Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

Waco Indian - watch	water - wavy	we - weave
wed - wheel	when - whetstone	which - whole
whoop - windless	window - wolf	woman - Wyandotte

woman, consider marriage to a woman

► miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman ► miⁿ bdi-kdaⁿ (mį bdikdą́) - I, miⁿ ti-kdaⁿ (mį ttikdą́) - you, miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - he

► cf. mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names; di-knaⁿ (dikną́) - love, court, woo; di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą́) - try, make effort; plan, decide

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-thi-gthoⁿ (miⁿthígthoⁿ) - to think of a human female, as a man may do; to love a woman: said only of the opposite sex [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: thi-gthoⁿ (thi-gthóⁿ) - to court; to woo [FL-Osage]; thi-laⁿ (ðílą) - flirt (perhaps of flirting with a woman only); court [CQ-Osage]

woman, female

► mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names

► mi (mi) - woman [ASG]

► ex: mi zhi-ka (mižíka) - young girl, unmarried female

► ex: she-mi (šémi) - girl, not yet reached puberty; girl 3 feet high

► ex: te mi (te mí), te miⁿ (ttemį́) - buffalo cow

► ex: zho-zhi-te mi (žožítte mí) - Indian woman, female Indian

► ex: wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - a part of female names, signifying “female” [Omaha/Ponca]; mi (mí), wiⁿ (wiⁿ), iⁿ (iⁿ) - woman in names [FL-Osage]; miⁿ (mį́į) - female [CQ-Osage]; wiⁿ (wį) - female, woman (used only in personal names for females, historically related to miⁿ (mį́į), miⁿ-ka (mį́įka) [CQ-Osage]; mi (mí), miⁿ (míⁿ) - female, woman (in names) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-ga (míⁿga) - a female (animal): not applicable to the human race [Omaha/Ponca]; mi-ga (míga) - female animal; her [Omaha]; mi-ga (mi-gá), miⁿ-ga (míⁿ-ga) - female [FL-Osage]; mi-ka (míika), miⁿ-ka (mį́įka) - female [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-ga (míⁿga), (miⁿgá) - female animal, female of any species [Kaw]

woman, female, wife

► wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; wife

► wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman [MS, MR, AG, OM]

► wa-x’o (waxʔó) - wife [OM]

► wa-x’o (wa˙xʔó) - woman [FS]

► wa-x’o (waxó) - woman [ASG]

► ex: wa-x’o da-bni (waxʔo dabni) - three women

► ex: wa-x’o e-zhi (waxʔo éži) - another, different, other woman

► ex: wa-x’o ha-na-hi-te (waxʔo hanáhitté) - few (however many) women

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ke (waxʔó tówa ke) - the four (standing) women [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wa-x’o kʰe (waxʔó kʰe) - the (lying, reclining) woman

► ex: wa-x’o ko-i-ke (waxʔó kóike) - all the women, those women [AG]

► ex: wa-x’o miⁿ (waxʔó mį) - a woman

► ex: wa-x’o miⁿ-xti (waxʔó mį́xti) - just one woman, only one female

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-pa (waxʔo nąpa) - two women

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke (waxʔo niké), wa-x’o niⁿ-ke (waxʔo nįké) - no woman

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ (waxʔó nį) - the (moving) woman

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé) - the (sitting) woman

► ex: wa-x’o za-ni (waxʔo zaní) - all the women

► ex: wa-x’o zho-hi (waxʔo žóhi) - many women

► ex: wa-x’o zho-wa (waxʔo žowá) - some women

► ex: iⁿ-ta-naⁿ kde-zhe wa-x’o (įttáną kdéže waxʔó) - female domestic cat

► ex: maⁿ-tʰo wa-x’o (mątʰó waxʔó) - female grizzly bear

► ex: si-ka wa-x’o (síkka waxʔó) - hen

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ wa-x’o (šǫ́keáknį waxʔó) - mare

► ex: shoⁿ wa-x’o (šǫ́ wáxʔo) - female dog

► ex: ta wa-x’o (ttawáxʔo) - doe

► ex: te-ska wa-x’o (tteská waxʔó) - cow

► Dhegiha: wa-’u (wa’ú) - woman [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-’u (wau) - lady; woman [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o (wa-ḳ’ó) - woman [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o (wakʔó) - woman; wife [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o (wak’ó) - woman, female, wife [Kaw]

► wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife ► wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - my, wa-x’o di-ta (waxʔó dítta) - your, wa-x’o i-ta (waxʔó ittá) - his

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman; i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its (alienable); wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine; di-ta (dítta) - your, yours

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - my wife [MS]

