the
►
see that, this
the end, enough
►
ka-i-shoⁿ naⁿ (káišǫ ną́) - so far/only, used as
ending of a story [JOD]
►
cf. ka (ká) - that; shoⁿ (šǫ) - the
end, enough;
naⁿ
(ną)
- only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone
►
ka i-she-tʰaⁿ-kʰi (ká-išétʰąkʰí), ka e-she-tʰaⁿ-ki (ká-ešétʰąkí)
- so far, the end, used as ending of a story [JOD]
►
ka i-she-tʰaⁿ (ká-išetʰą́) - so far, the end, used
as ending of a story [JOD]
►
cf. ka (ká) - that; she-tʰaⁿ (šetʰą)
- long enough, a certain length
►
ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-tʰaⁿ
hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą
ká-išétʰą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was
born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: she-tʰoⁿ (shetʰóⁿ) - that far (and no
farther); that long (and no longer); the end [Omaha/Ponca];
she-tʰoⁿ (shétʰoⁿ) - that length; that short
[Omaha/Ponca]
►
Dhegiha: e-she-tʰoⁿ (éshetʰóⁿ) - that so far; as
far as that; till then (and no longer); past time; from that
time onward [Omaha/Ponca]
►
Dhegiha: she-tʰoⁿ-ki hnoⁿ (shétʰoⁿki hnóⁿ) - about
that length would be long enough [Omaha/Ponca]
►
ka-shoⁿ (kašǫ) - that’s all, that’s enough
►
cf. ka (ká) - that; shoⁿ (šǫ) - the
end, enough
►
ex: ka-shoⁿ o-wi-ki miⁿ-kʰe (kašǫ owikki[e] mįkʰé)
- that’s all I have to say to you [MS]
►
Dhegiha: ga-shoⁿ (ga-shóⁿ) - it is enough;
sufficient [FL-Osage]; ka-shoⁿ (kaašǫ́) - enough
(of some activity), final point, end (e.g., of one’s earthly
existence) [CQ-Osage]
►
Dhegiha: ga-shoⁿ ga-xe (ga-shóⁿ ga-xe) - to stop
work [FL-Osage]; ka-shoⁿ ka-xe (kaašǫ́ káaγe)
- make that the end, stop! stop some activity; put and end to
something; cease, stop (lit., ‘make it the final point’); reach
a point of sufficiency, produce enough of something [CQ-Osage]
►
Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - enough; that will do
[Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit; stop [Omaha];
shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete; perfect; it is done
[FL-Osage]
►
shoⁿ (šǫ)
- the end, enough
►
Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - enough; that will do
[Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit; stop [Omaha];
shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete; perfect; it is done
[FL-Osage]
►
shoⁿ iⁿ (šǫ́ į) - that will do [JOD]
►
cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough; iⁿ (į́)
- period, oral stop; iⁿ (į) - declarative
particle, female speech
►
Dhegiha: shoⁿ-iⁿ da (shóⁿ-iⁿ da) - enough;
satisfying [FL-Osage]
►
Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - enough; that will do
[Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit; stop [Omaha];
shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete; perfect; it is done
[FL-Osage]
the only
►
e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him,
her, it
►
cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, the aforementioned;
naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]
►
ex:
wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé
tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home
and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I
want just us Indians to dance [MS]
►
ex: e-naⁿ (eną́) - she only [JOD]
►
ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni
di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą
wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą)
- when the other girls arrived, they took
all
the good calico, the orphan just stood there alone [JOD]
►
ex: e-naⁿ maⁿ-niⁿ (ĕnáⁿ máⁿníⁿ) - masculine name,
Walks Alone, refers to the buffalo bull (tetúka)
[JOD]
►
ex: e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - female
personal name, The Only Precious, Difficult One [OM]
►
ex: e-ti e-naⁿ-hi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ tʰaⁿ ta-bde de naⁿ (étti enąhí
ką-tʰą́ tʰą tábde dé ną) - she was there alone, when he
went hunting [JOD]
►
ex: e-naⁿ-hi (eną́hí) - only [JOD]
►
ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi e-naⁿ-hi wa-niⁿ
e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą,
iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has
girls, he said to her [JOD]
►
ex: e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - they only [JOD]
►
ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we
e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de
wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí
mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their
children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: e-hnaⁿ (e-hnáⁿ), e-naⁿ (é-naⁿ), e-na (ená)
- that only, he only, only he, alone, that alone, it alone, he
alone [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ (é-noⁿ) - that only, only
one, alone, sole, exclusive, special [FL-Osage]; e-naⁿ
(éeną), e-na (éena), e-ʰna (éʰna) - he/she/it only, it
is only he/she/it [CQ-Osage]
►
naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]
►
ex: ke naⁿ (ke ną) - the plural/only [JOD]
►
ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke naⁿ (mižíka éži ke ną) -
only the other girls [JOD]
►
ex: de naⁿ-hi (dé nąhí) - only this,
just this
►
ex: e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that,
him, her, it
►
ex: e-naⁿ-xti (éną-xti) - only [JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only, alone, all alone
►
ex: naⁿ-iⁿ-te (ną́įtte) - only, alone
►
ex: naⁿ-xti (nąxtí) - only [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: naⁿ (naⁿ), hnaⁿ (hnáⁿ) - only, alone
[JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - the [FL-Osage]; naⁿ
(ną), na (na) - only, just, soley, not anything else
than, not anything but [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é)
- alone, only, just [Kaw]
►
naⁿ-hi (ną́hi) - only [JOD]
►
naⁿ-hi (nąhí) - alone, all alone
►
cf. naⁿ (ną) - only [JOD]; hi (hi) -
very; just, only
►
ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa
naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) -
(back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]
►
ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke,
do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke,
dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach
cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti
níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the
grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]
►
ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we
e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de
wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí
mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their
children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa tʰaⁿ xa-ke naⁿ-hi tʰaⁿ, i-ya (wasá tʰą γaké nąhí
tʰą, iyá) - he alone was crying, it is said (they say)
[JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-hi-we (nąhíwe) - only/plural [JOD]
►
ex: e-da-te naⁿ-hi a-kda-niⁿ o-shte (edátte nąhí akdánį
ošté) - her father-only-keeping his own-remained [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti e-zha do-taⁿ naⁿ-hi de niⁿ (étti éža dóttą nąhí
de nį) - and then he was going straight all by himself
[JOD]
►
ex: “e-te e-hi,” i-ye naⁿ-hi wa-x’o kʰe (“étte éhi,” iye
nąhí waxʔó kʰe) - “well, but then ….,” is all the woman
said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zi da-tʰe pa naⁿ (watʰą́zi nąhí datʰé ppa ną)
- the only ate corn [JOD]
►
ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ, she-mi zhi-ka de naⁿ-hi a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi
(ešą́ttą, šémižíka dé nąhí akdábnį akdí) - and then, I
only brought back this little girl [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: naⁿ (naⁿ), hnaⁿ (hnáⁿ) - only, alone
[JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - the [FL-Osage]; naⁿ
(ną), na (na) - only, just, soley, not anything else
than, not anything but [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é)
- alone, only, just [Kaw]
►
Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several, many, more than one
or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lot’s of,
large amount of [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) -
many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]
the pile or collection of objects
►
tʰe (tʰe)
- the pile, collection of inanimate objects [JOD]
►
cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate
object
►
ex: hoⁿ-be tʰe (hǫbé tʰe) - the (pair of sitting)
moccasins
►
ex: naⁿpe odi-zhiⁿ tʰe (nąpé ódižį́ tʰe) - the
gloves
►
ex: naⁿpe o-zo-skaⁿ-ska o-pa-taⁿ (nąpé ózoskąská opáttą
tʰe) - the third finger
►
ex: naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) -
the fourth finger [MS]
►
ex: ni-sni tʰe (nisní tʰe) - the spring (the cold
water)
►
ex: ni-zhi tʰe (niží tʰe) - the rain
►
ex: pa-si tʰe (pási tʰe) - the hail
►
ex: ti-shi tʰe (ttíši tʰe) - the tent pole
►
ex: si-kde tʰe (sikdé tʰe) - the footprint
►
ex: si-o-ti a-k’a hi-de tʰe (siótti ákʔa híde tʰé)
- the west wind was blowing yesterday
►
ex: ti-he tʰe (tithe tʰe) - the edge of the roof
►
ex: wa-hi ko-ke kaⁿ tʰe (wahí kkóke kką́ tʰe) -
the fishing line
►
ex: wa-k’iⁿ tʰe (wakʔį́ tʰe) - the carrying of
something
►
ex: wa-shiⁿ tʰe (wašį́ tʰe) - the pile of fat meat
►
ex: wa-shiⁿ tʰe di-ze naⁿ, i-ya (wašį́ tʰe dizé-ną, iyá)
- she took the fat meat (into the lodge), it is said [JOD]
►
ex: zho tʰe (žó tʰe) -
flesh/the collection [JOD]
►
ex: ti-te-de naⁿ o-zhi o-ki-zhi tʰaⁿ i-ya, ni-ka-shi-ka
zho tʰe (títtede-ną́ óži ókiži tʰą iyá, níkkašíka žó tʰe)
- when it was done, she filled the bowl for him (Rabbit) with
the human flesh [JOD]
►
ex: ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that
standing/invisible/inanimate or that
collection/invisible/inanimate
►
ex: ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that
singular/standing/inanimate or collection
►
ex: she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or
collection/standing/inanimate
►
ex: to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular/standing
or collection/inanimate object on this side
►
Dhegiha: tʰe (tʰe) - the standing inanimate
object; the pile, heap, or collection of many small inanimate
objects; in order that [Omaha/Ponca]; tse (tse) -
stands in a pile [FL-Osage]; tsʰe (che) -
positional article for standing inanimate singular nonsubject;
positional article for plural sitting nonsubjects [CQ-Osage];
che (che) - “the”; definite
article for standing/inanimate or collection of
or piled things [Kaw]
the
plural lying objects
►
iⁿ-ke (įké) - lying objects, plural/lying/animate;
collections of lying objects take the sitting art. as a bundle
►
ex: ha-na iⁿ-ke (haná įké) - some
►
ex: “iⁿ-ta-te, maⁿ ha-na iⁿ-ke
aⁿ-ka-xa!” (“įttatté, mą́ haná įké ą́kaγá!”)
