ex: pa-hi-o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá!  ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

► ex: ni-zhi te (niží tte) - it’s going to rain [OM]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niži tte) - it will rain

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte), e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that [JOD]

► ex: hau, e-kaⁿ te, i-yi (hau, eką́ tte, iyí) - yes, it will be like that, he said; yes, so shall it be, he said [JOD]

► ex: te-a (tteá) - will or let [JOD]

► ex: wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a (wikíkdakʔį́ tteá) - I will carry you (my own) on my back [JOD]

► ex: “di-e wi-bda-sniⁿ maⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“díe wíbdasnį́ mą́ ttéa,” iké) - “I will swallow you,” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: te kaⁿ (tte ką́) - about to [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te kaⁿ (ąkíkdakʔį́ tte ką́) - about to carry me on her back [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as ‘let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s’ [CQ-Osage]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

 

in the ground, plant a post in the ground

► po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground ► po-a-za (póaza) - I, po-da-za (pódaza) - you, po-oⁿ-za-we (póǫzawe) - we

► cf. zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza) - post, fence post

► Dhegiha: mu-za (múza) - plant, as a post [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ mu-za (zhoⁿ muça) - tripod [Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - fence post, marker, monument; plant a post or stick in the ground, to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely, as a tripod for a kettle, or perpendicularly, as a fence post [Kaw]

 

in the hands

► di-xaⁿ (diγą́), di-xoⁿ (diγǫ́) - gather up in the hands ► bdi-xaⁿ (bdíγą) - I, ti-xaⁿ (ttíγą) - you

► Dhegiha: tha-xoⁿ (tha-xóⁿ) - to gather up in the mouth in bunches, as a horse does with grass [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► di-ski-ke (diskíke) - clench, pack in the hands ► bdi-ski-ke (bdískike) - I, ti-ski-ke (ttískike) - you

► cf. noⁿ-pe di-ski-ke (nǫpé diskíke) - clench the fist; di-ski-ski-ke (diskískike) - pack, e.g. snowballs, with hands

► Dhegiha: thi-ski-ke (ðiiskíke) - wad up, bring the parts of a whole together with pressure, bring components into contact, make a fist, grind together, gather [CQ-Osage]; yu-ski-ge (yuskíge) - clench [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be thi-ski-ge (noⁿ-bé thi-çki-ge) - hand folded, the fist [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-pe a-ski-ke (nǫǫpé askíke) - fist [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-be yu-ski-ge (naⁿbé yuskíge) - to make a fist, clench the fist [Kaw]

 

► di-shti-te (dištité) - warm something in the hands ► bdi-shti-te (bdíštite) - I, ti-shti-te (ttíštite) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; shti-te (štítte) - warm, comfortably; ta-shti-te (táštite) - warm, heat up; ta-shti-te ki-de (táštitekkide) - warm oneself by the fire; o-ta-shti-te ti (otáštitétti) - in the sunshine [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shti-de (shtíde) - comfortable, warm, cozy [Omaha/Ponca]; shti-de (shtide) - warm by the sun [Omaha]; shti-de (shtí-de) - to be warm, to warm an object by holding it in the hands [FL-Osage]; shtsu-tse (šcúuce) - be warm [CQ-Osage]

 

in the house or lodge

► ti-a-ti (ttiátti) - in the house, into the house

► ex: ti-a-ti (ttiátti) - in the lodge, into the house [JOD]

► ex: ti-a-ti kda (ttíatti kdá) - go in the house! [MS]

► ex: ti-a-ti o-ka-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (ttiátti ókaxnąxną́) - different articles in the lodge [JOD]

► ex: e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - because it was hers, she took it (her own), she took it into the house [JOD]

► ex: to-si a o-doⁿ-de a-taⁿ ti-a-ti a-niⁿ kdi (tosí a odǫ́de [oną́de] áttą ttiátti anį́ kdi) - under the arms-he locked arms-and-to the lodge-he brought her back [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ti-a-di (tíadi) - in house, in the house or lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-a-di (tíadi) - inside a house [Omaha]

 

in the middle

► o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half (in length), middle

► ex: haⁿ-skaⁿ-ska (hą́skąska) - midnight

► ex: pe o-skaⁿ-ska (pé oską́ska) - midsummer

► ex: si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ (sippózoską́ską) - middle or third toe

► ex: si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► ex: naⁿ-piu-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpüzóskąská), naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpé ózoskąská) - middle finger, second finger

► ex: naⁿ-pe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska (nąpé ózoskąská opáttą) - third finger, ring finger, “next to the middle finger”

