English to Quapaw Dictionary

A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources Dhegiha Sources

 

I

 

Indian

            zho zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian (recent term)

            zho zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian [MS, AB, AG, OM]

            zho zhi-te (jŭ-gitteh) - Indian (indien) [GI]

cf. zho (žo) - flesh, meat; zhi-te (žítte) - red; zho do-ka-niⁿ hi (žó dokkánį hí) - naked, nude; zho-i-ka (žoíka) - body, self; zho-ka-te (žókkatte) - fever, to have a fever; i-ha-zho (íhažó) - lip

                        ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

Dhegiha: ni-ka zhi-de (níkazhide) - red people [Omaha]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga xiⁿ ha zhi-de (nikashiⁿga xiⁿ ha zhide) - red skinned people [Omaha]; ni-ʰka zhu-dse (ní-ḳa zhu-dse) - Indian, red man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka zhu-tse (níʰka žúuce) - Indian, Indians, lit., “red man”, “red people” [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka zhu-je (níka zhùje) - red man, Indian, seemingly a modern compound, suggesting that this is a translation of the term “red man” that white men used in reference to Indians [Kaw]

 

Indian agent

wa-jhi-ni ka-hi-ke (waǰíni kahike) - President; Indian agent

wa-jhi-ni ga-hi-ge (waǰíni gahíge) - President, Indian Agent [OM]

cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]; ka-hi-ke (kahíke), ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief; i-ti-kaⁿ-da-we (ittíkądáwe) - President of the U.S., “they have him as a grandfather”

Dhegiha: i-tha-di-tha i (i¢ádi¢aí) - agent [JOD-Omaha]; i-tha-ti-di-tha zhiⁿ-ga (ithatiditha zhiⁿga) - Indian agent [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ ʰtoⁿ-ga ga-hi-ge (móⁿ-hiⁿ ṭoⁿ-ga ga-hi-ge) - Indian agent, (knife-big-chief) [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰtaⁿ (mą́ąhį ʰtą́ą), maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰtaⁿ-ka (máąhį ʰtą́ka) - superintendant as of the Osage Agency, officer or other white person of rank, the government, lit., “big knife”, white person (archaic or rare) [CQ-Osage]; wa-gi-hi-ge (wágihíge) - chief, ruler, Indian agent [Kaw]

Dhegiha: i-ti-gaⁿ-tha-i (iʇígaⁿ¢aí) - grandfather, president [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi-go a-bi wa-ʰtoⁿ-ga (ṭsí-go a-bi wa-ṭoⁿ-ga) - grandfather to all, this is the Osage term for President of the United States [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-ko-a-pi (iʰcíkoapí) - president of the United States, lit., “grandfather of all” [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-go-ya-be (icígoyábe) - Washington, the President, wi-tsi-go-ya-be (wicígoyábe) -  possessive form, lit. “we have him as our grandfather”, this may also refer to “the Secretary of the Interior, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, etc.” the head of any agency that had authority over the Kaw [Kaw]

 

Indian doctor

ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - shaman, Indian doctor, priest

cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy

Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga xu-be (ní-ka-ciⁿ-ga qu-bé) - a mysterious person, prob. answering to popular “medicine man” of white writers [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ʰka xo-be (ní-ḳa xo-be) - the holy man [FL-Osage]

 

Indians, Caddo

so-de (sóde), su-de (súde) - Caddo Indians

su-de (súd¢ĕ) - Kwapa name for the Caddo Indians [JOD]

su-de (sŭdeh) - Caddo Indians (cadeau) [GI]

Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ wa-sa-be (pathiⁿ waçabe) - Caddo Tribe [Omaha]; hiⁿ-sha (hiⁿ-sha) - Caddo Indians [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-sha (hįįšá) - Caddo tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; hi-sha (hishá) - Caddo tribe or people, they dwell south of the Osage and near the Wichitas [Kaw]

 

Indians, Cherokee

sha-da-ki (šadákki), sha-da-ke (šadákke) - Cherokee

sha-da-ki (šadákki) - Cherokee Indians [OM]

sha-da-ki (ca-d¢á-ki) - Kwapa name for the Cherokee Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: che-thu-ki (ché-thu-ki) - Cherokee [Omaha]; sha-la-ki (šálaki), sha-ke (šaáke) - Cherokee tribe, or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-ya-ki (shayáki), tse-le-ki (celekí) - Cherokee tribe [Kaw]

 

Indians, Cheyenne

sha-haⁿ (ca-haⁿ́) - Kwapa name for the Cheyenne Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: sha hi-e-the (sha híethe) - Cheyenne Tribe [Omaha]; ʰta-tse o-maⁿ-i (ʰtáaceomą́i) - Cheyenne tribe ot tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-hi (shahí), sha-ya-niⁿ (shayániⁿ), sha-ya-ni (shayáni) - Cheyenne; Cheyenne tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Chickasaw

ti-ka-zha (ti-ká-jă) - Kwapa name for the Chickasaw Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: ʰtsi-ge-shi (ṭsí-ge-shi) - the Osage name for the Chickasaw Tribe [FL-Osage]; tsi-ka-sa (cíkasa) - Chickasaw tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Choctaw

ta-xta (tá-qta) - Kwapa name for the Choctaw Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: tsa-ta (catá) - Choctaw tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Comanche

pa to-ka (pá-tu-kă) - Kwapa name for the Comanche Indians [JOD]

cf. pa (ppa) - nose; to-ka (tókka) - wet

Dhegiha: pa doⁿ-ka (pádoⁿka) - Comanche, Paducah [Omaha/Ponca]; pa duⁿ-ka (páduⁿka) - Comanche Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa doⁿ-ʰka (p̣á-doⁿ-ḳa) - the Osage name for the Comanche Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpa to-ʰka (ʰpá tóoʰka) - Comanche tribe or tribal member, Kiowa tribe or tribal member, lit., “wet noses, ‘dew on the head” [CQ-Osage]; pa do-ka (pádoka) - Comanches or ‘Padocah’, ‘Paducah’ Indians, tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Creek

ma-shko-ki (maškóki) - Creek Indians [MS]

ma-shko-ki (mo-ckó-k͓i) - Kwapa name for the Creek or Muskoki Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿ-shkó-ge) - the Osage name for the Creek Tribe of Indians [FL-Osage]; mu-sko-ke (muskóke) - Creek Indians [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿshkóge) - Creek tribe, Muskogee [Kaw]

 

