English to Quapaw Dictionary

T

tabby cat - tall	Tall Chief - thank you	that - thaw	the - themselves
then - therefore	these - thirty	this - throwing	thrust - tin
tip - today	toe - trachea	track - tremble	tribal - twofold

 

toe

► si-po-za (sippóza) - toe

► si-po-za (sippóza) - toes [MS]

► Dhegiha: si-pa (sipá) - toes, “foot head” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa (çi-pá) - toes [FL-Osage]; si-pa u-za-be (çi-pá-u-ça-be) - the toes [FL-Osage]; si-ʰpo (siiʰpó) - toe [CQ-Osage]; si-po (sipó) - toe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-za-be (uçábe) - fingers [Omaha]; sha-ge u-za-be (shá-ge u-ça-be) - fingers [FL-Osage]; o-za-be (ozábe) - digits, fingers and toes [Kaw]

 

toe, big toe

► si-po-za taⁿ-ka (sippóza ttą́ka) - toe, big toe

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi u-toⁿ-ga (sipáhi utóⁿga) - the great toe [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa-hi u-toⁿ-ga (çipáhi utoⁿga) - great toe [Omaha]; si-ʰpa u-ʰtoⁿ-ga (çi-pá u-ṭoⁿ-ga) - big toe [FL-Osage]; si-po ʰtaⁿ (siiʰpóʰtą) - big toe [CQ-Osage]; si-po-taⁿ-ga che (sipótaⁿga che) - the big toe [Kaw]

 

► si-po-za wa-sh’a-ke hi (sippóza wašʔáke hi) - big toe [MS]

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke) - large, be large; hi (hi) - very

 

toe, fourth toe

► si-po-za zhi-ka o-ba-taⁿ (sippóza žíka obáttą) - fourth toe, “next to the little toe”

► cf. si-po-za zhi-ka (sippóza žíka) - little toe; o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next; si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe; hi o-ta-ho-kde o-ba-taⁿ (hí ottahokdé obáttą) - teeth, bicuspid

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi u-thi-zoⁿ u-thu-a-tʰoⁿ (sipáhi uthízoⁿ uthúatʰoⁿ) - fourth toe, “toe next to the middle toe” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa-hi u-a-zhiⁿ-ga u-thu-a-toⁿ (çipáhi uazhiⁿga uthuatoⁿ) - fourth toe [Omaha]

 

toe, little toe

► si-po-za zhi-ka (sippóza žíka) - little toe

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; zhi-ka (žíka) - little, small; si-po-za zhi-ka o-ba-taⁿ (sippóza žíka obáttą) - fourth toe, “next to the little toe”

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi u-zhiⁿ-ga (sipáhi u-zhíⁿga) - little toe [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa-hi u-a-zhiⁿ-ga (çipáhi uazhiⁿ-ga) - little toe [Omaha]; si-po-hiⁿ-ga (sipóhiⁿga) - little toe [Kaw]

 

toe, middle or third toe

► si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ (sippózoską́ską) - middle or third toe

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle; si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► Dhegiha: si-po-kaⁿ-ska (sipókaⁿska) - middle toe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si-pa (sipá) - the toes [Omaha/Ponca]; si-ʰpa (çi-pá) - toes [FL-Osage]; si-ʰpa u-za-be (çi-pá-u-ça-be) - the toes [FL-Osage]; si-ʰpo (siiʰpó) - toe [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-kʰoⁿ-ska (ukʰóⁿska) - half [Omaha/Ponca]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

toe, second toe

► si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe, “next to the middle toe”

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half in length, middle; o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next; si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ (sippózoską́ską) - middle or third toe

► Dhegiha: si-pa (sipá) - toes, “foot head” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa (çi-pá) - toes [FL-Osage]; si-pa u-za-be (çi-pá-u-ça-be) - the toes [FL-Osage]; si-ʰpo (siiʰpó) - toe [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

 

toenail

► si-pa sha-ke (sippá šáke) - toe nail(s)

► si-pa sha-ke (sippá šáke) - toe nail [MS]

► cf. si-po-za (sippóza) - toe; sha-ke (šáke) - claw, talon, hoof

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi sha-ge (sipáhi sháge) - toenails [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa sha-ge-ha (sipá shágeha) - toenail [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si-pa-ha (çi-p̣á-ha) - toenail [FL-Osage]; si-pa-ha (sipáha) - toenail [Kaw]

 

toes turned out, splayfooted

► si o-bda-k’oⁿ (si óbdakʔǫ) - splayfooted, toes turned out ► si o-a-bda-k’oⁿ (si óabdakʔǫ) - I, si o-da-bda-k’oⁿ (si ódabdakʔǫ) - you

► cf. si (si) - foot

► Dhegiha: si btha-ʰka (çi btha-ḳ’a) - web-footed [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: btha (btha) - to open, to spread out; to be opened or spread out [Omaha/Ponca]; bla (bla) - spread out, as dishes on the table [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: btha-ʰk’a (bthá-ḳ’a) - flat board [FL-Osage]; bra-k’a (brákʔa) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-k’a (blák’a) - flat on the surface, as boards [Kaw]

 

together, altogether

► a-ta-pa-xti (áttappáxti) - altogether [JOD]

► cf. a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too, great, exceeding; often, always [JOD]; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; a-ta-pa-xti (áttappaxtí) - off and on, at regular intervals

► ex: mi-zhi-ka ho-taⁿ a-ta-pa-xti kaⁿ-iⁿ tʰe ki-de (mižiká hóttą áttappaxti ką́į tʰé kidé) - so she was dressed as a very pretty girl [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa-xti (átʰaqti) - very much more than; far beyond [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-doⁿ a-tʰa (údoⁿ átʰa) - more than good, better [JOD-Omaha]; a-tʰa-ta (átʰata) - in succession, one beyond another [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► a-ta-ha-we (attaháwe) - altogether (plural) [JOD]

► cf. a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always; we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer

► ex: “iⁿ-ta-xo-we a-ta-ha-we,” i-yi (“į́ttaxowe attaháwe,” iyí) - he said, “you’all told a great lie” (JOD)]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

together, boiled or cooked together

► o-do-ki-hoⁿ (odókihǫ) - boiled or cooked together

► cf. o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► ex: te naⁿ-ka o-we sa-ki o-do-ki-hoⁿ (tte ną́kka šį́ ówe sáki odókihǫ́) - buffalo back fat and dried corn boiled/cooked together [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa zho o-we sa-ki wa-bdo-ka o-do-ki-hoⁿ (wasá žó ówe sáki wabdóka odókihǫ) - black bear meat and whole ear of dried corn boiled/cooked together [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-ʰki-hoⁿ (u-thú-ḳi-hoⁿ) - two kinds of food boiled or cooked together [FL-Osage]; o-tho-ki-haⁿ (oðóʰkihą) - add in cooking; cook together [CQ-Osage]; o-yo-ki-haⁿ (oyókihàⁿ) - boil together in something, cook things together [Kaw]

 

► o-ki-hoⁿ-i (okíhǫi) - it was boiled together [JOD]

► cf. o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► Dhegiha: u-ki-hoⁿ (úkihoⁿ) - to boil several things at once or together, for himself alone [Omaha/Ponca]

 

together, crowding together upon one another

► a-ki-kniⁿ-xti (ákkiknį́xti) - in a great crowd, crowding together upon one another, sitting upon one another

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíkniⁿ) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí tʰétti híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-gthiⁿ (á-ḳi-gthiⁿ) - to sit upon one another [FL-Osage]; a-gi-liⁿ (ágiliⁿ) - sit on one’s own [Kaw]

 

together, in one place

► miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

► cf. di-miⁿ-taⁿ dimįtą́) - place several objects together

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

 

together, mix together

► i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (íkkidíbną) - mixed, mixed together

► cf. di-i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (díikkidíbną) - mix together

► Dhegiha: i-kʰi-thi-bthoⁿ (íkʰithíbthoⁿ) - to mingle together, mix [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ʰki-thi-bthoⁿ (í-ḳi-thi-bthoⁿ) - to mix together, intermixing, to mix things that are unlike [FL-Osage]

 

► di-i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (díikkidíbną) - mix together ► bdi-i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (bdíikkidibną) - I, ti-i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (ttíikkidibną) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; i-ki-di-bnaⁿ (íkkidíbną) - mixed, mixed together

► Dhegiha: thi-i-kʰi-thi-bthoⁿ (thiíkʰithíbthoⁿ) - to mix together with the hands [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► i-ki-kda-hi (íkkikdáhi) - mixed

► cf. di-i-ki-kda-hi (diíkkikdáhi) - mix with the hands; i-ka-hi (íkahi) - mixed with, to mix ingredients

► Dhegiha: i-kʰi-gtha-hi (íkʰigtháhi) - to mix together [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ʰki-gtha-hi (í-ḳi-gtha-hi) - to mix, to mix together as beans and corn [FL-Osage]

 

► di-i-ki-kda-hi (diíkkikdáhi) - mix with the hands ► bdi-i-ki-kda-hi (bdíikkikdahi) - I, ti-i-ki-kda-hi (ttíikkikdahi) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; i-ki-kda-hi (íkkikdáhi) - mixed

► Dhegiha: i-kʰi-gtha-hi (íkʰigtháhi) - to mix together [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ʰki-gtha-hi (í-ḳi-gtha-hi) - to mix, to mix together as beans and corn [FL-Osage]

 