► ex: ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb

► ex: sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter

► ex: pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska) - midwinter, name of one of the months in the Quapaw lunar calendar

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe hi o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (okákixe hí oską́ską hí óažá ąmą́) - I usually dance, going around in the middle [JOD]

► ex: o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi na-zhiⁿ tʰaⁿ (oską́ską hi nažį́ tʰą) - he stood in the middle, he was standing in the middle [JOD]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

in the middle of, among

            ► o-di-zaⁿ-ti (ódiząttí) - among, in the middle of

                        ► cf. o-di-zaⁿ (ódizą́) - among; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► Dhegiha: u-thi-zoⁿ-a-di (uthízoⁿadi) - in middle, at, by, in, or to the middle of some other place, not here [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-zoⁿ (uthizoⁿ) - middle [Omaha]; o-thi-zaⁿ (oðízą) - be among others in, be a member of, belong to, be a part of, be among [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-zaⁿ (oyúzaⁿ) - to be many, to be a lot together [Kaw]

 

in the morning

            ► ka-sa-ni-a-ti (kásaniáti) - morning

► ka-sa-ni-a-ti (kásaniáti) - on the next morning [JOD]

► ka-siⁿ-a-tʰi (kasį́átʰi) - morning, in the morning [MS]

► cf. ka-sa-ni (kasáni), ka-saⁿ-niⁿ (kasą́nį) - tomorrow; ka-saⁿ-ti (kásąttí), ka-soⁿ-te (kasǫ́tte) - this morning; ka-soⁿ-ti (kasǫ́ttí) - morning, in the morning [AG]; a-ka-sa-ni (ákasáni) - the next morning [JOD]; e-ka-sa-ni (ékasáni) - next morning; e-ka-sa-ni-taⁿ (ékasánittą) - next morning

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti shi-naⁿ kda-we, i-ya-we (kásaniáti šíną kdáwe, iyáwe) - in the morning, they started for home again, they say [JOD]

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti e zhiⁿ-ka tʰaⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya-we (kásaniáti e žįká tʰą ášitti hí iyáwe) - the next morning, that little/young one went outside, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-soⁿ-iⁿ-xtsi (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ-xtsi) - dawn, early morning [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ-xtsi (kaasį́xci), ka-siⁿ-e xtsi (kaasį́exci) - in the early morning, morning, this morning [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ-xtsi (gasíⁿxci), ga-si-xtsi (gasíxci) - morning, in the morning [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-sa-ni (gasáni) - tomorrow [JOD-Omaha]; e-ga-sa-ni (égasáni) - the morrow [JOD-Omaha]; ga-soⁿ thiⁿ (gaçoⁿ thiⁿ) - tomorrow [Omaha]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ) - the morrow, dawn of another day [FL-Osage]; ga-soⁿ iⁿ do (ga-çóⁿ iⁿ do) - to-morrow, some time [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ (kaasį́), ka-siⁿ-taⁿ (kaasį́tą) - tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ (gasíⁿ), ga-si-daⁿ (gasídaⁿ), ga-si-da (gasída) - tomorrow [Kaw]

 

in the mouth

            ► da-pʰe (dapʰé) - hold in the mouth ► bda-pʰe (bdápʰé) - I, ta-pʰe (ttápʰé) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth

► Dhegiha: tha-pshe (tha-pshé) - to hold an object in the mouth [FL-Osage]; ya-phe (yaphé) - hold in the mouth, between the teeth [Kaw]

 

► da-xo-we (daxówe) - drag with teeth, draw into mouth ► bda-xo-we (bdáxowe) - I, ta-xo-we (ttáxowe) - you

► cf. di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along; o-di-xo-we (odíxowe) - rut, groove, make by pulling

► Dhegiha: tha-xu-e (tha-xú-e) - dragged with his teeth [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-xu-e (thi-xú-e) - to drag something on the ground [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-we (thi-xú-we) - to drag some dead animal by rope, to lead a horse to water [FL-Osage]; thi-xo-we (ðiiɣówe), thi-xo-e (ðiiɣóe), thi-xo (ðiiɣó) - drag [CQ-Osage]; yu-gho-we (yughówe) - drag, pull behind [Kaw]

 

► i-yo-knaⁿ (iyókną) - put something in the mouth ► i-yo-a-knaⁿ (iyóakną́) - I, i-yo-da-knaⁿ (iyódakną́) - you

                    ► cf. i-ha (íha) - mouth; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► Dhegiha: i-u-gthaⁿ (í-u-g¢aⁿ) - to put into the mouth, as food [JOD-Omaha]; i-u-gtha-kshiⁿ (i-ú-gtha-kshiⁿ) - to moisten the fingers in the mouth [FL-Osage]