Indians, Delaware

wa-paⁿ-da-kya (wá-paⁿ-d¢a-kyǎ) - Kwapa name for the Delaware Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-ba-ni-ʰki (wá-ba-ni-ḳi) - the Osage name for the Delaware Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-ba-ni-ʰka ga-xa (wá-ba-ni-ḳa ga-xa) - the name given Delaware Creek, Okla., by the Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-pa ni-ʰka (wápa níʰka) - Delaware tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-ba-ni-ke (wábaníke) - Delaware tribe and people, the Abenaki [Kaw]

 

Indians, Ho-chunk, Winnebago

ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho ʰtoⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga), hu ʰtoⁿ-ga (hú-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person, these are related to the Dhegiha (Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw), the Chiwere (Ioway, Otoe, Missouria, and including Winnebago/Hochank) and the Dakotan (Lakota, Dakota, Assiniboine, Stoney), it is also a name used by the Assiniboine and the Hochank in reference to themselves, where it is interpreted as “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice” [Kaw]

 

Indians, Iowa

pa-xo-te (páqutĕ) - Kwapa name for the Iowa Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: ma-qu-de (máqude) - the Iowa tribe, an Iowa person [Omaha/Ponca]; ma-xu-de (máxude) - Iowa Tribe, corruption of “paxude” grey head [Omaha]; ʰpá-xo-dse (p̣á-xo-dse), ba-xo-dse (bá-xo-dse) - the Osage name for the Iowa Indians [FL-Osage]; pa-xo-tse (páxoce) - Ioway or Iowa Indians, a tribe living in Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma and in earlier days Iowa, lit., “gray snow” [CQ-Osage]; pa-xo-je (páxoje), pa-xo-tse (páxoce) - Ioway tribe; Ioway person or people, a tribe of the Chiwere group, the other tribes being the Otoe and Missoria. They were the ancient allies of the Ponca and Omaha, to whom they are related [Kaw]

 

Indians, Kaw

kaⁿ-se (kańse), (káñsĕ) - Kwapa name for the Kansa Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: koⁿ-ze (koⁿçe) - Kansa Tribe, Kaw Tribe [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-ze (ḳóⁿ-çe) - Kaw Indians [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-ze (ʰką́ąze) - Kaw, Kansa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-ze (kaáⁿze) - Kansa tribe, clan, the Kaws, a Kaw person [Kaw]

 

Indians, Kickapoo

ki-ka-po (k͓ik͓ápu) - Kwapa name for the Kickapoo Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: hi-ga-bu (hígabu) - Kickapoo Tribe [Omaha]; i-ʰka-ʰpu (í-ḳa-p̣u), i-ga-bu (í-ga-bu) - a Kickapoo Indian, Kickapoo Indian [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰka-po (kiʰkápo) - Kickapoo Indians [CQ-Osage]; ki-ka-bu (kikábu), ki-gha-bo (kighábo) - Kickapoo tribe or people [Kaw]

 

 

Indians, Miami

ma-me (mä́-mĕ) - Kwapa name for the Miami Indians [JOD]

 

Indians, Modoc

maⁿ-ta (maⁿ́t͓a) - Kwapa name for the Modoc Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: maⁿ-to-we (máⁿtowe) - a tribe living east of the Kaws in Indian Territory, their hair was short, reaching a little below the ears [Kaw]

 

Indians, Nez Perce

i-na-shpe (ínacpĕ) - Kwapa name for the Nez Percé Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: pe-ga zuⁿ-de (pega çuⁿde) - Nez Perce Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-de (p̣e-gá-çon-de) - the Nez Percé Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dse (p̣e-gá-çoⁿ-dse), ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dsi (p̣e-ga çoⁿ-dsi) - Crow Tribe, so called by the Osage Indians [FL-Osage]; pe-ga-zaⁿ-je (pegázaⁿje), pe-ga zaⁿ-de (pegázaⁿde) - Nez Perce or Sahaptin tribe or people, lit. “hair in braids over the forehead” [Kaw]

 

Indians, Osage

wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage

wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage Indians [MS]

wa-zha-zhe (wajáje) - Kwapa name for the Osage Indians [JOD]

wa-sha-zhi (wašáži)  - Osage Indians [OM)]

Dhegiha: wa-zha-zhe (wazhazhe) - an Osage, the Osage Tribe, the Osages, they belong with the K͓aⁿze, Ugaqpa, Umaⁿhaⁿ, and Pañka, to the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family [Omaha]; wa-zha-zhe (wa-zhá-zhe) - name of the Osage Tribe, corrupted by the French to Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage [CQ-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wazházhe) - Osage tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Otoe-Missouria

wa-zho-xda (wajúqd¢ă) - Kwapa name for the Missouria and perhaps the Otoe Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-zho-xtha (wa-zhó-xtha) - Oto Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-zho-la (wažóla) - Oto tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-zho-xla (wazhóxla), wa-sho-xla (washóxla) - Otoe tribe or people [Kaw]

Dhegiha: wa-thu-ta-da (wathútada) - Oto Tribe [Omaha]; wa-do-ta-ta (wadótata), wa-do-ta-aⁿ (wadótadaⁿ) - Otoe tribe or people, according to MR, this is a synonym for washóxla [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ni u-ta-chi (niútachi) - Missouri Tribe [Omaha]; ni-sho-je (nishóje) - Missouri tribe or people, the Missouri people call themselves Niót’a Ci, but the early French travelers called them Emissourites, Missourites, and Missouris [Kaw]

     

Indians, Ottawa

ta-wa (tá-wa) - Kwapa name for the Ottawa Indians [JOD]

 

Indians, Pawnee

pa-ni-ma-ha (ppanimáha) - Pawnee

pa-ni-ma-ha (ppanimáha) - Pawnee Indians [MS]

pa-ni-ma-ha (pánimaha) - kwapa name for the Pawnee Indians, very probably this name refers to the Skidi alone [JOD]

Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ-ma-hoⁿ (páthiⁿmáhoⁿ) - Skidi or Pawnee Loups, a tribe of the Pawnees [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpa-iⁿ moⁿ-hoⁿ (p̣a-iⁿ moⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for a band of the Pawnees known as Shki-thi [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (p̣á-thiⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for the Pawnee Indians [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thi-ma-ha (ʰpaðímaha), ʰpaiⁿ-ma-ha (ʰpáįmaha) - Pawnee Indians [CQ-Osage]; pa-yiⁿ-ma-haⁿ (páyiⁿmáhaⁿ) - Skidi Pawnee, Pawnee Loup [Kaw]

Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ (páthiⁿ) - Pawnee; the Pawnees [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-thiⁿ (páthiⁿ) - Pawnee Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa-iⁿ (p̣a-iⁿ) - the Osage name for the Pawnee Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ (p̣á-thiⁿ) - a general term for tribes not related to the Osage [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ (ʰpáðį), ʰpaiⁿ (ʰpáį) - western tribe or tribal member, refers to any tribe from the western United States, Pawnee tribe or tribal member, Kiowa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; pa-yiⁿ (páyiⁿ) - Pawnee [Kaw]

 

Indians, Peoria

i-to-ka (í-t͓u-ka) - Kwapa name for the Peoria Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: tho-thoⁿ (thó-thoⁿ) - Peoria Indian Tribe [FL-Osage]

 

Indians, Ponca

poⁿ-ka (pǫ́ka) - Ponca Indians [MS]

poⁿ-ka (pōⁿ́-ka), (pañ′-kă) - Kwapa name for the Ponka Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: poⁿ-ka (póⁿka) - Ponca, a Ponca person [Omaha/Ponca]; poⁿ-ka (poⁿça) - Ponca Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (p̣oⁿ′-ḳa) - Ponca Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (ʰpǫ́ʰka) - Ponca Tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; paⁿ-ka (páⁿka) - Ponca tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Potawatomi

wa-ho-wa-ha (wahúwahá) - Kwapa name for the Pottawatami Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-hi u-tha-xa (wahi uthaxa) - Potawatomi Tribe [Omaha]; wa-ho-wa-ha (wahówahá) - Potawatomi tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-hi o-ya-ha (wáhióyaha) - Potawatomi tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Quapaw

o-ka-xpa (okáxpa), o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw [MS, AB, OM]

o-ka-xpa  (okáxpa) - Quapaw, people who went downstream, Quapaw gens (clan) of the same tribe, Dwelt on right side of tribal circle

o-ka-xpa (o ̇GáxBa) - Quapaw [person or tribe] [FS]

cf. o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; o-ka-xpa-ki-de (okáxpakkíde) - be adopted as a Quapaw; o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “The down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

 

Indians, Sac & Fox

sa-ki-a (sá-ki-á) - Kwapa name for the Sac and Fox Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: za-ge (záge) - the Sak, or Sauk tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ge (çáge) - Sauk Tribe [Omaha]; sa-ge-wa (ça-gé-wa) - Sac and Fox, this term is used when speaking of these tribes by the Osage, Sac Indians, Fox Indians [FL-Osage]; sa-ki-wa (sakíwa), sa-ki-wo (sakíwo), sa-ki ho (sakí ho) - Sac and Fox tribe or tribal member, lit., “making it tight” [CQ-Osage]

 

Indians, Seminole

si-mi-no-ni (sí-mi-nó-ni) - Kwapa name for the Seminole Indians [JOD]

 

Indians, Seneca-Cayuga

si-ni-ke (siník͓e) - Kwapa name for the Senecas and Cayugas in Indian Terr. The Kwapa name is identical in sound with si nik͓e, wanting a foot [JOD]

 

Indians, Shawnee

sha-waⁿ-naⁿ (šawą́ną) - Shawnee

sha-waⁿ-naⁿ (šawą́ną) - Shawnee, Shawnee Tribe [OM]

sha-wa-na (ca-wá-na) - Kwapa name for the Shawnee Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: sha-wa-na (shah-wah-nah) - Shawnee tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-wa-niⁿ (šáwanįį) - Shawnee tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-wa-ne (sháwane) - Shawnee tribe or people [Kaw]

Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ni (zhoⁿ-ní) - Shawnee Tribe [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-niⁿ (shoⁿníⁿ) - Shawnee tribe or people [Kaw]

 

Indians, Sioux

su (su) - Kwapa name for the Dakota Indians, formed from “Sioux” [JOD]

Dhegiha: shauⁿ (shauⁿ) - Sioux Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa-ba-wa-xoⁿ (p̣á-ba-wa-xoⁿ) - Sioux Indian, the Osage name for the Sioux Tribe of Indians, it means Head-Cutters [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-pa-xoⁿ (ʰpápaxǫ) - Sioux tribe or tribal member, cutthroats, lit., “nose cutter”, “head cutter”, nose cutter, personal name for a second son [CQ-Osage]; sha-haⁿ (shaháⁿ) - Dakota, Dakota tribe or people; Sioux, these form a group which is related to the Dhegiha as well as to the Chiwere. See Paⁿka (Ponca) and Paxoje (Ioway), the term, “Sioux” includes the Lakota, also called Teton Sioux [Kaw]

 

Indians, Tonkawa

taⁿ-ka-wa (tañ́kawă) - Kwapa name for the Tonkaway (Tonkawa) Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: ni-ka tha-te (nikathate) - Tonkawa Tribe [Omaha]; wa-tha-hni (wa-thá-hni) - Tonkawa Tribe, a devourer, swallower [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-ni (waðánii) - Tonkawa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]

 

Indians, Towakarehu

ta-ho-ka-ni (tahúkaní) - Kwapa name for the Towakarehu, a clan of the Wichita Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: tu-ka-tha (tu-ká-¢a) - the name of some Indians dwelling near the Wichitas, whose language they speak: probably the To-wa-ka-re-hu, a Wichita gens [JOD-Omaha]; to-la-le (tókale) - Towakarahu, a Wichita clan [Kaw]

 

Indians, Waco

wi-ko (wí-ku) - Kwapa name for the Waco Indians, a clan of the Wichita [JOD]

 

Indians, Wichita

wi-si-ta (wísită) - Kwapa name for the Wichita Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: wi-chi-ta (wichita) - Wichita Tribe [Omaha]; wi-tsi-ʰta (wí-tsi-ṭa) - a Wichita, Wichitas, Wichita tribe of Indians [FL-Osage]; wi-tsi-ʰta (wíciʰta) - Wichita tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; mi-tsi-ta (mítsitá) - Wichita people or tribe [Kaw]

 

Indians, Winnebago, Ho-chunk

ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho ʰtoⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga), hu ʰtoⁿ-ga (hú-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person, these are related to the Dhegiha (Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw), the Chiwere (Ioway, Otoe, Missouria, and including Winnebago/Hochank) and the Dakotan (Lakota, Dakota, Assiniboine, Stoney), it is also a name used by the Assiniboine and the Hochank in reference to themselves, where it is interpreted as “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice” [Kaw]

 

