Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

tabby cat - tall Tall Chief - thank you that - thaw the - themselves

then - therefore these - thirty this - throwing thrust - tin

tip - today toe - trachea track - tremble tribal - twofold

tribal council

► ki-sto taⁿ-ka (kistó ttą́ka) - tribal council

► cf. ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather; council of a gens; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large; ki-sto kniⁿ (kistó knį) - to sit in council; ki-sto kniⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka (kistó knį́ níkkašíka) - U.S. Congress; ki-sto ta (kistó ttá) - tipi [MS]; sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather

► Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a season [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do; gather [Kaw]; gu-sto (gustó) - assemble, meet together [Kaw]

tribe, Caddo tribe

► so-de (sóde), su-de (súde) - Caddo Indians

► su-de (súd^¢ĕ) - Kwapa name for the Caddo Indians [JOD]

► su-de (sŭdeh) - Caddo Indians (cadeau) [GI]

► ka-do (kádo) - Caddo Indian [ASG]

► Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ wa-sa-be (pathiⁿ waçabe) - Caddo Tribe [Omaha]; hiⁿ-sha (hiⁿ-sha) - Caddo Indians [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-sha (hįįšá) - Caddo tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; hi-sha (hishá) - Caddo tribe or people, they dwell south of the Osage and near the Wichitas [Kaw]

tribe, Cherokee tribe

► sha-da-ki (šadákki), sha-da-ke (šadákke) - Cherokee

► sha-da-ki (šadákki) - Cherokee Indians [OM]

► sha-da-ki (ca-d^¢á-ki) - Kwapa name for the Cherokee Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: che-thu-ki (ché-thu-ki) - Cherokee [Omaha]; sha-la-ki (šálaki), sha-ke (šaáke) - Cherokee tribe, or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-ya-ki (shayáki), tse-le-ki (celekí) - Cherokee tribe [Kaw]

tribe, Cheyenne tribe

► sha-haⁿ (ca-haⁿ́) - Kwapa name for the Cheyenne Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: sha hi-e-the (sha híethe) - Cheyenne Tribe [Omaha]; ʰta-tse o-maⁿ-i (ʰtáaceomą́i) - Cheyenne tribe ot tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-hi (shahí), sha-ya-niⁿ (shayániⁿ), sha-ya-ni (shayáni) - Cheyenne; Cheyenne tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Chickasaw tribe

► ti-ka-zha (ti-ká-jă) - Kwapa name for the Chickasaw Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ʰtsi-ge-shi (ṭsí-ge-shi) - the Osage name for the Chickasaw Tribe [FL-Osage]; tsi-ka-sa (cíkasa) - Chickasaw tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Choctaw tribe

► ta-xta (tá-qta) - Kwapa name for the Choctaw Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tsa-ta (catá) - Choctaw tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Comanche tribe

► pa to-ka (pá-tu-kă) - Kwapa name for the Comanche Indians [JOD]

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose; to-ka (tókka) - wet

► Dhegiha: pa doⁿ-ka (pádoⁿka) - Comanche, Paducah [Omaha/Ponca]; pa duⁿ-ka (páduⁿka) - Comanche Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa doⁿ-ʰka (p̣á-doⁿ-ḳa) - the Osage name for the Comanche Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpa to-ʰka (ʰpá tóoʰka) - Comanche tribe or tribal member, Kiowa tribe or tribal member, lit., “wet noses, ‘dew on the head” [CQ-Osage]; pa do-ka (pádoka) - Comanches or ‘Padocah’, ‘Paducah’ Indians, tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Creek tribe

► ma-shko-ki (maškóki) - Creek Indians [MS]

► ma-shko-ki (mo-ckó-k͓i) - Kwapa name for the Creek or Muskoki Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿ-shkó-ge) - the Osage name for the Creek Tribe of Indians [FL-Osage]; mu-sko-ke (muskóke) - Creek Indians [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ-shko-ge (moⁿshkóge) - Creek tribe, Muskogee [Kaw]

tribe, Delaware tribe

► wa-paⁿ-da-kya (wá-paⁿ-d^¢a-kyǎ) - Kwapa name for the Delaware Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-ba-ni-ʰki (wá-ba-ni-ḳi) - the Osage name for the Delaware Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-ba-ni-ʰka ga-xa (wá-ba-ni-ḳa ga-xa) - the name given Delaware Creek, Okla., by the Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-pa ni-ʰka (wápa níʰka) - Delaware tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-ba-ni-ke (wábaníke) - Delaware tribe and people, the Abenaki [Kaw]

tribe, enemy within the tribe

► o-zhaⁿ wa-kniⁿ-zhi (óžą waknį́ži) - enemy within the tribe, “a bad person to sleep among”

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - sleep, lie, recline;

tribe, friend of different tribe

► wa-do-ta-di (wadóttadi) - friend of different tribe

► Dhegiha: tho-da (thó-da) - peace, peaceful [FL-Osage]; tho-da-the (thó-da-the) - to be friendly, to be on friendly terms with another person, peaceful relationship between two tribes, reciprocity [FL-Osage]; wa-tho-da-the (wa-thó-da-the) - to make peace [FL-Osage]; wa-tho-da-ʰki-the (wa-thó-da-ḳi-the) - relative, relation, kinship [FL-Osage]; u-tho-da-ʰki-the (ú-tho-da-ḳi-the) - relative, kindred, natural ties of kin [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-the (ðótaðe) - regard as a friend [CQ-Osage]; tho-da-ʰki-e (thó-da-ḳi-e) - reconcile, reconciliation [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-ʰki-the (ðótaʰkiðe) - become aquainted with each other, regard each as friends, hold each other dear, take or regard each other as relatives, be related [CQ-Osage]; i-tho-ta-ʰki-the (iiðótaʰkiðe) - make a friend of, person who is made into a friend [CQ-Osage]

tribe, head chief of a tribe

► ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka (kahíke ttą́ka) - head chief of a tribe, principal chief

► ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka (k͓a-hí-k͓e tañ́-k͓a) - masculine name, Large Chief, Big Chief [JOD]

► ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka (kahíke táⁿka) - chief of tribe [ASG]

► cf. ka-hi-ke (kahíke) - chief; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief, the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles [JOD]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe, hu-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ, ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te (e hǫp͓é nįkʰé huwake kišǫ́i ną kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte) - that shoe, whoever it fits, Big Chief’s son will marry her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhi-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežíke ákidá-i ké tą hí) - then/to dance/there/they went/the pl./chief/large/his son/they took part with (=danced)/the pl. when/she arrived [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-hi-ge ʰtoⁿ-ga (ga-hí-ge-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Big Chief, personal name, refers to the high position of the hereditary chief [FL-Osage]; ga-hi-ge taⁿ-ga (gahíge táⁿga) - Large Chief, male name [Kaw]

tribe, Ho-chunk or Winnebago tribe

► ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho ʰtoⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga), hu ʰtoⁿ-ga (hú-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person, these are related to the Dhegiha (Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw), the Chiwere (Ioway, Otoe, Missouria, and including Winnebago/Hochank) and the Dakotan (Lakota, Dakota, Assiniboine, Stoney), it is also a name used by the Assiniboine and the Hochank in reference to themselves, where it is interpreted as “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice” [Kaw]

tribe, hunting or migrating as a tribe

► ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - hunting as a tribe; migrating as a tribe; migrating party [JOD]

► ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - migrate, go on hunting expedition

► cf. ka-xnaⁿ o-zhoⁿ-ke (kaxną́ ožǫ́ke) - migratory route, hunting route

► ex: ka-xnaⁿ hi ni-kʰa (kaxną́ hí nikʰá) - they were camping while hunting, they were on a hunting expedition [JOD]

► ex: hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka anáhittéxti ttą́į-hi-ppá iyá, kaxną́ (hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka a-na-hi-te-xti taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa i-ya, kaxną́) - then a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-xnaⁿ a-na-hi-te taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa-naⁿ, i-ya (šiną́ kaxną́ anáhitte ttą́į-hi-ppá-ną, iyá) - again a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-xthoⁿ (gaqthóⁿ) - hunting party, a hunting party including all or most of a tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xthoⁿ-the (ga-xthóⁿ-the) - to migrate, to go on a hunting expedition [FL-Osage]; ka-loⁿ-the (kaalóⁿðe) - travel, migrate, go on a hunting expedition [CQ-Osage]; ga-xlaⁿ (gaxláⁿ) - migrate, go an on extensive hunting expedition with many or all of the tribe; to go with a large party, each man taking his household [Kaw]

tribe, Indian tribe

► zho-zhi-te e-zhi (žožítte éži) - Indian tribe, “different Indian” [ASG]

► cf. zho-zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian (recent); e-zhi (éži) - another, different, other

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (ájĭ) - another; not the same; different [JOD-Omaha]; a-zhi (azhi) - strange [Omaha]; e-zhi (é-zhi) - not that kind [FL-Osage]; e-zhi (éeži) - odd, unusual, of a different kind, inappropriate, unsuitable; different, other, otherwise, strange [CQ-Osage]; e-zhi (ézhi) - other, different, another [Kaw]

tribe, Iowa tribe

► pa-xo-te (páqutĕ) - Kwapa name for the Iowa Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-qu-de (máqude) - the Iowa tribe, an Iowa person [Omaha/Ponca]; ma-xu-de (máxude) - Iowa Tribe, corruption of “paxude” grey head [Omaha]; ʰpá-xo-dse (p̣á-xo-dse), ba-xo-dse (bá-xo-dse) - the Osage name for the Iowa Indians [FL-Osage]; pa-xo-tse (páxoce) - Ioway or Iowa Indians, a tribe living in Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma and in earlier days Iowa, lit., “gray snow” [CQ-Osage]; pa-xo-je (páxoje), pa-xo-tse (páxoce) - Ioway tribe; Ioway person or people, a tribe of the Chiwere group, the other tribes being the Otoe and Missoria. They were the ancient allies of the Ponca and Omaha, to whom they are related [Kaw]

tribe, Kaskaskia tribe

► ka-ski-a-ski-a (káskiaskia) - Kaskaskia Indian, a few still exist and live near the Kwapa Reservation [ASG]

► ka-ski-a-ski-a-we (káskiaskiáwe) - Kaskaskia Indians [ASG]

tribe, Kaw tribe

► kaⁿ-se (kańse), (káñsĕ) - Kwapa name for the Kansa Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-ze (koⁿçe) - Kansa Tribe, Kaw Tribe [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ-ze (ḳóⁿ-çe) - Kaw Indians [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-ze (ʰką́ąze) - Kaw, Kansa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-ze (kaáⁿze) - Kansa tribe, clan, the Kaws, a Kaw person [Kaw]

tribe, Kickapoo tribe

► ki-ka-po (k͓ik͓ápu) - Kwapa name for the Kickapoo Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-ga-bu (hígabu) - Kickapoo Tribe [Omaha]; i-ʰka-ʰpu (í-ḳa-p̣u), i-ga-bu (í-ga-bu) - a Kickapoo Indian, Kickapoo Indian [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰka-po (kiʰkápo) - Kickapoo Indians [CQ-Osage]; ki-ka-bu (kikábu), ki-gha-bo (kighábo) - Kickapoo tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Kiowa tribe

► ka-yu-wa (káyuwa) - Kiowa Indian [ASG]

► ka-yu-wa-we (kayuwáwe) - Kiowa Indians [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ʰka-thu-wa (ḳá-thu-wa) - the Osage name for the Kiowa Tribe [FL-Osage]; ka-yo-wa (káyowa) - Kiowa tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Miami tribe

► ma-me (mä́-mĕ) - Kwapa name for the Miami Indians [JOD]

tribe, Modoc tribe

► maⁿ-ta (maⁿ́t͓a) - Kwapa name for the Modoc Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-to-we (máⁿtowe) - a tribe living east of the Kaws in Indian Territory, their hair was short, reaching a little below the ears [Kaw]

tribe, nation

► o-taⁿ-knaⁿ (óttąkną) - tribe, nation

► cf. toⁿ (ttǫ), taⁿ (ttą) - town, contraction of toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą); toⁿ-waⁿ (ttǫ́wą), taⁿ-waⁿ (ttą́wą) - town, village; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► Dhegiha: o-taⁿ-maⁿ-laⁿ (otáⁿmaⁿlaⁿ) - to dwell within village [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - a tribe or nation dwelling in a village; hence, a tribe, nation, or people; modern: a village, town, or city of civilized people [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (toⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ) - village, town [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ (ṭóⁿ-woⁿ-gthoⁿ) - the common name for the gens (clans) [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ-la (ʰtą́wąla) - clan [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ-laⁿ (táⁿmaⁿlaⁿ) - town, camp, village, community [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-woⁿ (tóⁿwoⁿ) - camp, village, town, cluster of lodges, Indian town [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-woⁿ (ṭoⁿ-woⁿ) - town, village, city [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-waⁿ (ʰtą́wą) - town [CQ-Osage]; taⁿ-maⁿ (táⁿmaⁿ) - town, camp, village, settlement, city [Kaw]

tribe, Nez Perce tribe

► i-na-shpe (ínacpĕ) - Kwapa name for the Nez Percé Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pe-ga zuⁿ-de (pega çuⁿde) - Nez Perce Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-de (p̣e-gá-çon-de) - the Nez Percé Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dse (p̣e-gá-çoⁿ-dse), ʰpe-ga zoⁿ-dsi (p̣e-ga çoⁿ-dsi) - Crow Tribe, so called by the Osage Indians [FL-Osage]; pe-ga-zaⁿ-je (pegázaⁿje), pe-ga zaⁿ-de (pegázaⁿde) - Nez Perce or Sahaptin tribe or people, lit. “hair in braids over the forehead” [Kaw]

tribe, Osage tribe

► wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage

► wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage Indians [MS]

