Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

tabby cat - tall Tall Chief - thank you that - thaw the - themselves

then - therefore these - thirty this - throwing thrust - tin

tip - today toe - trachea track - tremble tribal - twofold

tip of an arrowhead

► maⁿ-hiⁿ si pa-haⁿ te (mą́hį sí ppáhą tte) - tip of an arrowhead

► cf. maⁿ-hiⁿ si (mą́hį sí) - arrowhead; pa-haⁿ te (ppáhą tte) - first, ahead

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ si (móⁿhiⁿsí) - an arrow-head [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-hi si (moⁿhiçi) - arrowhead; spade card suit [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ si (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çi) - arrowhead [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ su (mą́ąhįsu) - spade, gardening tool; spades, suit in a deck of cards [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ su (máⁿhiⁿ sú) - arrowhead [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-hoⁿ-ga (pahóⁿga) - to go first; to be first or at the head; before, the first [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-hoⁿ-ga (pahoⁿga) - first; foremost; ahead [Omaha]; ʰpá-hoⁿ-gthe (pá-hoⁿ-gthe) - in the first order of time; original; primary; in advance [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-haⁿle (ʰpahą́le) - first, first in line, at the outset, from the beginning [CQ-Osage]; pa-haⁿ-le (paháⁿle) - first, before, formerly; the first [Kaw]

tip of daylight, daybreak

► haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe (hą́ba ittáγe) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; i-ta-xe (įttáγe) - tip, top, point

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-ba i-ʰta-xe (hóⁿ-ba í-ṭa-xe) - the tip or beginning of day [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-tʰa-xe (itʰáxe) - tip, point, end [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ta-xe (itaxe) - tip [Omaha]; i-ʰta-xe (i-ṭá-xe) - the tip or top of an object [FL-Osage]; i-ʰta-xe (iʰtáɣe) - tip [CQ-Osage]; i-ta-ghe (itághe) - tip [Kaw]

► haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of whitish daylight”

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; i-ta-xe (įttáγe) - tip, top, point; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish, white in the distance; haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he (hą́ba są́hą tihé) - dawn, daybreak [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-ba i-ʰta-xe (hóⁿ-ba í-ṭa-xe) - the tip or beginning of day [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-tʰa-xe (itʰáxe) - tip, point, end [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ta-xe (itaxe) - tip [Omaha]; i-ʰta-xe (i-ṭá-xe) - the tip or top of an object [FL-Osage]; i-ʰta-xe (iʰtáɣe) - tip [CQ-Osage]; i-ta-ghe (itághe) - tip [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

tip of something

► pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill

► ex: a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak

► ex: ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish

► ex: ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples

► ex: pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose

► ex: pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - point of land; hill with pointed peak or top

► ex: pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree-top, tongue-tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (paçi) - tip; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí), ʰpa-su (p̣á-çu) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a poll; tip of nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil”, corner of a room, etc. [Kaw]

tip of the nose

► pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill

► Dhegiha: ʰpa ʰpa-si (p̣á-p̣á-çi) - tip of the nose [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: pa (pa) - nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa (pa) - nose [Omaha]; ʰpa (p̣a) - snout, the projecting nose of an animal [FL-Osage]; ʰpa (ʰpá) - nose, snout [CQ-Osage]; pa (pa) - nose [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tongue-tip, tree-top, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (p̣a-çí) - point, a peak, the top of a pole, the top of a tree [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object, “like the point of a pencil” [Kaw]

► pʰa-zi zhe (p'azí˙že) - nose, may mean tip of nose [VG]

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (pázhízhe), (pasî́se) - nose [ASG]

► Dhegiha: pa-shi-zhe (pashízhe) - nose tip, tip of the nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-shi-zhe (pashizhe) - tip of the nose [Omaha]; ʰpa-zhu-zhe (p̣a-zhú-zhe) - the tip of the nose; the bill of a swan and other birds [FL-Osage]

► pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-shtaⁿ-ka (ppažį́že oštą́ka) - nose, tip, “soft part”

► cf. pa-zhiⁿ-zhe (ppažį́že) - nose, may mean tip of nose; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; shtoⁿ-ka (štǫká) - soft

► Dhegiha: pa u-shtoⁿ-ga (pá ushtóⁿga) - the soft part of the nose, around the tip, including the septum [Omaha/Ponca]; pa u-shtoⁿ-ga (paushtoⁿga) - septum [Omaha]

tip, top, point

► i-ta-xe (įttáγe) - tip, top, point

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe (hą́ba ittáγe) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of whitish daylight”

► Dhegiha: i-tʰa-xe (itʰáxe) - tip, point, end [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ta-xe (itaxe) - tip [Omaha]; i-ʰta-xe (i-ṭá-xe) - the tip or top of an object [FL-Osage]; i-ʰta-xe (iʰtáɣe) - tip [CQ-Osage]; i-ta-ghe (itághe) - tip [Kaw]

tip, turn and tip up as a board

► a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board ► a-kʰaⁿ i-he-da-de (ákʰą ihédade) - you

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ (ákʰą) - to lean on; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him or her to fall; a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object; make an upright object lean by pulling it

► Dhegiha: a-kʰoⁿ (ákʰoⁿ) - leaning against [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰkoⁿ (á-ḳoⁿ) - to lean on, to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lie down, as to sleep or rest, lie against, lean up against [CQ-Osage]; akhaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ (ágaⁿ) - against [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ zhiⁿ-he (ágaⁿ zhíⁿhe) - to lie against an object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (ihéthe) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i-he-the (ihé¢ĕ) - laid down [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

tipi

► ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling, lodge

► ti (tti) - house [MS, MR, AB]

► ti (tih) - house, hut, shack (maison, cabane) [GI]

► ti (ttí) - house [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ti (ti) - house, lodge, tent, tipi, dwelling [Omaha/Ponca]; ti (ti) - house, coop, building, shelter, cottage, barracks [Omaha]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - house, dwelling, hovel [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi (ʰcí) - house, nest, camp, make camp [CQ-Osage]; tsi (ci) - tent, lodge, house [Kaw]

► wa-hiⁿ-ska i-ti (wahį́ska ítti) - tipi [MS]

► wa-hi-ska i-ti (wahíska ítti) - canvas tent

► wa-hi-ska i-ti (wahískwĭte, íti) - tent [ASG]

► cf. wa-hiⁿ-ska (wahį́ska) - calico; wa-hiⁿ (wahį́) - cloth; ska (ska) - white; i-ti (ítti) - lodge or home made of

► Dhegiha: ha-ska i-ʰtsi (ha-çka í-ṭsi) - tent of canvas [FL-Osage]; ha-ska i-ʰtsi (haaská iʰci) - tent, long arbor house, lit., ‘cloth house’ [CQ-Osage]; ha-ski-tsi (haskíci), ha-ska i-tsi (haská ici) - tent, canvas lodge [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-xiⁿ-ha ska (waqíⁿha ská) - white cotton or muslin [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xiⁿ-ha ska (waxiⁿha çká) - muslin [Omaha]

► ki-sto ta (kistó ttá) - tipi [MS]

► cf. ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather; council of a gens (clans); ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; ta (ttá) - ask, beg, request, demand

► Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a season [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto), ki-sto (kisto), gi-sto (gistó) - council; assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na (na) - to ask or beg for any object; to demand [Omaha/Ponca]; da (da) - to ask for; beg; request; solicit [FL-Osage]; ta (tá) - ask for, request [CQ-Osage]; da (da) - ask for, beg, demand, request [Kaw]

tired of it, satiated, to have enough, surfeited, satisfied, sufficient

► i-bnaⁿ (íbną) - tired of it, satiated, to have enough, surfeited, satisfied, sufficient ► aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ (ąną́bną) - I, i-di-bnaⁿ (ídibną) - you

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ hi miⁿkʰe, i-ye niⁿ-kʰe (ąnąbną́ hi mįkʰé, iyé nįkʰé) - I’ve really had enough (of being lonesome), she was saying [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-pa de aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe e-de (hą́pa dé ąną́bną mįkʰe edé) - today, I am tired of it! [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ i-di-bnaⁿ ni-kʰe (hąnį́ttą idíbną nikʰé) - why are you satiated? [JOD]

► ex: i-bnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (íbną nįkʰé) - he had enough [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ mi-zhi-ka ke aⁿ-taⁿ-taⁿ-da i-bnaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą mižiká ké ąttą́ttądá ibną́) - then the girls had enough of what had been done [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-bthoⁿ (íbthoⁿ) - enough, sufficient; satisfied [Omaha/Ponca]; i-bthaⁿ (í-b¢aⁿ) - to have sufficient of, to be satisfied [JOD-Omaha]; i-braⁿ (íibrą) - have enough of, get enough of, have one’s fill of, be sated with (either a positive or negative thing); be satiated with; be tired of, be negatively affected by too much of something [CQ-Osage]

tired, sleepy

► zhaⁿ ti-aⁿ (žą tią́), zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (žǫ tią́) - to feel like lying down/reclining/sleeping ► a-zhaⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažą́ tią́) - I, da-zhaⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažą́ tią́) - you

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; ti-aⁿ (tią́) - to feel like, somewhat

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I want to lay down (I feel like lying down) [MS]

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I’m going to bed (I feel like lying down) [OM]

► ex: da-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažǫ́ tią́) - sleepy (you feel like laying down) [MS]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to recline, to lie down, to sleep, to be asleep [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to sleep [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - sleep, go to sleep, lie down to sleep, go to bed, sleep over, stay all night, night’s rest, overnight stay [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - lie down, sleep [Kaw]

tired, weary

► o-zhe-da (ožéda) - tired, weary ► oⁿ-zhe-da (ǫ́žeda) - I, o-di-zhe-da (odížeda) - you, o-wa-zhe-da-we (ówažédawe) - we

► o-zhe-da (ožéda) - tired [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-zhe-da (ą́žeda) - I'm tired [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-zhe-tha (uzhétha) - tired, weary; to be tired or weary [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhe-tha (u-zhé-tha) - to be weary from hard work; to be tired; to be weary [FL-Osage]; o-zhe-tha (ožéða), o-zhe-the (ožéðe) - feel tired, be fatigued, weary, tired [CQ-Osage]; o-zhe-ya (ozhéya) - be tired, weary [Kaw]

to

► ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: tʰe-ta (tʰettá) - to the, at the [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttí tʰétta kʰí ną iyá) - then, when he returned to his home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ta da-kʰi taⁿ (ttí tʰettá dakʰí tą) - lodge-to the-you reach home-when [JOD]

► ex: a-kʰi-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ta hi-we i-ya (akʰíknį-xti tti tʰetta híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ta (kʰétta) - at the [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ta bde (ttikdé tta bdé) - I’m going to my house [OM]

► ex: a-kde ta ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta tta mįkʰé) - I’m going home [OM]

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ ta (nísni ttǫ ttá) - to Baxter Springs, Kansas [AG]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]

► ex: koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ta (nįkʰettá) - to the curvilinear object [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (ttǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ta e-ti te na-ha i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (wasá ttikdé ke-tta étti tté nahá iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - do not go to the village of the black bears, his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́) - horse-to the standing-she sat on her own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► ti (-tti) - to, at, by, in; locative

► ex: do-taⁿ-ti (dottą́tti) straight to the; do-taⁿ (dóttą) - straight + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-ti aⁿ-da-ska (nąpé-tti ą́daska) - it sticks to my hands

► ex: ni-ti (nítti) - in the water, at the water; ni (ni) - water + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: ni-ti o-ka-ha niⁿ-kʰe (nítti okáhaha nįkʰé) - he was floating along in the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ ni-ti spe (į nitti spe) - a stone sinks in water

► ex: ni-ti n ii-he-de (nítti ní ihéde) - he laid it in the water [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ti de (waxʔó nítti dé) - the woman went into the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de naⁿ ni-ti chʰo-kʰe hi niⁿ (į́tʰį dedé ną nítti čʰokʰé hi nį) - when he threw the stick/club in the water, it made the sound “chʰo” [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąp͓á sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti k ii-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti k ii-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: o-di-zaⁿ-ti (ódiząttí) - among, in the middle of; o-di-zaⁿ (ódizą́) - among + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-shta-ti (oštátti) - at a smooth place; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-ta-shti-te-ti a-shi-ti (otáštitétti ašítti) - outside in the sunshine

► ex: o-ta-shti-te-ti a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te ni-he, i-ke niⁿ (otáštitétti ašítti hesą́ okítte-nihé, iké nį) - look for lice on yourself outside in the sunshine, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: o-xda-ti (oxdátti) - into the brush; o-xda (oxdá) - thicket, bushes + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-da i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - he (rabbit) departed, his whitish tail being seen/showing off and on in the brush [JOD]

► ex: pi-za-ti (ppizátti) - in the sand; pi-za (ppíza) - sand + ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing in the sand

► ex: tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - to the, at the standing object; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate’ + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti ki (ttí tʰétti kí) - he arrived to the lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti e-ta tʰe-ti ki (ttí ettá tʰétti kí) - he arrived/returned to his lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti kʰi naⁿ, “iⁿ-knaⁿ, naⁿ-pi-aⁿ-hi miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi (ttí tʰétti kʰí ną, įkną́, “ną́ppią́hi mįkʰé,” iyí) - when they reached home, she said, “first son I am hungry” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti tʰe-ti zho-kde kʰi (kóišǫ́ttą ttí tʰettí žókde kʰí) - then he arrived at the lodge with him [JOD]

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ti (nįkʰétti) - at the curvilinear object, to the curvilinear object; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the sg/si/an or in + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti kʰi-wi (ppáze dé hąké ttǫ nįkʰétti kʰíwi) - it was nearly night, they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi ki-zhi i-ya ma-shti-ke (eką́ nį́kʰétti ttią́hi kíži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ke-ti (kettí) - at or to the plural objects; ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttíkde kettí hí-tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttíkde kettí hí ną) - when he arrived at the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ti (kʰettí) - at or to the lying object; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką ppí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti k ii-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti k ii-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: e maⁿ-te kʰe-ti o-hi-kniⁿ naⁿ kde (e mąté kʰettí ohíknį ną kdé) - that/the canoe, she got into it and sat down, then headed home [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-ti (mį́tti) - at one, to one; miⁿ (mį) - one, a, indefinite article + ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative [JOD]

► ex: ti miⁿ-ti a-kʰi naⁿ (tti mį́tti akʰí ną) - when I arrive back to a lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde miⁿ-ti kʰi (ttíkde mį́tti kʰí) - he arrived at one lodge [JOD]

► Dhegiha: di (-di) - in, to, at [JOD-Omaha]; dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - in, to, at [CQ-Osage]; ji (-ji), jhi (-ǰi) - to, at, in [Kaw]

to a location

► ta-ti (ttáti) - to a location

► ex: Baxter ta-ti (Baxter-ttáti) - to Baxter Springs

to another

► ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another ► a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - I, da-ki-kniⁿ (dakíknį) - you

► cf. kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢íⁿ) - to sit [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ) -dwell, live, reside [Kaw]

► ki-maⁿ-niⁿ (kímąnį) - walk with reference to another, behind, etc.