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta (waxʔó wítta) - woman/my [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: wa-x’o wi-ta we-s’a o-do-hi naⁿ ni-ti de (waxʔó wítta wés’a odóhi ną nítti dé) - when my woman (wife) turned into a snake, she went into the water [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: wa-x’o di-ta (waxʔó dítta) - woman/thy [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: kʰi naⁿ, hoⁿ wa-x’o di-ta di-t’e a-e (kʰí ną, hǫ waxʔó dítta ditʔé ae) - when he reached home (he was asked), what happened to your woman, did she die on you? [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good, “he has no woman/wife” [AG]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ka zho-ki-kde ta-bde da-we (waxʔó nikká žókikde tábde dáwe) - a man went hunting with his woman/wife [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

woman, giant woman

► ma-ze ste-te (mazé stetté) - giant woman, hair to waist, waist length breast carried over her shoulders for suckling stolen children

► cf. ma-ze (mazé) - breast; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long; ma-ze zhi-ka (mazé žíka) - little breasts [MS]

► Dhegiha: ma-ze (mazé) - breast, udder [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ze (moⁿ-çé) - woman’s breast [FL-Osage]; ba-ze (ba-çé) - a woman’s breast, udder [FL-Osage]; pa-ze (paazé) - breast, udder [CQ-Osage]; ba-ze (bazé) - breast [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zne-de (znéde) - long [Omaha/Ponca]; zne-de (çnedé) - long [Omaha]; zne-de (s͓ne-de) - long [JOD-Omaha]; stse-dse (stse-dse), ste-ʰtse (ste-ṭse), ste-e (ste-e), stse-e (stse-e) - long or tall; long as to length [FL-Osage]; stse-tse (scéce) - tall, long [CQ-Osage]; stse-je (scéje) - long, tall [Kaw]

woman, grown woman

► wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - grown woman; old woman, old lady

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), noⁿ-hoⁿ (nǫhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature, raised; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother (older uncle); iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt, older [OM]; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke (waxʔó nąhą́ ke) - woman/grown/the (plural standing) [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ ppa ną́) - the grown women wore short dresses [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► Dhegiha: wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰk’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wa-ḳ’ó noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a woman of questionable chastity, a harlot, a prostitute [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫǫhǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow; prostitute, woman of bad reputation [CQ-Osage]

woman, Indian woman

► zho-zhi-te mi (žožítte mí) - Indian woman, female Indian [ASG]

► cf. zho (žo) - flesh, meat; zhi-te (žítte) - red; zho-zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian (recent term); mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names

► Dhegiha: zhu (zhu) - flesh, body [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu (zhú) - flesh [Omaha]; zhu (zhu) - flesh or body [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha]; zhi-de (jí-de) - red [JOD-Omaha]; zhiu-dse (zhiu-dse), zhu-dse (zhú-dse), zhu-e (zhu-e), zhi-e (zhi-e) - red; scarlet; vermillion [FL-Osage]; zhu-tse (žúuce), zhu-e (žúe), zhu (žúu) - red [CQ-Osage]; zhu-je (zhúje) - red [Kaw]

woman, marry a woman

► knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman ► a-knoⁿ-ke (áknǫke) - I, da-knoⁿ-ke (dáknǫke) - you, knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - he

► cf. miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife; ki-knoⁿ-ke (kiknǫké) - marriage, married, marry

► ex: ka-hi-ke e-zhaⁿ-ke miⁿ knoⁿ-ke naⁿ (kahíke ežą́ke mį knǫké ną) - he married one of the chief’s daughters [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá) - father/you marry her/I wish [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ké awákkiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - my father, I want you to marry her, I want to be playing with those girls [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną) - then/he married her/when/he hunted/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ ta t’e-de taⁿ a-zho-wa ta da-tʰe-wi [da-tʰa-wi] (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną ttá tʔéde tą ážowa tta dátʰewi [dátʰawi]) - then, when he had married her, he hunted, he killed deer, they had an abundance of deer to eat [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte) - then/there/marry her/the (will) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ toⁿ-we taⁿ naⁿ-zha, e-koⁿ te, i-ke i-ya[-we] (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte ikazózo káγe áttą akínį hí tą tǫ́we tą nąža, ekǫ́ tte, iké iyá[we]) - then, when she looked at (read) the marriage proposal letter that he had written and taken to her, she said, so shall it be, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te (kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte) - chief/large/his son/he marry/will [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe, ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ, ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te, i-ye tʰe i-ya[-we] (e hǫpé nįkʰé howaké kišǫ́i ną́, kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte, iyé tʰe iyá[we]) - he said, Big Chief’s son will marry whoever fits that shoe, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: de-do niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke naⁿ-haⁿ tʰaⁿ knoⁿ-ke te (dedó nį wahą́nįké nąhą́ tʰą́ knǫké tte) - here/the moving/orphan/grown/the standing/he marry her/will [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ ka-ki ke wa-di-haⁿ-zhi a-taⁿ de-do niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke naⁿ-haⁿ tʰaⁿ knoⁿ-ke te (kóišǫ́ttą kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke tʰą kakí ke wadíhąži áttą dedó nį wahą́nįké nąhą́ tʰą́ knǫké tte) - then, Big Chief’s son abandoned them, he let them go (those that were at the dance) …. the grown orphan, he will marry her, she will live here [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ (gthoⁿ) - to take a wife; to take someone as one’s wife [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-ge (gthoⁿ-ge) - to take a wife, to marry, refers to a man [FL-Osage]; laⁿ-ke (lą́ke) - marry a woman, take as a wife [CQ-Osage]; laⁿ-ge (láⁿge), loⁿ-ge (lóⁿge) - marry, take a wife (male term) [Kaw]

woman, medicine woman

► wa-x’o xo-we (waxʔó xówe) - medicine woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy; ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - medicine man, shaman, Indian doctor, priest