► i-ka-hi (íkahi) - mixed with, to mix ingredients ► i-da-ka-hi (idákahi) - I, i-da-ka-hi (ídakáhi) - you [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-bniⁿ-ke i-da-ka-hi (hǫbnį́ke idákahi) - I mixed it (bread) with beans [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-bniⁿ-ke i-ka-hi (hǫbnį́ke íkahi) - mixed with beans [JOD]

► ex: i-ka-hi-xti (ikahixti) - fully mixed with [JOD]

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-ze a-hoⁿ di-shiⁿ hoⁿ-bniⁿ-ke i-ka-hi (watʰą́ze áhǫ dišį́ hǫbnį́ke íkahi) - cornbread mixed with beans [JOD]

► ex: ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - sumac, lit. “mix with tobacco”

► ex: o-do-ka-hi (odokáhi) - to stir, to stir up, to paddle

► ex: pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River

► Dhegiha: i-ga-hi (ígahi) - to mix, stir up together, as pounded turnips and grease; to move back and forth, as a hoe in mixing mortar; to mix or mingle, as two liquids sometimes do; mixed: hence, together with [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-hi (ígahi) - blanch, mix [Omaha]; i-ga-hi (í-ga-hi) - the mixing of several ingredients [FL-Osage]; i-ga-hi (ígahi) - mix together, mixed with [Kaw]

 

together, next to one another

► o-ki-ba-taⁿ (okkíbattą) - together, next to one another

► cf. o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next; a-ba-taⁿ (ábattą) - push together, as firebrands when the ends next to the fire are burned

► ex: o-ki-ba-taⁿ kniⁿ (okkíbattą knį) - to sit on together

► ex: o-ki-ba-taⁿ-taⁿ (okkíbattą́ttą) - one after another, several in a row or series [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-kʰi-a-wa-tʰoⁿ (ukʰiáwatʰoⁿ) - one after another: said of but two objects [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-kʰi-a-wa-tʰoⁿ-tʰoⁿ (ukʰiáwatʰoⁿtʰóⁿ) - one after another; in succession; in an extended line or series [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰki-a ’toⁿ-toⁿ (u-ḳi-á ’toⁿ-toⁿ) - a series, consecutive, one following the other [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-wa-taⁿ (u-wá-taⁿ) - the next [JOD-Omaha]; u-wa-tʰoⁿ (uwátʰoⁿ) - next [Omaha/Ponca]; u-wa-ʰtoⁿ (u-wá-ṭoⁿ) - next in order or line; the next time, place or rank [FL-Osage]; o-txaⁿ (otxą́), o-kxaⁿ (okxą́) - next, following, the following one [CQ-Osage]; o-wa-khaⁿ (owákhaⁿ) - next of kin [Kaw]

 

together, place several objects together

► di-miⁿ-taⁿ (dimįtą́) - place several objects together ► bdi-miⁿ-taⁿ (bdímįtą) - I, ti-miⁿ-taⁿ (ttímįtą) - you

► cf. miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

 

together, push together

► a-ba-taⁿ (ábattą) - push together, as firebrands when the ends next to the fire are burned ► a-pa-taⁿ (áppattą) - I, a-shpa-taⁿ (ášpattą) - you, oⁿ-ka-pa-taⁿ-we (ǫkápattąwe) - we

► cf. a-ba-taⁿ-de da (ábattąde da) - push away! push it! [MS]; ba-taⁿ de-de (battą́ dedé) - push and send off [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-doⁿ (á-ba-doⁿ) - to freshen a fire by putting on wood [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: pa-doⁿ (padoⁿ), ba-doⁿ (badoⁿ) - push [Omaha]; ba-daⁿ (ba-dáⁿ) - to push or pole a boat along, i.e., by pushing with a pole or oar against the bank or bottom of a stream; to push a sled from behind [JOD-Omaha]; ba-doⁿ (ba-dóⁿ) - to push [FL-Osage]; ba-daⁿ (badáⁿ) - push, push away, push off, shove over [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-daⁿ the-the (ba-dáⁿ ¢é-¢ĕ) - to push off a boat, said of the act of one std. on the shore, not on the boat [JOD-Omaha]; ba-daⁿ ye-ye (badáⁿ yéye) - to push a boat off, said of one standing on the bank or shore [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-ʰpa-doⁿ (ḳi-p̣á-doⁿ) - to push oneself along as in a boat [FL-Osage]; ki-pa-daⁿ (kipádaⁿ) - push oneself along in a boat; push off one’s boat while sitting in it [Kaw]

 

together, sew two things together

► a-ki-pa-tʰe (ákkipatʰé) - sew two things together, sew across ► a-a-ki-pa-tʰe (áakkíppatʰe) - I, a-da-ki-shpa-tʰe (ádakkíšpatʰe) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-pa-tʰa-we (ǫkákkipatʰawe) - we

► cf. ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew; a-ba-tʰe (ábatʰe) - to sew on; ki-pa-tʰe (kippátʰe) - sew one’s own; o-ki-pa-tʰe (okkíppatʰe) - sewed together; wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha (wabátʰé óžiha) - sewing bag

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-pʰa-tʰe (ákʰipʰátʰe) - to sew across; to sew two things together [Omaha/Ponca]

 

together, sewed together

► o-ki-pa-tʰe (okkíppatʰe) - sewed together

► cf. ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew; a-ba-tʰe (ábatʰe) - to sew on; ki-pa-tʰe (kippátʰe) - sew one’s own; a-ki-pa-tʰe (ákkipatʰé) - sew two things together, sew across; wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha (wabátʰé óžiha) - sewing bag

► ex: o-ki-pa-tʰe (okkíppatʰe) - sewed together [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka ha o-ki-pa-tʰe zho-i-ka bdo-ka hi we-niⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ wažį́ka ha okkíppatʰe žoíka bdóka hi wénįtʰą́ ną iyá) - and then he clothed his entire body, sewing bird skins together, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-pa-te (u-kí-p͓a-tĕ) - to sew together [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-tse (ba-tsé) - to sew; sew with a needle [FL-Osage]; pa-tsʰe (paacʰé) - sew [CQ-Osage]; ba-che (baché) - sew [Kaw]

 

together, side by side, parrallel

► sa-ki-a (sákiá) - side by side [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti ki naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąpá sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► Dhegiha: sa-kʰi-ba (sakʰíba) - together, beside, parallel, both together [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-ki-ba (sa-kí-ba) - both together; beside; parallel with [JOD-Omaha]; sa-kʰi-ba (çá-ḳí-ba) - side by side, parallel [FL-Osage]; sa-ki-ba (sakíba), sa-ki-wa (ságiwa) - parallel, side by side, together [Kaw]

 

together, sit close together

► a-da-ska kniⁿ (ádaska knį́) - sit close together ► a-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (ábdaska aknį́) - I, a-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (áttaska daknį́) - you

► cf. a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick

► ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you

► ex: aⁿ-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (ą́ttaska daknį́) - you sit close to me

► ex: a-di-da-ska kniⁿ (ádidaska knį́) - he sits close to you

► Dhegiha: a-tha-ska-be (áthaskabe) - to stick to, to adhere to, as mucilage, (said of one object) [Omaha/Ponca]; a-tha-ska-be-the (áthaskábethe) - to cause to adhere; to seal [Omaha/Ponca]; we-a-tha-ska-ba-the (weatha çka bathe) - paste; glue; adhesive tape [Omaha]

 

together, sit together or with one another

► o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another

► cf. o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit [JOD]; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; and numerals in the teens; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay

► Dhegiha: u-gthiⁿ (ugthíⁿ) - sit in, to sit in something, seat, place to sit [Omaha/Ponca]; u-gthiⁿ (ugthiⁿ) - ride [Omaha]; u-gthiⁿ (ú-gthiⁿ) - to occupy a seat, to dwell in [FL-Osage]; o-liⁿ (olį́į) - live in or at, dwell in, inhabit, live within metaphorically, ride, ride in, sit in, occupy (a seat), be seated on, sit down on, take a seat on [CQ-Osage]; o-liⁿ (olíⁿ) - dwell, live in a place, sit in a place, stay in a place [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢íⁿ) - sit, dwell [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ), gliⁿ (glíⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside, continue [Kaw]

 

together, to live together in same tent

► ti-kde (ttikdé) - to live together in same tent; to set up housekeeping; village, collection of lodges ► ti-kda-wi (ttíkdawi) - they

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde shiⁿ wa-pa-xe naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde šį́ wappáγe ną) - the four women that live together, I made them fat [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną iyá) - rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ha-ki i-da-we, i-he (waxʔó tówa ttíkde hakí idáwe, ihé) - where have the four women that live together gone too, I say [JOD]

► ex: “wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ha-ki i-da-we,” i-ke (“waxʔó tówa ttíkde hakí idáwe,” iké) - “where have the four women that live together gone too?” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke (wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké) - very rich/with his/dwelt/the std. an. objects [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké ną, iyá) - and then they lived very prosperously together, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ti-kda-wi (ttíkdawi) - they dwelt in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the frenchman and his wife, the both of them kept house [JOD)]

► Dhegiha: ti-gthe (tígthe) - to live/dwell in a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gthe (tigthe) - home [Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsí-gthe) - to reside; to dwell; to set up and keep house [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-le (ʰcíle) - live, reside; make a home, set up a household, set up housekeeping; house, home, family [CQ-Osage]

 

together, with

► zho-kde (žokdé) - with, be with someone ► zho-a-kde (žoákde) - I, zho-da-kde (žódakde) - you