► cf. maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► ex: a-shi-ta ki-maⁿ-niⁿ (ašitta kímąnį) - to walk behind him/it

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-thiⁿ (moⁿthíⁿ) - to walk [Omaha/Ponca]; maⁿ-thiⁿ (maⁿ-¢íⁿ) - to walk; used to express continued action; to go [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-thiⁿ (moⁿ-thiⁿ), moⁿ-iⁿ (moⁿ-íⁿ) - to walk, exist [FL-Osage]; maⁿthiⁿ (mąðį́), maⁿ-iⁿ (mą́į) - walk, go by walking, go by foot, go away, go, go on, get moving, go ahead, approach, move in closer, stay, act or live a certain way, go around a certain way [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-yiⁿ (maⁿyíⁿ) - walk, move [Kaw]

► ki-na-zhiⁿ (kínažį) - stand with reference to another ► a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (akínažį) - I, da-ki-na-zhiⁿ (dakínažį) - you

► cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► Dhegiha: gi-na-zhiⁿ (gí-na-jiⁿ) - to stand for another, as a kinsman [JOD-Omaha]

► o-ki-da (okída) - tell something to another ► o-a-ki-bda (oákibdá) - I, o-da-ki-ta (odákittá) - you, oⁿ-ko-ki-da-we (ǫkókidáwe) - we

► cf. o-da (odá) - tell something; o-da-ke (odáke) - tell about something; o-ki-da-ke (okídake) - tell it to (some)one

► ex: aⁿ-ki-da-zhi hi (ą́kidáži hí) - he did not tell me at all [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-da-zhi hi tʰe aⁿ-shoⁿ-zhi a-ta-pa (ą́kidáži hí tʰe ąšǫ́ži áttappá) - I did not like it much that he did not tell me at all [JOD]

► ex: o-da-ki-ta (ódakittá) - you told it to her

► ex: e-ka-xna niⁿ-kʰe wa-k’iⁿ tʰe o-da-ki-ta ti, (ekáxną nįkʰe wakʔį́ tʰe ódakittá tti,) - when you summoned his wife to carry the meat to the lodge, [JOD]

► ex: o-wa-ki-da (ówakidá) - he told it to them [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ bdo-ka za-ni hi o-wa-ki-da (hą bdoká zaní hi ówakidá) - all night long, he told it to everyone [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-tha (uthá) - tell anything, tell anything about another [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha (útha) - to tell them about [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha (utha) - announce, report, warn, inform, tell [Omaha]

to each

► na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals

► ex: miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - by ones, one each, one apiece

► ex: naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece

► ex: da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - by threes; 3 apiece

► ex: to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours

► ex: sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives

► ex: sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - by sixes, 6 apiece, 6 at a time

► ex: pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens

► ex: pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, eight at a time

► ex: shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - by nines

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - by tens, 10 apiece, 10 at a time

► ex: da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - by thirteens; 13 apiece

► ex: sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - by sixteens, 16 each

► ex: pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, seventeen at a time

► ex: shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - by nineteens, 19 each

► ex: kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece

► ex: kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - by thirties, 30 each

► ex: e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different

► ex: ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big is each

► ex: wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿthoⁿthóⁿ) - by ones; one at a time; one here and there; one to each [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

to each other, talk to each other or oneself

► o-ki-ki-e (okkíkkie) - talk to each other or oneself ► o-a-ki-ki-e (oákkikkie) - I, o-da-ki-ki-e (odákkikkie) - you, o-ki-ki-a-wi (okkíkkiawi) - they

► cf. o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okkí), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one; court a girl; o-ki-ki-e (okíkkie) - talk to a relation; i-e (íe), i-ye (íye) - word; talk, speak; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé), e (e) - say; quotative, non-hearsay evidential

► ex: wi-e o-a-ki-ki-e a-kniⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (wíe oákkíkkie aknį́ mįkʰé) - I/I talk to myself/I sit/I who sit (I am sitting) [JOD]

► ex: wi-e o-a-ki-ki-e a-kniⁿ miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wíe oákkíkkie aknį́ mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - I am just sitting here talking to myself,” it is said rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa (šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa) - children (boys)/talking to one another/to speak/they begin suddenly now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa ekǫ́ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like children who begin to talk, saying words here and there, not speaking plainly or connectedly,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa (šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá) - children (boys)/they talk to one another/when/speak very plainly, making no mistakes now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like children who speak to one another very plainly without missing a word, it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-ki-e (ukíkie) - to talk together [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-ki-ye (ukikiye) - court, converse, conversation [Omaha]; u-ʰki-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-ḳi-e) - to speak to one another, to hold a conversation, talk together or to each other, a dialogue [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-ʰki-e (oʰkíʰkie) - talk with one another, converse with each other (usually more than two people) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-gi-ki-e (u-gí-ki-e) - to talk with his own relation or friend [JOD-Omaha]; u-gi-ʰki-e (u-gí-ḳi-e) - to speak to a friend or some relation [FL-Osage]; o-ki-ʰki-e (okíʰkie) - speak to one’s own relative, family, or friends [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-ki-ye (ogíkiye) - talk with one’s own (kinsman or friend) [Kaw]

to his belt

► i-pi-da-taⁿ-ti (íppidáttąttí) - to his belt [JOD]

► cf. i-pi-da-taⁿ (íppidáttą) - belt; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: i-pi-da-taⁿ-ti a-ki-ka-shka-i (íppidáttąttí ákikaškái) - to his belt/he fastened his own to it [JOD]

► ex: i-pi-da-taⁿ-ti a-ki-ka-shka-i taⁿ o-zha tʰe tʰi-de (íppidáttąttí ákikaškái tą óža tʰe tʰidé) - he fastened it (his own) to his belt and began dancing [JOD]

► i-pi-da-taⁿ e-ti (íppidáttą étti) - to his belt [JOD]

► cf. i-pi-da-taⁿ (íppidáttą) - belt; e-ti (étti) - there

► ex: i-pi-da-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-shke (íppidáttą étti ákaške) - he tied it on/to his belt [JOD]

to me

► aⁿ (ą) - to me, for me, at me; I, me

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ (ąbą́) - he, she, or it call to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + baⁿ (bą) - he, she, or it call or halloo