► Dhegiha: xu-be (xube) - hallowed, holy, wizard [Omaha]; xu-be (qubé) - sacred [JOD-Omaha]; xu-be (xúbe) - holy, supernatural power, sanctity [FL-Osage]; xo-pe (xópe) - sacred, consecrated, holy [CQ-Osage]

woman, old woman

► wa-x’o naⁿ (waxʔóną) - old woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; naⁿ (ną) - old, grown, mature, adult

► Dhegiha: wa-’u (wa’ú) - woman [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-’u (wa’u) - lady, woman [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o (wa-ḳ’ó) - woman or women [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o (wakʔó) - woman, wife; wa-k’o (wak’ó) - woman, female, wife [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u naⁿ hi (wa-’u naⁿ hí) - to arrive at middle age, said of women only [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ (náⁿ) - grown [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - to grow, to age, to mature, an adult [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nóǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

► wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká), wa-x’o zhiⁿ-ka (waxʔó žįká) - woman, old; little old lady, elderly woman; old female animal

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, wife; also female animal; zhi-ka (žíka), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka) - small, little; young

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka woman/small (= old woman) [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka wi[-e] e-aⁿ-naⁿ-ska ke e-hoⁿ we-niⁿ-tʰaⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó žiká wi[e] eą́naská ke ehǫ́ wénįtʰą ppá ną) - the old women of my size, like me, they too wore clothing [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka ke (waxʔó žiká ke) - the (standing) old women

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka ke wa-hiⁿ zhi-te i-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ o-zha pa naⁿ (waxʔó žiká ke wahį́ žítte ínį ą́tʰą óža ppá ną) - the old women wore red broadcloth when they danced [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔóžiká nįkʰé) - the (sitting) old woman

► ex: i-yi i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe (iyí iyá waxʔóžiká nįkʰé) - it is said, the old woman said [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: e-shoⁿ wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe ke naⁿ, i-ya: (ešǫ́ waxʔóžiká nįkʰé ké ną, iyá:) - the old woman said as follows, it is said: [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe kdi-ze naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-ki-te de (waxʔóžíka nįkʰé wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰé kdizé ną maštį́ke okítte dé) - the old woman took her sewing bag when she went to look for rabbi [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then the old woman married him, she took her children along with her [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį) - the (moving) old woman

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį žókde étti hí ną) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ wa-x’o zhiⁿ-ka niⁿ di-sh’a (ettítʰą waxʔó žįká nį dišʔá) - then the old woman gave out [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰé kikʔį́ kdé) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-da-i tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te, i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (hówatʰétti tʔédai tʰé-itte idákide tté, iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him, it is said (they say) [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ a-shi-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį ášitti hí-ną) - the old woman went out of the lodge [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ke niⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą, ąkáhi ttaí, waxʔo-žiká iké nį) - then, the old woman said to him, we will be there [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (waxʔóžiká tʰą) - the (standing) old woman

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi a-shi-ti de, i-ye tʰaⁿ wa-xo-zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (į́čʰǫ hí ášitti dé, iyé tʰą waxʔóžiká tʰą) - he just now went outside, replied the old woman [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ, wi-to-shpa, shoⁿ iⁿ, i-yi i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (hǫ́, wíttošpá, šǫ į, iyí iyá waxʔóžiká tʰą) - yes, my grandchild, that will do, the old woman replied [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: maⁿ-ʰto wa-x’o-zhi-ka (mątʰó waxʔóžiká) - little old Grizzly bear woman

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-tʰo wa-x’o-zhi-ka t’e-de naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą mątʰó waxʔóžiká tʔéde ną iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą) - then the Rabbit’s son killed the little old Grizzly bear woman, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shoⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka (šǫ́ waxʔó žíka) - old female dog

► ex: shoⁿ wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe i-ki-aⁿ-xa-we (šǫ́ waxʔó žíka nįkʰé íkiąγáwe) - he questioned the old female dog [JOD-Four Women]

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

► wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - old woman; aged woman, very aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žíka), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka) - small, little; young; hi (hi) - very; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga hi (wa-ḳ’ó zhíⁿ-ga hi) - a woman who has reached old age [FL-Osage]

► wa-x’o zhi-ka xti (waxʔóžika xti) - old woman; aged woman, extremely aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal; zhi-ka (žíka), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka) - small, little; young; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; exceedingly; intensifier suffix