► ex: zho-wi-kde (žówikde) - I with you

► ex: zho-aⁿ-da-kde (žoą́dakde) - you with me

► ex: zho-di-kde (žódikde) - he or she with you

► ex: zho-kde (žókde) - with him [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti tʰe-ti zho-kde kʰi (kóišǫ́ttą ttí tʰettí žókde kʰí) - then he arrived at the lodge with him [JOD]

► ex: de naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ zho-kde de, i-ya (de ną maštį́ke nį žokdé de, iyá) - he departed, accompanied by the Rabbit, it is said [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį žókde étti hí ną) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhu-gthe (zhúgthe) - with: to be with him [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-gthe (zhúgthe) - companion [Omaha]; zho-gthe (zhó-gthe) - to accompany; to go with someone [FL-Osage]; zho-le (žóle) - marry, accompany, go with, come with, date, be in a courtship with (lit., ‘be with’); with (often glossed ‘and’ in English) [CQ-Osage]; zho-le (zhóle) - with, to be with [Kaw]

 

► zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - he with his own; with his; he with her, his own [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké ną, iyá) - and then they lived very prosperously together, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe zho-ki-kde naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ maštį́ke eką́ nįkʰé žókikde ną, iyá) - at that time Rabbit was with his grandmother, it is said [JOD]

► ex: zho-ki-kde kda-wi (žókikde kdáwi) - together, they went home [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ka zho-ki-kde ta-bde da-we (waxʔó nikká žókikde tábde dáwe) - a man went hunting with his woman/wife [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhu-gi-gthe (zhúgigthe) - with his or her own; to be or go with his or her own [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-kʰi-gthe (zhúkʰigthe) - to be or go with each other [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-ki-gthe (zhúkigthe) - to be or go by himself [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-ki-gthe (zhukigthe) - unite [Omaha]; zhu-ʰki-gthe (zhu-ḳi-gthe) - together [FL-Osage]; zhu-gi-gthe (zhu-gi-gthe) - with his [FL-Osage]; zho-ʰki-le (žóʰkile) - be with each other [CQ-Osage]; zho-ki-le (žókile) - be with one’s own people [CQ-Osage]

 

► zho-wa-ki-kde (žówakíkde) - to be or go with them, one’s friends or family

► ex: zho-wa-ki-kde (žówakíkde) - she with them, her own [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then the old woman married him, she took her children along with her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhu-wa-gi-gthe (zhúwagígthe) - to be or go with them, his friends or kindred [Omaha/Ponca]

 

toilet

► o-te-zhe ti (otéže tti) - toilet, compiled from Dhegiha cognates

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; te-zhe (téže) - urinate; ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► Dhegiha: u-ne-zhe ti (unézhe ti) - toilet; outdoor toilet [Omaha]; o-tse-zhe ʰtsi (océžeʰci) - bathroom, toilet room, john, water closet (w.c.), outhouse [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ne-zhe (nezhe) - urinate [Omaha]; ne-zhe (néje) - to urinate; urine [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-zhe (ṭsé-zhe) - to urinate [FL-Osage]; tse-zhe (céže) - urinate [CQ-Osage]; je-zhe (jézhe) - urinate [Kaw]

 

► o-zhe ti (ožé tti) - toilet, compiled from Dhegiha cognates

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; zhe (že) - to have a bowel movement; ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► Dhegiha: u-zhe ti (uzhe ti) - latrine; outdoor toilet [Omaha]; o-zhe ʰtsi (ožéʰci) - bathroom, toilet room, john, w.c., outhouse [CQ-Osage]; o-zhe tsi (ozhéci) - toilet [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhe (zhe) - bowel movement, excrement, to have a bowel movement [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe (žé) - defecate, have a bowl movement, be excreted, ooze, be emitted, excrete, emit [CQ-Osage]; zhe (zhe) - to have a bowel movement [Kaw]

 

toilet paper

► ni-te ka-zhi (nítte káži), ni-te ga-zhi (nítte gáži) - toilet paper

► cf. ni-te (nítte), niⁿ-te (nį́tte) - buttocks, rear [MS, OM]

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-de (nínde) - rump, hams [JOD-Omaha]; ni-dse (ní-dse) - haunch; body; the lower part of the back; the hips; rump [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-di (gadí) - to wipe after stooling (by scraping with a stick or corn cob); to scrape off, as snow, with a hoe or ax; to paw away the snow, as horses do [Omaha/Ponca]; ka-tsi (kaací) - wipe (any surface), raking, or shoveling; wipe clean (after using the toilet)

 

tomahawk pipe

► iⁿ-spe ta-ni-ba (mǐspǐ na nǐ bŭ) - tomahawk, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► cf. iⁿ-spe (į́spe) - axe; ta-ni-pa (taníba) - pipe

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-ni-a-ba (naⁿ níaba) - tomahawk, ax [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze pe (moⁿçe pe) - ax [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ spe (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çpe) - ax [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (mą́ąhįspe) - axe [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (máⁿhiⁿspe) - axe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ni-ba (niníba) - pipe [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba) - a pipe [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-niⁿ-oⁿ-pa (nąnį́ǫpa) - pipe, smoke [CQ-Osage]; na-noⁿ-ba (nanóⁿba), naⁿ-noⁿ-ba (naⁿnóⁿba), noⁿ-noⁿ-ba (nóⁿnoⁿba), na-nu-oⁿ-ba (nánuóⁿba), noⁿ-nu-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿnuóⁿba) - pipe [Kaw]

 

tomahawk, hatchet

► iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet, tomahawk [MS]

► iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet

► iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (mĭspeh jinkah) - war club, head broker (casse tête) [GI]

► cf. iⁿ-spe (į́spe) - axe; zhi-ka (žíka) - little, small

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze pe zhiⁿ-ga (moⁿçe pe zhiⁿga) - hatchet, tomahawk [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ spe zhiⁿ-ga (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çpe zhiⁿ-ga) - tomahawk [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe zhiⁿ (mą́ąhįspežį) - hatchet [CQ-Osage]

 

tomato

► ma-kaⁿ zhi-te (makką́ žítte) - tomato [MS, OM]

► cf. ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine; zhi-te (žítte) - red

► Dhegha: wa-zhi-de (wazhide) - tomato; tomato ketchup [Omaha]; ʰkaⁿ-tse zhu-tse (ʰką́ące žúuce), ʰkaⁿ-tse zhu-e (ʰką́ące žúe) - tomato [CQ-Osage]

 

tomorrow

► ka-sa-ni (kasáni), ka-saⁿ-niⁿ (kasą́nį) - tomorrow

► ka-saⁿ-niⁿ (kasą́nį), ka-sa-ni (kasáni) - tomorrow [MS, AG, OM]

► cf. saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; ka-sa-ni-a-ti (kásaniáti) - morning; ka-saⁿ-ti (kásąttí), ka-soⁿ-te (kasǫ́tte) - this morning; ka-soⁿ-ti (kasǫ́ttí) - morning, in the morning [AG]; ka-siⁿ-a-tʰi (kasį́átʰi) - morning, in the morning [MS]; e-ka-sa-ni (ékasáni), a-ka-sa-ni (ákasáni), e-ka-sa-ni-taⁿ (ékasánittą)  - next morning

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I’ll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: wi-e mo-sh[i]o-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móš[i]okki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow) [AG]

► Dhegiha: ga-sa-ni (gasáni) - tomorrow [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (gaçoⁿ thiⁿ) - tomorrow [Omaha]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ), ga-soⁿ-thiⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-thiⁿ) - the morrow; dawn of another day [FL-Osage]; ga-soⁿ-iⁿ-doⁿ (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ doⁿ), ga-soⁿ-iⁿ-do (ga-çóⁿ-iⁿ do) - to-morrow [FL-Osage]; ka-siⁿ (kaasį́), ka-siⁿ-e (kaasį́e), ka-siⁿ-ta (kaasį́ta) - tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ (gasíⁿ), ga-si-da (gasída), ga-si-daⁿ (gasídaⁿ), ga-siⁿ-daⁿ (gasíⁿdaⁿ) - tomorrow [Kaw]

 

tomorrow, day after tomorrow

 ► ka-sa-ni ko-ti te-ta (kasáni kkottí ttettá) - day after tomorrow

► cf. ka-sa-ni (kasáni), ka-saⁿ-niⁿ (kasą́nį) - tomorrow; ko-ti te-ta (kottí ttettá) - beyond; ko-ti (kótti) - further away; si-o-ti ko-ti te-ta (siótti kkottí ttettá) - the day before yesterday

► Dhegiha: ka-siⁿ ko-ta-ha tse (kaasį́ kootáha ce), ka-siⁿ ko-ta-ha (kaasį́ kootáha) - day after tomorrow [CQ-Osage]; ga-siⁿ go-da-ha (gasíⁿ gódaha) - day after tomorrow [Kaw]

 

tongue

► de-ze (déze) - tongue

► de-ze (déze) - tongue [MS]

► de-ze (deh-zeh) - tongue (langue) [GI]

► de-ze (dése) - tongue [ASG]

► ex: te de-ze (ttedéze), te de-se (ttedése) - buffalo tongue

► ex: de-ze ba-xe (déze báxe) - woodpecker

► ex: de-ze o-zhi-ka (déze ožíka) - pharynx

► Dhegiha: the-ze (théze) - a tongue [Omaha/Ponca]; the-ze (théçe) - a tongue [Omaha]; the-ze (thé-çe) - tongue [FL-Osage]; the-ze (ðéeze) - tongue [CQ-Osage]; ye-ze (yéze) - tongue [Kaw]