► wa-zha-zhe (wajáje) - Kwapa name for the Osage Indians [JOD]

► wa-sha-zhi (wašáži) - Osage Indians [OM)]

► Dhegiha: wa-zha-zhe (wazhazhe) - an Osage, the Osage Tribe, the Osages, they belong with the K͓aⁿze, Ugaqpa, Umaⁿhaⁿ, and Pañka, to the ¢egiha group of the Siouan Family [Omaha]; wa-zha-zhe (wa-zhá-zhe) - name of the Osage Tribe, corrupted by the French to Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wažáže) - Osage [CQ-Osage]; wa-zha-zhe (wazházhe) - Osage tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Otoe-Missouria tribe

► wa-zho-xda (wajúqd^¢ă) - Kwapa name for the Missouria and perhaps the Otoe Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zho-xtha (wa-zhó-xtha) - Oto Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-zho-la (wažóla) - Oto tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-zho-xla (wazhóxla), wa-sho-xla (washóxla) - Otoe tribe or people [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thu-ta-da (wathútada) - Oto Tribe [Omaha]; wa-do-ta-ta (wadótata), wa-do-ta-daⁿ (wadótadaⁿ) - Otoe tribe or people, according to MR, this is a synonym for washóxla [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni u-ta-chi (niútachi) - Missouri Tribe [Omaha]; ni-sho-je (nishóje) - Missouri tribe or people, the Missouri people call themselves Niót’a Ci, but the early French travelers called them Emissourites, Missourites, and Missouris [Kaw]

tribe, Ottawa tribe

► ta-wa (tá-wa) - Kwapa name for the Ottawa Indians [JOD]

tribe, Pawnee tribe

► pa-ni-ma-ha (ppanimáha) - Pawnee

► pa-ni-ma-ha (ppanimáha) - Pawnee Indians [MS]

► pa-ni-ma-ha (pánimaha) - Kwapa name for the Pawnee Indians, very probably this name refers to the Skidi alone [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ-ma-hoⁿ (páthiⁿmáhoⁿ) - Skidi or Pawnee Loups, a tribe of the Pawnees [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpa-iⁿ moⁿ-hoⁿ (p̣a-iⁿ moⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for a band of the Pawnees known as Shki-thi [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ (p̣á-thiⁿ-moⁿ-hoⁿ) - the Osage name for the Pawnee Indians [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thi-ma-ha (ʰpaðímaha), ʰpaiⁿ-ma-ha (ʰpáįmaha) - Pawnee Indians [CQ-Osage]; pa-yiⁿ-ma-haⁿ (páyiⁿmáhaⁿ) - Skidi Pawnee, Pawnee Loup [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-thiⁿ (páthiⁿ) - Pawnee; the Pawnees [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-thiⁿ (páthiⁿ) - Pawnee Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa-iⁿ (p̣a-iⁿ) - the Osage name for the Pawnee Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ (p̣á-thiⁿ) - a general term for tribes not related to the Osage [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-thiⁿ (ʰpáðį), ʰpaiⁿ (ʰpáį) - western tribe or tribal member, refers to any tribe from the western United States, Pawnee tribe or tribal member, Kiowa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; pa-yiⁿ (páyiⁿ) - Pawnee [Kaw]

tribe, Peoria tribe

► i-to-ka (í-t͓u-ka) - Kwapa name for the Peoria Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tho-thoⁿ (thó-thoⁿ) - Peoria Indian Tribe [FL-Osage]

tribe, Piankeshaw tribe

► pi-aⁿ-ki-sha (pią́kisha) - Piankeshaw Indian [ASG]

► pi-aⁿ-ki-sha-we (píąkisháwe) - Piankeshaw Indians [ASG]

tribe, Ponca tribe

► poⁿ-ka (pǫ́ka) - Ponca Indians [MS]

► poⁿ-ka (pōⁿ́-ka), (pañ́-kă) - Kwapa name for the Ponka Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: poⁿ-ka (póⁿka) - Ponca, a Ponca person [Omaha/Ponca]; poⁿ-ka (poⁿça) - Ponca Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (p̣oⁿ′-ḳa) - Ponca Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (ʰpǫ́ʰka) - Ponca Tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; paⁿ-ka (páⁿka) - Ponca tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Potawatomi tribe

► wa-ho-wa-ha (wahúwahá) - Kwapa name for the Pottawatami Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-hi u-tha-xa (wahi uthaxa) - Potawatomi Tribe [Omaha]; wa-ho-wa-ha (wahówahá) - Potawatomi tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-hi o-ya-ha (wáhióyaha) - Potawatomi tribe or people [Kaw]

tribe, Quapaw tribe

► o-ka-xpa (okáxpa), o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw [MS, AB, OM]

► o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw, people who went downstream, Quapaw gens (clan) of the same tribe, Dwelt on right side of tribal circle

► o-ka-xpa (o ̇GáxBa) - Quapaw [person or tribe] [FS]

► cf. o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; o-ka-xpa-ki-de (okáxpakkíde) - be adopted as a Quapaw; o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “The down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

tribe, refugee from another tribe

► wa-we-di-xe (wawédixe) - refugee (from another tribe)

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ti-xe (ąną́ttixe) - you stay with me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-xe (úthixe) - a refugee, one who has left his tribe and is staying with another people [Omaha/Ponca]; o-yu-ghe (óyughe) - take refuge in [Kaw]

tribe, Sac & Fox tribe

► sa-ki-a (sá-ki-á) - Kwapa name for the Sac and Fox Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: za-ge (záge) - the Sak, or Sauk tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ge (çáge) - Sauk Tribe [Omaha]; sa-ge-wa (ça-gé-wa) - Sac and Fox, this term is used when speaking of these tribes by the Osage, Sac Indians, Fox Indians [FL-Osage]; sa-ki-wa (sakíwa), sa-ki-wo (sakíwo), sa-ki ho (sakí ho) - Sac and Fox tribe or tribal member, lit., “making it tight” [CQ-Osage]

tribe, Seminole tribe

► si-mi-no-ni (sí-mi-nó-ni) - Kwapa name for the Seminole Indians [JOD]

tribe, Seneca-Cayuga tribe

► si-ni-ke (siník͓e) - Kwapa name for the Senecas and Cayugas in Indian Terr. The Kwapa name is identical in sound with si nik͓e, wanting a foot [JOD]

tribe, Shawnee tribe

► sha-waⁿ-naⁿ (šawą́ną) - Shawnee

► sha-waⁿ-naⁿ (šawą́ną) - Shawnee, Shawnee Tribe [OM]

► sha-wa-na (ca-wá-na) - Kwapa name for the Shawnee Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: sha-wa-na (shah-wah-nah) - Shawnee tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-wa-niⁿ (šáwanįį) - Shawnee tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; sha-wa-ne (sháwane) - Shawnee tribe or people [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ni (zhoⁿ-ní) - Shawnee Tribe [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-niⁿ (shoⁿníⁿ) - Shawnee tribe or people [Kaw]

► sha-da-ki sha-wa-na-we (šadákki šawanáwe) - Black Bob Shawnees [ASG]

► cf. sha-da-ki (šadákki) - Cherokee; sha-wa-na-we (šawanáwe) - Shawnee Indians

tribe, Sioux tribe

► su (su) - Kwapa name for the Dakota Indians, formed from “Sioux” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shauⁿ (shauⁿ) - Sioux Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpa-ba-wa-xoⁿ (p̣á-ba-wa-xoⁿ) - Sioux Indian, the Osage name for the Sioux Tribe of Indians, it means Head-Cutters [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-pa-xoⁿ (ʰpápaxǫ) - Sioux tribe or tribal member, cutthroats, lit., “nose cutter”, “head cutter”, nose cutter, personal name for a second son [CQ-Osage]; sha-haⁿ (shaháⁿ) - Dakota, Dakota tribe or people; Sioux, these form a group which is related to the Dhegiha as well as to the Chiwere. See Paⁿka (Ponca) and Paxoje (Ioway), the term, “Sioux” includes the Lakota, also called Teton Sioux [Kaw]

tribe, Tonkawa tribe

► taⁿ-ka-wa (tañ́kawă) - Kwapa name for the Tonkaway (Tonkawa) Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka tha-te (nikathate) - Tonkawa Tribe [Omaha]; wa-tha-hni (wa-thá-hni) - Tonkawa Tribe, a devourer, swallower [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-ni (waðánii) - Tonkawa tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]

tribe, Towakarehu tribe

► ta-ho-ka-ni (tahúkaní) - Kwapa name for the Towakarehu, a clan of the Wichita Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tu-ka-tha (tu-ká-¢a) - the name of some Indians dwelling near the Wichitas, whose language they speak: probably the To-wa-ka-re-hu, a Wichita gens [JOD-Omaha]; to-la-le (tókale) - Towakarahu, a Wichita clan [Kaw]

tribe, Waco tribe

► wi-ko (wí-ku) - Kwapa name for the Waco Indians, a clan of the Wichita [JOD]

tribe, Wichita tribe

► wi-si-ta (wísită) - Kwapa name for the Wichita Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wi-chi-ta (wichita) - Wichita Tribe [Omaha]; wi-tsi-ʰta (wí-tsi-ṭa) - a Wichita, Wichitas, Wichita tribe of Indians [FL-Osage]; wi-tsi-ʰta (wíciʰta) - Wichita tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; mi-tsi-ta (mítsitá) - Wichita people or tribe [Kaw]

tribe, Winnebago or Ho-chunk tribe

► ho taⁿ-ka (hú-tañ-k͓a) - Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago, Hocank, the Winnebagos or Hocank tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho ʰtoⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga), hu ʰtoⁿ-ga (hú-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Winnebago Tribe [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person, these are related to the Dhegiha (Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw), the Chiwere (Ioway, Otoe, Missouria, and including Winnebago/Hochank) and the Dakotan (Lakota, Dakota, Assiniboine, Stoney), it is also a name used by the Assiniboine and the Hochank in reference to themselves, where it is interpreted as “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice” [Kaw]

tribe, Wyandotte tribe

► waiⁿ-ta (waiń-t͓ă) - Kwapa name for the Wyandot Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: woⁿ-da (wóⁿ-da) - Wyandotte [FL-Osage]

trick, deceive

► ma-xi-de (maxídé) - to deceive [JOD]

► cf. ma-xi-wa-de (maxíwadé) - he deceived them [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-di-shto-te o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ ma-xi-wa-de tʰaⁿ i-ya-we, haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke i-niⁿ-aⁿ-we ke i-ya-we, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ i-ya-we (hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe odíštotte obáhą attą́ maγíwadé tʰą́ iyáwe, hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ inįą́we ké iyáwé, maštį́ke etʰą́ iyáwe) - he skinned Haⁿ-ka’s son, put on his skin and tricked them, they thought that rabbit was Haⁿ-ka’s son, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xe-the (moⁿ-xé-the) - to deceive, swindle, hoodwink, delude or defraud [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xi-the (mąγíðe) - deceive, trick, lie, swindle, defraud, fool [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghi-ye (maⁿghíye) - fool someone, deceive, tease, trick [Kaw]

tricks, to do tricks

► o-shkaⁿ ka-xe (óšką káγe) - to do tricks

► cf. o-shkaⁿ (óšką) - act, deed; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: u-shkoⁿ ga-xe (úshkoⁿ gáxe) - to make a custom, regulation, law [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-shkoⁿ (ushkóⁿ), (úshkoⁿ) - to do or work [Omaha/Ponca]; u-shkoⁿ (úshkoⁿ) - an act, deed; custom, business [Omaha/Ponca]; u-shkoⁿ (ú-shkoⁿ) - disposition, temperament; habit; custom [FL-Osage]; o-shkaⁿ (óshkaⁿ) - act, deed, custom [Kaw]

trickster, monkey

► ho-mi-ta-ta (hómittátta) - monkey, trickster

► ho-mi-ta-ta (hómittátta) - monkey [MS]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-da-da (míⁿdada) - to crawl along by degrees, as in getting near ducks, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: i-shti-ni-kʰe (ishtínikʰe) - monkey, a mythical trickster character [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shtiⁿ-thiⁿ-ke (iⁿshtiⁿthiⁿke) - monkey, trickster [Omaha]; hi u-dse (hi ú-dse) - monkey, “vermin hunter” [FL-Osage]; he o-tse (héeoce) - monkey, lit., “looks for lice” [CQ-Osage]

trip

► hi-pʰe (hipʰé) - fall, to stumble and fall, to trip ► a-hi-pʰe (ahipʰé) - I

► ex: a-hi-pʰe (ahipʰé) - I fell down [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe (hipʰé) - she fell [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫ-nį́ wašką́ kdé šǫ-nį́ hipʰé, iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe (hipʰé kʰé) - she fell/the reclining object = she lay [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe taⁿ hi, i-ya-we (hipʰé kʰé tą hí, iyáwe) - she had fallen when he arrived, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-pshe (hí-pshe) - to stumble and fall, to trip [FL-Osage]; hi-pshe (hípše) - stumble and fall [CQ-Osage]; hi-phe (híphe) - fall down [Kaw]