- “my father, make some arrows for me!” [JOD]
►
ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all
reclining
►
ex: aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (ąkanį́ įké) - we have [MS]
►
ex: wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (wažokte hóttą hi
ąkanį́ įké) - we got some good (stomp dance) leaders
here [MS]
►
ex: o-zha wa-zho-kte ho-ta-i aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (óža wažokte
hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we have good (stomp dance)
leaders [MS]
►
ex: ke-ha-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (kehá anaɣáda hóttą
ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]
the plural moving objects
►
a-pa (apa), pa (ppa)
- the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects;
plural continuative aspect marker
►
pa (ppa)
- the moving objects; the moving ones [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa-pa
(wasá pa)
-
the
(moving) black bears
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the moving
people
►
ex: wa-sa-pa
za-ni hi (wasá pa zaní hi)
-
the
moving black bears/all/very [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa-pa za-ni hi t’e-wa-de, i-ya (wasá pa zaní hi
tʔéwade, iyá) - all of the black bears were killed, it
is said [JOD]
►
ex: taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa (ttą́į-hi-ppá)
- in sight/were coming/the
moving ones [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka
a-na-hi-te-xti taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa i-ya, kaxną́ (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka
anáhittéxti ttą́į-hi-ppá iyá, kaxną́)
- then a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in
sight [JOD]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ ka-xnaⁿ a-na-hi-te
taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa-naⁿ, i-ya (šiną́ kaxną́ anáhitte ttą́į-hi-ppá-ną,
iyá) - again a great
many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight, it is
said [JOD]
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka e-taⁿ-ni-hi-pa
t’a-i (níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá tʔaí)
- people/they first/arrived/the moving objects/died [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka
e-taⁿ-ni-hi-pa t’a-i ni-ha wa-hi ke wa-ska-ha hí ke naⁿ, i-ya
(hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá tʔaí nihá wahí ke waskáha hí
ke ną, iyá) - and then
(when the Rabbit had gone very far into the Hill) there lay a
long line of whitened bones of some of the people who had been
first to arrive there and had died, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: xa-ke a-pa (γaké ápa) - they were crying [JOD]
►
ex: ka-ki ke mi-zhi-ka ke xa-ke a-pa (kakí ke mižiká ke
γaké ápa) - those girls were crying [JOD]
►
ex: da-taⁿ pa (dattą́ ppa) - they are drinking it
[JOD]
►
ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha haⁿ da-taⁿ-wa-zhi, e-niⁿ-te iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ
da-taⁿ pa (makką́ša hą dattą́waží, énįtté į́čʰǫ tą dattą́ ppa)
- they didn’t drink coffee, though now they do [JOD]
►
ex: pa naⁿ (ppá ną) - 3pl/past; 3d.pl. ending
(classifier)/past sign [JOD]
►
ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą
kibą obíγǫ pá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was
blown [JOD]
►
ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) -
they liked to die
►
ex: koⁿ pa (kǫ ppá) - so/3d.pl. classifier, “so
they were so” [JOD]
►
ex: datʰe pa naⁿ (datʰé ppa ną) - they were
eating/past sign [JOD]
►
ex: de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate
►
ex: ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those
plural/moving/invisible/animate
►
ex: koi-pa (kóipa) - those remote
plural/moving/visible/animate
►
ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those
plural/moving/animate, yonder
►
ex: she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those
moving/visible/animate
►
ex: to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those
plural/moving/animate objects on this side
►
Dhegiha: a-ma (amá) - the plural moving
[JOD-Omaha]; a-ʰpa (a-pá) - they are [FL-Osage];
a-pa (apa) - continuative aspect postverbal marker
(indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future
time) for 3rd person sg. or pl. moving or absent
subject [CQ-Osage]; a-ba (abá) - continuative
he/she/it (animate), while moving or
not within sight [Kaw]
the plural standing objects
►
ke (ke)
- the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate
►
cf. ke (ke) - the scattered inanimate objects
►
ex: aⁿ-ka-ke (ąkáke), oⁿ-ka-ke (ǫkáke) - we, 1st
person plural continuative auxiliary standing
►
ex: da-i ke (dá-i ke) - they went/the plural [JOD]
►
ex: o-zha ka-ki da-i ke (óža káki dá-i ke) - they
went there to the dance [JOD]
►
ex: da-ke-she (dakéše) - you’all, 2nd
person plural continuative auxiliary standing
►
ex: da-tʰa-i ke (datʰaí ké)
- they stood eating [JOD]
►
ex: de-ke (déke)
- these standing/animate
►
ex: i-ke-ya-we ke (íkeyáwe ké)
- they said (in the past) the preceding to (one)/the standing
animate objects [JOD]
►
ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke
aⁿ-ka-xe ta-i,” i-ke-ya-we ke, i-ya (“maštį́ke kahíke ąkáγe
ttaí,” íkeyáwe ké, iyá) - “we shall make Rabbit chief,”
they said to one another, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: i-maⁿ ke (imą́ ke)
- other one/the standing animate objects [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ i-maⁿ ke da-bniⁿ
za-ni t’e-wa-de naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ imą́ ke dábnį zaní tʔéwade ną,
iyá) - then he
(Rabbit) killed all three of the others, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: ka-ke (káke)
- those plural/standing/invisible/animate
►
ex: a-ma-ka-ke (ámakaké)
- smaller than the others, “the other one of those things” [JOD]
►
ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ta e-ti te na-ha i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (wasá ttikdé ke-tta étti tté nahá iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe)
- do not go to the village of the black bears, his grandmother
said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: ke-ti (kettí)
- at the plural inanimate objects, at the plural,
at the many [JOD]
►
ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) -
lodges/at the plural [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną)
- when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]
►
ex: ko-i-ke (kóike) - those remote
plural/standing/visible/animate
►
ex: ko-i-ke (kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]
►
ex: ti ko-i-ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (ttí kóike niγítte
nikáwe) - those lodges over there, those people are
disobedient [JOD]
►
ex: ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those
plural/standing/animate, yonder
►
ex: she-ke (šéke) - those
non-singular/standing/animate or inanimate objects
►
ex: ti-kde ke (ttíkde ké)
- dwelt/the standing animate objects [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-she-xti
zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde
ké ną, iyá) - and then
they lived very prosperously together, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: ti ke (tti ke) - lodge/the plural inanimate
objects [JOD]
►
ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya
(ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a
second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are
disobedient,” they say [JOD]
►
ex: to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those
plural/standing/animate objects on this side
►
ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) -
girl/other/the plural [JOD]
►
ex: ko-i-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha,
ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa
(kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke
káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded
her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat,
they were laughing at her [JOD]
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ke (níkkašíka ke) - the
(standing) people
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ke (níkkašíka ke) - people/the
standing animate objects [JOD]
►
ex: za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya ni-ka-shi-ka ke (zaní
hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá níkkašíka ke) - all of the people
gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: she-mi ke (šémi ke) - the (standing) girls
►
ex: she-mi ke (šémi ke) - girl/the plural [JOD]
►
ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke
a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá,
šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want
you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]
►
ex: she-mi e-zhi ke (šémi éži
ke) - girl/other/the
plural [JOD]
►
ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ
wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ
kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą
wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą)
- when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico,
the orphan just stood there alone [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ke (wasá ke) - the (standing) black
bears
►
ex: wa-sa ke (wasá ke) - black bear/the standing
animate objects [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi
tʔeą́wade taí) - let’s kill all the black bears [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka e-naⁿ-xti wa-da-tʰe-we, i-ya
(wasá ke níkkašíka éną-xti wádatʰéwe, iyá) - the black
bears only ate Indians, they ate no other kind of food, it is
said [JOD]
►
ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we i-ya
wa-sa ke (hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́ iyáwe iyá wasá ke)
- the black bears said, “how could anyone kill all
of us?”, they say [JOD]
►
ex: wi-ke (wiké) - continuative plural
►
ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) -
younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]
wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka
mažą́tti oknį́ wiké)
- the Americans are very plentiful
the scattered objects
►
ke (ke)
- the scattered inanimate
objects
►
cf.