Indians, Wyandotte

waiⁿ-ta (waiń-t͓ă) - Kwapa name for the Wyandot Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: woⁿ-da (wóⁿ-da) - Wyandotte [FL-Osage]

 

indicates wrong act

niⁿ de (nį dé) - indicates wrong act

                        cf. niⁿ-kʰe de (nįkʰe dé) - impermissive, done without permission

 

indigestion

i-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (ikią́škiká) - indigestion, gastric discomfort aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (ąną́kią́škiká) - I, i-di-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (ídikią́škiká) - you

cf. ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (kią́škika) - feel uncomfortable inside

 

indirectly, not even second hand

a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - indirectly, not even second hand

cf. a-ki-kde-kde (ákkikdekde) - one after another in quick succession, e.g. shots, events; a-ki-kde-kde ki-te (ákkikdekde kkítte) - to shoot at in quick succession; fire a volley

ex: a-ki-kde-kde a-na-x’oⁿ (ákkikdekde anáxʔǫ) - I heard it indirectly

 

indistinct or distant color

saⁿ (są) - white in the distance

                    ► cf. saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance; ska (ska) - white, white nearby

ex: xi-da pa saⁿ (xidá ppa są́) - bald eagle

ex: zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental

Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

 

            saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance

            saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish [JOD]

                   ► cf. saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; ska (ska) - white, white nearby

                   ► ex: ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora

                   ► ex: to soⁿ-ha (tu soⁿho) - pale green [JOD]

                   ► ex: tu sa-ho (tu sá-ho) - pale green [OM]

                   ► ex: zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink

                   ► ex: zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM)]

ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-de i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - he (rabbit) departed, his whitish tail being seen/showing off and on in the brush [JOD]

                    ► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he hą́ba są́hą tihé) - dawn, daybreak [JOD]

                    ► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he taⁿ (hą́ba są́hą tihé tą) - when it is daybreak [JOD]

                    ► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

 

            sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

cf. sha-pe (šápe) - black, distant or indistinct; sha-we (šawe) - dark; sa (sa) - black, black that is near, distinct

                   ► ex: i-shta o-sha (ištá oša), i-shto-sha (ištóša) - pupil of the eye, “dark part in the eye”

                   ► ex: i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - African American, negro, “dark Frenchman” [MS, MR]

                   ► ex: ma-kaⁿ sha (makką́ša) - coffee, “dark medicine” [MS, AB, MR, AG, OM]

                   ► ex: pi-de sha hi (ppíde šá hi) - white oak, named for the color of its acorns

                   ► ex: ta siⁿ-te sha (tta sįtté šá) - black tailed deer

                   ► ex: wa-sha (wašá) - black mole (on the skin) [MS]

                  ► ex: zhaⁿ sha (žą šá), zhoⁿ sha (žǫšá) - black oak, Q. velutina

 

sha-pe (šápe) - black, distant or indistinct

cf. sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black; sha-we (šawe) - dark; sa (sa) - black, black that is near, distinct

Dhegiha: sha-be (shábe) - dark [Omaha/Ponca]; sha-be (shabe) - dark [Omaha]; sha-be (shá-be) - dark in color [FL-Osage]; sha-pe (šápe) - dark in color, shaded, darkened [CQ-Osage]; sha-be (shábe) - dark, a distant black, brown [Kaw]

 

infant

shi-zhi-ka (šižíkka) - baby

shi-zhi-ka (šižíka) - baby [AG]

shi-zhiⁿ-ka (schehjinka) - baby, child (enfant) [GI]

shi-zhiⁿ-ka (ši˙žį́Ga) - baby, child [FV]

shi-shi-ka (ši˙ší˙Ga) - baby, child [VG]

shi-zhi-ka (šižíka) - baby, boy

shi-zhi-k’a (šížikʔá) - baby

ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take great care of the infant!

ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ka-kaⁿ (šižíka ákakką) - baby powder [MS]

ex: shi-zhi-ka i-ta-de kʰe (šižíka íttade kʰé) - that baby was born [MS]

ex: jhi-e shi-zhi-ka a-tiⁿ ni-she (jhíe šižíkka attį́ nišé) - do you have any children? [AG]

ex: shi-zhi-ka zho-hi hi (šižíka žóhi hi) - family, a lot of children [MS]

ex: ni-ka-shi-ka  wa-x′o kai i-kʰe shi-zhi-ka  (níkkašíka waxʔó kaikʰé šižíkka) - men, women, and the children [AG]

Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga (shíⁿgazhíⁿga) - baby, child, infant [Omaha/Ponca]; shiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga (shiⁿga zhiⁿga) - child, baby, infant, children [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿ-gá zhiⁿ-ga) - baby [FL-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ (žįkažį́) - child(ren), little one(s), kid(s), childhood [CQ-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿgá zhíⁿga), hiⁿ-ga hiⁿ-ga (hiⁿgá híⁿga) - child, infant, children [Kaw]

 

infant, weaken an animal or infant

di-t’e-ka (ditʔéka) - weaken an animal or infant bdi-t’e-ka (bdítʔeka) - I, ti-t’e-ka (ttítʔeka) - you

cf. di-t’e-ka (ditʔékka) - injure, hurt someone; naⁿ-t’e-ka (nątʔéka) - injure by kicking or trampling

 

inflate, blow into

o-bi-xoⁿ (obíγǫ) - blow into, inflate o-pi-xoⁿ (oppíγǫ) - I, o-shpi-xoⁿ (ošpíγǫ) -you

            cf. bi-xoⁿ (biγǫ́) - blow on something; a-bi-xoⁿ (ábiγǫ) - squirt, spit on

ex: ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ (kibą obíγǫ) - flute-blowing on [JOD]

ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą kíbą obíγǫ ppá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was blown [JOD]

Dhegiha: u-bi-xoⁿ (ubíxoⁿ) - blow [Omaha]; u-bi-xoⁿ (u-bí-xoⁿ) - any kind of wind instrument, as a flute or horn [FL-Osage]; o-pi-xaⁿ (opíɣą) - blow into or on, blow inside, play a horn or other wind instrument [CQ-Osage]

 

inform, cause to know

i-ba-haⁿ-kʰi-de (íbahąkʰíde) - inform, cause to know i-ba-haⁿ-a-kʰi-de (íbahąákʰide) - I, i-ba-haⁿ-da-kʰi-de (íbahądákʰide) - you

            i-ba-hoⁿ-ki-de (íbahǫkíde) - teach me (to cause to know) [OM]