► naⁿ-shoⁿ (nąšǫ́) - dislocate, trip and break ► a-naⁿ-shoⁿ (aną́šǫ) - I, da-naⁿ-shoⁿ (daną́šǫ) - you

► cf. naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; ba-shoⁿ (bašǫ́) - spill, push over and spill; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́), di-shaⁿ (dišą) - pull over and spill (liquid); spill, pull over a vessel; di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth; di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - dislocated, fallen, fallen off [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-shoⁿ (noⁿ-shóⁿ) - to dislocate, to dislocate a joint in the leg or arm [FL-Osage]

trot, trotting

► ba-ha-ha-ta (baháhatta) - trot

► ba-ha-ha-ta (baháhatta) - trotting [JOD]

► ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ (baháhatta hóttą) - trotting/good [JOD]

► ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ (baháhatta hóttą) - pace

► cf. ba-ha-ha-ta (baháhatta) - trot; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ki-kniⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ de (šǫ́keáknį akíknį ą́tą baháhatta hóttą ką́į dé) - horse/she sat on her own/when/trotting/good/so/she went [JOD]

trouble, bring trouble on oneself

► e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ ka-xe (éwakikʔǫ káγe) - bring trouble on oneself ► e-a-wa-ki-k’oⁿ pa-xe (éawakikʔǫ ppáγe) - I, e-wa-da-ki-k’oⁿ shka-xe (ewadakikʔǫ škáγe) - you

► cf. e-maⁿ (émą), e-waⁿ (éwą), e-woⁿ (éwǫ) - to be cause of trouble, be blameworthy; e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ (éwakkikʔǫ́), e-wa-ki-k’aⁿ (éwakkikʔą́) - do something for onself; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: e-wa-ki-’oⁿ (éwakí’oⁿ) - to bring trouble on himself; to cause trouble to happen to himself; to be the only one to be blamed; to get himself into difficulty; to deserve or merit punishment or suffering [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: e-woⁿ (éwoⁿ) - cause to happen [Omaha]; e-woⁿ-xti (éwoⁿxti) - cause sin [Omaha]; e-waⁿ (é-waⁿ) - to be the cause of trouble to another; to be worthy of blame [JOD-Omaha]; e-woⁿ (é-woⁿ) - motive, reason for doing a thing [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ a-ka (é-woⁿ a-ka) - to blame; the causer, one who caused the mischief [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ (éewǫ), e-waⁿ (éewą) - he does it, he did it [CQ-Osage]; ’e-moⁿ (’émoⁿ) - be to blame, be culpable, be at fault [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-k’aⁿ (ú-’aⁿ) - to put trouble on one, to be the cause of trouble, to be blameworthy [JOD-Omaha]; o-k’aⁿ (ók’aⁿ) - to be the cause, to be to blame for [Kaw]

trouble, to be cause of trouble

► e-maⁿ (émą), e-waⁿ (éwą), e-woⁿ (éwǫ) - to be cause of trouble, be blameworthy

► ex: e-waⁿ (éwą) - he is blameworthy [JOD]

► ex: hao, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-waⁿ niⁿ (haó, maštį́ke éwą nį́) - ho, the rabbit is the guilty one [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-woⁿ (éwoⁿ) - cause to happen [Omaha]; e-woⁿ-xti (éwoⁿxti) - cause sin [Omaha]; e-waⁿ (é-waⁿ) - to be the cause of trouble to another; to be worthy of blame [JOD-Omaha]; e-woⁿ (é-woⁿ) - motive, reason for doing a thing [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ a-ka (é-woⁿ a-ka) - to blame; the causer, one who caused the mischief [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ (éewǫ), e-waⁿ (éewą) - he does it, he did it [CQ-Osage]; ’e-moⁿ (’émoⁿ) - be to blame, be culpable, be at fault [Kaw]

trouble, to get into trouble

► shi-ke o-ki-knaⁿ (šiké okkíkną) - get into trouble, to get into trouble ► shi-ke o-a-ki-knaⁿ (šiké oákkikną) - I, shi-ke o-da-ki-knaⁿ (šiké odákkikną) - you

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; o-ki-knaⁿ (okkíkną) - undertake something; o-ki-knaⁿ (okíkną) - put sg/si/in into or beneath, as putting in the belt, etc.; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set, put

► Dhegiha: u-gi-gthaⁿ (u-gí-g¢aⁿ) - to put his book, paper, etc., into his pocket; to put a cv. ob., belonging to himself, into a barrel or cv. box [JOD-Omaha]; u-gi-gthoⁿ (u-gí-gthoⁿ) - to put something in a pile [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-laⁿ (óʰkilą) - “that which one puts oneself into,” clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílaⁿ), o-ʰki-o-laⁿ (óʰkioolą́) - put on oneself or dress in, dress oneself, put on clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-laⁿ (ogílaⁿ) - put something in a container; put a sitting object into something [Kaw]

trousers, pants

► niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants, trousers

► niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants [MS, OM]

► niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nítudishi), (nítsudishe) - pants [ASG]

► cf. ni-te (nítte), niⁿ-te (nį́tte) - buttocks, rear [MS, OM]; o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle

► ex: niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ a-ki-pa-xta-na (nį́tte ódišį ákkippaxtana) - to turn (roll up) the legs of pants

► Dhegiha: ni-de u-thi-shi (níde uthishi) - breeches [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-de (nínde) - rump, hams [JOD-Omaha]; ni-dse (ní-dse) - haunch; body; the lower part of the back; the hips; rump [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shiⁿ (uthíshiⁿ) - cover, to cover, as with a garment [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shiⁿ (u-thí-shiⁿ) - to wrap anything up [FL-Osage]; o-thi-shi (oðíši) - wrap, cover for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc. [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-shiⁿ (oyúshiⁿ) - bundle something up, cover something by surrounding it [Kaw]

trout

► ho-te ho-sho-ka (hotté hóšoka) - trout

truly, indeed

► e-de (edé), de (dé) - really, indeed, truly, sure enough

► ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ-e! di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe t’e-a-de e-de,” i-yi i-ya (“įkką́-e! dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé tʔeádé edé,” iyí iyá) - “o’ my grandmother! I have truly killed the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth!” it is said he said [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de i-ke-ya-we niⁿ i-ya (maštį́ke tʰi edé maštį́ke tʰi edé íkeyáwe nį́ iyá) - “the rabbit has come!, the rabbit has come!” they (black bears) said to one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ-e t’e-a-de e-de (įkká-e tʔeáde edé) - O grandmother, I have really killed him [JOD]

► ex: wi-te-ke t’e-di-de ta e-de i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (wítteke tʔédidé tta edé iyí iyá maštį́ke nį) - my uncle, you have surely been killed, said the rabbit, they say [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-de, i-ke (dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé edé, iké) - sure enough, there is a village in this direction, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-ba de aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe e-de (hǫ́ba de ąną́bną mįkʰe edé) - today, I am really tired of it [JOD]

► ex: o-do-tʰe aⁿ-di-xe niⁿ e-de, wi-ti-kaⁿ, i-ke (ódotʰe ądíxe nį edé, wittiką́, iké) - my grandfather, the man eater is sure enough chasing me, she said to him [JOD]

► ex: o! ka-tʰaⁿ wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi hi e-de, i-ye a-ta-ha (o! kátʰą wažį́ dédaži hi edé, íye attahá) - pshaw! I have sure enough lost my patience with him, he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: she o-do-ha-ke de (šé odóhake dé) - that’s sure enough the last one [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-da-kʰe de, e-te a-zhaⁿ (mį́dakʰe dé, etté ažą́) - I think you are surely telling the truth [JOD]

trunk, chest

► zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box

► zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, chest [MS]

► zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žǫppíži) - wooden box [JOD]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own [JOD]; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away

► ex: xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhoⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žǫppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they went back (the other girls), he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood; a tree; trees [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree; wood; fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber; stick, pole; woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pi-zhi (pízhi) - to put a number of small objects, not his own, in a safe place (not mentioned) [Omaha/Ponca]; pi-gi-zhi (pígizhi) - to put a number of his small objects in a safe place (not mentioning the place) [Omaha/Ponca]; u-pi-zhi (úp͓iži) - to lay a col. of small objects in a receptacle [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-pi (úkipi) - full, brim full [Omaha]; u-gi-pi (u-gí-p̣i) - full, will contain no more, replete [FL-Osage]; o-kiu-ʰpiu (oküʰpü), o-ku-ʰpi (ókuʰpi) - full of, have a fullness of, be filled with, be full, be flooded, full amount, houseful [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-pi (ogípi) - be full, filled, full as a box, barrel, kettle, etc., filled as a lodge or room with people, full as with worms, maggots, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]; u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

trunk, tree trunk

► zhaⁿ o-taⁿ-ka (žą́ ottą́ka) - tree trunk

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► hi (hi) - stalk, trunk of tree [FS]

► hi (hi) - stalk, tree, bush, vine, leg

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - stalk, stem, trunk, leg [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tree trunk, plant stalk, plant vine, leg [Omaha]; hi (hi), hiu (hiu) - trunk of a tree, vines, stalks of plants, a leg [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), hiu (hiú), hi (hi) - trunk, stalk, leg [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - trunk of a tree, vine, limb, leg [Kaw]

truth, tells no lie

► iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi (įxowáži) - truth, to not lie

► iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi (įxowáži) - tells no lie [JOD]

► cf. iⁿ-xo-we (į́xowe) - lie, tell a lie; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: de iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi hi naⁿ (dé įxowáži hí ną) - this/tells no lie/very/only, always [JOD]

► ex: de iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi hi naⁿ, de i-ye miⁿ-kʰe hi koⁿ-da a-kʰe (dé įxowáži hí ną, dé íye mį́kʰe hi kǫdá akʰé) - this one tells no lies, this one wants to tell/speak the truth, it is the one [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xu-be (íqubé) - “to have a mysterious mouth,” to say just what happens subsequently [Omaha/Ponca]; i-xo-be (í-xo-be) - to fib, to tell a falsehood; to perjure one’s self [FL-Osage]; i-xo-pe (íxope) - lie, fib, untruth, tell untruths, falsehood [CQ-Osage]; i-xo-be (íxobe), i-xo-we (íxowe) - lie, be untruthful; liar; a lie [Kaw]

truth, to tell the truth

► miⁿ-kʰe (mį́kʰe) - to tell the truth ► miⁿ-a-kʰe (mįákʰe) - I, miⁿ-da-kʰe (mį́dakʰe) - you

► mi-kʰe (míkʰe) - to tell the truth ► mi-a-kʰe (miákʰe) - I, mi-da-kʰe (mídakʰe) - you

► ex: miⁿ-a-kʰe (mį́ákʰe) - I told the truth [JOD]

► ex: “ho-ho-xo! miⁿ-a-kʰe, ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hóhoxó! mį́ákʰe, maštį́ke) - “really! I have spoken the truth, Rabbit [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-da-kʰe de, e-te a-zhaⁿ (mį́dakʰe dé, etté ažą́) - I think you are telling the truth [JOD]

► ex: de i-ye miⁿ-kʰe hi koⁿ-da a-kʰe (dé íye mį́kʰe hi kǫdá akʰé) - this/speaks/tells the truth/very/desires/it is the one [JOD]

► ex: de iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi hi naⁿ, de i-ye miⁿ-kʰe hi koⁿ-da a-kʰe (dé įxowáži hí ną, dé íye mį́kʰe hi kǫdá akʰé) - this (one) tells no lies, this (one) wants to tell/speak the truth, it is the one [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-zhaⁿ-zhi tʰe a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (mį́kʰe ądážąži tʰe ážąmį) - I do not think that you believe me

► ex: miⁿ-kʰe (mį́kʰe) - told the truth [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ! wi-to-shpa miⁿ-kʰe tʰe-de,” i-yi i-ya (“hǫ! wittóšpa mį́kʰe tʰe edé,” iyí iyá) - “yes! my grandson did tell the truth, but ….” it is said she said (an elliptical expression, it would be in full, miⁿ-kʰe tʰe-de, miⁿ-kʰe a-zhaⁿ-zhi, “he did tell the truth, but I did not think that he told the truth.”) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-kʰe (wíⁿkʰe) - to tell or speak the truth [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-ke (wiⁿke) - faithful; honest; fair [Omaha]; wiⁿ-kshe (wiⁿ-kshe), wiⁿ-ke (wíⁿ-ke) - truth; sincere; genuine; sincerity; sure [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ-kshe (wį́kše) - speak the truth, tell the truth; be true to; true; truth; golly! gosh! [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-khe (míⁿkhe) - to tell the truth [Kaw]

try with all one’s might

► wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong, with an effort, all one’s might ► a-wa-shkaⁿ (awášką) - I, da-wa-shkaⁿ (dawášką) - you

► wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong [ASG]

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫ-nį́ wašką́ kdé šǫ-nį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde (ttą́nį wašką́ kdé) - running with all her might, she went home [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: e-ta hi ki taⁿ, a-ki-ta taⁿ taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ, a-kde maⁿ-te e-ti (étta hí kí tą, akítta tą ttą́nį wášką, akdé mątté ettí) - when he reached there, I rose and running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkaⁿ (wa-ckáⁿ) - an effort, attempt; to make an effort or attempt; to persevere; to be active, play a prominent part [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one’s best, make an effort [Kaw]

try, make effort, decide

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - to plan, to decide [JOD]