 

in the mud

            ► o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - become mired, stuck in mud

► cf. kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous; we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy; wa-zhoⁿ ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup, molasses, “ropy sugar”; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux)

                        ► ex: o-ka-kdo niⁿ (okákdo nį́) - he sank in the hole [JOD]

► ex: ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand

 

in the past

            ► i-te (itté) - potential modality in past

 

in the past, in the olden times

► ti-a-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time [JOD]

            ► cf. ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - not a long time, soon [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti taⁿ (ttią́tti tą) - in the olden times-when [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti e-koⁿ pa naⁿ i-ya-we (ttiąttí ekǫ́ pá ną iyáwe) - in the olden times they were like that, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ pa naⁿ, ti-aⁿ-ti we-da-niⁿ pa naⁿ (kóišǫ pá ną, ttią́tti wédanį pá ną) - that is how they did/were, in the olden times that’s how they dressed [JOD]

 

► ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago

 

► ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi ki-zhi i-ya ma-shti-ke (eką́ nį́kʰétti ttią́hi kíži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ-miⁿ-kʰe maⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́-mįkʰé mą́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

 

in the sand

            ► pi-za-ti (ppizátti) - in the sand

                        ► cf. pi-za (ppíza) - sand; tti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ní wašʔké ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing in the sand of the large body of water/river [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pi-za (pizá) - sand [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpi-za (p̣i-çá) - sand, silt [FL-Osage]; ʰpu-za (ʰpuzá) - sand [CQ-Osage]; pu-za (puzá) - sand [Kaw]

 

in the sunshine

            ► o-ta-shti-te-ti (otáštitétti) - in the sunshine [JOD]

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; shti-te (štítte) - warm, comfortably; ti (tti) - at, by, in, locative; ta-shti-te (táštite) - warm, heat up; ta-shti-te ki-de (táštitekkide) - warm oneself by the fire; di-shti-te (dištité) - warm something in the hands

► ex: “o-ta-shti-te-ti a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te ni-he,” i-ke niⁿ (“otáštitétti ašítti hesą́ okítte-nihé,” iké nį) - look for lice on yourself outside in the sunshine, he said to her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shti-de (shtíde) - comfortable, warm, cozy [Omaha/Ponca]; shti-de (shtide) - warm by the sun [Omaha]; shti-de (shtí-de) - to be warm, to warm an object by holding it in the hands [FL-Osage]; shtsu-tse (šcúuce) - be warm [CQ-Osage]

 

in the water

            ► ni-ti (nítti) - in the water, at the water

                        ► cf. ni (ni) - water; ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: ni-ti o-ka-ha niⁿ-kʰe (nítti okáhaha nįkʰé) - he was floating along in the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ ni-ti spe (į nitti spe) - a stone sinks in water

► ex: ni-ti n ii-he-de (nítti ní ihéde) - he laid it in the water [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ti de (waxʔó nítti dé) - the woman went into the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de naⁿ ni-ti chʰo-kʰe hi niⁿ (į́tʰį dedé ną nítti čʰokʰé hi nį) - when he threw the stick/club in the water, it made the sound “chʰo” [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąp͓á sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti k ii-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti k ii-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

 

in this direction

            ► de shoⁿ-hi (dé šǫ́hi) - this direction [JOD]

► ex: “de sho-hi toⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe e-de,” i-ke (“dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé edé,” iké) - sure enough, there is a village in this direction, he said to her [JOD]

 

in two

► da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two ► bda-ba-xe (bdábaγe) - I, ta-ba-xe (ttábaγe) - you

► cf. ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► ex: wa-so-so ta-ba-xe e (wasóso ttábaγe e) - did you bite the cord in two?

► Dhegiha: tha-ba-xe (tha-bá-xe) - to bite in two a string or cord [FL-Osage]; ya-ba-ghe (yabághe) - bite in two, pull apart by biting [Kaw]

 

            ► ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two ► a-ba-xe (ábaγé) - I, da-ba-xe (dábaγé)  - you

► cf. we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe a-ba-xe (mątté-kką nįkʰe ábaγé) - I cut the canoe string (with the hatchet) [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

 

► pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord ► pa-a-ba-xe (páabáγe) - I, pa-da-ba-xe (pádabáγe) - you

► cf. ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

 

► po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two ► po-a-ba-xe (poabaγe) - I, po-da-ba-xe (pódabáγe) - you

► cf. ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord

 