                        cf. i-ba-haⁿ (íbahą), i-ba-hoⁿ (íbahǫ) - know how, recognize; kʰi-de (kʰíde) - to cause

Dhegiha: i-pa-haⁿ-kʰi-the (í-pa-hañ-ki-¢ĕ) - to cause purposely one, not a relation, to know how to do any thing [Omaha/Ponca]; i-pa-haⁿ-ki-the (í-pa-hañ-k͓i-¢e) - to cause himself to know how to do, to learn how to do any thing [Omaha/Ponca]

Dhegiha: i-pa-hoⁿ (ípahoⁿ) - know how, to know how to do something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ba-hoⁿ (íbahoⁿ) - know, to know a person or thing [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ba-hoⁿ (ibahoⁿ) - know [Omaha]; i-ba-hoⁿ (í-ba-hoⁿ) - to know [FL-Osage]; i-pa-hoⁿ (ípahǫ) - know, understand, know as a person, be acquainted with, recognize, know someone as being a certain way or a certain type of person, guess [CQ-Osage]; i-ba-hoⁿ (íbahoⁿ) - to know, understand [Kaw]

 

ingredients, to mix ingredients

i-ka-hi (íkahi) - mixed with, to mix ingredients [JOD]

cf. ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - sumac, lit. “mix with tobacco”; o-do-ka-hi (odokáhi) - to stir, to stir up, to paddle; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River

ex: i-ka-hi-xti (ikahixti) - fully mixed with [JOD]

ex: hoⁿ-bniⁿ-ke i-ka-hi (hǫbnį́ke íkahi) - mixed with beans [JOD]

Dhegiha: i-ga-hi (ígahi) - blanch, mix [Omaha]; i-ga-hi (í-ga-hi) - the mixing of several ingredients [FL-Osage]; i-ga-hi (ígahi) - mix together, mixed with [Kaw]

 

inhale something, smell something

o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something o-bdi-bnaⁿ (obdíbną) - I, o-ti-bnaⁿ (ottíbną) - you

cf. bnaⁿ (bną) - smell, emit any odor; di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands); ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning; xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables; bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good; bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad

ex: o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - he sniffed/smelt [JOD]

ex: o-di-bnaⁿ, i-ya-we, “hoⁿ-hoⁿ, xwiⁿ hi,” i-yi (odíbną, iyáwe, “hǫhǫ xwį hí,” iyí) - he smelled (his fingers), they say, “oh my, that smells really bad/offensive,” he said [JOD]

ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

ex: o-wa-di-bnaⁿ (ówadíbną) - he smelled them [JOD]

Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - scent an odor, smell an odor, inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, lit., “wherein one causes there to emanate an odor” [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

 

injure someone with bare hands

naⁿ-ka-de (ną́kkade) - injure someone with bare hands naⁿ-ka-a-de (ną́kkaade) - I, naⁿ-ka-da-de (ną́kkadade) - you

Dhegiha: noⁿ-ka (nóⁿka) - get hurt, injured [Omaha]; wa-noⁿ-ʰka-the (wa-nóⁿ-ḳa-the) - to maim, to injure [FL-Osage]

 

injure, hurt someone

di-t’e-ka (ditʔékka) - injure, hurt someone bdi-t’e-ka (bdítʔekka) - I, ti-t’e-ka (ttítʔekka) - you

cf. di-t’e-ka (ditʔéka) - weaken an animal or infant; naⁿ-t’e-ka (nątʔéka) - injure by kicking or trampling

 

injure, hurt, harm, wound

i-o (io), i-yo (íyo) - wound someone or something i-do (idó) - I, i-do (ído) - you

i-o-wi (i-ŭ-wih) - wound, injure, hurt, harm (blesser) [GI]

ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-yo-wi taⁿ aⁿ-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ąną́yowi-ttą ą́kdanį kdiwé) - when I was shot they brought me back hither

ex: i-di-yo-wi taⁿ a-di-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ídiyowi-ttą adíkdanį kdiwé) - when you were shot they brought you back hither

ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ a-kda-niⁿ kdi kʰe (íyowi-ttą akdánį kdí kʰe) - when he was wounded they (his relations) brought him (or his body) home

ex: we-yo-wi taⁿ wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wéyowi-ttą wákdanį kdiwé) - when we were shot they brought us back hither

Dhegiha: i-u (í-u) - to wound with a weapon, to wound with an arrow or other weapon [FL-Osage]; i-o (ió) - wound with something [Kaw]

Dhegiha: u (ú) - wound [Omaha/Ponca]; u (ú), ’u (’u) - wound [JOD-Omaha]; u (u) - wound, to hurt, wound from a cut [FL-Osage]; o (o) - wound [Kaw]

 

injure, sin, to do wrong

e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-’oⁿ (eką́ži waʔǫ́) - to do wrong, injure, sin e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-moⁿ (eką́ži wamǫ́) - I, e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-zhoⁿ (eką́ži wažǫ́) - you, e-kaⁿ-zhi oⁿ-maⁿ-we (eką́ži ǫmą́we) - we

cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži) - not, negation; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use, have (as a disease); e-koⁿ-zhi ka-xe (ekǫ́ži káγe), e-kaⁿ-zhi ka-xe (eką́ži káγe) - wrong, do accidentally, err

Dhegiha: e-goⁿ a-zhi (egoⁿazhi) - wrong, illegal, inaccurate, incorrect, false [Omaha]; e-goⁿ-zhi (e-goⁿ-zhi) - like-not [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži) - not be like this or that, be not thus, be otherwise, unseemly, inappropriate, not right, unsuitable, unfitting, ill-advised, wrong [CQ-Osage]

                    ► Dhegiha: wa-oⁿ (waǫ́) - do stuff, do things [CQ-Osage]

 

ink

i-ka-zo-zo ni (íkazózo ní) - ink

i-ka-zo-zo ni (íkazózo ní) - ink [OM]

cf. i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw; i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; ni (ni) - water, liquid

Dhegiha: wa-ba-xu ni (wébaxu ní) - ink, “water for writing” [Omaha/Ponca]; ni we-ba-xu (ni we-ba-xu) - ink [Omaha]; wa-le-ze i-ga-ghe niⁿ (waléze igàghe níⁿ) - ink [Kaw]

 

inner bark of tree

zhaⁿ-ha o-ska (žąhá oská) - inner (white) bark of tree

cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ska (ska) - white; zhoⁿ-ha (žǫhá), zhaⁿ-ha (žąhá) - bark of a tree; zhaⁿ-ha di-sha-sha-ke-hi (žąhá díšašákehi) - blackjack oak, Q. marilandia

Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿha) - bark, tree bark (on the tree) [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿ-ha) - the outer bark of a tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ-ha (žą́ą háa) - outer bark of a tree [CQ-Osage]

 

inner ear, opening of the ear

ni-xi-te (niγítte) - inner ear, opening of the ear

ni-xi-te (niγítte) - ear, the ear hole [MS]

ni-xe-te (ni˙xé˙tte) - ear [VG]

ni-xi-te (niγítte) - hearing

ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient; ni-xi-te niⁿ-ke (niqítĕ niñk͓é), (naqítĕ niñk͓é) - masculine name, was father of míhita [JOD]; ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe tiⁿiⁿ (niγítte mą́tʰe ttį́į́) - ringing in the ear [MS]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-de (noⁿxide) - ear, the inner hearing organ [Omaha]; noⁿ-xu-dse (noⁿ-xú-dse) - the internal ear, that which holds the hearing orifice [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xu-tse (nąąγúce) - ear, inner ear, act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice [CQ-Osage]; ni-ghu-je (nighúje) - the external ear, sense of hearing [Kaw]

 

inner, chair with inner springs

a-kniⁿ bi-st-sti (áknį bistísti) - chair with inner springs

cf. a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; bi-sti-sti (bistísti) - flatten by pressure/blowing

 

insect, reptile

wa-kdi-shka  (wakdíška), wa-xti-shka (waxtíška) - insect, reptile

wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška) - bug [MS]

cf. wa-kdi-shka bda-ska (wakdíška bdáska) - bedbug, "flat insects"; wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka) - alligator, “large reptile”; wa-kdi (wakdí) - worm, maggot

ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in future [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - insect, reptile, snake [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - beetle, bug, insect, termite, all worms [Omaha]; wa-gthu-shka (wa-gthú-shka) - bug, any kind of bug, a worm, an insect [FL-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúška) - bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker in a deck of cards [CQ-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúshka) - insect [Kaw]

 

insecure, fearful

koi-he (koíhe) - fearful, insecure aⁿ-koi-he (ąkóihe) - I, di-koi-he (dikóihe) - you, wa-koi-wa-he (wakoiwahe) - we

cf. koi-he-wa-de (koíhewáde) - fearful, inspiring fear; o-ko-he (ókkohe) - dangerous

Dhegiha: ku-he (kúhe) - to feel insecure, to dread an unseen or uncertain danger, to be apprehensive, fear [Omaha/Ponca]; gu-he (gúhe) - be afraid at night [Omaha]; ko-i-pshe (kó-i-pshe) - to fear, as the fear of some unseen danger, misgiving, a feeling of doubt [FL-Osage]

 

insecure, unsteady

shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure

cf. di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá), di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth

ex: ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at

ex: bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing

                    ► ex: da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine

                    ► ex: di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance

ex: ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping

ex: naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose

ex: pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine

ex: po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at

ex: ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning

ex: naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted, “heart, not unsteady/not insecure”

Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened in its socket, as a fence post ot a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - limber [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (bashoⁿtha) - pour, dump [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (ba-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel, either by accident or on purpose [FL-Osage]; gi-shoⁿ-tha (gí-shóⁿ-tha) - to make loose, to droop or fall, loose jointed, broken [FL-Osage]; ga-shoⁿ-tha (ga-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel by striking against it [FL-Osage]

 

insensible

t’e hoⁿ-ke (tʔéhǫké) - to be insensible, “nearly/almost dead” aⁿ-t’e hoⁿ-ke (ątʔéhǫké) - I’m, di-t’e hoⁿ-ke (ditʔéhǫké) - you’re, wa-t’e hoⁿ-ke (watʔéhǫke) - we dual, I and one other

cf. t’e (tʔe) - die; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost; t’e ki-ha (tʔé kihá) - certain to die, be terminal; t’e xti (tʔéxti) - stone cold dead

Dhegiha: t’e (t’e) - to die, to be dead [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰts’e (ṭs’e) - to die, decease, demise, defunct, to swoon, to faint [FL-Osage]; ts’e (cʔé) - die, death, the dead, dead person [CQ-Osage]; ts’e (ts’e) - dead, to die, be dead [Kaw]

 

inside, feel uncomfortable inside

ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (kią́škika) - feel uncomfortable inside aⁿ-aⁿ-shki-ka (ąą́škika) - I, di-aⁿ-shki-ka (dią́škika) - you

cf. i-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka (ikią́škiká) - indigestion, gastric discomfort

 

inside, in, within, under

maⁿ-tʰe (mą́tʰe) - inside, in, within, under

cf. maⁿ-tʰa-ha (mątʰáha) - into, down into (as water)

ex: ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe (niγítte mą́tʰe) - in the ear [MS]

ex: ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe tiⁿiⁿ (niγítte mą́tʰe ttį́į́) - ringing in the ear [MS]

ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi hne (mą́tʰe datʰí hné) - come back inside [MS]

ex: ki-ha-ti ti maⁿ-tʰe kʰi-we (kihátti ttí mą́tʰe kʰíwe) - down below within the lodge, they arrived there [JOD]

ex: ni maⁿ-tʰe (ní mątʰé) - under the water

ex: maⁿ-tʰe wa-tʰe (mą́tʰe watʰé) - slip, undergarment, “within/under dress”

Dhegiha: maⁿ-te (máⁿ-te) - in, into, within [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-te (moⁿte) - inside [Omaha]; moⁿ-tse (móⁿ-tse) - in the deepest of secret places [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-tsʰe (mącʰé) - in the center of something, centrally located, within, underneath [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-che (máⁿche) - underneath, within [Kaw]

 

inside, lay or put inside

oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - put, lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something o-woⁿ-he (owǫ́he) - I, o-doⁿ-he (odǫ́he) - you, oⁿ-koⁿ-ha-we (ǫkǫ́hawe) - we

cf. aⁿ-he (ą́he) - lay a long/inanimate object on something; i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out; a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile

ex: sa-ti o-kdaⁿ oⁿ-he (sátti ókdą ǫhé) - joists, cross timbers of house

ex: ma-hiⁿ oⁿ-he (máhį ǫhe) - knife sheath

ex: siⁿ-ti-oⁿ-he (sįttiǫ́he) - crupper (saddle strap)

ex: ta-ti-oⁿ-he ttáttiǫ́he, ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind

Dhegiha: oⁿ-he (oⁿhé) - classifier for sitting or lying broad object, this is used followng another verb when a large or large and broad object is acted on [Kaw]

 

inside, put inside, tuck in, stick in

mi-knaⁿ (míkną) - put inside, tuck in, stick in mi-a-knaⁿ (miákną) - I, mi-da-knaⁿ (mídakną) - you

cf. knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (ókdą) - put sg/si or cloth, paper into, put inside; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set one’s own, put; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear--JOD) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; pi-knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; o-ki-knaⁿ (okkíkną) - undertake something

ex: me-a-ki-knaⁿ (meákikną́) - I put my own in my belt [JOD]

Dhegiha: mi-gthaⁿ (mí-g¢aⁿ) - to put a knife or stick under the belt; to put a knife in its sheath under the belt, to put a lariat, etc., under the belt [JOD-Omaha]

 

            mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in mi-a-zhi (miáži) - I, mi-da-zhi (mídaži) - you

cf. a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objs onto something that serves as a platform; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap

Dhegiha: mi-zhi (mí-ji) - to put a number of small things, not his, in his belt [JOD-Omaha]

 

insides, interior of animal

o-kdo-x’a (okdóxʔa) - insides, interior of animal

cf. kdo-x’a (kdoxʔa), xdo-x’a (xdoxʔa) - empty; di-kdo-x’a (dikdóxʔa), di-kto-x’a (diktóxʔa) - empty by pulling contents out; maⁿ-kdo-x’a (mąkdóxa), maⁿ-xdo-x’a (mąxdoxʔa) - cave, lit. “hollow earth”; zhaⁿ xdo-x’a (žą xdóxʔa) - hollow tree

Dhegiha: o-xtho-ʰk’a (o-xthó-ḳ’a), u-xtho-ʰk’a (u-xthó-ḳ’a), u-xthu-ʰk’a (u-xthú-ḳ’a) - hollow, a hollow place, an oven, a hollow tree or log [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: xthu-’a (xthu’a) - hollow, baggy; intestines, guts, innards, everthing inside the abdominal cavity, including intestines, etc.; “hollow places” above the hips [Omaha/Ponca]; xthu-’a (xthu’a) - hollow, empty [Omaha]; xthu-ʰk’a (xthu-ḳ’a), xthu-’a (xthú-’a) - hollow, any kind of hollow in a tree or log [FL-Osage]; xtho-ʰk’a (xthó-ḳ’a) - empty, emptiness [FL-Osage]; xlo-k’a (xlók’a) - hollow, empty [Kaw]

 

insist on, pay attention, attend, give heed

a-ki-hi-te (ákkihítte) - pay attention, attend, give heed, to insist on a-ki-hi-te (áakkihítte) - I, a-da-ki-hi-te (ádakkihítte) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-hi-ta-we (ǫkákkihíttawe) - we

cf. di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things

ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

 

insist, talk back to

i-ho-shi (íhoši) - insist, talk back to i-da-ho-shi (idáhoši) - I, i-da-ho-shi (ídahoši) - you

cf. i-ho-de (íhode) - ask, consult about something; i-ho-sa (íhosa) - scold, reprove

Dhegiha: i-ho (iihóo), i-ho-e (iihóe), i-hoⁿ (iihǫ́ǫ) - aske permission from someone for something, ask or request someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; i-hu-tha-bi (í-hu-tha-bi) - From Whom Permission is Obtained, personal name [FL-Osage]; i-hu-sa (íhusa) - to scold, chide, rebuke, reprove someone [Omaha/Ponca]; i-hu-sa (iuça) - scold [Omaha]

 

inspiring fear, fearful

koi-he-wa-de (koíhewáde) - fearful, inspiring fear

cf. koi-he (koíhe) - fearful, insecure; wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them, make one; o-ko-he (ókkohe) - dangerous

Dhegiha: ku-he (kúhe) - to feel insecure, to dread an unseen or uncertain danger, to be apprehensive, fear [Omaha/Ponca]; gu-he (gúhe) - be afraid at night [Omaha]; ko-i-pshe (kó-i-pshe) - to fear, as the fear of some unseen danger, misgiving, a feeling of doubt [FL-Osage]

 

naⁿ-pe-wa-de (naⁿ́-pĕ-wá-d¢ĕ), noⁿ-pe-wa-de (naⁿ́pewad¢ĕ́) - masculine name, Dangerous [JOD]

noⁿ-pe-wa-de (nǫ́ppewade) - dangerous

cf. naⁿ-pe (ną́ppe), noⁿ-pe (nǫ́ppe) - to fear the sight of something; wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them, make one; maⁿ naⁿ-pa-zhi (maⁿ́naⁿ-pá-ji) - masculine name, He Fears Not Arrows [JOD]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-pe-wa-the (nóⁿpewathe) - One Who is Feared, male name [Omaha]; noⁿ-pe-wa-the (nóⁿ-p̣e-wa-the) - Fear Inspiring, personal name [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ʰpe-wa-the (nǫ́ǫʰpewaðe) - Fearful One, Henry Pratt’s name [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-pe-wa-ye (nóⁿpewaye) - Dangerous, male name, an ex-chief [Kaw]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-pe-wa-the (nóⁿ-pe-wa-the) - dangerous, formidable, hideous, horrible, terrible, frightful, dreadful [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ʰpe-wa-the (nǫ́ǫʰpewaðe) - be scary, make folks fearful, lit., ‘make folks be afraid’, fearful thing, something to be afraid of [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-pe-wa-ye (nóⁿpewáye) - be dangerous [Kaw]

 

instep

si-o-pa-he (siópahé) - instep

   ► cf. si (si) - foot

Dhegiha: si u-ba-he (sí ubáhe) - outside of the foot, side of the foot by the little toe [Omaha/Ponca]; si-koⁿ ma-shoⁿ (sikóⁿ máshoⁿ) - instep, “where they cut off the foot with a knife” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-shto-zha tse (çi-shtó-zha tse) - instep [FL-Osage]; si a-ga-ha-ta (si ágahata) - instep [Kaw]

 

instrument, writing instrument

i-ka-zo i-ka-xe (íkazo ikáγe) - pencil, writing instrument

cf. i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw; i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make

Dhegiha: i-ga-xe (í-ga-xe) - to make out of or by means of [JOD-Omaha]; i-ga-xe (i-ga-xe) - with which to make [FL-Osage]; i-ka-xe (íkaaγe) - make out of [CQ-Osage]