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide ► bdi-knaⁿ (bdíkną) - I, ti-knaⁿ (ttíkną) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately; think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wábdikną́) - I am planning something [JOD]

► ex: da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-ki-ho-shi (datʰé dikną́ tą ík͓ihoší) - she decided to eat it, he (her man/husband) forbid her (from eating it) [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

► ex: shiⁿ-wa-de di-knaⁿ niⁿ (šįwáde dikną́ nį) - he planned/decided to fatten them [JOD]

► ex: a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ (anį́ kde dikną́) - he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikną́, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (ppíkiži dikną́) - she planned/decided to put it away [JOD]

► ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi naⁿ pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (dasnį́waží ną ppíkiži dikną́) - they had not devoured it all, she decided to put her scraps away [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xe di-knaⁿ (mątté iǫ́ dixé dikną́) - (they) planned to chase/pursue him by using a canoe [JOD]

► ex: a-ko-e a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ákoe anį́ kde dikną́ tʰą) - quickly he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

► ex: a-toⁿ-we-ki-de di-knaⁿ (atǫ́wekidé díkną)- he planned/tried to make me look at him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain, mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (wa¢íg¢aⁿ) - plan; to rule; one who prophesies [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; mind [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about; mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; mind [Kaw]

try, test, attempt

► i-k’i-te (íkʔitte) - try, test, attempt ► i-k’i-ta-i (íkʔitaí) - they

► ex: i-k’i-ta-i (íkʔitaí) - they tried it on [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ hi naⁿ, mi-zhi-ka ke i-k’i-ta-i ke, i-ya, hoⁿ-pe (kóišǫ́ttą hí ną, mižiká ke íkʔitaí ke, iyá, hǫpé) - then when he arrived, the girls tried on the shoe [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti mi-zhi-ka za-ni hi i-k’i-ta-i taⁿ di-sh’a-wi (kóišǫ́ttą étti mižíka zaní hi íkʔitaí tą dišʔawi) - then, every single one of the girls there tried it and they failed [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-ʰk’u-tse (i-ḳ’u-tse), i-k’u-tsa (i-k’u-tsa), i-ʰk’u-te (i-ḳ’u-ta) - try; to risk; to test the taste [FL-Osage]; i-k’u-tse (íkʔuce) - try, make an effort, do one’s best, try one’s best, make one’s best effort; try to, strive to, risk, test, taste, try on, attempt; class, practice, practice session, workshop; study [CQ-Osage]

tuck in

► mi-knaⁿ (míkną) - put inside, tuck in, stick in ► mi-a-knaⁿ (miákną) - I, mi-da-knaⁿ (mídakną) - you

► cf. knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (ókdą) - put sg/si or cloth, paper into, put inside; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - put or set one’s own; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear--JOD) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; pi-knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; o-ki-knaⁿ (okkíkną) - undertake something

► Dhegiha: mi-gthaⁿ (mí-g¢aⁿ) - to put a knife or stick under the belt; to put a knife in its sheath under the belt, to put a lariat, etc., under the belt [JOD-Omaha]; ʰka-xe mi-gthoⁿ (ḳá-xe mi-gthoⁿ) - crow belt, worn by members of the he-thú-shka society who have won military honors [FL-Osage]

► mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in ► mi-a-zhi (miáži) - I, mi-da-zhi (mídaži) - you

► cf. a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objs onto something that serves as a platform; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap

► Dhegiha: mi-zhi (mí-ji) - to put a number of small things, not his, in his belt [JOD-Omaha]

Tuesday

► naⁿ-pa zhoⁿ (nąpá žǫ) - Tuesday, lit. “two sleeps”

► naⁿ-pa zhoⁿ (nąpá žǫ) - Tuesday [MS]

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline, sleep

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ba naⁿ-ba zhaⁿ xti-e-gaⁿ (áⁿba náⁿba jáⁿ-qtiégaⁿ) - in about two days (of sleeps) [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ba zhaⁿ (noⁿbá zhaⁿ) - two days [Kaw]

tumble bug

► iⁿ-kde o-ba-toⁿ-da (įkdé obáttǫda) - tumble bug, “dung roller”

► cf. iⁿ-kde (įkdé) - dung, manure; o-bi-taⁿ-da (obíttąttą́da) - roll something repeatedly in something; o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around; o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over; o-ka-toⁿ-ta (okáttǫta) - wheel

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthu-ba-ʰtoⁿ-tha (iⁿgthú-ba-ṭoⁿ-tha) - the tumbling or dung beetle [FL-Osage]; i-le o-ba-taⁿ-yaⁿ (ilé obatáⁿyaⁿ) - tumblebug, dung beetle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-gthe (iⁿgthé) - dung, feces, manure, excrement [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-gthe (iⁿgthe) - manure [Omaha]; iⁿ-gthe (iⁿ-gthé) - dung, excrement [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-le (įlé) - excrement, feces, dung, ordure, excretory function, bowels [CQ-Osage]; i-le (ilé) - dung, manure, excrement [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ba-taⁿ-tha (u-bá-t͓aⁿ-¢a) - to roll over, as a barrel, heavy log, hogshead, etc., by pushing it forward [JOD-Omaha]; u-ba-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-bá-ṭoⁿ-tha) - to roll a log or ny other heavy object [FL-Osage]; o-ba-taⁿ-ya (obátaⁿya) - roll something, roll something over; to roll something, said of the act of the tumblebug and kindred beetles in making balls of manure; to roll an object over by pushing [Kaw]

tunic

► ta ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - man’s shirt, coat, tunic, made of buckskin

► cf. ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; o-ki-kdi-xda (okkíkdixda), o-ki-kda-xda (okkíkdaxda) - shirt; o-ki-kdi-o-xda (okkíkdióxda), o-ki-kdi-o-kda (okkíkdiókda) - shirt

► Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰku-laⁿ (oʰkúlą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílą) - clothes, lit., ‘that which one puts oneself into’ [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰki-o-laⁿ (óʰkioolą́) - put on oneself or dress in (e.g., a shirt or a dress); dress oneself, put on clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-o-xla (ókiloxla), o-ki-laⁿ-xla (ókilaⁿxla) - clothes, coat, shirt, tunic [Kaw]

turkey

► si-ka taⁿ-ka (sikká ttą́ka) - turkey [MS, AG, OM]

► si-ka taⁿ-ka (sikkáttąGa) - turkey, large hen turkey [FS]

► si-ka taⁿ-ka (sikká ttą́ka) - wild turkey

► cf. si-ka (síkka) - chicken, probably originally turkey; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka o-haⁿ (sikka ttą́ka ohą́) - boiled turkey [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi to-kʰe-tʰaⁿ (síkka ttą́ka žóhi hí tokʰétʰaⁿ) - there were many turkeys there then [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-xi-ka-zhi wa-xo-ka niⁿ-kʰe (síkka ttą́ka máxikáži waxókka nįkʰe) - the wild turkey was singing [JOD]

► Dhegiha: siu-ʰka ʰtoⁿ-ga (çiú-ḳa ṭoⁿ-ga) - turkey [FL-Osage]; su-ʰka ʰtaⁿ (súʰkaʰtąą) - turkey, lit., ‘big chicken’ [CQ-Osage]; si-ka taⁿ-ga (síka táⁿga) - turkey [Kaw]

turkey vulture, turkey buzzard

► he-ka taⁿ-ka (hȁ́ka taⁿka) - turkey buzzard [ASG]

► he-ka taⁿ-ka (heká ttą́ka) - buzzard, Cathartes aura

► he-ka taⁿ-ka (heká ttą́ka) - buzzard [MS]

► Dhegiha: he-ga (héga) - the Cathartes aura or turkey-buzzard [Omaha/Ponca]; he-ga (héga) - buzzard [Omaha]; he-ga (he-gá) - turkey buzzard [FL-Osage]; he-ka (héka) - buzzard [CQ-Osage]; he-ga (héga) - buzzard [Kaw]

► he-ka (heh-kah) - vulture (vautour) [ GI]

► he-ka (hȁ́ka) - turkey buzzard [ASG]

► Dhegiha: he-ga (héga) - the Cathartes aura or turkey-buzzard [Omaha/Ponca]; he-ga (héga) - buzzard [Omaha]; he-ga (he-gá) - turkey buzzard [FL-Osage]; he-ka (héka) - buzzard [CQ-Osage]; he-ga (héga) - buzzard [Kaw]

turkey, wild turkey

► si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (síkka ttą́ka mažą́atti) - wild turkey

► cf. si-ka taⁿ-ka (sikká ttą́ka) - turkey; ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land; a-ti (atti) - denoting place where, or time when (in the past)

► Dhegiha: siu-ʰka ʰtoⁿ-ga (çiú-ḳa ṭoⁿ-ga) - turkey [FL-Osage]; su-ʰka ʰtaⁿ (súʰkaʰtąą) - turkey, lit., ‘big chicken’ [CQ-Osage]; si-ka taⁿ-ga (síka táⁿga) - turkey [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ma-zhoⁿ-a-di (mazhóⁿadi) - on the land [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ-dsi (moⁿ-zhóⁿ-dsi) - on the earth; on the prairies [FL-Osage]

► si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-xi-ka-zhi (síkka ttą́ka máxikáži) - wild turkey [JOD]

► cf. si-ka taⁿ-ka (sikká ttą́ka) - turkey; ma-xi-ka-zhi (máxikáži) - wild [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka ma-xi-ka-zhi wa-xo-ka niⁿ-kʰe (síkka ttą́ka máxikáži waxókka nįkʰe) - the wild turkey was singing [JOD]

turn and tip up as a board

► a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board ► a-kʰaⁿ i-he-da-de (ákʰą ihédade) - you

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ (ákʰą) - to lean on; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him or her to fall; a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object; make an upright object lean by pulling it

► Dhegiha: a-kʰoⁿ (ákʰoⁿ) - leaning against [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰkoⁿ (á-ḳoⁿ) - to lean on, to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lie down, as to sleep or rest, lie against, lean up against [CQ-Osage]; akhaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ (ágaⁿ) - against [Kaw]; a-gaⁿ zhiⁿ-he (ágaⁿ zhíⁿhe) - to lie against an object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (ihéthe) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i-he-the (ihé¢ĕ) - laid down [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

turn around, circle

► ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe), ka-koiⁿ-xe (kakoįγe) - turn around, circle ► a-koiⁿ-xe (ákoįγe) - I, da-koiⁿ-xe (dákoįγe) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► Dhegiha: ga-ku-wiⁿ-xe (gakúwiⁿxe) - to make revolve as a wheel by hitting or blowing on; to soar around, as a hawk, buzzard, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-gu-wiⁿ-xe (ga guwiⁿxe), ga-ku-wiⁿ-xe (gakuwiⁿxe) - spin, agitate, whirl [Omaha]; ga-ʰku-wiⁿ-xe (ga-ḳú-wiⁿ-xe) - the soaring of a hawk, the running of a windmill turned by wind [FL-Osage]; ga-ko-mi-ghe (gakómighé) - turn, revolve as a windmill or clock, make an object revolve in a horizontal or perpendicular plane, as a wheel, by hitting, wind to cause an object to revolve by blowing on, as a windmill [Kaw]

turn aside, knock aside

► ka-ha-ta de-de (kahátta déde) - knock aside, turn aside ► a-ha-ta de-a-de (áhatta déade) - I, da-ha-ta de-da-de (dáhatta dedade) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; ba-ha-ta (bahattá) - pick up with pointed object; ba-ha-ta de-de (bahátta déde) - brush aside; bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - lever, weight, press on end; di-ha-ta (díhattá) - lift something; di-ha-ta de-de (dihátta déde) - lift, pull up suddenly; naⁿ-ha-ta de-de (nąhátta déde) - lift with the foot; po-ha-ta de-de (póhatta déde) - poke something in order to lift it

turn back and forth

► o-di-wa-sh’a-ke (odíwašʔáke) - turn back and forth ► o-bdi-wa-sh’a-ke (obdíwašʔáke) - I, o-ti-wa-sh’a-ke (ottíwašʔáke) - you

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; wa-sh’a-ke (wášʔaké) - large, be large

turn by hitting, knock around

► ka-bni-da (kabnída) - knock around, turn by hitting ► a-bni-da (ábnida) - I, da-bni-da (dábnida) - you, oⁿ-ka-bni-da-we (ǫkábnidawe) - we

► Dhegiha: ga-bthiⁿ-tha (ga-b¢íⁿ-¢a) - to make a large log roll into place by striking it, also said of a large log, rolling a little of its own accord, as when it is put into place in building a house [JOD-Omaha]

turn crank as on a handmill

► di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill ► bdi-taⁿ-ha (bdíttąha) - I, ti-taⁿ-ha (ttíttąha) - you

► cf. wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal, from di-taⁿ-ha (dittąha) “to crank”; a-ki-di-taⁿ (ákkidittą́) - pull, as a rope; di-taⁿ-ni (dittą́ni) - spin someone around, whirl; o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around; o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over