 

tongue, buffalo tongue

► te de-ze (ttedéze), te de-se (ttedése) - buffalo tongue

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; de-ze (déze) - tongue

► Dhegiha: te the-ze (tethéze) - an animal’s tongue; buffalo tongue [Omaha/Ponca]; te the-ze (te theçe) - buffalo tongue [Omaha]; ʰtse the-ze (ṭse-thé-çe) - buffalo tongue, sliced. smoked, and dried [FL-Osage]

 

tonight

► haⁿ-de (hą́de) - tonight

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; de (de) - this

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-the (hoⁿthé) - tonight, this night [Omaha/Ponca]; haⁿ the (hą́ą ðe) - tonight [CQ-Osage]

 

Tonkawa Indian

► taⁿ-ka-wa (tañ́kawă) - Kwapa name for the Tonkaway (Tonkawa) Indians [JOD]

► taⁿ-ka-wa (tonkáwa) - Tonkawa (said to eat their children) [ASG]

► taⁿ-ka-wa-we (tonkawáwe) - plural Tonkawa [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka tha-te (nikathate) - Tonkawa Tribe [Omaha]; wa-tha-hni (wa-thá-hni) - Tonkawa Tribe, a devourer, swallower [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-ni (waðánii) - Tonkawa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]

 

too much, too high a price

► wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - too much, too high a price; difficult

► cf. o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi zhi-ka (hą́ba wattéxi žíka) - Saturday, “little Sunday”; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, two Sundays

► ex: mi te-xi (mi ttéxi) - young girl (difficult, precious, or sacred female) [OM]

► ex: e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - The Only Precious, Difficult One, female personal name [OM)]

► ex: haⁿ-ka mi te-xi (hą́ka mi ttéxi) - Difficult or Precious Female Haⁿ-ka, female personal name [FR]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ mi te-xi (wa-jiⁿ́ mi té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Bird Female Difficult to be won or captured [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]; wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-xi (tʰéqi) - difficult, hard to do or bear; unreasonable; hard to get along with; expensive, dear, precious [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-xi (ṭse-xi) - hardship, dangers; sacred [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-xi (ʰcéxi) - sacred, precious, difficult [CQ-Osage]

 

too

► i-niⁿ-ha (inįhá) - too [JOD]

► ex: wa-kde sa i-niⁿ-ha a-kde pa naⁿ (wákde sá inįhá ákde pa ną́) - they wore (a) black feather on the head too [JOD]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-ze-ska a-kaⁿ-ta i-niⁿ-ha wa-di-ski-ta maⁿ-ze shto-zha o-ki-ba-taⁿ e-ti-zhi pa naⁿ (ettí mązéska ákątta inįhá wádiskittá mązé štóža okkíbattą ettíži ppa ną) - sliver armlets and silver crescent bracelets, they put them on in rows, one after another [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe i-niⁿ-ha aⁿ-da-kdi-ze taⁿ ta-xaⁿ-da-ki-de taⁿ aⁿ-da-ki-k’iⁿ da-kde te, i-ke naⁿ (ppahí nįkʰé inįhá ądákdizé tą táxądákidé tą ądákikʔį dakdé tte, iké ną) - you take my head and you barbecue it (for me), you carry/pack it (for me) when you go home, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ, “aⁿ-t’e taⁿ, si pa-hi naⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha ta-x[e]-aⁿ-ki-da ni-he,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye kʰe naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą, ątʔé tą, sí ppahí nąpé inįhá táx[e]ąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye kʰe ną) - then, “when I die, barbecue may feet, head, and hands,” he said to me as he lay [JOD]

 

too, also, and

► ta (ttá) - also, too, and, postposed to noun or pronoun

 

too, both, also

► naⁿ-pa (ną́pa) - both, also, too

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too, also, too

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - Rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and one female, two remained after the striking down of the others, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

too, both, also, that one too

► e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too, also, too

► cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, aforementioned; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa) - both, also, too; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the frenchman and his wife, the both of them kept house [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa (mikká maštį́ke enąpá) - raccoon and rabbit, the both of them [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa (níkka šémižíka enąpá) - both the man and little girl [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka niⁿ-kʰe she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kda-we, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka nįkʰé šémižíka enąpá kdáwe, iyáwe) - then both the man and little girl started homeward, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka she-mi-zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kde pa, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka šémižíka enąpá kde pá, iyáwe) - then both the man and little girl were going homeward, they say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa (hǫ́, wítteke wittími énąpá) - yes, my mother’s brother and also my father’s sister (addressing Winter and his wife) [JOD]

► ex: di-e-hoⁿ e-ti-koⁿ i-ha pa-zhiⁿ-zhe e-naⁿ-pa o-do-ki-di-shpa-shpa-zhi koⁿ iⁿ (díehǫ ettikǫ́ íha ppažį́že eną́p͓a odókkidíšpašpaží kǫ́ į) - you too/that way/mouth/nose/it too/you (are) split in many places/so (=like)/period [JOD]

► ex: e-naⁿ-pa (énąpá) - she too [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa, (hǫ́, wítteke wittími énąpá,) - yes, uncle (my mother’s brother) and aunt (my father’s sister), her also, [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-ba (éthoⁿba) - also, too: refers to two objects, and to no more [Omaha/Ponca]; e-thoⁿ-pa (é-thoⁿ-ba) - and; he also; of the two divisions [FL-Osage]; e-thoⁿ-pa (éeðǫǫpa) - group including just mentioned individual(s) (can sometimes be translated as’ both’, ‘all’, ‘and another’, ‘and others’, or as ‘and I’ when followed by a verb with 1^st pl. inflection) [CQ-Osage]; e-yoⁿ-ba (éyoⁿba) - both, too, also; and (used with nouns) [Kaw]

 

too, exceedingly, much, very, often, always

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much, very; often, always

► ex: zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (žókkatte áttaha) - to have a severe fever

► ex: zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (žókkatte áttaha) - body hot (=fever)/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-di-bnaⁿ taⁿ, “ho-hoo! xwiⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ye (kóišǫ́ttą odíbną tą, “hohoó xwį́ attahá,” iyé) - then when he sniffed, he said, Why! That smells really bad! [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha (níkkašíka bną́ attahá) - sure enough smells like a human being [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha,” i-ya taⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ i-ya-we (“níkkašíka bną́ attahá,” iyá tą ppá ódibną́ ną ką́-nįkʰé ną iyáwe) - as he sat awhile, he sniffed around with his nose, he said, “sure enough smells like a human being”, they say [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ ataha) - I felt an extreme urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (níkka šʔaké tʰą tta tʔéde attahá) - the old man killed many deer [JOD]

► ex: i-ye a-ta-ha naⁿ (iyĕ átahá naⁿ) - he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: o! ka-tʰaⁿ wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi hi e-de, i-ye a-ta-ha (o! kátʰą wažį́ dédaži hi edé, íye attahá) - pshaw! I have sure enough lost my patience with him, he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: ki-ho-taⁿ a-ta-ha-zhi (kíhottą áttaháži) - dislike something intensely

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha (ąsísi attahá) - me very active [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active and I’m very sickly [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - active/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha, i-ya (maštį́ke nį sisí áttaha, iyá) - the Rabbit was very active, it is said [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha e-naⁿ,” i-niⁿ-aⁿ i-ya sni-wa-te (“níkkašíka nį sisí áttaha éną,” ínįą́ iyá sniwátte) - “that person is extremely active!” thought Winter, it is said [JOD]

► ex: a-ta-ha-we (attaháwe) - altogether (plural) [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-ta-xo-we a-ta-ha-we,” i-yi (“į́ttaxowe attaháwe,” iyí) - he said, “you’all told a great lie” (JOD)]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha-wi (nąppéhi attaháwi) - they were very hungry [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa-xti (átʰaqti) - very much more than; far beyond [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-doⁿ a-tʰa (údoⁿ átʰa) - more than good, better [JOD-Omaha]; a-tʰa-ta (átʰata) - in succession, one beyond another [Omaha/Ponca]

 

► a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too, great, exceeding; often, always [JOD];

► cf. xti (xti) - very, real, fully; a-ta-pa-xti (áttappaxtí) - off and on, at regular intervals

► ex: a-ta-pa-xti (áttappáxti) - altogether [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka ho-taⁿ a-ta-pa-xti kaⁿ-iⁿ tʰe ki-de (mižiká hóttą áttappaxti ką́į tʰé kidé) - so she was dressed as a very pretty girl [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰa (átʰa) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-doⁿ a-tʰa (údoⁿ átʰa) - more than good, better [JOD-Omaha]; a-tʰa-ta (átʰata) - in succession, one beyond another [Omaha/Ponca]; a-tʰa-xti (átʰaqti) - very much more than; far beyond [Omaha/Ponca]

 

too, he too, she too, it too

► e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

► cf. wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me; di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too

► ex: o-te niⁿ, i-ya-we, e-hoⁿ i-de, i-ya-we (otté nį, iyáwe, ehǫ́ íde, iyáwe) - he was looking for it, they said, he found/saw it too, they said [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-hoⁿ o-pʰe naⁿ (maštį́ke ehǫ́ opʰé ną) - rabbit/he too/entered/past sign [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka ke o-pʰa-we di-xa-zhi íha tʰe, e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-hoⁿ o-pʰe naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ níkkašíka ke opʰáwe dixáži íha tʰe, ešǫ́ maštį́ke ehǫ́ opʰé ną, iyá) - then the people entered the Hill’s mouth, and Rabbit entered too, it is said [JOD]