ke
(ke)
- the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate
►
ex:
kaⁿ-te ke (kką́tte ke) - the (scattered) plums
►
ex: ta ke (ttá ke) -
meat/the scattered inanimate objects [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ ta ke pa-shoⁿ-shoⁿ naⁿ i-ya (ešǫ́ ttá ke
pášǫšǫ́ ną, iyá) - so he cut the meat into small pieces
with a knife, it is said [JOD]
►
ex:
e-ti hi naⁿ, di-shpa-shpa ke (étti hi ną, dišpášpa ke)
- when she arrived there, the torn pieces were scattered about
[JOD]
►
Dhegiha: ge (ge)
- the scattered inanimate objects [Omaha/Ponca]; ge (ge)
- scattered about [FL-Osage]; ke (ke) - positional
article for dispersed, scattered, or randomly located entities;
around, in dispersed locations or with dispersing action
[CQ-Osage]; ge (ge) - “the”; definite article used
with scattered inanimate objects, such as beads, rocks, etc.;
“the”, used with cloth-like objects like fabric, hides, thin
paper [Kaw]
the singular lying objects
►
kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or
inanimate
►
kʰe (kʰe), (kʰé) - the lying object; the reclining
object; the reclining [JOD]
►
ex: a kʰe (a kʰe) - the arm
►
ex: a shtoⁿ-ka kʰe (a štǫ́ka kʰe) - the right arm
►
ex: a-na-zhiⁿ
kʰe
(ánažį kʰe)
- the floor
►
ex: a-zhaⁿ kʰe (ážą kʰe), o-miⁿ-zhe kʰe (ómįže kʰe)
- the bed
►
ex: ma-zhaⁿ kʰe (mažą́ kʰe) - the land
►
ex: maⁿ-ke wa-hi kʰe (mą́ke wahí kʰe), mo-iⁿ-ke kʰe (moį́ke
wahí kʰe) - the sternum, the breast bone
►
ex: naⁿ-pe a-shi kʰe (nąpé áši kʰe) - the back of
the hand
►
ex: ni-zhi-ha kʰe (nižíha kʰe) - the hair
►
ex: o-pi-zhi kʰe (óppiži kʰe) - the box [JOD]
►
ex: pa-zhiⁿ-zhe i-koⁿ-kde kʰe (ppažį́že
íkkǫkde kʰe) - the septum
►
ex: si-ha kʰe (sihá kʰe) - the sole of the foot
►
ex: te kʰe (té kʰe) - the lake
►
ex: ti xi-te kʰe (tti xítte kʰe) - the wall
►
ex: wa-x’o kʰe (waxʔó kʰe) - the (reclining) woman
►
ex: wa-zhoⁿ-te kʰe (wázǫtte-kʰe) - the mat
►
ex: zhaⁿ kʰe (žą́ kʰe) - the log, “the lying wood”
►
ex: zhe kʰe (žé kʰe) - the penis
►
ex: ziⁿ-ba kʰe (zį́ba kʰé) - the back
►
ex: e-ti-kʰe (ettí-kʰe)
-
the
lying object is there; the lying object was there [JOD]
►
ex: di-xa-zhi miⁿ e-ti-kʰe dé (dixáži mį
ettí-kʰe
dé)
- a hill is truly there [JOD]
►
ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we miⁿ e-ti-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya (dixáži
wadáxowe mį ettí-kʰe ną, iyá) - there was a Hill that
drew things (people) into its mouth, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: ha kʰe (há kʰe) - the skin, the hide
►
ex: ha kʰe (há kʰe) - skin/the lying object [JOD]
►
ex: ha kʰe bdo-ka hi o-di-shto-te (há kʰe bdóka hí
odíštotte) - he pulled off all the skin [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ha kʰe ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-ba-haⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą há
kʰe maštį́ke obáhą) - then the rabbit put the skin on
[JOD]
►
ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-di-shto-te o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ
ma-xi-wa-de tʰaⁿ i-ya-we, haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke i-niⁿ-aⁿ-we ke
i-ya-we, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ i-ya-we (hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe
odíštotte obáhą attą́ maγíwadé tʰą́ iyáwe, hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́
inįą́we ké iyáwé, maštį́ke etʰą́ iyáwe) - he skinned
Haⁿ-ka’s son, put on his skin and tricked them, they thought
that rabbit was Haⁿ-ka’s son, they say [JOD]
►
ex: ki-di-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ
tʰaⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we
(kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tʰą oną́štotte ną dá
tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him,
he started to run back towards the water, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s
son’s skin in which he had been wearing, they say [JOD]
►
ex: hi-pʰe kʰe (hipʰé kʰé) - she fell/the
reclining object (she lay) [JOD]
►
ex: hi-pʰe kʰe taⁿ hi, i-ya-we (hipʰé kʰé tą hí, iyáwe)
- she had fallen when he arrived, they say [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe (hǫ žǫ́kʰé) - what is the matter
with you who recline? [JOD]
►
ex: kaⁿ-kʰe (ką-ké) - she lay so for awhile (or,
doing nothing); so she lay awhile [JOD]
►
ex: wa-tʰe naⁿ ki-ka-ze kaⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (watʰé ną kikáze
ką-kʰé iyáwe) - dress/only(?)/it flew up
on her/she lay so for awhile (or, doing nothing)/they say [JOD]
►
ex: i-shta xi-xi-te ka-xa-taⁿ toⁿ-we de-de kaⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we
(ištá xixítte kaγ[e]á-ttą tǫ́we dedé ką-kʰé iyáwe) -
peeping out of the corner of the eyes in intervals/she did
it/when/she looked at him/she sent it off/so she lay awhile/they
say [JOD]
►
ex: kʰe-ti (kʰettí)
- at or to the lying object [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (mątté kʰettí) - to the canoe;
at the canoe [JOD]
►
ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką
akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I
started back to the canoe [JOD]
►
ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí)
- I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe
[JOD]
►
ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti ki, i-ya-we, wax’o niⁿ,
maⁿ-te kʰe-ti ki, i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí, iyáwe,
waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí, iyáwe) - they say, he had
nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she
arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ, “aⁿ-t’e taⁿ, si pa-hi naⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha
ta-x[e]-aⁿ-ki-da ni-he,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye kʰe naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą,
ątʔé tą, sí ppahí nąpé inįhá táx[e]ąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye kʰe ną)
- then, “when I die,
barbecue may feet, head, and hands,” he said to me as he lay
[JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-te kʰe (mą́tte kʰe) - bow/the lying object
[JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-te kʰe a-ki-na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ i-ki-kaⁿ-de niⁿ i-ya
ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ (mą́tte kʰe ákinážį attą íkikką́de nį́
iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nį) - and the Rabbit’s son was
stringing his bow, it is said (When carrying a bow not in use,
one end of the string is kept loose. When the bow is strung, it
is bent with the foot, and the string put on the other end.)