► Dhegiha: yu-taⁿ-haⁿ (yutáⁿhaⁿ) - pull around, make turn by pulling; to pull around, to make revolve by pulling, as horses do the gear of a threshing machine to which several horses are attached; in this kind, the animals walk around in a circle [Kaw]

turn down the waist of one’s skirt

► wa-tʰe kdi-da-ki (watʰé kdídaki) - turn down the waist of one’s skirt

► ex: wa-tʰe kdi-da-ki (watʰé kdídaki) - skirt/she turned down the waist of her [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te wa-tʰe kdi-da-ki aⁿ-taⁿ he-saⁿ t’e-wa-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ášitti hesą́ okítté watʰé kdídaki ą́tą hesą́ tʔéwade ką́-nįkʰé) - so she sat awhile outside, she turned down the waist of her skirt, looking for lice on herself and killing them [JOD]

turn down, fold down

► a-di-be-xiⁿ (ádibexį́) - fold down

► cf. di-be-x’iⁿ (díbexʔį́) - bend down, pull down

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha a-di-be-xiⁿ (hǫbį́tteáha ádibexį́) - turn down the flaps of moccasins

► Dhegiha: thi-be-xiⁿ (thibéqiⁿ) - to fold back from, as a sleeve or pants, with the hand [Omaha/Ponca]; be-xiⁿ (béqiⁿ) - pulled back as a sleeve; made bare, uncovered [Omaha/Ponca]

turn off the light

► a-ta-koⁿ di-ta-zhi (áttakkǫ ditáži) - turn off the light

► cf. a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), a-ta-koⁿ (áttakkǫ), ha-ta-kaⁿ (hattáką) - lamp, lantern, candle; di-ta-zhi (ditáži) - extinguish a fire, put out a fire, turn off a light; di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, by fire; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: thi-na-zhi (thinázhi) - to put out a fire by scattering the coals or wood [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-na-zhi (thinázhi) - light turned off [Omaha]; thi-da-zhi (thi-dá-zhi) - to put out a light; to put out a fire with the hands [FL-Osage]; thu-ta-zhi (ðuutáaži), thi-ta-zhi (ðiitáaži) - turn off, switch off, extinguish [CQ-Osage]; yu-da-zhi (yudázhi) - extinguish a fire by scattering it [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-zhi (názhi) - to go out, as a fire [Omaha/Ponca]; da-zhi (dá-zhi) - to extinguish a fire [FL-Osage]; ta-zhi (táaži) - go out, not burn, become extinguished [CQ-Osage]; da-zhi (dázhi) - be extinguished, to have gone out, as a fire [Kaw]

turn on the light

► a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn! (turn on the lantern, make it burn!) [MS]

► cf. a-ta-kaⁿ (áttakką), a-ta-koⁿ (áttakkǫ), ha-ta-kaⁿ (hattáką) - lamp, lantern, candle; ka-xa (kaγá) - command form of make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: na-kaⁿ ga-xa a (nákaⁿ gáxa-ă) - make a light [JOD-Omaha]; da-ʰkoⁿ ga-xa (dá-ḳoⁿ-ga-xa) - to make a bright light, to illuminate [FL-Osage]; a-ta-ʰkaiⁿ ka-xa (átaʰkáį káaγa) - turn on the light [CQ-Osage]

turn oneself around

► ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around ► a-ki-kdi-koiⁿ-xe (akkíkdikkoįγe) - I, da-ki-kdi-koiⁿ-xe (dakkíkdikkoįγe) - you

► cf. ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► Dhegiha: ki-gthi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (kigthíkuwiⁿxe) - to turn himself around on his heels (and not in the sense of “retracing his steps”) [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-gthi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (kigthi kuwiⁿxe) - turn around [Omaha]; ʰki-li-ʰkoⁿiⁿ-xe (ʰkiliʰkǫįγe) - turn oneself around [CQ-Osage]

turn over, roll up

► a-ki-pa-xta-na (ákkippáxtana) - roll up, turn over ► a-a-ki-pa-xta-na (áakkippáxtana) - I, a-da-ki-pa-xta-na (ádakkippáxtana) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-pa-xta-na-we (ǫ́kakkippáxtanawe) - we

► cf. a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal; o-ki-ba-taⁿ (okkíbattą) - together; o-ki-ba-taⁿ-taⁿ (okkíbattą́ttą) - one after another, several in a row or series [JOD]

► ex: a a-ki-pa-xta-na (á ákkippaxtana) - to roll up a sleeve

► ex: niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ a-ki-pa-xta-na (nį́tte ódišį ákkippaxtana) - to turn (roll up) the legs of pants

► Dhegiha: a-ki-pa (akipa) - meet [Omaha]; a-ʰki-ʰpa (á-ḳi-p̣a) - to meet another [FL-Osage]; a-ʰki-ʰpa (áʰkiʰpa) - encounter, meet [CQ-Osage]; a-ki-pa (ákipa) - meet [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-ba-xtha (ḳí-ba-xtha) - meet face to face [FL-Osage]; u-ʰki-ba-xtha (u-ḳí-ba-xtha) - to meet face to face [FL-Osage]; o-ki-ki-ba-xla (okíkibaxla) - meet face to face, coming from opposite directions: said of more than one pair [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-pa-toⁿ (ukipatoⁿ) - roll [Omaha]; u-ki-pa-taⁿ (ukípatáⁿ) - rolled himself over [JOD-Omaha]; u-ʰki-ʰpa-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-ḳi-pa-ṭoⁿ-tha) - to roll over and over [FL-Osage]

turn round and round

► ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round ► a-ko-iⁿ-xa-xa (akkóįγáγa) - I, da-ko-iⁿ-xa-xa (dakkóįγáγa) - you

► cf. ka-ko-iⁿ-xa-xa (kakóįγáγa) - go around and around; ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, “fire makes him/her/it go around and around”; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe), ka-koiⁿ-xe (kakoįγe) - turn around, circle; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bakkówįγáγa) - push round and round; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bikkówįγáγa) - push or blow something in circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something; po-ko-iⁿ-xa-xa (pókoįγáγa) - knock spinning, punch and spin;

► Dhegiha: ku-wiⁿ-xa-xa (k͓ú-wiⁿ-xá-xa) - freq. of k͓uwiⁿxe [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ʰko-iⁿ-xe (ʰkóįγe) - turn, turn around [CQ-Osage]; wiⁿ-xe (wįγe), i-xe (į́γe) - turn, spin, whirl, around [CQ-Osage]

turn something long

► di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long ► bdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-a-de (bdíkkówįγe ihéade) - I, ti-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-da-de (ttíkkówįγe ihédade) - you

► cf. di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe hi-de (dikkówįγe hide) - spin someone off balance; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble

► Dhegiha: thi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (thi kuwiⁿxe) - turn [Omaha]; thi-ki-wiⁿ-xe (¢i-k͓ú-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn round with the hands, as a grindstone; to pull or turn a blanket completely around [JOD-Omaha]; thi-koiⁿ-xe (ðiiʰkóįɣe) - turn someone or something around [CQ-Osage]; yu-ko-miⁿ-ghe (yukómiⁿghe) - turn something around and around with the hands, to crank [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (ihéthe) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i-he-the (ihé¢ĕ) - laid down [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

turn something with the foot

► naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something ► a-naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (aną́kkowįγe) - I, da-naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (daną́kkowįγe) - you

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe), ka-koiⁿ-xe (kakoįγe) - turn around, circle; ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, “fire makes him/her/it go around and around”

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ʰko-wiⁿ-xe (nóⁿ-ḳu-wiⁿ-xe) - to cause an object to turn by touching it with the foot [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-ko-mi-ghe (naⁿkómighe) - treadle; cause to spin or revolve by treading, kicking [Kaw]

turn something, pull around

► o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around ► o-bdi-taⁿ-da (obdíttąda) - I, o-ti-taⁿ-da (ottíttąda) - you

► cf. o-di (odí) - action by pulling; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (žą ódittą́da) - wagon, cart; zhoⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (jon-udit-tontah) - cart (char[r]ette) [GI]; o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (obíttąttą́da) - roll something repeatedly in something; iⁿ-kde o-ba-toⁿ-da (įkdé obáttǫda) - tumble bug, “dung roller”; o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over; o-ka-toⁿ-ta (okáttǫta) - wheel; pe-te zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da ti (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da ttí) - train, lit. “fire wagon house”; zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da (žą́dittą́da) - wagon, “running wood”; zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka (žǫ́dittą́da žiká) - small wagon [JOD]; zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da so-te (žǫ́ dit ą́da sotté) - train, “wagon go fast” [MS]; pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da so-te (pétte žǫ́ ditądá sotté) - railroad engine [JOD]; pe-te zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da) - locomotive, lit. “fire wagon”; pe-te zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da o-zhoⁿ-ke (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da ožǫke) - railway lit. “fire wagon road”

► Dhegiha: u-thi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-thí-ṭoⁿ-tha) - anything propelled by rolling: a wagon, buggy; a carriage; anything that is controlled [FL-Osage]; o-thi-ʰtaⁿ (oðíʰtą) - car, wagon, describes a rolling motion [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-taⁿ-ya (oyútaⁿya), (óyutaⁿya) - wagon, cart [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (thi-ṭóⁿ-tha) - to roll [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-tha (ṭoⁿ-tha) - rolling, to roll or make run [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-tha (ʰtą́ąða) - roll, rolling [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-toⁿ-toⁿ-tha (uga toⁿtoⁿtha) - tumble [Omaha]; o-ga-ʰtoⁿ-tha (o-ga-ṭoⁿ-tha) - sent rolling upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-ba-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-bá-ṭoⁿ-tha) - to roll, as a heavy object [FL-Osage]; o-ba-taⁿ-ya (obátaⁿya) - roll something, roll something over, to roll something, to roll an object over by pushing, said of the act of the tumblebug and kindred beetles in making balls of manure [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-tha (u-bí-t͓aⁿ-t͓áⁿ-¢a) - to bear or lean against a heavy log, etc., making it roll over and over [Omaha/Ponca]; bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - rolling [FL-Osage]; we-bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (wé-bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - a rolling pin [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-ʰki-pa-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-ḳi-pa-ṭoⁿ-tha) - to roll over and over [FL-Osage]; u-ki-pa-taⁿ (ukípatáⁿ) - rolled himself over [JOD-Omaha]; be-taⁿ-taⁿ (betáⁿtaⁿ) - rolled up several times [JOD-Omaha]; bu-ʰtoⁿ-tha (bu-ṭóⁿ-tha) - to shoot and send rolling [FL-Osage]

turn, make revolve, push around

► ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around ► pa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (ppákkowįγe) - I, shpa-ko-wiⁿ-xe (špákkowįγe) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bakkówįγáγa) - push round and round; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bikkówįγáγa) - push or blow something in circle; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe), ka-koiⁿ-xe (kakoįγe) - turn around, circle; ka-koiⁿ-xa-xa (kakóįγáγa) - go around and around; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round; ta-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (tákkowįγáγa) - around in circles, “fire makes him/her/it go around and around”

► Dhegiha: ba-ʰku-wiⁿ-xe (ba-ḳu-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn by pushing [FL-Osage]; ba-ko-mi-ghe (bakómighe) - turn, spin, cause to revolve in a horizontal or vertical plane by pushing [Kaw]

turn, rotate, pull out of line

► di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line ► bdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bdíkkowįγe) - I, ti-ko-wiⁿ-xe (ttíkkowįγe) - you

► cf. di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe hi-de (dikkówįγe híde) - spin someone off balance; di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble; ba-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bakkówįγe) - turn, make revolve, push around; bi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (bikkówįγe) - push, blow in a circle; ka-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kakkówįγe) - turn around, circle; ki-kdi-ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkikdíkkowįγe) - turn oneself around; naⁿ-ko-wiⁿ-xe (nąkkówįγe) - treadle, use to turn something

► Dhegiha: thi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (thi kuwiⁿxe) - turn [Omaha]; thi-ki-wiⁿ-xe (¢i-k͓ú-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn round with the hands, as a grindstone; to pull or turn a blanket completely around [JOD-Omaha]; thi-koiⁿ-xe (ðiiʰkóįɣe) - turn someone or something around [CQ-Osage]; yu-ko-miⁿ-ghe (yukómiⁿghe) - turn something around and around with the hands, to crank [Kaw]

turned into, changed into

► o-do-hi (odóhi) - changed into, turned into [JOD]

► ex: o-do-hi (odóhi) - was changed into, turned into [JOD]

► ex: we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe (wésʔa odóhi kʰe) - she changed into a serpent [JOD]

► ex: we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe i-ba-haⁿ (wésʔa odóhi kʰe íbahą) - he knew that she was changed into a serpent [JOD]

► ex: e-hoⁿ kʰe we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe taⁿ-ha naⁿ-pe xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (ehǫ́ kʰe wesʔa odóhi kʰe tą́ha ną́ppe γaké nįkʰé) - because her mother had been changed into a serpent, she sat crying in fear [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta we-s’a o-do-hi naⁿ ni-ti de (waxʔó wítta wésʔa odóhi ną nítti dé) - when my wife was turned into a serpent she went into the water [JOD]

► ex: wa-hi-ka zhi-ka ta-sha-knaⁿ o-do-hi ka-xe (wahíkka žíka tášakną́ odóhi káxe) - he made her change into into a small pin [JOD]