 

too, me too

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ́), wi-e-haⁿ (wiehą́) - I too, me too [JOD]

► wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - me too [OM]

► cf. di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

► ex: wi-e-haⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ hi-we (wiehaⁿ́ ą́nį-hiwé) - they took me there also [JOD]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ t’e-aⁿ-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde i-ye tʰaⁿ i-ya (wíehǫ tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde iyé tʰą iyá) - he said, “me too, they killed me, I dreamed that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wi-e-hoⁿ, wi-zhiⁿ-de naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi aⁿ-maⁿ taⁿ-ha he-be a-ki-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wíehǫ, wižį́de ną́ppeą́hi ąmą́ tą́ha hébe akíkʔį kkǫbdá,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “my elder brother, I too want to carry my own piece because I have been hungry,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ iⁿ-kaⁿ wa-shiⁿ ni-ke hi taⁿ-ha e-koⁿ a-ki a-tʰi a-ni-he,” i-we-ke, i-ya (wíehǫ įkką́ wašį́ niké hi tą́ha ekǫ́ áki átʰi ánihé,” iwéke, iyá) - as for me, my grandmother does not have any fat meat at all, because of that I came here to get it for her,” he said to them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► Dhegiha: wi-shti (wíshti) - I too; me too [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-shki (wí-shki), wi-shti (wí-shti) - I also [FL-Osage]; wi-shki (wiškí) - me too, I too [CQ-Osage]; wi-shke (wishké), wi-shki (wishkí) - me, too; I, too [Kaw]

 

too, very

► taⁿ-da (ttą́da) - very, too

 

too, you too

► di-e-hoⁿ (díehǫ) - you too

► cf. wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me; e-hoⁿ (ehǫ́) - it, he, she, too

► ex: di-e-hoⁿ e-ti-koⁿ i-ha pa-zhiⁿ-zhe e-naⁿ-pa o-do-ki-di-shpa-shpa-zhi koⁿ iⁿ (díehǫ ettikǫ́ íha ppažį́že eną́p͓a odókkidíšpašpaží kǫ́ į) - you too/that way/mouth/nose/it too/you (are) split in many places/so (=like)/period [JOD]

 

tool, dull a tool

► di-to-ke (dittóke) - dull, blunt a tool ► bdi-to-ke (bdíttoke) - I, ti-to-ke (ttíttoke) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; bi-to-ke (bittóke) - wear away by rubbing or file; ba-to-ke (battóke) - wear away, wear out; da-to-ke (dattóke) - dull, wear the teeth, blunt; ka-to-ke (kattóke) - wear down by striking, to dull; naⁿ-to-ke (nąttóke) - wear down by walking, as shoes; pa-to-ke (páttoke) - wear away a knife blade; po-to-ke (póttoke) - dull by punching, as a spear

 

► ka-be-shiⁿ (kabéšį) - dull a tool trying to sharpen it

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; be-shiⁿ (béšį) - curved, flared; di-be-shiⁿ (dibešį́) - bend something backwards

► Dhegiha: be-shiⁿ (bé-shiⁿ) - the shape of a china cup which flares at the top [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: yu-be-shiⁿ (yubéshiⁿ) - bend something slightly, turn or roll something upwards [Kaw]

 

tooth, pull a tooth

► hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth

► cf. hi (hi) - teeth, tooth; di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tooth [Omaha]; hi (hi) - a tooth; teeth [JOD-Omaha]; hi (hi) - tooth ot teeth [FL-Osage]; hi (híi) - tooth, teeth [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

 

tooth, teeth

► hi (hi) - tooth

► hi (hi) - teeth [MS, OM]

► hi (hi˙) - tooth, teeth [FS]

► hi (hî́) - teeth, tooth [ASG]

► ex: ta hi (ttahí) - deer’s teeth

► ex: hi o-ta-ho-kde (hí ottahokdé) - canine teeth

► ex: hi o-ta-ho-kde o-ba-taⁿ (hí ottahokdé obáttą) - bicuspid teeth

► ex: hi o-taⁿ-ka (hí ottą́ka) - teeth, molars

► ex: hi pe-shte (hi ppéšte) - teeth, incisors

► ex: hi pe-shte-te (hi ppéštette) - incisors

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - a tooth, teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tooth [Omaha]; hi (hi) - tooth or teeth [FL-Osage]; hi (híi) - tooth, teeth [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Kaw]

 

toothache, have a toothache

► hi iⁿ-te (hi įté) - toothache, have a toothache ► hi aⁿ-te (hi ąté) - I, hi di-iⁿ-te (hi díįté) - you, hi waⁿ-te-a-we (hi wą́[t]teáwe) - we

► cf. hi (hi) - tooth; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, to have a pain

 

toothpick

► hi-ka-sho-ko-bo-te (híkašókobotte), hi-ga-sho-go-bo-te (hígašógobotte) - tooth pick

► Dhegiha: hi-u-ga-sha-ge i-ba-gu-de (hiúgasháge íbagúde) - a toothpick [Omaha/Ponca]; hi u-ga-sha-ge i-ba ku-de (hi ugashage iba kude) - toothpick [Omaha]; hiu-ga-sha-ge i-ba-gu-dse (hiú-ga-sha-ge i-ba-gu-dse) - a toothpick [FL-Osage]; hi o-ga-sha-ge i-ba-go-je (hí ogashage íbagòje) - toothpick [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hi-u-ga-sha-ge (hiúgasháge) - any thing which gets between the teeth, as particles of food [Omaha/Ponca]; hiu-ga-sha-ge (hiú-ga-sha-ge) - particles of food that lodge between the teeth while eating [FL-Osage]; hi o-ga-sha-ge (hí ógashàge) - particles between the teeth, as food [Kaw]

 

top heavy

► po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at ► po-a-shoⁿ-da-da (poášǫdadá) - I, po-da-shoⁿ-da-da (pódašǫdadá) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing, punching; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened in its socket, as a fence post ot a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - limber [Omaha]

 

► ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning, said of a fire, not a personal act

► cf. ta (tá-) - by extreme temperature; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened in its socket, as a fence post ot a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - limber [Omaha]

 

top or crown of head

► ta-xpi (ttaxpí) - top or crown of head

► cf. ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head

► ex: ta-xpi niⁿ-kʰe (ttaxpí-nįkʰe) - the top of the head

► Dhegiha: ta-xpi (taqpí) - top of the head, crown [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xpi (taxpí) - top of the head [Omaha]; ʰta-xpi (ṭa-xpí) - crown of the head FL-Osage]; ta-xpu (taxpú) - crown of the head, top of the head [Kaw]

 

top, hill with pointed peak or top

► a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak

► pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top

► pa-si-kde (pásikdé) - point of land [JOD]

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River; ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - garfish

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ ʰpa-si (á-thiⁿ p̣a-çi) - summit, top of a hill, the summit of a hill, hill top [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ pa-su (áyiⁿ pasú) - headland [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree-top, tongue-tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (paçi) - tip; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a poll [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (p̣á-çu) - tip of nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil”, corner of a room, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) - dwellers-upon-the-hill-top, when the river (Mississippi) overflowed its banks, a group of Osage Indians fled from their village and sought the high hills and there established a camp, they were known by the name of ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) and settled in Grayhorse [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su o-liⁿ (ʰpasú olį́į), ʰpa-si-o-liⁿ (ʰpasiólįį), ʰpa-su-liⁿ (ʰpasúlį), ʰpa-so-liⁿ (ʰpasólįį) - living on the end, dwelling on the cliffs, Fairfax or Grayhorse group of Osages, lit., “living on the end”, referring to the west end of the allotment [CQ-Osage]

 

top, on top of

► a-shi (áši) - over, on top of, on, over

► a-shi (áši) - on, over [AG]

► ex: a-ni a-shi (áni áši) - up on a hill [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ni a-shi tʰaⁿ, i-bniⁿ-aⁿ (šǫ́keaknį áni áši tʰą́, íbnįą́) - I think the horse is standing on the hill

► ex: iⁿ a-shi (į áši) - on the stone

► ex: ni a-shi (ni áši) - on the water

► ex: ni kʰe a-shi de kʰe (ní kʰe áši de kʰé) - the water goes (flows) over (ice formed earlier)

► ex: a-shi-niⁿ (ášinį) - coat, “to wear or put on top of, wear over”

► ex: a-shi a-kde (aši akde) - to set an object on top of something else

► ex: ni kʰe a-shi de kʰe (ní kʰe áši de kʰé) - the water goes (flows) over (ice formed earlier),

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tta mįkʰé) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-ki-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši ákikną tʰą) - he is putting his hat on the table

► ex: a-shi ki-knaⁿ (áši kikną́) - pull up out of; pull something out of water, mud, a hole, etc.