 

i-ka-zo-zo i-ka-xe (íkazózo ikáγe) - pen, writing instrument

i-ka-zo-zo i-ka-xe (íkazózo ikáγe) - pencil [MS]

            cf. i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make

Dhegiha: wa-gthe-ze i-ga-xe (wa-gthé-çe i-ga-xe) - pen [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze wa-le-za i-ga-ghe (máⁿze waléze igághe) - pen, lit. “iron pencil” [Kaw]; wa-le-ze i-ga-ghe (waléze igághe) - pencil [Kaw]

 

instrumental

            ba (ba) - by pushing, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: ba-shi-ke (bašiké) - ruin by poking a hole in

                        ex: ba-iⁿ-zhi (baį́ži) - fail or miss pushing at something

                        ex: ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil

                        ex: ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at

Dhegiha: ba (ba) - by pushing [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; ba (ba) - an act of pushing [FL-Osage]; pa (paa) - by pushing away or by hand, by pushing or pressing on something (either compacting or spreading it), by pushing up and away with the hands [CQ-Osage]; ba (ba) - instrumental prefix: by pushing, or with a pointed object [Kaw]

 

            bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, blow, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: bi-shi-ke (bišíke) - ruin by pressing, squash

                        ex: bi-iⁿ-zhi (biį́ži) - fail/miss pressing/blowing

                        ex: bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry

                        ex: bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing

Dhegiha: bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; bi (bi) - blowing [FL-Osage]; pu (pu) - by pressing down on with movement back and forth, by smoothing [CQ-Osage]; pi (pi) - by blowing, as on a fire to get it started, dust from a table top, dandelion fluff into the wind, anything from the palm of the hand [CQ-Osage]; bu (bu), biu (bü) - instrumental prefix: by generalized pressure, by pushing or rubbing [Kaw]

 

            da (da) - by mouth, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: da-shi-ke (dašíke) - speak badly of or incorrectly

                        ex: da-iⁿ-zhi (daį́ži) - fail using the mouth, voice

                        ex: da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed

                        ex: da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine

Dhegiha: tha (tha) - instrumental prefix, by mouth [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; tha (ðaa) - by mouth [CQ-Osage]; ya (ya) - instrumental prefix: by mouth, by using the mouth, as in eating, biting, speaking, chewing, singing, etc. [Kaw]

 

            di (di) - by hand, pulling, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: di-shi-ke (díšiké) - ruin by tearing, do wrong

                        ex: di-iⁿ-zhi (díįži) - fail in pulling, rowing, etc.

                        ex: di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot

                        ex: di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance

Dhegiha: thi (thi) - by hand, pulling [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; thi (thi) - action with the hand, action by pulling [FL-Osage]; thu (ðu), thi (ði) - action by hand; cause, make (not necessarily by hand) [CQ-Osage]; yu (yu), yiu (yü) - instrumental prefix: by hand, cause by using the hands; also, a general causative, by unspecified cause [Kaw]

 

            i (í) - instrumental, comitative, requires special pronominal allomorphs

ex: i-ka-za (íkaza) - to hit with, whip; i (i) + ka-za (kazá), ga-za (gazá) - to whip

ex: i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with; i (i) + sta-de (stáde) - to grease

ex: i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something; i (i) + tʰiⁿ (tʰį́) - verb root, strike, slap, hit

ex: i-t’e-de (itʔéde) - kill with something; i (i) + t’e-de (tʔede) - kill

Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

 

            ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: ka-shi-ke (kašíke) - spoil something by striking it

                        ex: ka-iⁿ-zhi (kaį́ži) - fail in throwing or striking

                        ex: ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut, as corn

                        ex: ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping

Dhegiha: ga (ga) - instrumental prefix, by striking, wind, water [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; ga (ga) - by blows, by action of the wind [FL-Osage]; ka (kaa) - by striking, by sudden application of force or sudden movement [CQ-Osage]; ga (ga) - instrumental prefix: by striking or impact, by striking with an instrument, by force of wind or water [Kaw]

 

            naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot, inner instrumental prefix

                        ex: naⁿ-shi-ke nąšíke) - spoil something by stepping on it

                        ex: naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (nąį́ži) - fail in walking or with machine

                        ex: naⁿ-ta-xe (nąttáxe) - stomp, trample, thump with feet

                        ex: naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose

Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ), naⁿ (naⁿ)  - instrumental prefix, by foot, by action of the foot [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - with the foot/feet [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (nąą) - on or with one’s foot or feet, by foot [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ (ną) - instrumental prefix: by foot, by using the foot or feet [Kaw]

 

            pa (pá)  - by cutting with a knife, outer instrumental prefix

                        ex: pa-shi-ke (pášike) - ruin by cutting with a knife

                        ex: pa-iⁿ-zhi (páįži) - fail in cutting or sawing

                        ex: pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk

                        ex: pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine

Dhegiha: ma (ma) - by cutting with a knife [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; ba (ba) - a prefix to denote the act of cutting with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba (ba) - a verb prefix denoting an act is done with a stick, spear, or any other sharp thing [FL-Osage]; pa (pá) - by use of a sharp edge, by cutting [CQ-Osage]; ba (bá) - instrumental prefix: by cutting with a blade [Kaw]

 

            po (po) - by shooting, blowing, outer instrumental prefix

                        ex: po-shi-ke (póšike) - spoil something by punching it

                        ex: po-iⁿ-zhi (póįži) - to be unsuccessful shooting/punching

                        ex: po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching

                        ex: po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at

Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ) - by shooting, blowing [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; po (pó) - by means of sudden intrusive action e.g., ‘by shooting’, ‘by punching’ [CQ-Osage]; bo (bó) - prt instrumental prefix: by punching, blowing with the mouth, by shooting [Kaw]

 

            ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, outer instrumental prefix

                        ex: ta-shi-ke (tášíke) - ruin something by burning it

                        ex: ta-iⁿ-zhi (táįži) - fail in cooking

                        ex: ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

                        ex: ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning

Dhegiha: na (ná) - by extreme temperature [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; da (da) - by heat, a prefix denoting fire or the effects of fire in it’s destruction, to feeze, frozen [FL-Osage]; ta (táa) - by extreme of temperature, by heat or cold [CQ-Osage]; da (dá) - instrumental prefix indicating effect of fire, heat, or extreme cold (more often heat than cold) [Kaw]

 

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