► ex: o-do-hi-ki-de (odóhikkidé) - he caused her to change into [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-x’o o-do-hi-ki-de (níkkašíka waxʔó odóhikkidé) - he made (caused her) to change into a female human being [JOD]

turned out, toes turned out

► si o-bda-k’oⁿ (si óbdakʔǫ) - splayfooted, toes turned out ► si o-a-bda-k’oⁿ (si óabdakʔǫ) - I, si o-da-bda-k’oⁿ (si ódabdakʔǫ) - you

► cf. si (si) - foot

► Dhegiha: si btha-ʰka (çi btha-ḳ’a) - web-footed [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: btha (btha) - to open, to spread out; to be opened or spread out [Omaha/Ponca]; bla (bla) - spread out, as dishes on the table [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: btha-ʰk’a (bthá-ḳ’a) - flat board [FL-Osage]; bra-k’a (brákʔa) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-k’a (blák’a) - flat on the surface, as boards [Kaw]

turned upside down

► ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down

► cf. di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over; ba-shoⁿ (bašǫ́) - spill, push over and spill; di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́), di-shaⁿ (dišą) - pull over and spill; naⁿ-shoⁿ (nąšǫ́) - dislocate, trip and break

► ex: ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one’s stomach

► Dhegiha: a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (ákigtháshoⁿ) - bottom-upward [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: bi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (biákigthashoⁿ) - to turn an object bottom upwards by sitting on it, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; bu-ku-la-shaⁿ (bukúlashaⁿ) - turn upside down, overturn by pressure; to turn an object upside down by pushing with the hands alone, with nothing in them, by weight or presssure [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (ba-ḳí-gtha-shoⁿ) - to push upside down [FL-Osage]; ba-a-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (ba-á-ḳi-gtha-shoⁿ) - to turn an object upside down by pushing [FL-Osage]; ba-ku-la-shaⁿ (bakúlashaⁿ) - turn upside down, push over [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: mu-a-kʰi-gtha-shoⁿ (múakʰígthashoⁿ) - to knock bottom-upwards by shooting or by rushing against, as a flood does; bo-ku-la-shaⁿ (bókulashaⁿ) - knock upside down by shooting [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (gaákigtháshoⁿ) - to knock or blow bottom-upward [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-a-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ ga-á-ḳi-gtha-shoⁿ) - blown over, blown over by the wind [FL-Osage]; ga-ku-la-shaⁿ (gakúlashaⁿ) - knock upside down; turn somersaults [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-a-ʰki-gtha-shoⁿ (noⁿ-á-ḳi-gtha-shoⁿ) - kick over, as to upset; upset with the foot [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-ku-la-shaⁿ (naⁿkúlashaⁿ) - kick over, to upset [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thiákigtháshoⁿ) - to turn an object upside down by pulling [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thi akigthashoⁿ) - turn over [Omaha]; yu-ku-la-shaⁿ (yukúlashaⁿ) - roll over, turn upside down; to turn an object such as a boat bottom upward by pulling [Kaw]

turnip

► to-kde de (tokdede) - turnip

► to-kde de (tah-kah-dah-the) - turnips (ravets) [GI]

► cf. to (to) - potato; to-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (tošǫ́šǫ) - Irish potato, “round potato”; to-ska (toska) - potato, “white potato”; to ski-de (to skíde) - sweet potato; to ste-te (tostétte) - sweet potato, “long potato”; to taⁿ-ka (tuk-tonkah) - apple of the earth, “large potato” (pomme de terre) [GI]

► Dhegiha: nu-gthe (núgthe) - turnips [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-gthe (núgthe) - turnips [Omaha]; do-gthe (dó-gthe) - Psoralea esculenta Pursh, commonly called “pomme blanche” by the whites [FL-Osage]; do-le (dóle) - turnip, Indian turnip, carrot [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: do-gthe-ʰtoⁿ-a (dó-gthe ṭoⁿ-a) - turnip, “big pomme blanche” [FL-Osage]; to-le-ʰtaⁿ (tóoleʰtąą) - turnip [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: nu (nu) - potato, including both the European potato and native potato [Omaha/Ponca]; nu (nu) - potato [Omaha]; nu (nu) - potato, potatoes; this includes the potato known to the white man, and also the nu u-ke-thiⁿ (nú uké¢iⁿ) or native potato, an esculent root [JOD-Omaha]; do (do) - potato, before the Irish potato was introduced by traders, the Osage used a wild potato which tastes like sweet potato, when the Irish potato became known to the Osage they applied to it the name “do” [FL-Osage]; to (tóo) - tuber [CQ-Osage]; do (do) - potato, Indian potato, the Kansa dig these in the lowlands near the Arkansas River, about an inch thick and 2 inches long originally; white, and tasted like potatoes [Kaw]

turtle

► ke (kke) - turtle

► ke (kke) - turtle [MS, MR]

► kʰe (k'e˙) - turtle [FS]

► ke (ké) - turtle [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ke (ke) - a black turtle, with a white breast, the Ponkas made shields out of the shells [Omaha/Ponca]; ke (ke) - turtle [Omaha]; ke (ḳé) - turtle; tortoise; terrapin [FL-Osage]; ʰke (ʰkée) - turtle, tortoise, terrapin [CQ-Osage]; ke ((ke) - turtle [Kaw]

turtle dove

► di-ta pa-ta-ho (dittá ppattáho) - turtle dove [MS]

► di-ta pa-ta-ho (dittá ppattáho) - dove, species lives in the forest

► cf. di-ta (dítta) - dove; di-ta wa-ta-kde (dittá wattákde) - pigeon

► Dhegiha: thi-tʰa (thítʰa) - pigeon, dove [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ta (thíta) - pigeon, dove [Omaha]; thi-ta (¢í-ta) - generic; birds of the dove and pigeon genus [JOD-Omaha]; thi-ʰta (thi-ṭa) - pigeon [FL-Osage]; yu-ta (yúta) - pigeon, dove [Kaw]

Turtle gens (clan)

► ke ni-ka-shi-ka (kké níkkašíka) - the Turtle gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► ke ni-ka-shi-ka (kké níkkašíka) - Turtle people, obtained from Mrs. Stafford (five gentes not on the Hañka side) [JOD]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people

turtle or peach stone dice

► koⁿ-si-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sǐ kŭⁿ) - dice (turtle), “kia tuⁿka”, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]

► koⁿ-se-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sē gŭⁿ) - peach stone dice, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]

► cf. i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet; i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (íkazózo íkǫ) - cards, playing cards

► Dhegiha: k’oⁿ-su (kʔǫ́su), k’oⁿ-se (kʔǫ́se) - dice, Osage dice [CQ-Osage]; k’oⁿ-su-k’oⁿ (kʔǫ́sukʔǫ́) - play dice, Osage dice game [CQ-Osage]; k’o-se koⁿ (k’óse kóⁿ) - shoot dice [Kaw]; k’o-su i-k’oⁿ (k’ósu ik’óⁿ) - play a gaime with six brass nail-heads [Kaw]; k’o-su i-k’oⁿ (k’óⁿsu ik’óⁿ) - shoot dice, originally with six brass nails [Kaw]; k’o-su (k’ósu) - brass nails, studs, used as dice [Kaw]; k’o-se (k’óse), k’o-su (k’ósu) - brass nails, such as are put on women’s knife-sheaths, something that they made, little round things out of bone (studded with brass nails) and played games with them: k’o-se (k’óse), those [with] little spots - dice [Kaw]

turtle shell

► ke ha (kkéhá) - turtle shell

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► ex: ke-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

► ex: ke-ha a-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ iⁿ-ke (kkehá anaɣáda hóttą ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]

► Dhegiha: ke ha (ke há) - turtle shell [Omaha/Ponca]; ke ha (ke há) - tortoise shell [Omaha]

turtle shells, stomp dance turtle shells

► ke-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

► cf. ke-ha (kkéhá) - turtle shell

► ex: ke-ha a-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ iⁿ-ke (kkehá anaɣáda hóttą ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]

► Dhegiha: ke ha (ke há) - turtle shell [Omaha/Ponca]; ke ha (ke há) - tortoise shell [Omaha]

turtle with spotted breast, water turtle

► ke moiⁿ-ke kde-zhe (kké moį́ke kdéže) - turtle with spotted breast, water turtle

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; maⁿ-ke (mą́ke), maⁿ-iⁿ-ke (mąį́ke), mo-iⁿ-ke (moį́ke) - chest, breast; kde-zhe (kdéže) - spotted, speckled

► Dhegiha: ke gthe-zhe (ke gthezhe) - speckled turtle; refers to a homosexual [Omaha]

turtle with white breast

► ke mo-iⁿ-ke ska (kké moį́ke ska) - turtle with white breast, water turtle

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; maⁿ-ke (mą́ke), maⁿ-iⁿ-ke (mąį́ke), mo-iⁿ-ke (moį́ke) - chest, breast; ska (ska) - white

turtle, big water turtle

► ke taⁿ-ka (kke ttą́ka) - turtle, big water turtle

► ke taⁿ-ka (kke ttą́ka) - big turtle [MS]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► Dhegiha: ke taⁿ-ga (kétañga) - big turtle [JOD-Omaha]; ke toⁿ-ga (kétoⁿga) - snapping turtle [Omaha]; ʰke ʰtoⁿ-ga (ḳé-ṭoⁿ-ga) - snapping turtle [FL-Osage]; ke taⁿ-ga (ké táⁿga) - big turtle; water turtle [Kaw]

turtle, Little or Young Turtle

► ke zhi-ka (kke žíka) - Little Turtle; Young Turtle, masculine name of the Kwapa ke ni-ka-shi-ka (kké níkkašíka) or Turtle gens [JOD]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: ke zhiⁿ-ga (ke zhíⁿga) - Little Turtle, male name [Omaha/Ponca]; ke zhiⁿ-ga (ke zhíⁿga) - Young Turtle, male name [Kaw]

turtle, soft shelled water turtle

► ke zhoⁿ-te (kke zǫ́tte) - soft shelled water turtle

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle

turtle, striped land turtle

► ke kde-ze (kké kdéze) - striped land turtle

► ke kde-ze (kké kdéze) - turtle, terrapin [MS]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; kde-ze (kdezé) - striped

► Dhegiha: ke gthe-ze (kégtheçe) - tortoise, striped turtle [Omaha]; ʰke gthe-ze (ḳe-gthé-çe) - box turtle, “striped turtle” [FL-Osage]; ke le-ze (kè léze) - striped turtle, a land turtle, the male of which has red eyes [Kaw]

turtle, tiny species of water tortoise

► ke zhaⁿ-xa (kke žąxa) - turtle, tiny species of water tortoise; Quapaws will not allow anyone to lift it by the tail, lest there be a flood

► ke zhaⁿ-xe (kke žąxé) - masculine name [JOD]

turtle, Turtle Claw

► ke sha-ke (kke šaké) - female name [JOD]

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; sha-ke (šáke) - claw, talon, hoof

► Dhegiha: sha-ge (shage) - hoof, talon, claws, fingernails [Omaha]; sha-ge (shá-ge) - hands, paws, claws, talons [FL-Osage]; sha-ke (šáake) - hand, claw, handprint, footprint, tracks, hands of the body that are touched by the attendees when passing by it at a funeral, finger [CQ-Osage]; sha-ge (sháge) - claws, finger [Kaw]

twelve

► naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (nąpá aknį) - twelve

► naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (nąpá aknį) - twelve [MS]

► naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (nuⁿbágĕne) - twelve [ASG]

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ thoⁿ-pa (a-gthiⁿ thoⁿ-ba) - twelve; a dozen [FL-Osage]; a-liⁿ thoⁿ-pa (álįį ðǫǫpá) - twelve, twelfth (shortened form) [CQ-Osage]; a-li noⁿ-ba (àlinoⁿbá) - twelve [Kaw]

► kde-bnaⁿ noⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (gĕdēhbŏnāh nonnepah-agheni) - 12 [GI]

► kde-bnaⁿ noⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (gdȁbne nuⁿbágĕne) - twelve [ASG]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► Dhegiha: le-braⁿ a-liⁿ thoⁿ-pa (lébrą álįį ðǫǫpá) - twelve, twelfth (full form) [CQ-Osage]

► kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ noⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́) - twelve (long form), “10 when 2 sitting on”

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have; taⁿ (tą) - when; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► ex: mi-aⁿ-ba mi-xti-naⁿ ma-ze-ska kde-bnaⁿ taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-da (mią́ba míxtiną mazéska kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́ ąną́kidá) - he paid me twelve dollars a month

twelve and a half cents, bit

► de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali ‘money’, French escalin ‘shilling’

► ex: de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime [MS, OM]

► ex: de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá), de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits

► ex: de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, fifty cents, four bits

► ex: de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents [FR, OM]

twentieth

► i-kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-pa (íkdebdąną́pa) - twentieth

► cf. kde-bna noⁿ-ba (kdébnanǫ́ba), kde-bdaⁿ noⁿ-ba (kdebdąnǫba) - twenty; kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

twenty

► kde-bna noⁿ-ba (kdébnanǫ́ba), kde-bdaⁿ noⁿ-ba (kdebdąnǫba) - twenty

► kde-bna noⁿ-ba (kdébnanǫ́ba), kde-bdaⁿ noⁿ-ba (kdebdąnǫba) - twenty [MS]