► po-xoⁿ (póxǫ) - shoot in two, break punching ► po-a-xoⁿ (poáxǫ) - I, po-da-xoⁿ (pódaxǫ) - you, po-oⁿ-xoⁿ-we (Póǫxǫwé) - we

► cf. bi-xoⁿ (bixǫ́) - break, crush; da-xoⁿ (daxǫ́) - break by biting; di-xoⁿ (dixǫ́) - break, as a stick with the hands; ka-xoⁿ (kaxǫ́) - break something by hitting it; a-ka-xoⁿ (ákaxǫ) - break something by striking another object; pa-xoⁿ (páxǫ) - cut apart, disjoint

 

            ► shte-ke (štéke) - split in two

► cf. o-di-shte (odíšte) - half (number or quantity); saw, split by sawing; zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte) - plank, “split wood”; ka-shte (kašté) - gash, slit something striking it; ki-kda-shte (kkikdášte) - cut, gash one’s own; pa-shte (pášte) - cut

► Dhegiha: stse-ge (stsé-ge) - split [FL-Osage]; stse-ge (scége) - gashed [Kaw]

 

► a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands

► cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. "twisted tobacco"; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ni thi-be-bthiⁿ (zhoⁿní thibébthiⁿ) - twisted or plaited candy, twisted sugar, striped stick candy, candy cane, candy of any type [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

 

in what manner, what, how

            ► haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use

► ex: kʰi naⁿ, “haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta di-t’e a-e (kʰí ną, “hą waxʔó dítta ditʔé ae”) - when he reached home, he was asked, “what is the matter with your woman/wife, is she dead (to you)?” [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-kʰe (hǫ nikʰé) - how are you? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫnįkʰé) - how are you?, greeting

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ datʰą́še) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ žǫkʰé (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter?

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (“hǫ́e níkka dítta,” ikeáwe, “ątʔé,” iyí) - what is the matter/what happened with your man (husband), they said to her, dead to me (he died on me), she said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e) - is that so? [OM]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ i-she naⁿ (hǫišé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

 

in, at, by; locative

            ► ti (-tti) - at, by, in; locative

                        ► cf. e-ti (étti) - there

► ex: do-taⁿ-ti (dottą́tti) straight to the; do-taⁿ (dóttą) - straight + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-ti aⁿ-da-ska (nąpé-tti ą́daska) - it sticks to my hands

► ex: ni-ti (nítti) - in the water, at the water; ni (ni) - water + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: ni-ti o-ka-ha niⁿ-kʰe (nítti okáhaha nįkʰé) - he was floating along in the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ ni-ti spe (į nitti spe) - a stone sinks in water

► ex: ni-ti n ii-he-de (nítti ní ihéde) - he laid it in the water [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ti de (waxʔó nítti dé) - the woman went into the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de naⁿ ni-ti chʰo-kʰe hi niⁿ (į́tʰį dedé ną nítti čʰokʰé hi nį) - when he threw the stick/club in the water, it made the sound “chʰo” [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąp͓á sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti k ii-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti k ii-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: o-di-zaⁿ-ti (ódiząttí) - among, in the middle of; o-di-zaⁿ (ódizą́) - among + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-shta-ti (oštátti) - at a smooth place; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-ta-shti-te-ti a-shi-ti (otáštitétti ašítti) - outside in the sunshine

► ex: o-ta-shti-te-ti a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te ni-he, i-ke niⁿ (otáštitétti ašítti hesą́ okítte-nihé, iké nį) - look for lice on yourself outside in the sunshine, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: o-xda-ti (oxdátti) - into the brush; o-xda (oxdá) - thicket, bushes + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-da i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - he (rabbit) departed, his whitish tail being seen/showing off and on in the brush [JOD]

► ex: pi-za-ti (ppizátti) - in the sand; pi-za (ppíza) - sand + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing in the sand

► ex: tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - to the, at the standing object; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate’ + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti ki (ttí tʰétti kí) - he arrived to the lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti e-ta tʰe-ti ki (ttí ettá tʰétti kí) - he arrived/returned to his lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti kʰi naⁿ, “iⁿ-knaⁿ, naⁿ-pi-aⁿ-hi miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi (ttí tʰétti kʰí ną, įkną́, “ną́ppią́hi mįkʰé,” iyí) - when they reached home, she said, “first son I am hungry” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti tʰe-ti zho-kde kʰi (kóišǫ́ttą ttí tʰettí žókde kʰí) - then he arrived at the lodge with him [JOD]