[JOD]
►
ex: shi-zhi-ka i-ta-de kʰe (šižíka íttade kʰé) -
that baby was born [MS]
►
ex: te kʰe (tté kʰe) - the (lying) buffalo
►
ex: te kʰe bdo-ka hi (tté kʰe bdóka hí) -
buffalo/the lying object/entire/very [JOD]
►
ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ-we i-ya, te kʰe bdo-ka hi (kʔį kʰi ną wé
iyá, tté kʰe bdóka hí) - they packed the entire buffalo
back home, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: t’e kʰe (tʔe kʰe) - the dead (person)
►
ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) -
he/she arrived here, the dead (person)
►
ex: wa-hi kʰe (wahí kʰe) - the bones laying in a
row
►
ex: wa-hi ke wa-ska-ha hí kʰe (wahí ke waskáha hí kʰe)
- bones/the line of/whitened/very/the lying object [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka
e-taⁿ-ni-hi-pa t’a-i ni-ha wa-hi kʰe wa-ska-ha hí kʰe naⁿ, i-ya
(hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá tʔaí nihá wahí kʰe waskáha hí
kʰe ną, iyá) - and
then (when the Rabbit had gone very far into the Hill) there lay
a long line of whitened bones of some of the people who had been
first to arrive there and had died, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: de-kʰe (dékʰe) - this lying/inanimate
►
ex: ka-kʰe (kákʰe) - that
singular/lying/invisible/inanimate
►
ex: koi-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote
singular/lying/visible/animate or inanimate
►
ex: ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that
singular/lying/animate or inanimate, yonder
►
ex: she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular/lying/visible
object
►
ex: to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular lying/inanimate
object on this side
►
ex: to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that
singular/lying/inanimate object on this side
►
Dhegiha: kʰe (kʰe) - the inanimate lying, the
inanimate horizontal, be positioned horizontally, an extended
action in a lying position [Omaha]; kshe (kshe) -
to prostrate, that lies, to lay down, to place flat on the
ground or to be prostrate on any surface, the length of time
from the beginning of a vigil [FL-Osage]; kshe (kše)
- positional article for an entity that is lying down or
long; positional article that
indicates plurality of an inanimate entity that takes tsʰe
(cʰe) “standing” positional in the singular [CQ-Osage];
kshe (kše) - lying down or long [CQ-Osage];
khe (khe) - “the”; definite article for lying/inanimate
objects [Kaw]
the singular moving object
►
niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate, the moving
one, the moving object
►
niⁿ (nį) - 3rd person singular
continuative moving
►
a-ni-he (anihé) - I, ni-she (nišé),
da-ni-she (danišé) - you, niⁿ (nį) -
he/she/it, aⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ą́kanį), oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ǫ́kanį)
- we, a-pa-she (apáše) - you’all, a-pa (apa)
- they
►
ex: a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ (ákinį hi
nį́) - he took
thither for him/the moving one [JOD]
►
ex: da-tʰa-i tʰe he-be a-ki-niⁿ
hi niⁿ naⁿ i-ya maⁿ-da-taⁿ (datʰaí tʰe hébe ákinį hi nį́ ną iyá
mądá-ttą) - he would
secretly take a piece of what they ate to him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ (anį́ nį) - he or she has
►
ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ (anį́ nį) - he was keeping it [JOD]
►
ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ naⁿ (anį́ nį-ną́) - he is the one
who has her [JOD]
►
ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį)
- rich people (he/she has a lot of money) [MS]
►
ex: shoⁿ-ke ta-kde-ska a-niⁿ niⁿ (šǫ́ke takdéska anį́ nį)
- dog got fleas [MS]
►
ex: shpoⁿ a-niⁿ niⁿ (špǫ anį́ nį) - when a baby is
wet (he/she has a soaked diaper) [MS]
►
ex: de niⁿ (dé nį́) -
went/the moving one [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ de niⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ešǫ́ dé nį́ ną iyá
maštį́ke nį́) - then the Rabbit left, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ežį́ke nį) -
his
son/the moving object [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ e-ti ki naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ ežį́ke nį
étti ki ną, iyá) - then his son arrived there, it is
said [JOD]
►
ex: i-ye niⁿ (iyé nį) - she said/the moving object
or as she walked [JOD]
►
ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye
niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté
idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman
said, “I will look for him wherever they may have killed him,”
it is said [JOD]
►
ex: “e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we,” i-ye niⁿ i-ya (“ešǫ́
ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawe,” iyé nį iyá) - “then, you went and
thus, like that, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said
(they say) [JOD]
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (maštį́ke nį) - the (moving)
rabbit
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ si-si
a-ta-ha, i-ya (maštį́ke nį sisí áttaha, iyá)
- the Rabbit was very active, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ de niⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ešǫ́ dé nį́ ną iyá
maštį́ke nį́) - then the Rabbit left, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ
(maštį́ke ežį́ke nį) -
rabbit/his son/the moving object
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ
ki naⁿ, i-yá (maštį́ke ežį́ke nį kí ną, iyá)
- the Rabbit’s son was coming, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-te kʰe a-ki-na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ i-ki-kaⁿ-de niⁿ i-ya
ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ (mą́tte kʰe ákinážį attą íkikką́de nį́
iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nį) - and the Rabbit’s son was
stringing his bow, it is said (When carrying a bow not in use,
one end of the string is kept loose. When the bow is strung, it
is bent with the foot, and the string put on the other end.)
[JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ (mątʰó nį) -
the
(moving) grizzly bear
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ e-ti hi naⁿ, i-ya (mątʰó nį étti hi ną,
iyá) - the Grizzly bear arrived there, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe wa-ki-toⁿ-we kʰi naⁿ,
i-ya (mątʰó nį maštį́ke nįkʰé wakíttǫwe kʰi ną, iyá) -
the Grizzly bear arrived home after scouting game for the
Rabbit, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ ka-xa-da i-he-de naⁿ maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ ki-te naⁿ
i-ya, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́ kaxáda ihéde ną mątʰó nį
kkítte ną iyá, maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą) - then the Rabbit’s
son knocked down the Grizzly bear and shot him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-ʰto zhi-ka niⁿ (mątʰó žiká nį́) -
the (moving) young grizzly bear
►
ex: e-shoⁿ maⁿ-ʰto zhi-ka niⁿ he-be a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ naⁿ,
i-ya (ešǫ́ mątʰó žiká nį́ hébe ákinį hí nį́ ną, iyá) -
then the young grizzly bear took a piece for him (rabbit), it is
said [JOD]
►
ex: mi-ka niⁿ (mikká nį) - the (moving) raccoon
►
ex: mi o-ka-shaⁿ niⁿ (mi ókašą
nį) - Traveling Sun or
Traveling Moon, female name of the Kwapa Sun gens [JOD]
►
ex: o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da niⁿ (obíttąttą́da nį) -
he
rolled him over and over in it by pressure/the moving object
[JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-ka ti o-naⁿ taⁿ, wa-pa-iⁿ ti o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da niⁿ
i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (ną́kka-ttí oną́ tą, wappaį́-tti obíttąttą́da nį
iyá mątʰó) - grizzly bear seized the rabbit by the back
and rolled him over and over in the blood, they say (it is said)
[JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa niⁿ (wasá nį) - black bear/the moving
object [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ, i-ya
(kóišǫttą ášitti hi iyá wasá nį, iyá) - thus, the black
bear went outside, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: wa-x’o niⁿ (waxʔó nį) - the (moving) woman
►
ex: wa-x’o niⁿ kde (waxʔó nį kdé) - the woman went
home [JOD]
►
ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį) - the
(moving) old woman
►
ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ a-shi-ti
hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį ášitti hí-ną)
- when the old woman went outside [JOD]
►
ex:
wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį žokdé
étti hi ną, iyá)
- the old woman arrived there with him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ
kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé iyá)
- the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went
homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye
niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté
idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman
said, “I will look for him wherever they may have killed him,”
it is said [JOD]
►
ex: xa-ke niⁿ (γaké nį) - crying (he/she is
crying) [MS]
►
ex: de-niⁿ (dénį) - this moving/animate
►
ex: ka-niⁿ (kánį) - that
singular/moving/invisible/animate
►
ex: kaⁿ niⁿ (ką-nį́) - so he was moving awhile, so
he moved awhile [JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-zha wa-zhiⁿ-ka naⁿ maⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we,
wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we, maⁿ kʰe
de-de naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i kaⁿ-niⁿ i-ya-we (ną́ža wažį́ka
ną mą kidizé ką-nį iyáwe, wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé ką-nį́
iyáwe, mą́ kʰe déde nąhą akidé ną kikʔí ką-nį́ iyáwe) -
when he would shoot at a bird, he would get his arrow for him,
when he killed a bird, he got it for him, if he shot an arrow
off, he would go after it and give it back to him, he was moving
around doing this for awhile, they said [JOD]
►
ex: ko-i-niⁿ (kóinį) - that remote