 

top, round topped hill

► a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna-ha (zhnahá) - smooth, slippery [Omaha/Ponca]; shna-ha (shnáha) - slippery, smooth [Omaha]; shta-ha (shtá-ha) - slick, smooth [FL-Osage]; shta-ha (štáha), shta (štá) - shiny and smooth as a lake surface, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta-ha (shtahá), (shtáha) - smooth, slippery, slick [Kaw]

 

► a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna-ha (zhnahá) - smooth, slippery [Omaha/Ponca]; shna-ha (shnáha) - slippery, smooth [Omaha]; shta-ha (shtá-ha) - slick, smooth [FL-Osage]; shta-ha (štáha), shta (štá) - shiny and smooth as a lake surface, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta-ha (shtahá), (shtáha) - smooth, slippery, slick [Kaw]

 

top, tip

► i-ta-xe (įttáγe) - tip, top, point

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe (hą́ba ittáγe) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of whitish daylight”

► Dhegiha: i-tʰa-xe (itʰáxe) - tip, point, end [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ta-xe (itaxe) - tip [Omaha]; i-ʰta-xe (i-ṭá-xe) - the tip or top of an object [FL-Osage]; i-ʰta-xe (iʰtáɣe) - tip [CQ-Osage]; i-ta-ghe (itághe) - tip [Kaw]

 

► pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill

► ex: a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak

► ex: ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish

► ex: ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples

► ex: pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose

► ex: pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - point of land; hill with pointed peak or top

► ex: pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si to-te wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (wažį́ka ppási tótte waną́ʔį) - bird’s beak necklace

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree-top, tongue-tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (paçi) - tip; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí), ʰpa-su (p̣á-çu) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a poll; tip of nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil”, corner of a room, etc. [Kaw]

 

topple

► di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip ► bdi-xa-da (bdíxada) - I, ti-xa-da (ttíxada) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down; naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot; po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down; ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base

 

► naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot ► a-naⁿ-xa-da (aną́xada) - I, da-naⁿ-xa-da (daną́xada) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip; ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down; po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple; ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down; ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base

 

► po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple ► po-a-xa-da (póaxadá) - I, po-da-xa-da (pódaxáda) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing, punching; bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip; ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down; naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot; ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down; ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base

 

► ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base; bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip; ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down; naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot; po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple

 

► ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base ► ta-xa-da a-de (táxada adé) - I, ta-xa-da da-de (táxada dade) - you

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down; de (de) - cause to, to cause; bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip; ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down; naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot; po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple

 

tortoise, tiny species of water tortoise

► ke zhaⁿ-xa (kke žąxa) - turtle, tiny species of water tortoise; Quapaws will not allow anyone to lift it by the tail, lest there be a flood

 

touch or feel something

► di-taⁿ (dittą́) - feel, touch something ► bdi-taⁿ (bdíttą) - I, ti-taⁿ (ttíttą) - you

► cf. di-taⁿ-taⁿ (dittą́ttą) - feel one's way, grope around; di-taⁿ-kde (dittą́kde) - touch to attract attention

► Dhegiha: thi-tʰoⁿ (thitʰóⁿ) - to touch, to feel [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ʰtoⁿ (thi-ṭóⁿ) - to touch, as feeling, to touch with the hand, to feel [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰtaⁿ (ðiiʰtą́) - handle, knead, work something with the hand, grasp, touch with the hand, feel someone or something [CQ-Osage]; yu-taⁿ (yutáⁿ) - touch, feel with the hands, treat, palpate, work on with the hands, to work at or on any object, as a doctor does in treating a wound, etc. [Kaw]

 

touch or tap to gain attention

► o-tʰiⁿ-kde (otʰį́kde) - touch, tap to gain attention ► o-a-tʰiⁿ-a-kde (oátʰįákde) - I, o-da-tʰiⁿ-da-kde (odátʰįdákde) - you

► cf. o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit; o-tʰiⁿ-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́tʰį) - pat; o-ki-tʰiⁿ (okítʰį) - strike on behalf of someone else; o-ki-tʰiⁿ (okítʰį) - strike one’s own; i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something; naⁿ-pe bda-ska i-tʰiⁿ (nąpé bdaská itʰį́) - slap; i-ki-tʰiⁿ (íkitʰį) - hit one’s own; iⁿ-tʰiⁿ (į́tʰį) - stick, club [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-tiⁿ (utiⁿ́) -beat, hit, spank, strike, club, a blow [Omaha]; u-tsiⁿ (ú-tsiⁿ) - to maul, to beat, to pound, to strike, to give a drubbing, to thrash [FL-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ocʰí) - whip strongly, beat up, spank or get someone, drup, thrash [CQ-Osage]; o-tsʰiⁿ (ócʰį) - hit or beat things, such as a drum [CQ-Osage]; o-chiⁿ (ochíⁿ) - hit [Kaw]

 

touch to attract attention

► di-taⁿ-kde (dittą́kde) - touch to attract attention ► bdi-taⁿ-a-kde (bdíttąákde) - I, ti-taⁿ-da-kde (ttíttądákde) - you

► cf. di-taⁿ (dittą́) - feel, touch something

► Dhegiha: thi-tʰoⁿ (thitʰóⁿ) - to touch, to feel [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ʰtoⁿ (thi-ṭóⁿ) - to touch, as feeling, to touch with the hand, to feel [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰtaⁿ (ðiiʰtą́) - handle, knead, work something with the hand, grasp, touch with the hand, feel someone or something [CQ-Osage]; yu-taⁿ (yutáⁿ) - touch, feel with the hands, treat, palpate, work on with the hands, to work at or on any object, as a doctor does in treating a wound, etc. [Kaw]

 

touch, put two objects so their ends/edges touch

► a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting (curvilinear--JOD) objects so their edges touch ► a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-a-de (ákkikną iną́ade) - I, a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-da-de (ákkikną iną́dade) - you

► cf. knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set or put; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put upon a surface; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set or put one’s own; o-ki-knaⁿ (okíkną) - put sg/si/in into or beneath, as putting in the belt, etc; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; stode knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate or cloth/paper

► Dhegiha: a-gi-gthaⁿ (á-gi-g¢aⁿ) - to place his own cv. ob., book, paper, piece of calico, etc., on something else; to apply his medicine externally, as a plaster or poultice [JOD-Omaha]; a-gu-laⁿ (águlaⁿ) - set one’s object upon; set one’s cloth, paper, book, etc., on a surface; set a squat object on a surface for someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-thaⁿ-the (i¢aⁿ¢ĕ) - to put down [JOD-Omaha]; i-thoⁿ-the (i-thóⁿ-the) - to put something away that is round [FL-Osage]; i-yaⁿ-ye (iyáⁿye) - put, place a sitting/inanimate object anywhere [Kaw]

 

► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéade) - I, a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikkíkde itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-ʰki-gthe (áḳiḳigthe) to join two boards or poles [FL-Osage]; a-ki-ki-le (akíkile) - stacked on top of each other; joined at the ends making a joint, as two boards [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-da-de (ákkikkíkde ihédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-ʰki-gthe (áḳiḳigthe) to join two boards or poles [FL-Osage]; a-ki-ki-le (akíkile) - stacked on top of each other; joined at the ends making a joint, as two boards [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (i-hé-¢ĕ) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

 

► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikdáska itʰéade) - I, a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikdáska itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

tousle, ruffle

► di-hiⁿ-xte (dihįxté) - tousle, ruffle ► bdi-hiⁿ-xte (bdíhįxte) - I, ti-hiⁿ-xte (ttíhįxte) - you

 

tough

► sa-ki (sakí) - hard, firm

► ex: di-sa-ki (disáki) - hard, moulded with hands

► ex: o-we sa-ki (owé sakí) - [MS, JOD] - dried corn

► Dhegiha: sa-gi (sagí) - firm, hard, hard as sweet corn before it is boiled, tight, fast, difficult to untie or loosen [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-gi (çági) - solid, durable, hard, firm, tough [Omaha]; sa-gi (çá-gi) - firm, solid, durable, hard, lasting, tough, tough meat, strong, inflexible, not easily bent, to fasten firmly [FL-Osage]; sa-ki (saakí) - tight, tightly, firm, solid, hard, strong, muscular, difficult, hard to do things with [CQ-Osage]; sa-gi (sagí) - hard, firm, tight, tough, strong, muscular [Kaw]

 

► si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm

► si-ze (síse), si-ze hi (sísehi) - hard [ASG]

► ex: i-ye si-ze ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate

► ex: ti-zhe i-si-ze knaⁿ (ttižé isíze kną) - lock, lit. “holds door firm”

► Dhegiha: thi-si-ze (¢isízĕ) - to grasp an object tightly once [JOD-Omaha]

 

► wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - too much, too high a price; difficult

► ex: haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi zhi-ka (hą́ba wattéxi žíka) - Saturday, “little Sunday”

► ex: haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday

► ex: haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, two Sundays

► ex: o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

► ex: mi te-xi (mi ttéxi) - young girl (difficult, precious, or sacred female) [OM]

► ex: e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - The Only Precious, Difficult One, female personal name [OM)]

► ex: haⁿ-ka mi te-xi (hą́ka mi ttéxi) - Difficult or Precious Female Haⁿ-ka, female personal name [FR]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ mi te-xi (wa-jiⁿ́ mi té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Bird Female Difficult to be won or captured [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]; wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-xi (tʰéqi) - difficult, hard to do or bear; unreasonable; hard to get along with; expensive, dear, precious [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-xi (ṭse-xi) - hardship, dangers; sacred [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-xi (ʰcéxi) - sacred, precious, difficult [CQ-Osage]

 

toward north

► o-sni-hi-tta (osníhitta) - north, toward north [ASG]