► kde-bna noⁿ-pa (gĕdēhbŏnāh-nonnepah) - 20 [GI]

► kde-bna noⁿ-ba (gdȁbna noⁿbá) - twenty [ASG]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba noⁿ-ba (gthéba nóⁿba) - twenty [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-bthoⁿ thoⁿ-ba (gthé-bthoⁿ thoⁿ-ba) - twenty, “two tens” [FL-Osage]; le-braⁿ thoⁿ-pa (lébrą ðǫǫpá) - twenty, twentieth [CQ-Osage]; le-blaⁿ noⁿ-ba (léblaⁿ noⁿbá) - twenty [Kaw]

twenty each, by twenties, twenty apiece

► kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece

► cf. kde-bna noⁿ-ba (kdébnanǫ́ba), kde-bdaⁿ noⁿ-ba (kdebdąnǫba) - twenty; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-thoⁿ (thóⁿthoⁿ) - distributive term [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿthoⁿthóⁿ) - by ones; one at a time; one here and there; one to each [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-the (nąðé) - a certain number or amount of time, a certain number or amount per person [CQ-Osage]; yaⁿ-ye (-yáⁿye) - distributive suffix for numerals, ‘apiece’; now and then [Kaw]

twenty-five cents

► de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá) - quarter, two bits

► de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter [OM]

► de-ska-da noⁿ-ba (déskada nǫbá) - quarter, twenty-five cents [LQ]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali “money”, Fr. escalin “shilling”; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents; de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, four bits, fifty cents [LQ]; de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

twenty-one

► kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-pa miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (kdébdą ną́pa mį́xti aknį) - twenty-one

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba naⁿ-ba ki e-di wiⁿ (gthe-ba-naⁿ-ba ki ĕdi wiⁿ), gthe-ba naⁿ-ba ke-di wiⁿ (gthe-ba-naⁿ-ba kĕdi wiⁿ) - 21 [JOD-Omaha]; le-braⁿ thoⁿ-pa a-liⁿ wiⁿ-xtsi (lébrą ðǫǫpá álįį wį́xci), le-bra thoⁿ-pa e-tsi wiⁿ-xtsi (lébra ðǫ́ǫpá éci wį́xci) - twenty-one, tweny-first [CQ-Osage]; le-blaⁿ noⁿ-ba a-li miⁿ-xtsi (léblaⁿ noⁿbá àli míⁿxci) - twenty-one [Kaw]

twilight

► hoⁿ-sa-we (hǫ́sawé) - twilight

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; sa (sa) - black; sa-we (sáwe) - black (plural) [ASG]; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening

► Dhegiha: haⁿ-sha-sha-be (haⁿsháshabe) - dusk [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [Omaha]; haⁿ (haⁿ) - night [JOD-Omaha]; hoⁿ (hoⁿ) - night [FL-Osage]; haⁿ (hą́ą) - night, nighttime, during the night, at night, nocturnal [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ (haⁿ) - night [Kaw]

twins

► naⁿ-pa-ta (nąpátta) - twins

► naⁿ-pa-ta (nąpátta) - Twin, female name, named Twin because she was one of twins [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; i-ta-de (íttade) - bear or give birth to a child; naⁿ-pa-ta i-ta-de (nąpátta ittáde) - to have or bear twins

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-bi-da-the (naⁿbída¢e) - two born [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ba i-da (noⁿba ida) - twin [Omaha]; noⁿ-ba-da (noⁿ-bá-da), thoⁿ-ba-da (thoⁿ-bá-da) - twins, “two born” [FL-Osage]; thoⁿ-pa-taⁿ (ðǫǫpátą) - twin, twins [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-da (ída) - to be born; i-da (ída) - human birth; be born [Omaha]; i-ʰta (i-ṭa), i-da (í-da) - born [FL-Osage]

twins, to have or bear twins

► naⁿ-pa-ta i-ta-de (nąpátta ittáde) - to have or bear twins

► cf. naⁿ-pa-ta (nąpátta) - twins; i-ta-de (íttade) - bear or give birth to a child

► Dhegiha: i-da-the (ídathe) - give birth to [Omaha/Ponca]; i-da-the (í-da-the) - to bear a child, to give birth to an offspring [FL-Osage]; i-ta-the (iitáðe) - give birth to [CQ-Osage]; i-da-ye (ídaye) - bear a child, have a baby [Kaw]

twist off the head

► di-ba-xa (dibáxa) - to twist off the head [JOD]

► di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling ► bdi-ba-xe (bdíbaxe) - I, ti-ba-xe (ttíbaxe) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► ex: bdi-ba-xa (bdíbaxá) - I twist off its head [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka miⁿ-xti bdi-ba-xa taⁿ a-wa-k’i aⁿ-maⁿ (wažį́ka mį́xti bdíbaxá tą awákʔi ąmą́) - I usually give them just one bird, I twist it’s head off [JOD]

► ex: di-ba-xa (dibáxa) - he twisted off its head [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka miⁿ-xti di-ba-xa naⁿ wa-k’i naⁿ (wažį́ka mį́xti dibáxa ną wakʔí ną) - he gave them just one bird, he twisted it’s head off [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-ba-xe (thi-bá-xe) - to break a string in half; to snap [FL-Osage]; yu-ba-ghe (yubághe) - break or snap a cord by pulling with the hands [Kaw]

twist or roll with the palms

► bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms ► pi-be-bni (ppíbebni) - I, shpi-be-bni (špíbebni) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands; ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion

► Dhegiha: bi-be-bthiⁿ (bibéb¢iⁿ) - to roll up a napkin, etc., large: to twist a cord large on the knee or between the hands [JOD-Omaha]; bubébliⁿ (bubébliⁿ) - twist until coarse by rubbing or rolling it between hand and knee [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

twist with the hands

► di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands ► bdi-be-bniⁿ (bdíbebnį) - I, ti-be-bniⁿ (ttíbebnį) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: thi-be-bthiⁿ (thibébthiⁿ) - to twist in the hands; to twist, as yarn, with a wheel; to make warp [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; yu-be-bliⁿ (yubébliⁿ) - twist something coarse with the hands, as a cord or rope [Kaw]

twisted round and round

► be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round

► cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms candy; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, “twisted tobacco”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wažǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, “spiral stick”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands; ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

twisted tobacco, cigar

► ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-nu be-bliⁿ (naⁿnú bébliⁿ) - cigar, “twisted tobacco”, a reference to how cigars are made [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ni (niní) - tobacco [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ni (nini) - tobacco; cigarette; cigar [Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-hi (noⁿ-ní-hi) - tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu (nąnúhu) - tobacco; naⁿ-nu (naⁿnú), noⁿ-nu (noⁿnú), naⁿ-ni (naⁿní), na-nu (nanú) - tobacco [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-be-bthiⁿ (thibébthiⁿ) - to twist in the hands; to twist, as yarn, with a wheel; to make warp [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; yu-be-bliⁿ (yubébliⁿ) - twist something coarse with the hands, as a cord or rope [Kaw]

twisted, curled, spiral

► be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral

► cf. be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms candy; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, literally, twisted tobacco; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wažǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands; ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

two

► naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two [MS, MR, FR, AB, AG, OM]

► noⁿ-pa (nonnepah) - 2 [GI]

► noⁿ-ba (nǫ́Bá) - two [FS]

► noⁿ-pa (noⁿpá), (nabá) - two [ASG]

► ex: haⁿ-pa naⁿ-pa (hąp͓á nąp͓á) - two days [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-ta noⁿ-ba (nąttá nǫ́ba) - two ears [ASG]

► ex: maⁿ naⁿ-pa i-yo naⁿ i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (mą́ nąpá íyo ną iyá mątʰó) - he wounded Grizzly bear with two arrows, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti ki naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąpá sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and one female, two remained after the striking down of the others, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówaną, iyá) - the rabbit took hold of the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-kye, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówakye, iyá) - the rabbit spoke to the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ba (nóⁿba), thoⁿ-ba (thóⁿba) - two [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-ba (noⁿba) - two; double; pair [Omaha]; thoⁿ-ba (thoⁿ-bá), noⁿ-ba (noⁿ-ba) - two [FL-Osage]; thoⁿ-pa (ðǫǫpá) - two; the two of them, both of them; twice [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-ba (noⁿbá) - two [Kaw]

Two Arrows

► maⁿ naⁿ-pa (mą́ ną́pa) - Two Arrows, masculine name [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ (mą́) - arrow, arrow shaft; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

Male

► Dhegiha: moⁿ (moⁿ), maⁿ (maⁿ) - an arrow [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - arrow [Omaha]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - an arrow [Omaha/Ponca]; maⁿ (mą́), moⁿ (mǫ́) - arrow; staff used at peyote meetings; maⁿ (maⁿ) - arrow [Kaw]

two barreled shotgun

► ma-ze o-ki-da-zha-ta (máze okkidažátta) - double barrel shotgun, two barreled shotgun, on sccount of 2 barrels [ASG]

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron; gun; zha-ta (žátta) - forked

► Dhegiha: zha-ta (zhata) - cloven; forked [Omaha/Ponca]; zha-ta (zhata) - forked [Omaha]; zha-ʰta (zha-ṭa) - forked; clove; parted, as the foot of a deer, buffalo, or cow [FL-Osage]; zha-ʰta (žáʰta) - divided, forked, notched, branded, split, cut, sliced [CQ-Osage]; zha-ta (zháta) - forked, notched [Kaw]

two bits

► de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá) - quarter, two bits

► de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter [OM]

► de-ska-da noⁿ-ba (déskada nǫbá) - quarter, twenty-five cents [LQ]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali “money”, Fr. escalin “shilling”; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents; de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, four bits, fifty cents [LQ]; de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

Two Buffalo Bulls

► te to-ka naⁿ-pa (tte tóka ną́pa) - Two Buffalo Bulls, masculine name [JOD]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; to-ka (tóka) - male animal; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► Dhegiha: te nu-ga noⁿ-ba (te núga noⁿba) - Two Buffalo Bulls, male name [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: nu-ga (núga) - male animal, applied to animals and birds, not humans [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-ga (nuga) - male animal [Omaha]; do-ga (do-gá) - male [FL-Osage]; to-ka (tooká) - male [CQ-Osage]; do-ga (dogá), doⁿ-ga (doⁿgá) - male [Kaw]

Two Buffalo Chief

► ka-hi-ke noⁿ-ba tʰe (kahíke nǫ́ba tʰe) - Two Buffalo Chief

► cf. ka-hi-ke (kahíke) - chief; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; tʰe (tʰe) - the pair; collective inanimate

two each, by twos, two apiece

► naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ba thoⁿ-thoⁿ (naⁿba¢aⁿ¢aⁿ) - by twos, two at a time; two here and there; two to each [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-thoⁿ (thóⁿthoⁿ) - distributive term [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿthoⁿthóⁿ) - by ones; one at a time; one here and there; one to each [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ba noⁿ-the (thoⁿ-ba noⁿ-the) - two at a time; two to each person; two by two [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-ba yaⁿ-ye (noⁿbá yaⁿye) - two apiece, two each, distributive [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-the (nąðé) - a certain number or amount of time, a certain number or amount per person [CQ-Osage]; yaⁿ-ye (-yáⁿye) - distributive suffix for numerals, ‘apiece’; now and then [Kaw]

two hundred

► kde-bdaⁿ hi zhi-ka naⁿ-pa (kdébdąhížiká nąpá) - two hundred

► cf. kde-bdaⁿ hi zhi-ka (kdébdąhížiká) - hundred; kde-bdaⁿ hi (kdébdą hí) - hundred, a stock of tens; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; miⁿ

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba hi wiⁿ noⁿ-ba (gthébahíwiⁿ nóⁿba) - two hundred [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-bthoⁿ hiu noⁿ-ba (gthe-bthoⁿ hiu noⁿ-ba) - two hundred [FL-Osage]; le-braⁿ hu zhiⁿ thoⁿ-pa (lébrą huužį́ ðǫ́ǫpá) - two hundred [CQ-Osage]; le-blaⁿ hu noⁿ-ba (léblaⁿ hú noⁿbá) - two hundred [Kaw]

two only, just two

► naⁿ-pa hi (nąpáhi), naⁿ-ba hi (nąbáhi) - two only, just two

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; hi (hi) - very; with numerals: just, only

Two Ravens

► ka-xe naⁿ-pa (kkáγe ną́pa) - Two Crows or Ravens, masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► Dhegiha: ka-xe thaⁿ-ba (k͓á-xe ¢áⁿba) - Two Crows, male name [JOD-Omaha]; ʰka-xe thoⁿ-ba (ḳá-xe thoⁿ-ba) - Two Crows, male personal name, refers to the feathers used in making the staff of authority in buffalo hunting [FL-Osage]

Two Ravens in Motion

► ka-xe naⁿ-pa niⁿ (kkáγe ną́pa nį) - Two Ravens in Motion, masculine name [JOD]

► cf. ka-xe (kkáγe) - raven; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

two sleeps, Tuesday

► naⁿ-pa zhoⁿ (nąpá žǫ) - Tuesday, lit. “two sleeps”

► naⁿ-pa zhoⁿ (nąpá žǫ) - Tuesday [MS]

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline, sleep

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ba naⁿ-ba zhaⁿ xti-e-gaⁿ (áⁿba náⁿba jáⁿ-qtiégaⁿ) - in about two days (of sleeps) [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ba zhaⁿ (noⁿbá zhaⁿ) - two days [Kaw]

Two Standing Suns

► mi naⁿ-pa na-zhiⁿ tʰaⁿ (mi ną́pa nažį́ tʰą) - Two Standing Suns, female name [JOD]

► cf. mi (mi) - sun, moon, orb; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

two Sundays, fortnight

► haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, “two Sundays”

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba (óⁿ-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba) - once in two weeks, a fortnight [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]; wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

Two Suns

► mi naⁿ-pa (mi ną́pa) - Two Suns, female name [JOD]

► cf. mi (mi) - sun, moon, orb; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

two times, twice

► hi-naⁿ-paⁿ-iⁿ (hínąpą́į) - twice, two times

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; hi-naⁿ-pa a-ki-kde (hínąpá ákkikdé) - double, twofold

Two Upright Horns

► he naⁿ-pa kde (he ną́pa kde) - Two Upright Horns, masculine name, father of te zhi-ka (tte žíka) Buffalo Calf [JOD]

► cf. he (he) - horn, antler; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; kde (kde) - placed upright or in a standing position

► Dhegiha: he thoⁿ-pa (hé ðǫǫpa) - braids (lit., ‘two horns’; ponytails (two sections of hair, one gathered from left and one from right side of the head, bound close to the scalp, and hanging loosely) [CQ-Osage]; he yoⁿ-ba (hé yoⁿba) - braids; pigtails in hair [Kaw]

two, bite in two

► da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two ► bda-ba-xe (bdábaγe) - I, ta-ba-xe (ttábaγe) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► ex: wa-so-so ta-ba-xe e (wasóso ttábaγe e) - did you bite the cord in two?