► Dhegiha: wa-’u zhiⁿ-ga (wa-’ú-jiñ-ga) - an old woman [JOD-Omaha]; wa-u zhiⁿ-ga (waúzhiⁿga) - old woman, elder [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o zhiⁿ-ga (wa-ḳ’ó zhiⁿ-ga) - an aged woman, a crone, mother-in-law [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ (wakʔóžį) - my mother-in-law, mother-in-law, crone, elderly woman, little old woman, little woman, used both to refer to her and to address her [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o zhiⁿ-ga (wak’ó zhiⁿga), wa-k’o-hiⁿ-ga (wak’óhìⁿga) - old woman, mother-in-law [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xchi (qchi) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real [Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

woman, pregnant woman

► wa-te-zo-knaⁿ (wattézokną), wa-te-ze o-knaⁿ (wattéze okną) - pregnant, enceinte ► wa-te-zo-a-knaⁿ (wattézoákną) - I, wa-te-zo-da-knaⁿ (wattézodakną) - you, wa-te-zo-knaⁿ (wattézokną), wa-te-ze o-knaⁿ (wattéze okną) - she, wa-te-zo-aⁿ-knaⁿ-we (wattézoą́knąwé) - we

► cf. wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them; te-ze (ttéze) - abdomen, belly, stomach; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe wa-te-zo-knaⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé wattézokną́ tą ką́ nįkʰé) - after awhile, the woman became pregnant [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-zu-gthaⁿ (wa-té-zu-g¢áⁿ) - pregnant; to be pregnant [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰtse-ze u-thiⁿ-ge (wa-ṭsé-çe u-thiⁿ-ge) - pregnancy [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: de-zi (dézi) - the belly or abdomen [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-ze (ṭsé-çe) - abdomen; the belly [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ze (ʰcéze) - stomach, abdomen, belly [CQ-Osage]; tse-ze (céze) - belly; womb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-gthaⁿ (ug¢áⁿ) - put in, to put a cv. in. ob., etc., into a barrel or cv. box; to put a book, paper, piece of cloth, etc., into the pocket [JOD-Omaha]; u-gthoⁿ (u-gthoⁿ) - to put in, putting in, a place of deposit, to inclose, in which to put, to thrust in, to put a stake in a pile when gambling [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oolą́) - put into, place inside of, pour round items into, add items to cooking, pour liquid into [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oláⁿ) - put a sitting/inanimate object into something, to put a curvilinear (wide rather than tall) object such as paper, a book, a bandage, cloth, etc. within a receptacle [Kaw]

woman, scream or cry out as a woman

► zi-we (ziwé) - scream, cry out as a woman, squeal of hogs or girls ► a-zi-we (azíwe) - I, da-zi-we (dazíwe) - you, zi-we (ziwé) - he/she, aⁿ-zi-wa-we (ązíwawe) - we

► Dhegiha: zu-we (zúwe), zu-be (zúbe) - squeak, the sound an otter makes [Kaw]

woman, unmarried woman

► wa-di-xa-zhi (wádiγáži) - unmarried woman; virgin

► cf. wa-di-xe (wádiγe) - marry, get married (said of a female); zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation; a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xe a-zhi (wathixe azhi) - unmarried [Omaha]; wa-thi-xa ba-zhi (wá¢ixa-bají) - had not married [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-xa-zhi (wá-thi-xa-zhi) - a woman not yet married; a maiden [FL-Osage]; wa-thu-xa-zhi (wáðuγaži) - female who has not married; virgin [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-gha-zhi (wáyughazhi) - maiden, unmarried woman [Kaw]

► wa-di-xa-zhi hi (wádiγáži hí) - unmarried woman, spinster

► cf. wa-di-xe (wádiγe) - marry, get married (said of a female); hi (hi) - very; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there

woman, white woman

► wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman

► wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman [AG, OM]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race; American, Virginian, derived from “Virginia”; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names

► ex: wa-jhi-ni miⁿ ko-i (waǰíni mį kói) - she’s a white woman [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni mi ta-ka-te (waǰíni mi tákkatte) - hot white woman [AG]

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - probably from “Virginia” which may have been used to mean “white man,” perhaps venereal disease was later associated with wa-tsʰu (wacʰú) ‘copulate’ and thus may have substituted tsʰ (ch) for ts (c), giving the variants wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini) and wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie), Robert Rankin, personal communication. Additionally, wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) may contain or be influenced by ni-e (níe) ‘hurt’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

► wa-jhi-ni wa-x’o (waǰíni waxʔó) - white woman [AG]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race; American, Virginian, derived from “Virginia”; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman

woman’s love

► pi-de (ppíde) - love, as a woman does a man ► pi-a-de (ppíade) - I, pi-da-de (ppídade) - you, pi-de (ppíde) - she, pi-oⁿ-da-we (ppíǫdawe) - we

► cf. wa-pi-de (wappíde) - love or affection [OM]