singular/moving/visible/animate
►
ex:
ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́)
- that departed singular/moving/animate, yonder
►
ex:
ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį)
- that singular/moving/animate over there
►
ex: ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived
singular/moving/animate; the one who has reached
►
ex:
ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį)
- that singular/moving/animate, yon
►
ex: she-niⁿ (šénį) - that moving/visible/animate
►
ex: shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫnį́)
- the moving, as she moved, after he ran awhile, after he moved
awhile;
finally, moving/animate/subject
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde
shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫnį́ wašką́
kdé šǫnį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him
repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she
fell, they say [JOD]
►
ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ
ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą
híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person
called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]
►
ex: naⁿ-zha i-de i-ya-we, o-te shoⁿ-niⁿ i-de, i-ya-we
(ną́ža íde iyáwe, otté šǫ-nį́ íde, iyáwe) - then, after
he had sought him for some time, he found him, they said [JOD]
►
ex:
to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį)
- that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side
►
ex: to-ta-hi-de-niⁿ (tótahídenį́) - that
singular/moving/animate object arriving on this side
►
ex:
to-ta-niⁿ (tótanį́)
- that singular/moving/animate object on this side
►
ex:
to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį)
- that singular/moving/animate object on this side or the nearer
of two objects
►
Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - the moving; the moving
animate object, not going on a journey; the growing inanimate
object; the collection or class of inanimate objects, as
grasses, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - a man
or animal moving about [FL-Osage]; yi (yi) -
continuative, moving/animate [Kaw]
the singular sitting object
►
niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or
inanimate
►
niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - the sitting one; the curvilinear
inanimate object; the part; the subject; the one who [JOD]
►
niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative aux sitting
►
miⁿ-kʰe (mįkʰé) - I, ni-kʰe (nikʰé)
- you, niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - he/she/it,
oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe) - we, I and one other,
ni-kʰa-she (nikʰáše) - you’all, ni-kʰa (nikʰa)
- they
►
ex: wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (wasá niⁿkʰe) - the (sitting)
black bear
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (maštį́ke nįkʰé) - the
(sitting) rabbit
►
ex: hoⁿ-be niⁿ-kʰe (hǫbé nįkʰe) - the moccasin
►
ex: si-de-te niⁿ-kʰe (sidétte nįkʰé) - the heel
►
ex: pe niⁿ-kʰe (ppe nįkʰé), pe o-shta niⁿ-kʰe (ppé oštá
nįkʰé) - the forehead
►
ex: ta-xpi niⁿ-kʰe (ttaxpí nįkʰe) - the top of the
head
►
ex: ta-to-ka niⁿ-kʰe (ttatókka nįkʰé) - the fresh
meat
►
ex: wa-pa-iⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (wappaį́ nįkʰé) - the blood
►
ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé) - the woman
►
ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó kitʔé nįkʰé) - the
widower
►
ex: shi-noⁿ-te (šinǫ́tte nįkʰé) - the knee
►
ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi okną nįkʰe), pa-ho-knaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (ppahokną nįkʰe) - the hat
►
ex: niⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe (nį́tte nįkʰé) - the buttocks
►
ex: ni-shki niⁿ-kʰe (niškí nįkʰé) - the back of
the head
►
ex: de-niⁿ-kʰe (dénįkʰe) - this sitting/animate or
inanimate object
►
ex: ka-niⁿ-kʰe (kánįkʰe) - that
singular/sitting/invisible/animate
►
ex: ko-i-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that
remote singular/sitting/visible
►
ex: ko-i-niⁿ-kʰe (kóinįkʰe) - that remote
singular, sitting, visible, animate or inanimate
►
ex: ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that
singular/sitting/animate/yonder
►
ex: ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (kówanįkʰé) - that
singular/sitting/animate or inanimate/yonder
►
ex: she-niⁿ-kʰe (šénįkʰe) - that
sitting/visible/animate or inanimate
►
ex: to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that
singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place
►
ex: to-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (tótanįkʰé) - that
singular/sitting/animate object on this side
►
ex: to-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (tówanįkʰé) - that
singular/sitting object on this side
►
ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (eką́ nįkʰe) - his
grandmother/the one who [JOD]
►
ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe)
- “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother
said to him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (wasá niⁿkʰe) - black bear/the
one who [JOD]
►
ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke, hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ da-xa-ke e” i-yi i-ya wa-sa
niⁿ-kʰe (“maštį́ke, hǫnį́ttą daγáke e” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe)
- “Rabbit, why are you crying?” it is said that the black
bear said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe) -
black bear/chief/the sitting one [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti
ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé
niⁿkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond
yonder distant bluff [JOD]
►
ex: shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe (šǫté nįkʰe) - scrotum/the
part [JOD]
►
ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te
niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į)
- you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the
testicles [JOD]
►
ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (eką́ nįkʰe) - his
grandmother/the one who
►
ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe)
- “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother
said to him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe (wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe)
- sewing/bag/the curvilinear inanimate object [JOD]
►
ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe
kdi-ze (waxʔóžiká nįkʰe wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kdíze) - the
old woman took her sewing bag [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (ettí nįkʰé) - there (was) the
curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: te shoⁿ-shoⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (té šǫ́šǫ ettí nįkʰé)
- there was the circular lake [JOD]
►
ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe (ppahí nįkʰé) - the head
►
ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe (ppahí nįkʰé) - head/the
curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe pa-xoⁿ taⁿ k’i kde naⁿ, i-ya (ppahí
nįkʰé páxǫ tą kʔį kdé ną, iyá) - he cut off the head,
packed it on his back and went home, it is said JOD]
►
ex: o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe (owáditte nįkʰé) - place
for surrounding the game/the curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: de tʰe o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe a-pa-po e-ta-kaⁿ-za
a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (dé tʰe owáditte nįkʰé áppapo
ettákkąza áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - when he (Grizzly
bear) goes, I will lie down looking at you, at the edge of the
hill directly above the place where you capture the game [JOD]
►
ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha!” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá!” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe)
- “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother
said to him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (wasá niⁿkʰe) - black bear/the
one who [JOD]
►
ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke, hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ da-xa-ke e” i-yi i-ya wa-sa
niⁿ-kʰe (“maštį́ke, hǫnį́ttą daγáke e” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe)
- “Rabbit, why are you crying?” it is said that the black
bear said [JOD]
v
wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe) -
black bear/chief/the sitting one [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti
ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke niⁿkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé
niⁿkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond
yonder distant bluff [JOD]
►
ex: shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe (šǫté nįkʰe) - scrotum/the
part [JOD]
►
ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te
niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į)
- you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the
testicles [JOD]
►
ex: wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe (wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe)
- sewing/bag/the curvilinear inanimate object [JOD]
►
ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe
kdi-ze (waxʔóžiká nįkʰe wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kdíze) - the
old woman took her sewing bag [JOD]
►
ex: e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (ettí nįkʰé) - there (was) the
curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: te shoⁿ-shoⁿ e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (té šǫ́šǫ ettí nįkʰé)
- there was the circular lake [JOD]
►
ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe (ppahí nįkʰé) - head/the
curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe pa-xoⁿ taⁿ k’i kde naⁿ, i-ya (ppahí
nįkʰé páxǫ tą kʔį kdé ną, iyá) - he cut off the head,