► Dhegiha: tha-ba-xe (tha-bá-xe) - to bite in two a string or cord [FL-Osage]; ya-ba-ghe (yabághe) - bite in two, pull apart by biting [Kaw]

two, both or pair

► ni-kaⁿ-ni (níkkąní), ni-koⁿ-ni-hi (nikkǫ́nihi) - pair, both

► ex: si ni-kaⁿ-ni (si níkkąní) - both feet

► ex: iⁿ-shta ni-koⁿ-ni (inschta nikkoni) - both eyes (deaux yeux) [GI]

► ex: naⁿ-ta ni-kaⁿ-ni (nûtá nuktané) - both ears [ASG]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe ni-kaⁿ-ni (hǫpé níkkąní) - moccasin/both [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰaⁿ ha hoⁿ-pe ni-kaⁿ-ni o-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną įtʰą́ ha hǫpé níkkąní otʰą́ ną, iyá) - and he (Rabbit’s son) put on a pair of owl skin moccasins, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ʰku-wiⁿ (nóⁿ-ḳu-wiⁿ) - the two, both [FL-Osage]; na-ʰkoⁿiⁿ (naʰkǫį́), naⁿ-ʰko-wiⁿ (nąʰkówį) - pair, couple, the two of them [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-koⁿ-mi (nóⁿkoⁿmí) - pair, both, couple, two together [Kaw]

two, both, also, too, that one too

► e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too

► e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa), naⁿ-pa (ną́pa) - both, also, too

► cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, aforementioned; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the frenchman and his wife, the both of them kept house [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa (mikká maštį́ke enąpá) - raccoon and rabbit, the both of them [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa (níkka šémižíka enąpá) - both the man and little girl [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka niⁿ-kʰe she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kda-we, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka nįkʰé šémižíka enąpá kdáwe, iyáwe) - then both the man and little girl started homeward, they say [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka she-mi-zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kde pa, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka šémižíka enąpá kde pá, iyáwe) - then both the man and little girl were going homeward, they say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa (hǫ́, wítteke wittími énąpá) - yes, my mother’s brother and also my father’s sister (addressing Winter and his wife) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - Rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-ba (éthoⁿba) - also, too: refers to two objects, and to no more [Omaha/Ponca]; e-thoⁿ-pa (é-thoⁿ-ba) - and; he also; of the two divisions [FL-Osage]; e-thoⁿ-pa (éeðǫǫpa) - group including just mentioned individual(s) (can sometimes be translated as’ both’, ‘all’, ‘and another’, ‘and others’, or as ‘and I’ when followed by a verb with 1^st pl. inflection) [CQ-Osage]; e-yoⁿ-ba (éyoⁿba) - both, too, also; and (used with nouns) [Kaw]

two, braid or plait a lariat in two strands

► a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands

► cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: thi-be-bthiⁿ (thibébthiⁿ) - to twist, as yarn, with a wheel [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

two, cut in two

► ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two ► a-ba-xe (ábaγé) - I, da-ba-xe (dábaγé) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe a-ba-xe (mątté-kką nįkʰe ábaγé) - I cut the canoe string (with the hatchet) [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ ka-ba-xe (žą kabáγe) - to cut a tree or wood [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga-ba-xe (ga-ba-xe) - to break a string; to cut; demolisher [FL-Osage]

► pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord ► pa-a-ba-xe (páabáγe) - I, pa-da-ba-xe (pádabáγe) - you

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► Dhegiha: ba-ba-xe (bá-ba-xe) - to cut a cord or a rope with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba-ba-ghe (babághe) - push apart, pull; to break a cord, etc. with the point of a knife or stick pushed firmly against it [Kaw]; ba-ba-ghe (bábaghe) - chop something up, to pull apart; to cut a cord, etc. with a knife [Kaw]

two, pull something between two objects

► o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects ► o-pi-saⁿ-te (oppísątte) - I, o-shpi-saⁿ-te (ošpísątte) - you

► cf. wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te (watʰé ábisątte) - to iron a dress; a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something; a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on; a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down

► Dhegiha: u-bi-saⁿ-de (u-bí-san-de) - a narrow place [JOD-Omaha]; u-bi-soⁿ-de (ubiçoⁿde) - compact, crowded [Omaha]; u-bi-soⁿ-dse (u-bí-çoⁿ-dse) - close together; crowded [FL-Osage]

two, put two objects so their ends or edges touch

► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-a-de (ákkikkíkde ihéade) - I, a-ki-ki-kde i-he-da-de (ákkikkíkde ihédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (i-hé-¢ĕ) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

► a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting (curvilinear--JOD) objects so their edges touch ► a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-a-de (ákkikną iną́ade) - I, a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-da-de (ákkikną iną́dade) - you

► cf. knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set or put; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put upon a surface; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set or put one’s own; o-ki-knaⁿ (okíkną) - put sg/si/in into or beneath, as putting in the belt, etc; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; stode knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate or cloth/paper

► Dhegiha: a-gi-gthaⁿ (á-gi-g¢aⁿ) - to place his own cv. ob., book, paper, piece of calico, etc., on something else; to apply his medicine externally, as a plaster or poultice [JOD-Omaha]; a-gu-laⁿ (águlaⁿ) - set one’s object upon; set one’s cloth, paper, book, etc., on a surface; set a squat object on a surface for someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-thaⁿ-the (i¢aⁿ¢ĕ) - to put down [JOD-Omaha]; i-thoⁿ-the (i-thóⁿ-the) - to put something away that is round [FL-Osage]; i-yaⁿ-ye (iyáⁿye) - put, place a sitting/inanimate object anywhere [Kaw]

► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéade) - I, a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikkíkde itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-ʰki-gthe (áḳiḳigthe) to join two boards or poles [FL-Osage]; a-ki-ki-le (akíkile) - stacked on top of each other; joined at the ends making a joint, as two boards [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikdáska itʰéade) - I, a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikdáska itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

two, sew two things together

► a-ki-pa-tʰe (ákkipatʰé) - sew two things together, sew across ► a-a-ki-pa-tʰe (áakkíppatʰe) - I, a-da-ki-shpa-tʰe (ádakkíšpatʰe) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-pa-tʰa-we (ǫkákkipatʰawe) - we

► cf. ba-tʰe (batʰé) - sew; a-ba-tʰe (ábatʰe) - to sew on; ki-pa-tʰe (kippátʰe) - sew one’s own; o-ki-pa-tʰe (okkíppatʰe) - sewed together; wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha (wabátʰé óžiha) - sewing bag

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-pʰa-tʰe (ákʰipʰátʰe) - to sew across; to sew two things together [Omaha/Ponca]

two, shoot in two

► po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two ► po-a-ba-xe (poabaγe) - I, po-da-ba-xe (pódabáγe) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáxe) - break by pulling; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord

► Dhegiha: bo-ba-ghe (bóbaghe) - shoot a cord in two [Kaw]

► po-xoⁿ (póxǫ) - shoot in two, break punching ► po-a-xoⁿ (poáxǫ) - I, po-da-xoⁿ (pódaxǫ) - you, po-oⁿ-xoⁿ-we (Póǫxǫwé) - we

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing; bi-xoⁿ (bixǫ́) - break, crush; da-xoⁿ (daxǫ́) - break by biting; di-xoⁿ (dixǫ́) - break, as a stick with the hands; ka-xoⁿ (kaxǫ́) - break something by hitting it; a-ka-xoⁿ (ákaxǫ) - break something by striking another object; pa-xoⁿ (páxǫ) - cut apart, disjoint

► Dhegiha: mu-xoⁿ (múqoⁿ) - to break by shooting, as the limb of a tree [Omaha/Ponca]; bo-xoⁿ (bóxoⁿ) - break, as a bone, by shooting [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ (qóⁿ) - broken, but not in two: said of a chair, bone, etc.; xoⁿ (xoⁿ) - to break; just a simple break [FL-Osage]; xoⁿ (xǫ́) - break, broken [CQ-Osage]

two, split in two

► shte-ke (štéke) - split in two

► cf. o-di-shte (odíšte) - half (number or quantity); saw, split by sawing; zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte) - plank, “split wood”; ka-shte (kašté) - gash, slit something striking it; ki-kda-shte (kkikdášte) - cut, gash one’s own; pa-shte (pášte) - cut

► ex: e-shoⁿ di-xa-zhi niⁿ-kʰe shte-ke naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ dixáži nįkʰé štéke ną, iyá) - then the Hill split in two, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: stse-ge (stsé-ge) - split [FL-Osage]; stse-ge (scége) - gashed [Kaw]

two, the two of ours

► aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual)

► aⁿ-ko-ta (angúta) - our [ASG]

► cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable); di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe), oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

► ex: shoⁿ-ke aⁿ-ko-ta (šǫ́ke ąkótta) - our dog

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-gu-ta (oⁿgúta) - belonging to us two; ours [Omaha/Ponca]; aⁿ-gu-ta (añ-gú-ṭa) - our own [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-ʰta (oⁿ-gu-ṭa) - our [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko-ʰta (ąkóʰta) - ours; our (belonging to two or more of us; we ourselves (emphatic) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-go-ta (aⁿgóta) - our, ours, be ours [Kaw]

two, the two of us

► aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ), aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka), aⁿ-ko (ąko), oⁿ-ko (ǫko), aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną́), wa (wa) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other

► ex: aⁿ-ka-de (ąkáde) - we go, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from de (de) - go

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde (ą́kakdé) - we go home, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

► ex: oⁿ-ka-kdi (ǫkákdi) - we have come back here, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from kdi (kdi) - to have come back here

► ex: aⁿ-k’iⁿ (ąkʔį) - we carry, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sit, we camp, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp

► ex: oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, from i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its

► ex: aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáγe) - we make, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: aⁿ-kiⁿ (ąkį́) - we wear, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from ’iⁿ (ʔį) - wear

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ (ąkǫ́) - we do, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - do, be; use, have

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da (ąkǫ́da) - we want, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-de (ąną́de) - we see, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from i-de (íde) - see, find

► ex: aⁿ-zhaⁿ (ąžą́) - we sleep, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - sleep, lie, recline

► ex: t’e-aⁿ-de (tʔeą́de) - we kill, 1^st person dual, I and one other, from t’e-de (tʔede) - kill

two, those dual or these dual

► de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual/standing/inanimate

► cf. de (de) - this; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; de-tʰe (détʰe) - this standing/inanimate

► ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual/standing/invisible/inanimate

► cf. ka (ká) - that; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that standing/invisible/inanimate or that collection/invisible/inanimate

► ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual/standing/visible/inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular/standing/visible/inanimate

► ko-wa-da-tʰe (kówadatté) - those dual/standing/inanimate or collections

► cf. ko-wa (kówa) - yonder, further; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that singular/standing/inanimate or collection

► ex: zhoⁿ ko-wa-da-tʰe (žǫ kówadatté) - yon two trees

► she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual/standing/visible/inanimate objects

► cf. she (šé) - that; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or collection/standing/inanimate

► to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual/standing or collection/inanimate objects on this side

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point; da-tʰe (datʰé) - those or these dual; to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular/standing or collection/inanimate object on this side

twofold, double

► hi-naⁿ-pa a-ki-kde (hínąpá ákkikdé) - double, twofold

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; hi-[numeral] a-ki-kde (hi-[numeral]-ákkikde) - times, fold, x-fold

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ba a-kʰi-gthe (nóⁿba ákʰigthe) - two together, or two joints [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-gthe (ákʰigthe) - together; at a time [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ki-le (ákile) - on top of each other, stacked [Kaw]

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