► cf. o-sni (osní) - cold, north, northwind; hi (hi) - very; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► Dhegiha: u-sni (úçni) - cold [Omaha]; u-sni (u-s͓ní) - cold, cool [JOD-Omaha]; u-hni (u-hní) - shade, cool [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

 

toward spring

► pe-ta-de (pettáde) - towards spring [FR, OM]

► pe-ta-de (péttadé) - spring [ASG]

► cf. pe-ta-ti (péttatti) - in the spring [JOD]; pe (pe) - summer; spring [ASG]

► Dhegiha: me (me) - spring, the spring of the year [Omaha/Ponca]; be (be) - spring of the year [FL-Osage]; pe (pée) - springtime, spring [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: me-daⁿ (me-dáⁿ) - spring time, in the spring; during the spring [JOD-Omaha]; be-doⁿ (be doⁿ) - in the spring [FL-Osage]; pe-taⁿ (pée tą) - in the spring, in springtime, when it is spring [CQ-Osage]

 

toward, facing at right angles toward the wind

► ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind

► cf. ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind; kda-kaⁿ (kdákką), kda-kʰaⁿ (kdákʰą) - crosswise, across; ta-ti-ok-kda-kʰaⁿ (ttáttiókdakʰą́) - across the wind, as when a boat tacks;

o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards

► Dhegiha: ta-de gtha-kʰoⁿ (tadé gthákʰoⁿ) - across wind, across the wind, perpendicular to the wind direction [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-de gtha-kaⁿ (t͓a-dé g¢á-kaⁿ) - across the way that the wind blows [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xthe (ú-ga-q¢e) - to be facing a certain direction [JOD-Omaha]; o-ka-le (okále) - face a certain direction [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xle (ogáxle) - facing, face a direction, facing towards [Kaw]

 

toward, go or come toward you

► shoⁿ-de (šǫdé) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you; come toward you; go to someone, go to a person ► shoⁿ-bde (šǫbdé) - I

► ex: shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (šǫbdé tta mįkʰé) - I go to you/I will [JOD]

► ex: “koi-shoⁿ-e, shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“kóišǫ́e, šǫbdé tta mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - no matter what, I will go with you,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: de shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (dé šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé) - this/I go to you/I will [JOD]

► ex: “wi-te-ke, de shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wítteké, dé šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “uncle (my mother’s brother), I will go with you,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shu-the (shuthé) - to go to you [Omaha/Ponca]; sho-the (sho-thé), shu-the (shu-thé) - come toward you; coming where you are [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-the (šǫðée), sho-the (šoðée) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you [CQ-Osage]; sho-ye (shoyé), sho-we (showé) - go to someone; go to a person [Kaw]

 

toward, in that direction, to, at

► ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ta (tta) - toward [ASG]

► ex: tʰe-ta (tʰettá) - to the, at the [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttí tʰétta kʰí ną iyá) - then, when he returned to his home, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti tʰe-ta da-kʰi taⁿ (ttí tʰettá dakʰí tą) - lodge-to the-you reach home-when [JOD]

► ex: a-kʰi-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ta hi-we i-ya (akʰíknį-xti tti tʰetta híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ta (kʰétta) - at the [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ta bde (ttikdé tta bdé) - I’m going to my house [OM]

► ex: a-kde ta ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta tta mįkʰé) - I’m going home [OM]

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ ta (nísni ttǫ ttá) - to Baxter Springs, Kansas [AG]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: e-ta (etta) - there [JOD]

► ex: koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ta (nįkʰettá) - to the curvilinear object [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (ttǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ta e-ti te na-ha i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (wasá ttikdé ke-tta étti tté nahá iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - do not go to the village of the black bears, his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́) - horse-to the standing-she sat on her own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

 

toward, sharpen pulling toward oneself

► kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself ► a-kdi-zi-ka (akdízikka) - I, da-kdi-zi-ka (dakdízikka) - you

► cf. o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

 

towards sunrise

► mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - sun/rise/towards [JOD]

► mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - northeast, “towards sunrise”

► cf. mi (mi) - sun; o-tiⁿ (óttį) - visible, insight; naⁿ-pe (ną́pe) - come into view, come into the open, to appear, to show; ta-de-de (ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; mi wa-e-naⁿ-pe (mi wáeną́pe) - sunrise; o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”; a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► ex: “e-ti mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da!” i-ke (“étti mi ottinąbettadede į́tʰį dedá!” iké) - she told him, “throw the club/stick there, towards the sunrise!” [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti ka-ki mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-da!” aⁿnaⁿ-ki-ye (“étti káki mi óttiną́bettadéde į́tʰį dedá!” ąną́kiye) - “there, yonder, towards the sunrise, throw the club/stick!” she said to me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ e-thoⁿ-be (míⁿethóⁿbe) - sunrise [Omaha/Ponca]; miⁿ e-thaⁿ-be (míⁿ-e-¢áⁿ-be) - sunrise [JOD-Omaha]; mi i-thoⁿ-be (mí-i-thoⁿ-be) - the sun appears; sunrise [FL-Osage]; miⁿ i-thoⁿ-pe (mį́į íðǫpe) - sunrise, the emergence of the sun, lit., “sun appears” [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: e-thaⁿ-be (é-¢aⁿ-be) - to appear in sight; to emerge from, as from water [JOD-Omaha]; e-thoⁿ-be (é-thoⁿ-be) - rises and appears [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-be (í-thoⁿ-be) - to appear, come into site [FL-Osage]; hi-thoⁿ-be (hí-thoⁿ-be) - to be exposed [FL-Osage]; i-thoⁿ-pe (íðǫpe) - appear [CQ-Osage]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - appear, come into view, rise; emerge, as from water [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; tiⁿ (tiⁿ) - visible [Kaw]; wa-tiⁿ (watíⁿ) - visible, in sight [Kaw]

 

towards sunset

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► cf. mi o-xpe (mí oxpé) - sunset; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of

► Dhegiha: mi u-xpe (mi-ú-xpe) - sun falls, sunset [FL-Osage]

 

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (míoxpe-ttadede doši) - toward the sunset

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side

► cf. mi o-xpe (mí oxpé) - sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction; mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”; ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; e-ta-do-shi éttadóši) - around by the other side; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of

► Dhegiha: mi u-xpe (mi-ú-xpe) - sun falls, sunset [FL-Osage]

 

towards the water

► ni-a-ta de-de (niátta-déde) - towards the water [JOD]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de aⁿ-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde ą́dikizawé) - you’all make a place for me towards the water [JOD]

► ex: ni-a-ta de-de ki-di-ki-za-we (niátta-déde kídikizáwe) - they made a way for him towards the water [JOD]

 

towards, extend the arm towards person

► noⁿ-pe da-ki-a-ti (nǫpé dakkiattį́) - extend the arm towards person

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; da-ki-a-tiⁿ (dakkiattį́) - stretch out hand to someone

 

towards, in that direction

► ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► cf. ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of; to-to-do-shi (tótodóši) - on this side of; e-ta-do-shi (éttadóši) - around by the other side; ko-to-do-shi (kótodóši) - beyond, on the other side of

► ex: mi-o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (míoxpe-ttadede doši) - toward the sunset, on the west side

 

towards, in the direction of

► ta-de-de (-ttadéde) - towards, in the direction of

► cf. ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► ex: mi o-ti-naⁿ-be-ta-de-de (mi óttiną́bettadéde) - northeast, “towards sunrise”

► ex: o-sni-hi-ta-de-de (osnihíttadéde) - northwest, “whence the cold comes”

► ex: a-ka-hi-da-ta-de-de (ákahídattadéde) - southeast location, direction, “towards the south, downstream”  

► ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► ex: ko-i-ta-de-de (kóittadéde) - a little to one side

 

towards, straight towards

► do-hi (dóhi) - straight towards [JOD]

► ex: do-hi tʰi (dóhi tʰí) - he came straight towards them [JOD]

 

► do-taⁿ-ti hi (dottą́tti hí) - directly to him/she arrived there [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

 

towards, to race back towards one’s own

► a-ki-ki-a-naⁿ (ákikkiáną) - towards, to race back towards one’s own

► cf. ki-a-naⁿ (kkiáną) - race

► ex: a-ki-ki-a-naⁿ (ákikkiáną) - she ran back towards her own [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ko-e-kde i-ya-we, maⁿ-te kʰe a-ki-ki-a-naⁿ, i-ya-we (ettítʰą koékde iyáwe, mątté kʰe ákikkiáną, iyáwe) - then she started to run, she ran/raced back towards her canoe, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-ba-naⁿ (kí-ba-naⁿ) - to run a race; racing [JOD-Omaha]; ʰki-ba-noⁿ (ḳí-ba-noⁿ) - to run a race; to race [FL-Osage]; ʰki-pa-naⁿ (ʰkipáną) - race; run in a competition, perhaps lit., ‘place oneself first’ [CQ-Osage]

 

town, village

► toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą)

► taⁿ (ttą́), toⁿ (ttǫ́) - town [MS, OM]

► toⁿ (ton) - town or village (ville ou village) [GI]

► toⁿ (tû́ng) - town; name of all big cities [ASG]

► ex: ni-sni toⁿ (nísni ttǫ) - Baxter Springs, Kansas, “cold water town”

► ex: toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti (ttǫ nįkʰétti) - village/at the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-wi (ppáze dé hąké tą́ nįkʰétti kíwi) - it was nearly night when they reached the village (reached home) [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ ti bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tti bdé tta mįkʰé) - I’m going to go to town [MS]