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąpą́ ąbą́ híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I will go [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ-wi (ąbą́wi) - they call to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + baⁿ-wi (p͓ą́wi) - they call or haloo

► ex: aⁿ-k’i (ąkʔí) - he, she, or it give to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + k’i (kʔi) - he, she, or it give

► ex: ti aⁿ-k’i (ttí ąkʔí) - he gave a lodge to me

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi (ą́nąxʔǫ́ži) - he, she, or it not listen to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - he, she, or it hear, listen + zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: shi-naⁿ ta-bde bde a-kdi naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi hi da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šíną tábde bdé akdí ną ą́nąxʔǫ́ži hí datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - I went hunting again, when I came back, she had not listened to me, she was eating it and the little girl was crying [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ba-zo (ą́bazo) - he, she, or it pointed to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + a-ba-zo (ábazo) - he, she, or it point at

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ aⁿ-ba-zo (kóišǫ́ttą mą́ši mįkʰé tą ą́bazo) - then as I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha aⁿ-ba-zo (mą́ši mįkʰe tą́ha ą́bazo) - because I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ska (ą́daska) - it sticks to me, aⁿ (ą) - to me + a-da-ska (ádaska) - he, she, or it stick, adhere

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ (ądákittį́) - you have it for me, aⁿ (ą) - for me + a-da-ki-tiⁿ (adákittį) - you have or keep for someone

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi (ądákittį́ dakdí) - you have it for me/you come back to this place; you bring her, my own, back to me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her) for me and return here I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her (my own) back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi (ą́ttažóži) - you insult me, aⁿ (ą) - me + ta-zho-zhi (ttážoži) - you insult, you criticize

► ex: “i-di-na-zhiⁿ di-taⁿ i-bniⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ i-ye aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi de,” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“ídinážį dittą́ íbnį́ą tą́ íye ą́ttažóži dé,” iyí iyá mątʰó) - I think that you speak so improperly to me on account of you depending on someone to help you,” it is said Grizzly bear said [JOD]

to one another, they said the preceding to one another

► i-ke-ya-we (íkeyáwe) - they said the preceding to one, one another [JOD]

► i-ke-ye (ikéye) - to have said something to someone ► i-da-a-ki-he-ye (idáakihéye) - I, i-da-da-ki-she-ye (idádakišéye) - you, i-ke-ya-we (íkeyáwe) - they

► cf. i-ke (iké) - say (the preceding) to someone; ye (ye) - past, past suffix

► ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke aⁿ-ka-xe ta-i,” i-ke-ya-we ke, i-ya (“maštį́ke kahíke ąkáγe ttaí,” íkeyáwe ké, iyá) - “We shall make Rabbit chief,” they said to one another, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we, i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ dátʰąšé,” íkeyáwe, iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de! ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de!” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ, i-ya (“maštį́ke tʰi edé! maštį́ke tʰi edé!” íkeyáwe nį́, iyá) - they said to one another, “Rabbit has come!, Rabbit has come!” it is said [JOD]

► ex: “hau, ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ, i-ya (“hau, maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé,” íkeyáwe nį́, iyá) - “ho, rabbit says that he has come to tell us something,” they said to one another, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ shi-ka-zhi shoⁿ-ti to-skide i-ke-ya-we ni e-ti kʰe, mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi oⁿ-kniⁿ oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (mažą́ šikáži šǫ́tti to skíde íkeyáwe ni ettí kʰe, mi óxpettadédedóši ǫknį́ ǫ́katʰą́ ną) - before the late civil war, we dwelt on the west side of what they called, Sweet Potato Creek [JOD]

to one side, a little to one side

► ko-i-ta de-de (kóitta déde) - a little to one side

► cf. ko-i-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place; ko-i (kói) - that, there; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of

to one, shout to one at a distance

► bda-se de-de (bdasé dedé) - shout to one at a distance ► a-bda-se de-a-de (abdáse déade) - I, da-bda-se de-da-de (dabdáse dédade) - you

► cf. bda-se (bdasé) - shout, cry out (human); de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► Dhegiha: the-the (théthe) - to cause to go; to send off an object; used as an auxiliary verb [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (thethé) - to go this way (in his own footprints, made previously) [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (the the) - start; send [Omaha]; the-the (¢é¢ĕ) - send suddenly [JOD-Omaha]; the-the (thé-the) - to send; to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go; send; mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action; far off, in the distance [Kaw]

to one, stick to one here and there

► kdi-za-za (kdizáza) - stick to one here and there

► i-kdi-za-za (íkdizáza) - stick to one here and there

► ex: zho i-kdi-za-za (žo íkdizáza) - flesh/adhering here and there to its own [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ zho i-kdi-za-za hi ni-ha e-ti-ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (ši-ną́ žo íkdizáza hí nihá ettí-nikʰá ną, iyá) - on and on, some (corpses) were sitting there with their flesh adhering here and there, it is said [JOD]

to one, to a

► miⁿ-ti (mį́tti) - at one, to one [JOD]

► cf. miⁿ (mį) - one, a, an, indefinite article; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ti-kde miⁿ-ti kʰi (ttíkde mį́tti kʰí) - he arrived at one lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti miⁿ-ti a-kʰi naⁿ (tti mį́tti akʰí ną) - when I arrive back to a lodge [JOD]

to one’s own, give to one’s own (kin)

► ki-k’i (kikʔí) - give to one’s own (kin) ► a-ki-k’i (akíkʔi) - I, da-ki-k’i (dakíkʔi) - you

► cf. ki-k’i (kíkʔi) - give back, return; k’i (kʔi) - give something to someone

► ex: a-ki-k’i (akíkʔi) - I give to him, my relation [JOD]

► ex: “a-ki-k’i za-ni,” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“akíkʔi zaní,” iyí iyá mątʰó) - “I have given it all (the meat) to him (my relation),” it is said Grizzly said [JOD]

► ex: ki-k’i (kikʔí) - he gave to his own [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhaⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žąppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they (the other girls) went back, he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe ki-k’i a-taⁿ i-de (ttí tʰe kikʔí áttą idé) - he gave his own lodge to him and departed [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi-’i (gi’í) - give to one’s own [JOD-Omaha]; ki-k’u (kíkʔu) - give to one’s own, give away to one’s own people [CQ-Osage]

to one’s own, glue to one’s own

► i-da-ki-da (idákidá) - glue to one’s own [JOD]

► cf. i-da-da (idáda) - glue something to something

► ex: e-naⁿ-xti i-da-ki-da (eną́-xti idákidá) - only those/he glued to his arrows [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ xi-da ma-shoⁿ e-naⁿ-xti i-da-ki-da naⁿ, i-ya (mą́ xidá mášǫ eną́-xti idákidá ną, iyá) - he used only eagle feathers to glue to the arrows, it is said [JOD]

to oneself, refer to oneself

► wa-ki-kʰe (wakkíkʰe) - refer to oneself ► a-wa-ki-kʰe (awákkikʰe) - I, wa-da-ki-kʰe (wadákkikʰe) - you