packed it on his back and went home, it is said JOD]
►
ex: o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe (owáditte nįkʰé) - place
for surrounding the game/the curvilinear object [JOD]
►
ex: de tʰe o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe a-pa-po e-ta-kaⁿ-za
a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (dé tʰe owáditte nįkʰé áppapo
ettákkąza áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - when he (Grizzly
bear) goes, I will lie down looking at you, at the edge of the
hill directly above the place where you capture the game [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (thiⁿkʰé) - the sitting animate
object; the curved inanimate object; third person singular
[Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the one
sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé)
- sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article,
follows a noun or pronoun (usually not the subject of a
sentence) that represents a singular sitting entity or singular
round entity; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural
positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) -
“the”; definite article used with the object of the verb;
singular inanimate or animate; “the” in reference to an animate
subject of a stative verb [Kaw]
►
naⁿ (ną) - the singular/sitting/inanimate definite
article, marginal in Quapaw except where fossilized
►
Dhegiha: thoⁿ (thóⁿ) - the, the sitting object
[Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - the [FL-Osage]
the singular standing animate object
►
tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate
►
tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing one; the standing
object; the standing [JOD]
►
tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - 3rd person singular
standing
continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate
►
a-tʰaⁿ-he (atʰąhé)
- I, da-tʰaⁿ-she
(dátʰąšé) - you,
tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - he/she,
aⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́katʰą), oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ǫ́katʰą)
- I and one other,
aⁿ-ka-ke (ąkáke), oⁿ-ka-ke (ǫkáke) - we,
da-ke-she (dakéše) - you’all
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (maštį́ke tʰą) - the
(standing) rabbit
►
ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ-e wa-sa ka-hi-ke t’e-a-de i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke
tʰaⁿ (įkką́-e wasá kahíke tʔeáde iyí iyá maštį́ke tʰą) -
my grandmother, I have killed the black bear chief, said the
rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa tʰaⁿ (wasá
tʰą)
- the (standing) black bear
►
ex: wa-sa tʰaⁿ xa-ke naⁿ-hi tʰaⁿ, i-ya (wasá tʰą γaké nąhí
tʰą, iyá) - the black bear was crying all by himself, it
is said. [JOD]
►
ex:
wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (waxʔóžiká tʰą)
-
old
woman/the standing one [JOD]
►
ex: “shoⁿ
iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (“šǫ į,” iyí iyá waxʔóžiká
tʰą)
- “that will do,” the old woman replied [JOD]
►
ex: “iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi a-shi-ti de,” i-ye tʰaⁿ wa-xo-zhi-ka tʰaⁿ
(“į́čʰǫ hí ášitti dé,” iyé tʰą waxʔóžiká tʰą) - “he just
now went outside,” the old woman said [JOD]
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (maštį́ke tʰą) - rabbit/the
standing one [JOD]
►
ex: wa-te-baⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (wattébą́ iyá maštį́ke
tʰą) - the rabbit gave the attack signal, it is said
(they say) [JOD]
►
ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ-e she iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ
(“įkką́-e šé į,” iyí iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “my
grandmother, that’s him,” it is said that the rabbit said [JOD]
►
ex:
“aⁿ-ka-de te,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“ąkáde tte,” iyí iyá
maštį́ke tʰą)
- “let’s go,” it is said that the rabbit said [JOD]
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰo tʰaⁿ (mątʰó tʰą) - the (standing)
grizzly
►
ex: maⁿ-tʰo tʰaⁿ (mątʰó tʰą) - grizzly
bear/the standing one [JOD]
►
ex: “te k’iⁿ kde ta-i o-da-ke
e-ti kda!” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo tʰaⁿ (“tté kʔį kdé ttai ódaké étti
kdá!” iyí iyá mątʰó tʰą)
- “go home and tell those there that they will pack the buffalo
home!” it is said that the Grizzly bear said [JOD]
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą)
- rabbit/his son/the standing one [JOD]
►
ex: “hoⁿ-zhi, di-e k’iⁿ e-ka!”
i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“hǫ́ži, díe kʔį́ eká!” iyí
iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą)
- “no, carry it yourself!” it is said the Rabbit’s son said
[JOD]
►
ex: e-shoⁿ ka-xa-da i-he-de naⁿ
maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ ki-te naⁿ i-ya, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́
kaxáda ihéde ną mątʰó nį kkítte ną iyá, maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą)
- then the Rabbit’s son knocked down the Grizzly bear and shot
him, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-ʰto
wa-x’o-zhi-ka t’e-de naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ
(kóišǫ́ttą mątʰó waxʔóžiká tʔéde ną iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą)
- then the Rabbit’s son killed the little old Grizzly bear
woman, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: o-ki-zhi tʰaⁿ (ókiži tʰą) -
filled for him/the standing one [JOD]
►
ex: ti-te-de naⁿ o-zhi o-ki-zhi tʰaⁿ i-ya, ni-ka-shi-ka
zho tʰe (títtede-ną́ óži ókiži tʰą iyá, níkkašíka žó tʰe)
- when it was done, she filled the bowl for him (Rabbit) with
the human flesh [JOD]
►
ex: i-ye tʰaⁿ (iyé tʰą) -
he
was saying as he stood [JOD]
►
ex: “wi-e-hoⁿ, t’e-aⁿ-da-we, i-da-hoⁿ-bde” i-ye tʰaⁿ, i-ya
(“wíehǫ, tʔeą́dawé idáhǫbde,” iyé tʰą, iyá) - he said,
“me too, they killed me, I dreamed
that,” it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ex: xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ (γaké kǫzé tʰą) - to
cry/pretend/the standing one [JOD]
►
ex: ti-zhe ti hi na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya
ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ttíže-ttí-hi nažį́-attą́ γaké kǫzé tʰą ną́ iyá
maštįke) - the rabbit arrived to the entrance of the
lodge and stood there, pretending cry, it is said (they say)
[JOD]
►
ex: ta tʰaⁿ (tta tʰą́) - future/the standing (he
was about to) [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta
tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔaké tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akidé tta tʰą́ ną)
- then the old man was about to go after goods along the
creek/river [JOD]
►
ex: te-ska a-shi-oⁿ-he tʰaⁿ a-niⁿ-ki (ttéska ášiǫhé tʰą
anį́kí) - bring the ox standing outside (the fence) here
►
ex: na-zhiⁿ tʰaⁿ (nažį́ tʰą) - he stood/the
standing (he stood, or was, standing) [JOD]
►
ex: o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi na-zhiⁿ tʰaⁿ (oską́ską hi nažį́ tʰą)
- he stood in the middle, he was standing in the middle [JOD]
►
ex: o-zha tʰaⁿ (óža tʰą) - dancing/the standing
object (the dancing one) [JOD]
►
ex:
de-tʰaⁿ (détʰą)
- this standing/animate
►
ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - it stands there
►
ex:
ka-tʰaⁿ (kátʰą) - that singular/standing/invisible/animate
►
ex: ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that remote
singular/standing/visible/animate
►
ex:
ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą)
- that singular/standing/animate, yonder
►
ex:
ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́)
- that departed singular/standing/animate, yonder
►
ex:
ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą)
- that singular/standing/animate, the further one
►
ex:
shaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šą́tʰą)
- the standing (newly) object
►
ex: she-tʰaⁿ (šétʰą) - that
standing/visible/animate
►
ex: shoⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šǫtʰą́) - after he stood awhile
[JOD]
►
ex: tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]
►
ex: to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that
singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has
reached
►
ex: to-ta-hi-de-tʰaⁿ (tótahídetʰą́) - that
singular/standing/animate object coming, on this side
►
ex: to-ta-tʰaⁿ (tótatʰą́) - that
singular/standing/animate object on this side
►
Dhegiha: tʰaⁿ (táⁿ) - the; standing; the standing;
the standing object; the standing animate object; the standing
one [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ
(ṭoⁿ), toⁿ (toⁿ)
- to stand; to stand, as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage];
txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for a
singular animate standing entity; continuative aspect postverbal
marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or
future time) for 2nd person singular animate standing
subject; also may indicate initiation of an activity by subject
regardless of position [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ)
- “the”; definite article for
standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]
the singular standing inanimate object
►
tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate object
►
tʰe (tʰe)
- the; the standing object [JOD]
►
cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the pile, collection of inanimate
objects
►
ex: ti tʰe (ttí tʰé) - the lodge
►
ex: zhaⁿ tʰe (žą́ tʰe) - the tree
►
ex: tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the standing object
►
ex: tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - at the standing object;
when, at the time
►
ex: de-tʰe (détʰe) - this standing/inanimate
►
ex: de-tʰe (détʰe) - this/the [JOD]
►
ex: i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up,
singular/standing/inanimate
►
ex: ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that
standing/invisible/inanimate or that
collection/invisible/inanimate
►
ex: ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote
singular/standing/visible/inanimate
►
ex: ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that
singular/standing/inanimate or collection
►
ex: ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that
singular/standing/invisible, yon
►
ex: she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or
collection/standing/inanimate
►
ex: to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular/standing
or collection/inanimate object on this side
►
Dhegiha: tʰe (tʰe) - the standing inanimate
object; the pile, heap, or collection of many small inanimate
objects; in order that [Omaha/Ponca]; tse (tse) -
stands in a pile [FL-Osage]; tsʰe (che) -
positional article for standing inanimate singular nonsubject;
positional article for plural sitting nonsubjects [CQ-Osage];
che (che) - “the”; definite article for
standing/inanimate or collection of or piled things [Kaw]
the, all of the
►
za-ni (zaní)
- all, all of the
►
za-ni (zaní)
- all [AB]
►
za-ni (san’î́)
- all [ASG]
►
ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni (ttátą zaní) - everything
►
ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi
kikʔį́ ą́tą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back
when they went [JOD]
►
ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all
reclining
►
ex: za-ni o-zha ki-we (zaní óža kiwé) - everybody
come dance [MS]
►
ex: o-zha za-ni ki-wa-we (óža zaní kiwawe) -
everybody come dance [MS]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní)
- you (all) come back again and dance [MS]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) -
everybody come back again (request) [MS]
►
ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha hne za-ni (ą́ba óža hné zaní) -
whole bunch of them dance all night (request) [MS]
►
ex: “a-ki-k’i za-ni,” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“akíkʔi zaní,”
iyí iyá mątʰó) - “I have given it all (the meat) to him
(my relation),” it is said Grizzly said [JOD]
►
ex: shoⁿ-hi-te aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe, aⁿ-t’e taⁿ zho za-ni
ta-x’aⁿ-ki-da ni-he, aⁿ-naⁿki-ye (šǫ́hite ątʔé tta mįkʰé, ątʔé
tą žó zaní táxʔąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye) - well/at any rate
I am going to die, when I'm dead barbecue all my flesh for me,
he said to me [JOD]
►
ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we i-ya
wa-sa ke (“hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́,” iyáwe iyá wasá ke)
- the black bears said, “how could anyone kill all
of us?”, they say [JOD]
►
ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni
di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą
wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą)
- when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico,
the orphan just stood there [JOD]
►
ex: di-sh’a-i taⁿ za-ni di-sh’a-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ niⁿ-ke
niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’i de-da-wi (dišʔai tą zaní dišʔaí tą wahą́nįké
nįkʰé kikʔí dedáwi) - they all failed, when they failed,
they gave it back to the orphan [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca];
za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody [FL-Osage];
za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody
[CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or
everything [Kaw]
►
za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one
►
cf. za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the; hi (hi)
- very
►
ex: za-ni hi (zaní hi) - all/very [JOD]
►
ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi
kikʔį́ ą́tą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back
when they went [JOD]
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we, i-ya
(níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdá-ną-we, iyá) - all of the
people went out (from the Hill) and started for home, it is said
[JOD]
►
ex: kda-we-naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi ki-sto-naⁿ, i-ya
(kdáwe-ną níkkašika zaní hi kistó-ną, iyá) - as they
started homeward, all of the people assembled, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi
tʔeą́wade taí) - let’s kill all the black bears [JOD]
►
ex: za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya ni-ka-shi-ka ke (zaní
hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá níkkašíka ke) - all of the people
gave the scalp yell, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa-pa za-ni hi t’e-wa-de, i-ya (wasá apa zaní hi
tʔéwade, iyá) - all of the black bears were killed, it
is said [JOD]
►
ex: wa-sa za-ni hi a-shi-ti hi-we, i-ya (wasá zaní hi
ášitti híwe, iyá) - all of the black bears came outside
of their lodges, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: haⁿ bdo-ka za-ni hi o-wa-ki-da (hą bdoká zaní hi
ówakidá) - all night long, he told it to everyone [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti mi-zhi-ka za-ni hi i-k’i-ta-i taⁿ
di-sh’a-wi (kóišǫ́ttą étti mižíka zaní hi íkʔitaí tą dišʔawi)
- then, every single one of the girls there tried it and they
failed [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca];
za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody [FL-Osage];
za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody
[CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or
everything [Kaw]
►
Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one
or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of),
large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu)
- many,
much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]
►
za-ni xti (zaní xti) - all, all of the
►
cf. za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the; xti
(xti) - very, real, fully
►
ex: e-toⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka o-do-wa-ki e-kaⁿ,
za-ni-xti t’e-wa-de koⁿ-da naⁿ, i-ya (ettǫ́ maštį́ke, níkkašíka
odówaki eką́, zaní-xti tʔéwade kǫ́da ną, iyá) -
therefore rabbit, who sided with the Indians, wanted to kill all
of the black bears, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: za-ni-xti t’e-a-wa-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde (zaní-xti
tʔeáwadawé idáhǫbde) - I dreamed that they killed us
all, every single one of us [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca];
za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody [FL-Osage];
za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody
[CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or
everything [Kaw]
►
Dhegiha: xti (qti), xchi (qchi) - very, really,
real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real
[Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage];
xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully,
indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real,
very [Kaw]
the, to the
►
ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]
►
cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or
plural/standing/inanimate; the scattered; ta (tta)
- to, at, toward, in that direction
►
ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ
niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe)
- “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother
said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural [JOD]
►
cf. ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or
plural/standing/inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in;
locative
►
ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną)
- when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]
►
kʰe-ti (kʰettí) - at or to the lying object [JOD]
►
cf. kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or
inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative
►
ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką
akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my
►
niⁿ-kʰe-ti (nįkʰétti) - to the sitting object; at
the curvilinear object; to the curvilinear object [JOD]
►
cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate
or inanimate; ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative
►
ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi kʰi-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke
(eką́ nįkʰe-tti ttią́hi kʰi-ži iyá maštį́ke) - the
rabbit had not returned to his grandmother
for a long time, it is said [JOD]
►
niⁿ-kʰe-ta
(nįkʰettá)
- to the curvilinear object; to the one who [JOD]
►
cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate
or inanimate; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that
direction
►
ex:
toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ta aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kda-we (tǫ́ nįkʰettá
ą́kinį kdáwe)
- they took it from me and returned to the village [JOD]
►
tʰe-ta (tʰétta) - to the standing object, to the,
at the [JOD]
►
cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate;
the collection/inanimate; the act, past, completive aspect;
ta (tta)
- to, at, toward, in that direction
►
ex: o-zha da-i tʰe-ta (óža dá-i tʰétta) - they
went to the dance [JOD]
►
tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - at the standing object, at the,
to the; when, at the time
►
cf. tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate;
the collection/inanimate; the act, past, completive aspect;
ti (tti) - at, by, in; locative
►
ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí
tʰétti híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding
together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
tʰaⁿ-ta (tʰąttá) - to the standing [JOD]
►
cf. tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate;
continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; ta
(tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction
►
ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta (šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá) - to
the (standing) horse [JOD]
their, theirs
►
i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs
►