► ex: pi-wi-de (ppiwidé) - I love you

► ex: pi-aⁿ-da-de (ppią́dadé) - you love me

► Dhegiha: ʰpi-the (p̣í-the) - the love of a woman for a man or boy [FL-Osage]; pi-ye (píye) - love a man, said of a woman [Kaw]

woman’s relatives, woman’s family

► i-knaⁿ-ke (ikną́ke), i-kdaⁿ-ke (ikdą́ke), i-knoⁿ-ke (iknǫ́ke), e-knaⁿ-ke (ekną́ke) - woman’s husband ► wi-knaⁿ-ke (wikną́ke) - my, di-knaⁿ-ke (dikną́ke) - your, i-knaⁿ-ke (ikną́ke), i-kdaⁿ-ke (ikdą́ke), i-knoⁿ-ke (iknǫ́ke), e-knaⁿ-ke (ekną́ke) - her

► cf. knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman

► Dhegiha: e-gthoⁿ-ge (ég¢añge) - her husband [JOD-Omaha]

► ni-ka i-ta (níkka ittá), ni-ka e-ta (níkka ettá) - husband, “her man” ► ni-ka wi-ta (níkka wittá) - my, ni-ka di-ta (níkka dittá) - your, ni-ka i-ta (níkka ittá), ni-ka e-ta (níkka ettá) - her

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its

► Dhegiha: ni-ʰka i-ʰta (níʰka íʰta), i-ni-ʰka (iiníʰka) - her husband [CQ-Osage]; i-ni-ʰka (i-ní-ḳa) - her man, her husband [FL-Osage]

► i-shi-kʰaⁿ (išíkʰą), e-shi-kaⁿ (ešíkʰą) - a woman’s sister-in-law ► wi-shi-kʰaⁿ (wišíkʰą), shi-kʰaⁿ-e (šikʰą́e) - my, di-shi-kaⁿ (dišíkʰą) - your, i-shi-kʰaⁿ (išíkʰą), e-shi-kaⁿ (ešíkʰą) - her

► Dhegiha: i-shi-koⁿ (ishíkoⁿ) - sister-in-law, her sister-in-law, her husband’s sister ot hr brother’s wife [Omaha/Ponca]; i-shi-kaⁿ (icíkaⁿ) - her sister-in-law [JOD-Omaha]; i-shi-ʰkoⁿ (i-shí-ḳoⁿ) - a woman’s sister-in-law, her brother’s wife or her husband’s sister [FL-Osage]; i-shi-kxaⁿ (išíkxą) - her husband’s sister, her husband’s brother’s wife, her brother’s wife, more precise than English “her sister-in-law [CQ-Osage]; shi-kxaⁿ (šíkxą) - her brother’s wife, her husband’s sister, her husband’s brother’s wife, more precise than English “her sister-in-law” [CQ-Osage]; i-shi-kʰaⁿ (ishíkhaⁿ) - woman’s sister-in-law, woman’s husband’s sister [Kaw]

► i-shi-k’e (išíkʔe) - a woman’s husband’s brother ► wi-shi-k’e (wišikʔé) - my, di-shi-k’e (dišikʔé) - your, i-shi-k’e (išíkʔe) - her

► Dhegiha: i-shi-’e (íshi’é) - her sister's husband, her brother-in-law or potential husband; her husband's brother [Omaha/Ponca]; i-shi-‘e (ishi’e) - brother-in-law [Omaha]; i-shi-k’e (i-shí-k’e) - a woman’s brother-in-law, her sister’s husband or her husbands brother [FL-Osage]; i-shi-k’e (išíkʔe) - her sister’s husband, her husband’s brother, or her husband’s sister’s husband (more precise than English ‘her brother-in-law’) [CQ-Osage]; i-shi-k’e (ishík’e) - brother-in-law, woman's husband's brother, this term means (or meant at that) "her potential husband," referring to the practice of a man taking his brother's widow as a wife [Kaw]

► i-taⁿ-shka (ittą́ška), i-toⁿ-shka (ittǫ́ška), e-taⁿ-shka (ettą́ška) - nephew, son of woman’s brother or man’s sister ► wi-taⁿ-shka (wittą́ška) - my, di-taⁿ-shka (dittą́ška) - your, i-taⁿ-shka (ittą́ška), i-toⁿ-shka (ittǫ́ška), e-taⁿ-shka (ettą́ška) - his/her

► Dhegiha: i-taⁿ-shka (i-t͓aⁿ-cka) - his sister’s son, his father’s sister’s son [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-tu-shka (i-t͓ú-cka) - her brother’s son, including father’s brother’s son’s son, her mother’s sister’s son’s son, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsu-shka (i-ṭsú-shka) - nephew, son of a sister or father’s sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtso-shka (iʰcóška) - his wife’s brother’s son, his sister’s son, her brother’s son (more precise than English ‘his/her nephew’; his/her father’s sister’s son (his/her paternal aunt’s son; more precise than English ‘his/her cousin’ [CQ-Osage]; i-tso-shka (icóshka) - nephew, man’s sister’s son [Kaw]

► i-ti-to (ittítto), e-ti-to (ettítto) - brother, woman’s elder, his or hers ► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my, di-ti-to (dittítto) - your, i-ti-to (ittítto), e-ti-to (ettítto) - her