► cf. wa-kʰe (wakʰé) - mean something, refer to something

► Dhegiha: wa-ke (wa-ké) - to mean, to intend, to refer to [JOD-Omaha]; wa-kshe (wa-kshé) - to mean anything [FL-Osage]; wa-kshe (wakšé) - mean, intend, have in mind [CQ-Osage]; wa-khe (wakhé) - mean something, refer to, intend [Kaw]

to oneself, talk to each other or oneself

► o-ki-ki-e (okkíkkie) - talk to each other or oneself ► o-a-ki-ki-e (oákkikkie) - I, o-da-ki-ki-e (odákkikkie) - you, o-ki-ki-a-wi (okkíkkiawi) - they

► cf. o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okkí), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one; court a girl; o-ki-ki-e (okíkkie) - talk to a relation; i-e (íe), i-ye (íye) - word; talk, speak; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé), e (e) - say; quotative, non-hearsay evidential

► ex: wi-e o-a-ki-ki-e a-kniⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (wíe oákkíkkie aknį́ mįkʰé) - I/I talk to myself/I sit/I who sit (I am sitting) [JOD]

► ex: wi-e o-a-ki-ki-e a-kniⁿ miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wíe oákkíkkie aknį́ mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - I am just sitting here talking to myself,” it is said rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa (šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa) - children (boys)/talking to one another/to speak/they begin suddenly now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa ekǫ́ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like children who begin to talk, saying words here and there, not speaking plainly or connectedly,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa (šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá) - children (boys)/they talk to one another/when/speak very plainly, making no mistakes now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like children who speak to one another very plainly without missing a word, it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-ki-e (ukíkie) - to talk together [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-ki-ye (ukikiye) - court, converse, conversation [Omaha]; u-ʰki-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-ḳi-e) - to speak to one another, to hold a conversation, talk together or to each other, a dialogue [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-ʰki-e (oʰkíʰkie) - talk with one another, converse with each other (usually more than two people) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-gi-ki-e (u-gí-ki-e) - to talk with his own relation or friend [JOD-Omaha]; u-gi-ʰki-e (u-gí-ḳi-e) - to speak to a friend or some relation [FL-Osage]; o-ki-ʰki-e (okíʰkie) - speak to one’s own relative, family, or friends [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-ki-ye (ogíkiye) - talk with one’s own (kinsman or friend) [Kaw]

to that place

► she-ta (šétta) - there, at/to that place

► cf. she (šé) - that; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

► ex: she-ta da-kʰi-kniⁿ naⁿ (šétta dakʰíknį ną́) - return thither and take your seat!

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá! ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first! I will join you later on

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tta ǫkatʰą́), a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► Dhegiha: she (she) - that way, that course or direction; that [Omaha/Ponca]; she (ce) - that way or course; that: refers to an object in sight of or near the speaker and the one addressed [JOD-Omaha]; she (she) - that; refers to an object to the right of or near the speaker [Omaha/Ponca]; she (she) - there; that one [FL-Osage]; she (še) - that (near you) [CQ-Osage]; she (šée) - that, that one near you; here near you; there near you, there (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); him/her/it (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); she (she) - that (visible) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

to the lodge

► ti-a-ti (ttiátti) - to the lodge, into the house [JOD]

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ti-a-ti a-niⁿ kdi (ttiátti anį́ kdi) - he brought her back to the lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - into the house/so/she carried her own [JOD]

► ex: e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - because it was hers, she took it (her own), she took it into the house [JOD]

► ex: ti-a-ti o-ka-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (ttiátti ókaxnąxną́) - different articles in the lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti-a-ti kda (ttíatti kdá) - go in the house! [MS]

► Dhegiha: ti-a-di (tíadi) - in house, in the house or lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-a-di (tíadi) - inside a house [Omaha]

► ti tʰe-ti (ttí tʰétti) - to the lodge [JOD]

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ti tʰe-ti (ttí tʰétti) - lodge/to the [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we, i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí tʰétti híwe, iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti kʰi (ttí tʰétti kʰí) - he arrived to the lodge [JOD]

► ti e-ta tʰe-ti (ttí ettá tʰétti) - to his lodge

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; e-ta (ettá) - his [JOD]; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ti e-ta tʰe-ti (ttí ettá tʰétti) - lodge/his/to the [JOD]

► ex: ti e-ta tʰe-ti kʰi (ttí ettá tʰétti kʰí) - he arrived/returned to his lodge [JOD]

to the lying object

► kʰe-ti (kʰettí) - at or to the lying object [JOD]

► cf. kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti ki, i-ya-we, wax’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti ki, i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí, iyáwe, waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí, iyáwe) - they say, he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

to the many or plural objects

► ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: ti-kde ke ta (ttikdé ke tta) - lodges(=village)/to the many [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother said to him, it is said [JOD]

► ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural [JOD]

► cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the plural [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the (plural) inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

to the sitting object

► niⁿ-kʰe-ti (nįkʰétti) - to the sitting object; at the curvilinear object; to the curvilinear object [JOD]

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti (eką́ nįkʰe-tti) - his grandmother/to the sitting object [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi kʰi-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (eką́ nįkʰe-tti ttią́hi kʰi-ži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe-ti (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰeti) - black bear/chief/to the one who [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe ti e-ti hi naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe ti étti hi ną iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit arrived there, to where the black bear chief resides, it is said [JOD]

► ex: a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe-ti (áni kóihidénįkʰetti) - hill/at yonder distant visible place [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé niⁿkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond yonder distant bluff [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te niⁿ-kʰe-ti hi (sniwátte nįkʰétti hí) - winter/to the sitting object/arrived [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi sni-wa-te niⁿ-kʰe-ti hi, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi sniwátte nįkʰétti hí, iyá) - after some time he arrived at the abode of the Winter, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe-di (thiⁿkʰédi) - by or near the sitting animate object; by or near the one who [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-kshe dsi (thiⁿ-kshe dsi) - at the place where he is sitting [FL-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe-ji (yiⁿkhéji) - to or by the sitting animate object; over there [Kaw]

► niⁿ-kʰe-ta (nįkʰettá) - to the curvilinear object; to the one who [JOD]

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (tǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: di-te-ke wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe-ta (dítteke wasá niⁿkʰetta) - your mother’s brother/black bear/to the one who [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ ‘di-te-ke wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe ta e-ti da!’ i-ye naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (įkką́ ‘dítteke wasá niⁿkʰe tta étti dá!’ iyé ną ąną́hosá naⁿ) - my grandmother scolded me and said, ‘go to your uncle, the black bear!’ [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe-ta (thiⁿkʰéta) - to the sitting animate object, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

to the standing object

► tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the standing object

► tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the, at the [JOD]

► cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate; the collection/inanimate; the act, past, completive aspect; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: o-zha da-i tʰe-ta (óža dá-i tʰétta) - they went to the dance [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ta (ttí tʰétta) - lodge/to the [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttí tʰétta kʰí ną iyá) - then, when he returned to his home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ta da-kʰi taⁿ (ttí tʰettá dakʰí tą) - when you return to your home [JOD]

► ex: e ti tʰe-ta ki (e ttí tʰétta kí) - her house/at the/came there again [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-ta (tʰéta) - at or to the standing inanimate object, etc.; on account of the act or fact [Omaha/Ponca]

► tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - at the, to the; when [JOD]

► tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - at the standing object; when, at the time

► cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate; the collection/inanimate; the act, past, completive aspect; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti tʰe-ti zho-kde kʰi (kóišǫ́ttą ttí tʰettí žókde kʰí) - then he arrived at the lodge with him [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí tʰétti híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ti kʰi (ttí tʰétti kʰí) - he arrived to the lodge [JOD]

► ex: ti e-ta tʰe-ti ki (ttí ettá tʰétti kí) - he arrived/returned to his lodge [JOD]

► ex: ho-wa tʰe-ti (hówa tʰettí) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te i-ye niⁿ i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté idákide tte iyé nį iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” it is said [JOD]

► ex: tʰe-ti (tʰétti) - when [JOD]

► ex: si di-ze de-de naⁿ hi tʰe-ti (sí dizé dedé ną hí tʰétti) - at every step which he took [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hi-de tʰe-ti, ma-shtiⁿ-ke sni-wa-te ka-xnoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ki-aⁿ-xe, i-ya (hidé tʰettí, maštį́ke sniwátte káxnǫ nįkʰé íkiąγé, iyá) - when he had gone, Rabbit questioned the wife of Winter, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-di (tʰédi) - at the standing object; to the standing object; at, by, in, or near the standing inanimate objects or collection of small objects; at the time; when [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-dsi (ṭse-dsí) - there at that place [FL-Osage]; che-ji (chéji) - to the [Kaw]

► tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]

► cf. tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta (šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá) - to the (standing) horse [JOD]

► ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; the scattered; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: ti-kde ke ta (ttikdé ke tta) - lodges(=village)/to the many [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

to the water

► ni-a-ta (niátta) - to the water [JOD]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de (niátta déde) - towards the water [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta ko-e-kde (niátta koékde) - to the water/he started to run back to [JOD]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ taⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tą oną́štotte ną dá tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the water, they said [JOD]

► ni-ti (nítti) - at, to, or in the water

► cf. ni (ni) - water; ti (tti) - at, by, in

► ex: ni-ti (nítti) - at or to the water [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti ki i-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti ki i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąp͓á sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti (nítti) - in the water [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti o-ka-ha niⁿ-kʰe (nítti okáhaha nįkʰé) - he was floating along in the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ ni-ti spe (į nitti spe) - a stone sinks in water

► ex: ni-ti ni i-he-de (nítti ní ihéde) - he laid it in the water [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ti de (waxʔó nítti dé) - the woman went into the water [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-de naⁿ ni-ti chʰo-kʰe hi niⁿ (į́tʰį dedé ną nítti čʰokʰé hi nį) - when he threw the stick/club in the water, it made the sound “chʰo” [JOD]

to the, with his back to the wind

► a-ka-hi-da o-ka-xde (ákahída okáxde) - facing downstream, with his back to the wind ► a-ka-hi-da o-a-ka-xde (ákahída oákaxde) - I, a-ka-hi-da o-da-ka-xde (ákahída odákaxde) - you

► cf. a-ka-hi-da (ákahída) - downstream, downwind, with the wind or current; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards

► Dhegiha: hi-de u-ga-xthe (híde úgaqthe) - facing, downward, downstream, facing the bottom or lower part, facing the mouth of a stream [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xthe (ú-ga-q¢e) - to be facing a certain direction [JOD-Omaha]; o-ka-le (okále) - face a certain direction [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xle (ogáxle) - facing, face a direction, facing towards [Kaw]

to them, said it to them

► i-we-ki (iwéki), i-we-ke (iwéke) - to say the preceding to them [JOD]

► ex: i-we-a-ki-he (iwéakihé atʰąhé) - I tell the preceding to them, I am standing here telling this [JOD]

► ex: i-we-ki (iwéki) - he said the preceding to them [JOD]

► ex: “ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ,” i-we-ki taⁿ we-kda-sa, i-ya (“kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į,” iwéki tą wékdasá, iyá) - “you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles,” he (rabbit) said to them (black bears), when he (rabbit) whipped them with it (their chief’s testicles), it is said (they say)

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then/just as they started home/when/shoe/other one/on one side/pull ye it off from her/he was saying it to them/it is said/police [JOD]

► ex: i-we-ke (iwéke) - said the preceding to them; he said it to them [JOD]

► ex: “haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell,” rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, a-tʰi o-wi-ki-bda-ke a-tʰi,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, atʰí ówikibdáke atʰí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “yes, I have come, I have come to tell you something,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - “they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “di-xa a-taⁿ t’e-da-we,” i-we-ke i-ya (“dixá attą tʔédawé,” iwéke iyá) - “chase him and kill him!” he said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “maⁿ-tʰo i-shta zhi-te e-ti da-we! te da-k’iⁿ da-kdi ta-i!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“mątʰó ištá žitté étti dawé! tté dakʔį dakdí ttai!” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “you’all go there, to the red-eyed Grizzly bear! you’all will pack the buffalo back here!” Rabbit said to them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (iwéke iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą) - the Rabbit’s son said to them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: “wi-e-taⁿ bdatʰé tʰe,” iwéke, iyá (“wíettą bda-tʰe te,” i-we-ke, i-ya) - “if it were I, I would have eaten it,” he said to them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: “wi-e-hoⁿ iⁿ-kaⁿ wa-shiⁿ ni-ke hi taⁿ-ha e-koⁿ a-ki a-tʰi a-ni-he,” i-we-ke, i-ya (“wíehǫ įkką́ wašį́ niké hi tą́ha ekǫ́ áki átʰi ánihé,” iwéke, iyá) - as for me, my grandmother does not have any fat meat at all, because of that I came here to get it for her,” he said to them, it is said [JOD]

to town

► toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de ta-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ ta (nísni ttǫ ttá) - to Baxter Springs, Kansas [AG]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► toⁿ ti (ttǫ tti) - to town

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why are you going to town? [MS]

► Dhegiha: di (-di) - in, to, at [JOD-Omaha]; dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - in, to, at [CQ-Osage]; ji (-ji), jhi (-ǰi) - to, at, in [Kaw]

► toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta (tǫ́ nįkʰettá) - to the town

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta (tǫ́ nįkʰettá) - village/to the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (tǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (thiⁿkʰé) - the sitting animate object; the curved inanimate object; third person singular [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the one sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé) - sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article, follows a noun or pronoun (usually not the subject of a sentence) that represents a singular sitting entity or singular round entity; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) - “the”; definite article used with the object of the verb; singular inanimate or animate; “the” in reference to an animate subject of a stative verb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

► toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti (ttǫ nįkʰétti) - to the town

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative

► ex: toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti (ttǫ nįkʰétti) - village/at the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (thiⁿkʰé) - the sitting animate object; the curved inanimate object; third person singular [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the one sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé) - sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article, follows a noun or pronoun (usually not the subject of a sentence) that represents a singular sitting entity or singular round entity; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) - “the”; definite article used with the object of the verb; singular inanimate or animate; “the” in reference to an animate subject of a stative verb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: di (-di) - in, to, at [JOD-Omaha]; dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - in, to, at [CQ-Osage]; ji (-ji), jhi (-ǰi) - to, at, in [Kaw]

to you

► di (di) - to you; you

► ex: a-di-da-ska (ádidáska) - it sticks to you, di (di) - to you + a-da-ska (ádaska) - he, she, or it stick, adhere