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why are you going to town? [MS]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta (tǫ́ nįkʰettá) - village/to the cv. ob. [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (tǫ́ nįkʰettá ą́kinį kdáwe) - they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ ta (ttǫ tta) - to town [AG]

► ex: taⁿ ta bde (ttą́ tta bdé) - I’m going to town [OM]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de ta-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi (ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží) - village/where/soever (=anywhere)/there/it sits not [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► ex: de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé) - this direction/village/there/it sits [JOD]

► ex: “de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe e-de,” i-ke (“dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé edé,” iké) - “sure enough, there is a village in this direction,” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti toⁿ ko-zhi taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą étti ttǫ́ kkoží tą) - then/there/village/distant/when [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti toⁿ ko-zhi taⁿ o-zha i-ki-pʰe tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ttǫ́ kkoží tą óža íkipʰe tʰíwe) - then from a distant village they came to invite them to dance [JOD]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą)

► ex: toⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► taⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́ žíka), taⁿ o-zhi-ka (ttą́-ožíka) - village [ASG]

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-taⁿ-knaⁿ (óttąkną) - tribe, nation

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► Dhegiha: o-taⁿ-maⁿ-laⁿ (otáⁿmaⁿlaⁿ) - to dwell within village [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - tribe, nation, people, city, town; tribe or nation dwelling in a town or village [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (toⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - village, town [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ) - the common name for the gens (clans) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ-la (ʰtą́wąla) - clan [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-tti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling; o-tti (ótti) - camp, dwell, camp in or by, a place to camp; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in

► Dhegiha: u-ti (utí) - to remain in camp for one night, as when the people are going on a hunting expedition [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ti (uti) - location [Omaha]; u-ʰtsi (u-ṭsí) - dwell; an abode; abiding place; a home; a site suitable for a house or camp [FL-Osage]; o-tsi (ocí) - camp, encamp in (as in a valley) or by (as by a stream); go camping [Kaw]

 

► ti-kde (ttikdé) - village, collection of lodges; to set up housekeeping, to live together in same tent

► ex: ti-kde ke ta (ttikdé ke tta) - lodges(=village)/to the many [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother said to him, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke (ttikdé ke) - lodge(plural)/the (plural) inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe, i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že, iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the (plural) inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the plural [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ti-gthe (tígthe) - to live/dwell in a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gthe (tigthe) - home [Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsí-gthe) - to reside, to dwell, to set up and keep house [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-le (ʰcíle) - live, reside, make a home, set up a household, set up housekeeping, house, home, family [CQ-Osage]

 

towns, names of the five original Quapaw towns

► When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages, described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha, Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi, Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1, o-ka-xpa-xti (uʞáqpa-qti), Real Kwapa; 2, ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (tí-u-á-d¢i-maⁿ) (Toriman), tí-u-a-d¢í maⁿ (of Mrs Stafford); 3, o-zo ti-o-we (u-zú-ti-ú-wĕ) (Southois, etc). The fourth was taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (taⁿ́waⁿ jíʞa), Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the fifth village, i-ma-ha (imaha), was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people. [JOD]

 

► i-maⁿ-ha (imąha), i-ma-ha (imaha) - a Quapaw village, the ‘up river’ Quapaw village

► i-ma-ha (ímăha) - a band of Omaha, or perhaps more probably Kwâpâ, who lived with the Kä́dohadä́cho, but retained their own distinct language. There are still a few living with the Caddo, but they retain only the name. It will be remembered that when the Caddo lived in eastern Louisiana the Arkansas or Kwâpâ were their nearest neighbors on the north, and these Imaha may have been a part of the Kwâpâ who lived “upstream” (úmañhañ) on the Arkansas. The Caddo call the Omaha tribe by the same name. [J. Mooney-Caddo]

► ma-ha (maha) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; i-maⁿ (imą́) - the other; i-maⁿ-ta (imą́tta) - at or on the other side

► Dhegiha: u-ma-ha (u-má-ha), u-maⁿ-haⁿ (umaⁿ-haⁿ) - “those that went upstream,” the Omahas, a tribe of the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family, see Pañka, Wajaje, K͓aⁿze, and Ugaqpa [JOD-Omaha]; u-moⁿ-hoⁿ (u-móⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for Omaha [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-haⁿ (omą́hą) - Omaha (tribe or tribal member) [CQ-Osage]; o-ma-ha (omáha), oⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (oⁿmóⁿhoⁿ) - Omaha tribe or people, “those who went upstream,” so called because they (as well as the Ponca, Osage, and Kansa) went up stream when they left the Quapaw [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ (í-moⁿ) - the other one [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ (ímą) - which, other [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-moⁿ-kshe (imoⁿkshe) - the other of the two [FL-Osage]; i-maⁿ-kshe (ímąkše) - other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-cʰe (ímącʰe) - next (one), other (one) [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-the (ímąðe) - one or the other [CQ-Osage]; i-maⁿ-ʰta-ha (ímąʰtaha), i-ma-ʰta-ha (ímaʰtaha) - the other way [CQ-Osage]

 

► o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► ga-pa (gappa) - The following account of the Gappa Nation was received from Baptiste Imbeau, an aged French Creole, who heard it from Paheka (Dry-Head), grandfather of Heckaton, the present principal Chief. “When we abandoned our former lands, we sat out without knowing whither we were going. Our motive for leaving the country we occupied was the scarcity of game. We were too numerous at that time; we had as many as 1600 warriors. On arriving at the mouth of the Ohio River (nÿ tonka), our chiefs determined on separating the nation, in order to procure the means of subsistence with greater facility. Our former name was Mahas. Those who followed the chief Wajinka-sa (black-bird) retained that appellation and now inhabit the country on the upper waters of the Missouri. Our chief, whose name was Pa-heka, chose to alter our name, and called us Gappa. [G. Izard]

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; ka-xpa (káxpa) - south wind

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (u-gá-qpa) - “those who went downstream,” the Kwapas or Quapaws, they were known to the Illinois tribes as the “Arkansas” or “Alkansas” [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “the down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

 

► o-zo ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom

► Dhegiha: u-zu (u-çú) - lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - 1) wooded area, bottom land with timber; timber; ozó táⁿga éji ayé góⁿyabe che aó, paháⁿle ché. They first desired to go to an extensive bottom land, abounding in timber, where Junction City now stands; 2) hilltops JOD uses this term in reference to the noⁿnóⁿbahu tó, “a kind of grape or berry found on the ozú (hill tops)” but the term more commonly refers to lowlands, as in sense 1. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zu u-gthoⁿ (ú-çu-u-gthoⁿ) - lowland forest in the bend of a stream [FL-Osage]; u-zu i-ha zhiⁿ-ga (u-çú-i-ha zhiⁿ-ga) - at one time there was a large bend in the stream, which was nearly closed; the meaning of the name is small mouth; it is near the u-zu (u-çu) or woods, what is known as Bartlesville, Kans. This was the site of the fourth camp in the fisrt trail, also of the third trail [FL-Osage]; o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber, the name of a village, literally, “they live in the timber”. JOD identifies this as a proper town, that is, it refers to a specific village, also called cexúliⁿ ‘village on a highland or lowland level, destitute of trees.’ The second name seems to contradict the first name but MR’s comments might be intended to clarify: “There used to be three branches, like Pawhuska, and some of them lived in that and some of them lived along the creek, Gaxó’oliⁿ and Zaⁿjóliⁿ. Those people lived in the [_?_], why they used to live north of Kaw there, at Washunga there. And those others, they used to [_?_] on top of the hill. And I think they called Waxága-oliⁿ ‘where the cactus grows.’ Zaⁿjóliⁿ is where they live in the timber, zaⁿjé. And Gaxá-oliⁿ, they used to live along the edge of [creek?] over there at Washunga.” [Kaw]

 

► taⁿ-waⁿ zhi-ka (ttą́wą žíka) - Small Town, name of one of the five original Quapaw towns

► taⁿ zhi-ka (táⁿ zhika) - village [ASG]

► cf. taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą), toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą) - town, village; toⁿ (ttǫ) - town, contraction of taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - a small town; a hamlet; Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River, near the mouth of wa-gthú-shka i-a bi (a creek) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ zhiⁿ-ka (ʰtą́wą žįka) - Little Village, an old village of the Osage on the Neosho River [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: taⁿ-waⁿ (táⁿ-waⁿ) - a cluster of lodges, a camp, village, or Indian town [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town; cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - a town or city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

 

► ti-o-a-di-maⁿ (ttíoádimą) - one of the five original Quapaw villages mentioned in early French narratives, often spelled Toriman or Thoriman by the French [JOD]; the village of tourima or Pommes de Terre (potato, apple or fruit of the ground) is a league to the west distant from Ougapa [La Harpe]

 

trachea, windpipe

► to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe) - windpipe, trachea

► cf. to-te (tótte) - throat

► ex: ta to-te xi-xi-we (tta tóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

► Dhegiha: nu-de xi-xi-be (núde qiqíbe) - the trachea or windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de xi-xi-be (núde xixibe) - windpipe [Omaha]; ʰto-dse xi-be (ṭó-dse xi-be), do-dse xi-be (dó-dse xi-be) - the windpipe of an animal [FL-Osage]; do-je xu-xu-be (dóje xuxúbe) - trachea, windpipe [Kaw]

 

 

Back to Top