► Dhegiha: i-ti-nu (itínu) - her elder brother [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ti-nu (itínu) - elder brother [Omaha]; i-tsiⁿ-do (i-tsiⁿ́-do) - her elder brother [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsiⁿ-to (iʰicį́to) - her older brother, any of her brothers who is older than she is [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-do (icído) - woman's eldest brother [Kaw]

► i-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ittóžąke), e-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ettóžąke) - niece, woman’s elder brother’s daughter ► wi-to-zhaⁿ-ke (wittóžąke) - my, di-to-zhaⁿ-ke (dittóžąke) - your, i-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ittóžąke), e-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ettóžąke) - her

► Dhegiha: i-tu-zhaⁿ-ge (i-t͓ú-jañ-ge) - her brother’s daughter [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsu-zhoⁿ-ge (i-ṭsú-zhoⁿ-ge) - a niece; her brother’s daughter [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtso-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcóžąke), i-ʰtsi-o-zhaⁿ-ke (iʰcióžąke) - her brother’s daughter (more precise than English ‘her niece’) [CQ-Osage]; i-tso-zhoⁿ-ge (icózhoⁿge) - niece, woman’s brother’s daughter; her niece [Kaw]

► i-zhoⁿ-de (ižǫ́de), e-zhoⁿ-de (ežǫ́de) - woman’s elder sister ► wi-zhoⁿ-de (wižǫ́de) - my, di-zhoⁿ-de (dižǫ́de) - your, i-zhoⁿ-de (ižǫ́de), e-zhoⁿ-de (ežǫ́de) - her

► Dhegiha: i-zhoⁿ-the (izhóⁿthe) - her elder sister, including her father’s brother’s daughter, and her mother’s sister’s daughter, if older than herself [Omaha/Ponca]; i-zhoⁿ-the (i-zhóⁿ-the) - her elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (ižǫ́ą) - her elder sister, more precise than English “her sister” [CQ-Osage]; i-zho-we (izhówe) - man or woman's elder sister [Kaw]

womb

► shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha), zhiⁿ-o-zhi-ha (žį́ožíha) - uterus

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - bag, sack, pocket

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ-u-zhi-ha (zhiⁿúzhiha) - “the sack of the young one” the placenta; the uterus is sometimes thus called [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi-ha (úzhiha) - bag, sack [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi-ha (úzhi ha) - bag, gunny sack, burlap bag [Omaha]; u-zhi-ha (újiha) - bag, pouch, sack [JOD-Omaha]; u-zhu-ha (ú-zhu-ha), o-zho-ha (ó-zho-ha) - a sack or bag [FL-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (óožuhaa) - bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather, literally, skin into which to put stuff [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (ozhuha) - pouch [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga u-gthiⁿ (shiⁿga zhiⁿga ugthiⁿ) - womb [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga u-gthiⁿ (zhiⁿ-gá u-gthiⁿ) - to womb of a woman [FL-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ga zhiⁿ-ga o-liⁿ (zhiⁿgázhíⁿga olíⁿ) - uterus, lit. “the place in which the child sits” [Kaw]

► ta shi-o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha), ta zhiⁿ-o-zhi-ha (tta žį́ožíha) - deer or doe’s womb

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; meat, especially dried meat; shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha), zhiⁿ-o-zhi-ha (žį́ožíha) - uterus

► Dhegiha: te zhiⁿ-u-zhi-ha (tézhiⁿuzhiha) - “the sack of the young animal”; the placenta of an animal [Omaha/Ponca]

wonder if

► e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe, wonder if, may be so

► cf. te te (tte tté) - such and such, expresses uncertainty; wi-e te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant

► ex: e-te te (étte tté) - I wonder if

► ex: i-e aⁿ-ko-ta-we na-x’oⁿ e-te te (íe ąkóttawe naxʔǫ́ étte tte) - I wonder if he understands our language

► ex: i-da miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ da-na-x’oⁿ e-te te (idá mįkʰé ttą danáxʔǫ étte tte) - I wonder if you understand what I am saying

► ex: oⁿ-pʰoⁿ zhi-ka tʰi tʰe e-te te (ǫ́pʰǫ žíka tʰí tʰe étte tte) - I wonder if Little Elk has come

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we a, e-te-te (íšpahąwé a, étte tte) - I wonder if you’all know? [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te, i-ye o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe (atéže ną, táttą ke ą́teže hidé mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé éttette, iyé odotʰé nįkʰé) - when I urinated, the maneater said, what’s urinating on me? I wonder if it is the stars that are urinating on me [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zha-i ke e-te te (mikkáxʔe ątežai ke étte tte) - I wonder if it is the stars that are urinating on me [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - my father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► ex: e-ti a-shka hi ti-kde e-ti-tʰaⁿ-zhi e-te te (étti ašká hi ttíkde ettítʰąží étte tté) - I wonder, is there not a lodge very near [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: e-iⁿ-tʰe (éiⁿtʰe) - if, perhaps, maybe [Omaha/Ponca]; tʰe-iⁿ-tʰe (tʰéiⁿtʰe) - perhaps; probably; it may be; in spoke questions, should [Omaha/Ponca]

wonder, amazed

► hiⁿ-xe (hį́xe) - wonder or be amazed ► a-hiⁿ-xe (ahį́xe) - I, da-hiⁿ-xe (dahį́xe) - you, hiⁿ-xe (hį́xe) - he/she, aⁿ-hiⁿ-xe-we (ąhį́xewe) - we

► ex: hiⁿ-xe naⁿ (hį́xe ną) - she was amazed [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

wonder, surprize

► ho-hoo (hohoó) - interjection of wonder, surprise; well! well!; oho!; why!