cf. i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its
(alienable); we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer;
wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine; di-ta (dítta)
- your, yours; di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural,
yours, you’all’s; aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta)
- our, the two of ours (dual); aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe),
oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)
►
ex: iⁿ-da, wi-te-ke, e-ta-we, di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá,
wittéke, ettáwe, dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle,
theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]
►
ex: shi-zhi-ka e-ʰta-we (šižíka ettáwe) - their
children
►
ex: shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke (šižíka ettáwe
enąhí ošté ke) - child/their/they only/are left/the
[JOD]
►
ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we
e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de
wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí
mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their
children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]
►
ex: e-hoⁿ e-ta-we (éhǫ ettáwe) - their mother
[ASG]
►
Dhegiha: e-ta-i (etái) - their, theirs
[Omaha/Ponca]; i-ʰta-bi (i-ṭá-bi) - the things
that are theirs [FL-Osage]; i-ʰta-pi (íʰtaapi) -
their [CQ-Osage]; i-ta-be (itábe) - their [Kaw]
them
►
wa (wa)
- things, stuff, people, folks, they, them
►
ex: a-wa-xo-ka (awáxokká) - I sing to them,
wa (wa) + a-xo-ka (axókka) - I sing
dancing songs
►
ex: a-wa-k’i (awákʔi) - I give to them, wa
(wa) + a-k’i (akʔí) - I give
►
ex: wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I call to them, wa
(wa) + paⁿ (ppą́) - I call or halloo
►
ex: wa-pa-xe (wappáγe) - I make them, wa
(wa) + pa-xe (ppáγe) - I make, do, cause
►
ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde shiⁿ wa-pa-xe naⁿ (waxʔó tówa
ttíkde šį́ wappáγe ną) - the four women that live
together, I made them fat [JOD]
►
ex: wa-bdi-xe (wabdíxe) - I chased them, wa
(wa) + bdi-xe (bdíxe) - I chase, pursue,
hunt
►
ex: wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze (wabdíxe attą́ wábdize)
- I chased them and I caught them [JOD]
►
ex: wa-bdi-ze (wábdize) - I caught them, wa
(wa) + bdi-ze (bdíze) - I get, take,
receive
►
ex: wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze (wabdíxe attą́ wábdize)
- I chased them and I caught them
►
ex: o-wa-te (ówatte) - seeking them, wa (wa)
+ o-te (otté) - look for, hunt, search
►
ex: wa-ba-zhi (wábaží) - drive them off, wa
(wa) + ba-zhi (baží) - drive something or
someone off
►
ex: wa-k’i (wakʔí) - he gave to them, wa
(wa) + k’i (kʔi) - give something to
someone
►
ex: o-wa-di-bnaⁿ (ówadíbną) - he smelled them,
wa (wa) + o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale
something, smell something
►
ex: wa-niⁿ (wánį) - he has them, wa (wa) +
a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep
►
ex: to-wa wa-niⁿ naⁿ (tówa wánį ną) - he had four
of them [JOD]
►
ex: o-wa-zhi (ówaži) - he put them in, wa
(wa) + o-zhi (oží) - put collection into
something
►
ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ (óžiha žiká étti
ówaži ną) - he put them in there, in the little bag
[JOD]
►
ex: wa-di-ze (wadíze) - he took them, wa
(wa) + di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive
►
ex: “ka-ni-ke,” i-ya-taⁿ wa-di-ze niⁿ (“kaniké,” iyá-tą
wadíze nį) - he said, “thanks!” when he took them [JOD]
►
ex: wa-k’iⁿ (wakʔį́) - carrying them on his back,
wa (wa) + k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack
on the back
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa kda-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya
(níkkašíka nikʰá kdákʰą wakʔį́ kdé, iyá) - he (Winter)
put the Indians across his back and packed them to his home, it
is said [JOD]
►
ex: o-wa-hoⁿ (ówahǫ) - she boiled them, wa
(wa) + o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil
►
ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ, o-wa-hoⁿ, i-ya
(níkkašíka nikʰá wakʔį́ kʰí-ną, ówahǫ, iyá) - when he
(Winter) returned to his home carrying the Indians, she
(Winter’s wife) cooked them, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: o-wa-kye (ówakye) - he talks to them, wa
(wa) + o-ki-e (okkie), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye)
- speak, talk with one
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-kye, i-ya
(maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówakye, iyá) -
the rabbit spoke to the two black bears, it is said (they say)
[JOD]
►
Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different
ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object,
them, of verbs; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha];
wa (wa)
- them; a thing which [FL-Osage];
wa (wa)
- things, stuff; people, folks; they, them [CQ-Osage];
wa (wa)
- “them”: plural object marker [Kaw]
them, the both of them
►
naⁿ-pa (ną́pa) - both, also, too
►
cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba)
- two; e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too,
also, too
►
ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke
eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - Rabbit and his
grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said [JOD]
►
ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka
mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and
one female, two remained after the striking down of the others,
it is said (they say) [JOD]
►
e-naⁿ-pa (énąpa) - both, that one too, also, too
►
cf. e (e) - that, he, she, it, aforementioned;
naⁿ-pa (ną́pa) - both, also, too; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa),
noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two
►
ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi
(ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąp͓á ttíkdawí) - the
frenchman
and
his wife, the both of them kept house [JOD]
►
ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa (mikká maštį́ke enąpá)
- raccoon and rabbit, the both of them [JOD]
►
ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká
maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both
lived together [JOD]
►
ex: ni-ka she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa (níkka šémižíka enąpá)
- both the man and little girl [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka niⁿ-kʰe she-mi zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kda-we,
i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka nįkʰé šémižíka enąpá kdáwe, iyáwe)
- then both the man and little girl started homeward, they say [JOD]
►
ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka she-mi-zhi-ka e-naⁿ-pa kde pa,
i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą níkka šémižíka enąpá
kde pá, iyáwe)
- then both the man and little girl were going homeward, they
say [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa (hǫ́, wítteke wittími
énąpá) - yes, my mother’s brother and also my father’s
sister (addressing Winter and his wife) [JOD]
►
ex: di-e-hoⁿ e-ti-koⁿ i-ha pa-zhiⁿ-zhe e-naⁿ-pa o-do-ki-di-shpa-shpa-zhi
koⁿ iⁿ (díehǫ ettikǫ́ íha ppažį́že eną́p͓a odókkidíšpašpaží kǫ́
į) - you too/that way/mouth/nose/it too/you (are) split
in many places/so (=like)/period [JOD]
►
ex: e-naⁿ-pa (énąpá) - she too [JOD]
►
ex: hoⁿ, wi-te-ke wi-ti-mi e-naⁿ-pa, (hǫ́, wítteke wittími
énąpá,) - yes, uncle (my mother’s brother) and aunt (my
father’s sister), her also, [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: e-thoⁿ-ba (éthoⁿba) - also, too: refers
to two objects, and to no more [Omaha/Ponca]; e-thoⁿ-pa
(é-thoⁿ-ba) - and; he also; of
the
two divisions [FL-Osage]; e-thoⁿ-pa (éeðǫǫpa) -
group including just mentioned
individual(s) (can sometimes be translated as’ both’, ‘all’,
‘and another’, ‘and others’, or as ‘and I’ when followed by a
verb with 1st pl. inflection) [CQ-Osage]; e-yoⁿ-ba
(éyoⁿba) - both, too, also; and (used with nouns) [Kaw]
►
ni-kaⁿ-ni (níkkąní), ni-koⁿ-ni-hi (nikkǫ́nihi)
- pair, both
►
ex: si ni-kaⁿ-ni (si níkkąní) - both feet
►
ex: iⁿ-shta ni-koⁿ-ni (inschta nikkoni) - both
eyes (deaux yeux) [GI]
►
ex: hoⁿ-pe ni-kaⁿ-ni (hǫpé níkkąní) -
moccasin/both [JOD]
►
ex: shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰaⁿ ha hoⁿ-pe ni-kaⁿ-ni o-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną
įtʰą́ ha hǫpé níkkąní otʰą́ ną, iyá) - and he (Rabbit’s
son) put on a pair of owl skin moccasins, it is said [JOD]
►
Dhegiha: noⁿ-ʰku-wiⁿ (nóⁿ-ḳu-wiⁿ) - the two, both
[FL-Osage]; na-ʰkoⁿiⁿ (naʰkǫį́), naⁿ-ʰko-wiⁿ
(nąʰkówį) - pair, couple, the two of them [CQ-Osage];
noⁿ-koⁿ-mi (nóⁿkoⁿmí) - pair, both, couple, two
together [Kaw]
themselves
►
ki (ki), (kki) + wi (wi) -
themselves
►
cf. ki (ki), (kki) - oneself, myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves;
we (we), wi (wi), i (i) - pluralizer
►
ex: i-ki-pa-hoⁿ-wi (íkipahǫwí) - they knew it for
themselves
►
ex: i-ki-kda-naⁿ-we (íkikdá-ną-we) - they divided
among themselves
►
Dhegiha: ʰki (ḳi) - themselves [FL-Osage]; ʰkik
(ʰkik) - reflexive prefix: oneself, myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves [CQ-Osage];
ki (ki)
- “reflexive”: oneself [Kaw]
►
Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi),
and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi),
as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i)
[JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe)
- pluralizer of 1st or 2nd persons (‘we,
‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3rd
person; noncontinuative marjer for 3rd person (sg. or
pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage];
be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular
non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated
into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) -
plural and 3rd singular marker used after í Kaw]
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