► ex: di-baⁿ (dibą́) - call to you, di (di) - to you + baⁿ (bą) - he, she, or it call or halloo

► ex: be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-haⁿ (bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhą́) - who could this person be, that called to you? [JOD]

► she-do i-hi (šédo ihí) - it goes to you

► cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there; i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place

► ex: she-do i-hi ki-ta! (šédo ihí kkitta!) - it goes to you/shoot! [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ta miⁿ she-do i-hi! ki-ta!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteke, tta mį šédo ihí! kkitta!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), there is a deer approaching over there! shoot it!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: she-do i-hi-we (šédo ihíwe) - they go to you [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka de-pa she-do i-hi-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteke, níkkašíka dépa šédo ihíwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), over there are some Indians who are approaching,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► shoⁿ-de (šǫdé) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you; come toward you; go to someone, go to a person ► shoⁿ-bde (šǫbdé) - I

► ex: shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (šǫbdé tta mįkʰé) - I go to you/I will [JOD]

► ex: “koi-shoⁿ-e, shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“kóišǫ́e, šǫbdé tta mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - no matter what, I will go with you,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: de shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (dé šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé) - this/I go to you/I will [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, de shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteké, dé šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), I will go with you,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shu-the (shuthé) - to go to you [Omaha/Ponca]; sho-the (sho-thé), shu-the (shu-thé) - come toward you; coming where you are [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-the (šǫðée), sho-the (šoðée) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you [CQ-Osage]; sho-ye (shoyé), sho-we (showé) - go to someone; go to a person [Kaw]

► wi (wi) - I to you, first person singular acting on second person

► ex: wi-k’i (wikʔí) - I give to you; from k’i (kʔi) - to give something to someone

► ex: a-wi-aⁿ-bde (áwią́bde) - I give it (illness) to you; from a-aⁿ-de (áąde) - to give an illness; communicate a disease

► ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you; from a-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (ábdaska aknį́) - I sit close

► ex: o-wi-ki (owikki) - I say/talk to you; from o-ki-e (okkie), o-ki (okki) - speak, talk with one

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe (owikki tta mįkʰé) - I’m going to talk to you [MS]

► ex: ka-shoⁿ o-wi-ki miⁿ-kʰe (kašǫ owikki mįkʰé) - that’s all I have to say to you [MS]

► Dhegiha: wi (wi) - a pr. fragment, including both sub. and ob.; I--you(s) [JOD-Omaha]; wi (wi) - combined marker of 1st person sg. Subject and 2nd person object, “I …you” [CQ-Osage]; wi (wi) - I/you, where 'I' is the subject and 'you' is the object [Kaw]

to, about to, going to

► ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic ► ta miⁿ-kʰe (tta mįkʰé) - I, ta niⁿ-kʰe (tta nįkʰé) - you; taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ttąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫkatʰą́) - we, I and one other

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I am going to come back tomorrow

► ex: a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta mįkʰé) - I am going to go home

► ex: mo-shiⁿ o-ki o-ti a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe, ka-sa-ni (mą́ši okkí ótti akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - tomorrow, I am going to go to church

► ex: bda-taⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (bdattą́ tta mįkʰé) - I am going to be drinking

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - will, shall, potential or future marker [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta (ṭa) - shall, he shall, you shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - future tense marker, will, be going to, could, so that it could/might be, what if, were it the case that, would be [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - future potential or intentive aspect [Kaw]

► ta tʰaⁿ (tta tʰą) - about to [JOD]

► cf. ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► ex: ta tʰaⁿ (tta tʰą́) - future/the standing (he was about to) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔaké tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akidé tta tʰą́ ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰa-tʰoⁿ (tʰatʰóⁿ) - will be standing; continuous or incomplete action [Omaha/Ponca]

► te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will be

► ex: bda-taⁿ te (bdattą́ tte) - I am going to drink

► ex: pa-hi-o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I am going to put my hat on the table

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going to go?

► ex: ni-zhi te (niží tte) - it’s going to rain

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as ‘let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s’ [CQ-Osage]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

► te kaⁿ (tte ką́) - about to [JOD]

► cf. te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall; kaⁿ (ką́) - so, as [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te kaⁿ (ąkíkdakʔį́ tte ką́) - about to carry me on her back [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-goⁿ (tʰégoⁿ) - a contraction of tʰe - future sign, and goⁿ - as, so [Omaha/Ponca]; e-tʰe-goⁿ (etʰégoⁿ) - may; apt to [Omaha/Ponca]

to, in, for, at, of

► o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into

► ex: o-ti (ottí) - house for, house of, house to, o (o) + ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ o-ti (šǫ́keáknį ottí) - stable, barn, “house for horses”

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above

► ex: wa-pi-na o-ti (wappína ótti) - council house of a gens

► ex: o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in, o (o) + kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp, sit, be sitting;

► ex: o-maⁿ-niⁿ (omą́nį) - to walk or move in, o (o) + maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► ex: o-shta (oštá) - smooth place, o (o) + shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► ex: o-ta-shti-te-ti (otáštitétti) - in the sunshine, o (o) + ta-shti-te (táštite) - warm, heat up + ti (tti) - at, by, in, locative

► Dhegiha: u (u) - a prefix, usually the inseparable preposition, in, prefixed to verbs [Omaha/Ponca]; o (o) - place at which, culmination of (a certain action or state), wherein (a certain thing takes place) [CQ-Osage]; o (o) - locative: in, inside, into, at a place [Kaw]

to, used to

► aⁿ-maⁿ (ąmą́), oⁿ-moⁿ (ǫmą́), moⁿ (mǫ́) - I usually, I used to [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - past sign; when, time when; habitual; ’aⁿ (ʔą), ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - do, be; use

► ex: bda-taⁿ oⁿ-maⁿ (bdattą́ ǫmą́) - I used to drink

► ex: naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi aⁿ-maⁿ (ną́ppeą́hi ąmą́) - me hungry/I used to be [JOD]

► ex: “wi-e-hoⁿ, wi-zhiⁿ-de naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi aⁿ-maⁿ taⁿ-ha he-be a-ki-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wíehǫ, wižį́de ną́ppeą́hi ąmą́ tą́ha hébe akíkʔį kkǫbdá,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “my elder brother, I too want to carry my own piece because I have been hungry,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe moⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́ mįkʰé mǫ́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ zhoⁿ (ttattą́ žǫ́) - you used to drink

► ex: da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we (daxʔéąkkidé nąwé) - you (plural) used to be kind to him for me [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to Rabbit for me? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-maⁿ (naⁿ-máⁿ), hnaⁿ-maⁿ (hnaⁿ-máⁿ) - I used to [JOD-Omaha]; hnaⁿ-i (hnaⁿi) - they used to [JOD-Omaha]

to, with which to

► i (í) - by means of, with which to, with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to

► ex: i-di-shi-we (ídišíwe) - key, i (í) + di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open

► ex: i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make, i (í) + ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: i-ka-za (íkaza) - whip; to hit with, i (í) + ka-za (kazá) - whip