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ti (nįkʰétti) - at the curvilinear object, to the curvilinear object; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the sg/si/an or in + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti kʰi-wi (ppáze dé hąké ttǫ nįkʰétti kʰíwi) - it was nearly night, they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi ki-zhi i-ya ma-shti-ke (eką́ nį́kʰétti ttią́hi kíži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ke-ti (kettí) - at or to the plural objects; ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttíkde kettí hí-tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttíkde kettí hí ną) - when he arrived at the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ti (kʰettí) - at or to the lying object; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką ppí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti k ii-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti k ii-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: e maⁿ-te kʰe-ti o-hi-kniⁿ naⁿ kde (e mąté kʰettí ohíknį ną kdé) - that/the canoe, she got into it and sat down, then headed home [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-ti (mį́tti) - at one, to one; miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: ti miⁿ-ti a-kʰi naⁿ (tti mį́tti akʰí ną) - when I arrive back to a lodge [JOD]

                        ► ex: ti-kde miⁿ-ti kʰi (ttíkde mį́tti kʰí) - he arrived at one lodge [JOD]

► Dhegiha: di (-di) - in, to, at [JOD-Omaha]; dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - in, to, at [CQ-Osage]; ji (-ji), jhi (-ǰi) - to, at, in [Kaw]

 

in, locative

► o (o) - locative, in, inside, into, at a place, place at which, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place

► ex: o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into; o (o) - locative + knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set, put

► ex: o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o (o) - locative + kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp

► ex: o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; o (o) - locative + k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out

► ex: o-na-zhiⁿ (ónažį) - stand in a place; o (o) - locative + na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► ex: o-ti (ottí) - house for, house of, house to; o (o) - locative + ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► ex: o-kdo-x’a (okdóxʔa) - insides, interior of animal; o (o) - locative + kdo-x’a (kdoxʔa), xdo-x’a (xdoxʔa) - empty

► ex: o-spe (ospé) - to sink and lay/lie; o (o) - locative + spe (spe) - sink

► ex: o-shta (oštá) - smooth place; o (o) - locative + shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► ex: o-te-de (ottéde), o-te-de (otéde) - fireplace; o (o) - locative + te-de (téde) - light a fire, kindle

► ex: o-xe (óxe) - cache; o (o) - locative + xe (xe) - bury

► Dhegiha: u (u) - locative [Omaha]; u (u), o (o) - locative [FL-Osage]; o (ó) - locative, place at which, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place [CQ-Osage]; o (o) - locative: in, inside, into, at a place [Kaw]

 

in, sit in, dwell in, live in, ride in

            ► o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in ► o-a-kniⁿ (oáknį) - I, o-da-kniⁿ (odáknį) - you

► cf. kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-hi-kniⁿ (áhiknį́) - to get on and sit, to come to and sit upon, to reach/arrive and sit on [JOD]; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit, to come to and sit in, to reach/arrive and sit in [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► ex: zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (žą́dittą́da žiká oknį áttą tʰíwe) - when they arrived they were riding in small wagon [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te wa-sh’a-ke hi o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akíde tta tʰą ną, kóišǫ́ttą mątte wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river, then he sat in his large/broad canoe and was about to go [JOD]

► ex: ma-te o-kniⁿ taⁿ da-we (matte oknį́ tą dáwe) - they went sitting/riding in a canoe [JOD]

► ex: ti xe-tʰe-ti ma-ni-ka di-ko-ko a-taⁿ e-ti o-kniⁿ naⁿ (ttí xetʰétti maníkka dikóko áttą étti oknį́ ną) - in the corner of the lodge, he (toad) digs out the dirt and lives there [JOD]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ e-ti hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i niⁿ-kʰe-ta hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą étti hǫpé kidíštottá-i nįkʰétta hǫpé nįkʰé ánį žǫ́dittą́da žiká oknį́ áttą tʰíwe) - then-there-the next morning-when-there-shoe-they pulled off from her-to the st. one-shoe-the part-having it-when-wagon-small-sat in-and-they came [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-gthiⁿ (ugthíⁿ) - sit in, to sit in something, seat, place to sit [Omaha/Ponca]; u-gthiⁿ (ugthiⁿ) - ride [Omaha]; u-gthiⁿ (ú-gthiⁿ) - to occupy a seat, to dwell in [FL-Osage]; o-liⁿ (olį́į) - live in or at, dwell in, inhabit, live within metaphorically, ride, ride in, sit in, occupy (a seat), be seated on, sit down on, take a seat on [CQ-Osage]; o-liⁿ (olíⁿ) - dwell, live in a place, sit in a place, stay in a place [Kaw]

 

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