► ex: ho-hoo! da-tʰi-zhi hi naⁿ ni-tʰe (hohoó! datʰíži hi ną́ nitʰé!) - well! well! you have never come here before now! [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ho-hoo, di-t’e te de (hohoó, ditʔé tte dé) - why! you would surely die! [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-di-bnaⁿ taⁿ, ho-ho, xwiⁿ a-ta-ha, i-ye naⁿ, iⁿ-spe i-ba-shte a-zhaⁿmiⁿ, i-ye

(kóišǫ́ttą odíbną tą, hoho, xwį́ attahá, iyé ną, į́spe íbašte ažąmį́, iyé) - she said, then when he smelled his finger, he said, hoho! it smells really bad! I think it was split by accidentally falling against an axe [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ho-ho-xo (hohoxó), (hóhoxó) - interjection of wonder, male; interjection of wonder, surprise; why! really!

► ex: ho-ho-xo! oⁿ-te taⁿ-hi wa-ki-k’oⁿ! (hóhoxó! ǫ́te ttą́hi wakkíkʔǫ!) - ho-ho-xo! he has hurt himself severely! [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! wa-k’iⁿ koⁿ-da de! (hóhoxó! wakʔį́ kǫ́da dé) - why! he really wants to carry something! [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! ma-shtiⁿ-ke, i-ye tʰe ko-i-she sha-zhi naⁿ niⁿ-tʰe (hóhoxó! maštį́ke, íye tʰe kóiše-šáži ną́ nįtʰé) - really! rabbit, you have never talked in this manner before now [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ho-’a (hoʔá), hoo-’a (hooʔá) - interjection of surprise; really!

► ex: hoo-’a! ta-taⁿ hi wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-de! (hooʔá! táttą hi wážǫį́ níwade!) - really! this is indeed something hateful! [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

wood, tree

► zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree

► zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - tree, wood [MS, MR, AB]

► zhoⁿ (jon) - tree (arbre) [GI]

► zhaⁿ (žą) - tree, wood [FS]

► zhoⁿ (zhóⁿ) - wood, tree [ASG]

► cf. hi (hi) - stalk, tree, bush, vine, leg, trunk of tree

► ex: zhaⁿ kʰe (žą́ kʰe) - the log

► ex: zhaⁿ tʰe (žą́ tʰe) - the tree

► ex: zhoⁿ di-ze hi (žǫ́ díze hí) - she went to get wood [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-be-tʰaⁿ (žą́ abetʰą́) - barrel, “wood wrapped around”

► ex: zhoⁿ o-zhi (žǫ́ oží), zhaⁿ o-zhi (žą oží) - dipper or cup of wood

► ex: zhoⁿ xda (žǫxdá) - bud

► ex: zhoⁿ ni (žǫní), zhaⁿ ni (žąní) - sap; maple sugar, “tree sap”

► ex: zhoⁿ ha (žǫhá) - bark of a tree

► ex: zhaⁿ i-maⁿ-niⁿ (žą́ imą́nį) - stilts

► ex: zhaⁿ kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; root of a tree

► ex: zhoⁿ zhi-ka (žǫ́ žika) - stick, switch

► ex: zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppíži) - wooden box; trunk, box

► ex: zhaⁿ i-kaⁿ-ska-de (žą ikąskáde) - yard, “wood measure”

► ex: zhaⁿ bda-ska (žąbdáska) - board

► ex: zhaⁿ ka-xa (žą káxa) - branch of a tree; stick, limb

► ex: zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte) - plank, “split wood”

► ex: zhaⁿ o-di-shte (žą́ odišté) - sawed lumber

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood; a tree; trees [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree; wood; fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber; stick, pole; woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

woodchuck

► siⁿ-ka taⁿ-ka (sį́ka ttą́ka) - woodchuck, also translated as badger

► cf. siⁿ-ka (sį́ka) - squirrel; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large; siⁿ-ka sa (sį́ka sá) - black squirrel; siⁿ-ka xo-te (sį́ka xótte) - gray squirrel; siⁿ-ka zi (sį́ka zí) - fox squirrel; xo-ka (xóka) - badger, also translated as ground hog