► ex: i-k’iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders, i (i) + k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry or pack on the back

► ex: i-t’e-de (itʔéde) - kill with something, i (í) + t’e (tʔe) - die + de (de) - cause

► ex: ni i-da-taⁿ (ni ídattą́) - cup, ni (ni) - water + i (i) + da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine; food + i (í) + ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate

► ex: zhaⁿ i-maⁿ-niⁿ (žą́ imą́nį) - stilts, zhaⁿ (žą) wood + i (i) + maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

► we (we) - that by which, with which to

► ex: ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear, ma-ze (maze) - iron + we (we) + ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate

► ex: ma-ze we-ka-sta (mazé wékastá) - hammer, ma-ze (maze) - iron + we (we) + ka-sta (kastá) - strike, fall on

► ex: we-ki-te (wékkitte) - bullet, lead bullet, we (we) + ki-te (kkítte) - shoot at something

► ex: we-k’iⁿ (wékʔį) - pack, bundle carried on back, we (we) + k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► ex: we-sa-de hi (wésade hí) - soft maple, “black dye tree”, we (we) + sa (sa) - black; de (de) - cause + hi (hi) - tree

► ex: we-ska-de (wéskade) - soap, we (we) + ska (ska) - white + de (de) - cause

► Dhegiha: we (we) - to, with or by means of [Omaha/Ponca]; we (we) - with, with which to, for, that by which [FL-Osage]; we (wé) - combination of wa (wa) and i (i), this formation is regularly seen in the ordinal numerals and in several names of tools [CQ-Osage]

► wi (wi) - that which, that by means of which, used less frequent than we (we)

► ex: wi-o-hoⁿ (wíohǫ) - pot, kettle (of metal) [ASG], wi (wí) + o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► ex: wi-o-do-hoⁿ (wiódohǫ) - what is used for boiling/cooking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-u (wiu) - to, that which, that by means of which; most words in wi-u are derived from corresponding verbs in u-thu [Omaha/Ponca]

toad

► te-a-x’a (tteáxʔa) - toad

► cf. wa-xno-shka (waxnóška) - frog

► Dhegiha: te-bi-’a (tébi’a) - a frog [Omaha/Ponca]; te-bi-’a (tébia) - frog [Omaha]; ʰtse-biu-ʰk’a (ṭsé-biu-ḳ’a) - frog [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-o-k’a (ʰcéokʔa) - frog [CQ-Osage]; tse-bu-k’a (cébuk’a) - frog [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-kʰoⁿ-gi-t’e (ikʰóⁿgit’é) - a toad [Omaha/Ponca]; i-koⁿ-gi-t’e (íkóⁿgit’e) - toad [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ni-zhu-a-xa-ge (ni-zhú-a-xa-ge) - toad, “cries for rain” [FL-Osage]; ni-zhu o-xa-ke (níižu oxáke) - toad [CQ-Osage]

tobacco

► ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco

► ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco [MS, AG, OM]

► ta-ni (tad-nih) - tobacco (tabac) [GI]

► tʰa-ni (t'áni˙) - tobacco [FS]

► ta-ni (tánni), (tánne) - tobacco [ASG]

► ex: ki-ta-ni (kitáni) - to smoke [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-spe ta-ni-ba (mǐspǐ na nǐ bŭ) - tomahawk, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► ex: ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe

► ex: ta-ni-ba i-ba (taníba íba) - pipestem

► ex: ta-ni-ba wa-xo-we (taníba waxówe) - the sacred pipe

► ex: ta-ni-ba-he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus)

► ex: ta-ni-ba-he-ta o-da-s’iⁿ (taníbahétta ódasʔį) - elderberries

► Dhegiha: ni-ni (niní) - tobacco [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ni (nini) - tobacco; cigarette; cigar [Omaha]

noⁿ-ni (noⁿ-ní) - tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu (naⁿnú), noⁿ-nu (noⁿnú), naⁿ-ni (naⁿní), na-nu (nanú) - tobacco [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ni hi (nini hi) - any kind of tobacco; tobacco plant [Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-hi (noⁿ-ní-hi) - tobacco; white man’s tobacco; trade tobacco; archaic Osage name for plants used for smoking [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu (nąnúhu) - tobacco [CQ-Osage]

tobacco pouch

► ta-ni o-zhi-ha (táni óžiha) - tobacco pouch [JOD]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - pouch, sack, bag, pocket; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, fill; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► Dhegiha: ni-ni u-zhi-ha (níniújiha) - tobacco pouch [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ni u-zhi-ha (nini uzhiha) - tobacco pouch [Omaha]; noⁿ-nu-zhi-ha (noⁿ-nú-zhi-ha) - a tobacco pouch [FL-Osage]

naⁿ-nu-hu o-zhu-ha (nąnúhuoožúhaa), naⁿ-ni o-zhu-ha (nąnióožuhaa) - tobacco bag [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-nu o-zhu-ha (naⁿnú ozhuha) - tobacco pouch, originally of skunk skin [Kaw]

tobacco smoke

► ta-ni sho-te (taní šótte) - tobacco smoke [AB, OM]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; sho-te (šótte) - smoke

tobacco, mix with tobacco

► ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - sumac, lit. “mix with tobacco”

► ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - kinnikinnick [ASG]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; i-ka-hi (íkahi) - mixed with, to mix ingredients

► Dhegiha: ni-ni-ga-hi (ni-ní-ga-hi) - kinnikkinnick; a leaf mixed with tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu i-ki-a-hiⁿ (nąnúhu íkiahį) - plant to mix with tobacco (a small, sweet-smelling plant with yellow flowers that is mixed with tobacco; apparently lit., ‘mix into tobacco’ [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-nu- i-ga-hi (naⁿnú ígahi) - to mix tobacco, to make kinnikinnick; kinnikinnick [Kaw]

tobacco, twisted tobacco

► ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-nu be-bliⁿ (naⁿnú bébliⁿ) - cigar, “twisted tobacco”, a reference to how cigars are made [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ni (niní) - tobacco [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ni (nini) - tobacco; cigarette; cigar [Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-hi (noⁿ-ní-hi) - tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu (nąnúhu) - tobacco; naⁿ-nu (naⁿnú), noⁿ-nu (noⁿnú), naⁿ-ni (naⁿní), na-nu (nanú) - tobacco [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-be-bthiⁿ (thibébthiⁿ) - to twist in the hands; to twist, as yarn, with a wheel; to make warp [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; yu-be-bliⁿ (yubébliⁿ) - twist something coarse with the hands, as a cord or rope [Kaw]

today

► hoⁿ-ba de (hǫ́bade) - today, “this day”

► haⁿ-ba de (hą́ba de) - today [AB, OM]

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; de (de) - this, now

► ex: haⁿ-pa de, aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe e-de (hą́pa dé, ąną́bną mįkʰe edé) - today, I am tired of it! [JOD]

► ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba the (oⁿbáthe) - today, “this day” [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-ba the (hóⁿ-ba the) - today [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-pa the (hǫ́ǫpa ðé), haⁿ-pa the (hą́ąpa ðé) - today, lit., “this day” [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ba ye (háⁿbaye) - today, this day [Kaw]

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