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - squirrel, the reddish-gray or fox squirrel common in Nebraska and the Dakotas [Omaha/Ponca]; siⁿ-ga (çiⁿga) - tree squirrel [Omaha]; siⁿ-ga (çíⁿ-ga) - squirrel [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-ka (sį́ka) - squirrel [CQ-Osage]; siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - fox squirrel, red squirrel [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xu-ga (qúga) - badger [Omaha/Ponca]; xu-ga (xúga) - badger [Omaha]; xo-ga (xó-ga) - badger [FL-Osage]; xo-ka (xóoka) - badger [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-ga (xóⁿga) - badger [Kaw]

woodcock

► kiⁿ-ke-taⁿ sha (kkįkkéttą šá) - woodcock or marbled godwit, nearly size of crow

woodpecker

► de-ze ba-xe (déze báxe) - woodpecker

► cf. de-ze (déze) - tongue; ba-xe (báxe), (báγe) - break off, broke off; to break, break off

► po-xpa (póxpa) - woodpecker, red-headed woodpecker, white body and black wings, Melanerpes erythrocephalus

► po-xpa (póxpa) - woodpecker [MS]

► Dhegiha: mu-xpe (múqpe) - the red-headed woodpecker [Omaha/Ponca]; bo-xpa (bó-xpa), bu-xpa (bú-xpa) - a woodpecker [FL-Osage]; bo-xpa (bóxpa) - flicker, woodpecker (long) bill like a snipe [Kaw]

► zaⁿ-zi-ka (zą́zikka) - red shafted flicker; yellow ringed woodpecker; yellow bellied woodpecker

► Dhegiha: zoⁿ-zi-ga (zóⁿziga) - red-shafted flicker, woodpecker [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-zi-ga (çóⁿ-çi-ga) - the flicker, yellow hammer, belongs to the woodpecker family [FL-Osage]; zi-zi-ga taⁿ-ga (zíziga tàⁿga) - the flicker [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-zi-ga (thoⁿ’çiga) - flicker bird [Omaha]

woods, forest

► zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-toⁿ (ottǫ́), o-taⁿ (ottą́) - abound; abound in it; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have; to abound, there is

► ex: zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump

► ex: zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; taⁿ (taⁿ) - to abound; there is; to have or possess [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

word

► i-e (íe), i-ye (íye) - word

► cf. i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé) - say

► ex: i-ye zho-wa (íye žowá) - a few words

► ex: i-ye tʰe ko-i-she sha-zhi (íye tʰe kóiše-šáži) - words/the/you did not say those [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-ye aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi (íye ą́ttažóži) - words/you injure me with your mouth [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-di-na-zhiⁿ di-ta i-bniⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ i-ye aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi de (ídinážį dittą́ íbnį́ą tą́ íye ą́ttažóži dé) - I think that you speak so improperly to me on account of you depending on someone to help you [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-ye ke za-ni hi (íye ke zaní hi) - words/the plural/all/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke i-ye ke za-ni hi i-ki-aⁿ-xe ki-ha taⁿ ka-xdi e taⁿ-ha haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke o-shkaⁿ haⁿ-ke e-koⁿ hi kde niⁿ i-ya-we ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ka ežį́ke íye ke zaní hi íkiąγé kihá tą kaxdí e tą́ha hą́ka ežį́ke óšką hąké ékǫ hí kde nį́ iyáwe maštį́ke) - as rabbit was heading for home, he was going do as near to what haⁿ-ka’s son usually did, everything that haⁿ-ka’s son had said, when he had questioned him, before he struck him dead, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-ka-xpa i-e (okáxpa ié) - Quapaw words, Quapaw language

► ex: o-ka-xpa i-e i-da-ka-zo-zo a-ta-pa-xti (okáxpa ié idákazózo attappaxtí) - I am writing a great many Quapaw words

► ex: o-ka-xpa i-e aⁿ-ni-hi i-da-ka-zo-zo o-a-ka-shi-we miⁿ-kʰe, e zho-hi-hi taⁿ-ha (okáxpa ié ą́nihí idákazózo oákašíwe mįkʰe, e žohihí ttą́ha) - quapaw/words/scarcely, hardly/…./I go through/…./they/very many/because

► ex: wa-jhi-ni bniⁿ taⁿ-hi o-ka-xpa i-e i-da-ka-zo-zo a-ta-pa-xti sho-zh[o]-a-ki-de (waǰíni bnį́ ttąhí okáxpa ié idákazózo attappaxtí šož[o]ákidé) - American/I am/yet/Quapaw/words/I write/a great many/all the time

► ex: i-e ki-koⁿ-ze (íe kíkkǫzé), i-ye ki-koⁿ-ze (íye kíkkǫze) - teach, educate, inform, instruct, lecture, explain

► ex: i-ye ki-koⁿ-ze (íye kíkkǫzé) - words/he taught her [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ wa-x’o i-ye ki-koⁿ-ze (kóišǫ́ttą waxʔó íye kíkkǫzé) - then he informed his wife [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: i-ye ki-koⁿ-ze ta-i (íye kkíkkǫzé ttai) - they will teach each other

► Dhegiha: i-e (íe) - word; speech; to speak; speaking [JOD-Omaha]; i-ye (iye) - speak; talk; speaker; word; language [Omaha]; i-e (í-e) - a language; to speak; speech [FL-Osage]; i-e (íe) - talk about, discuss, speak of; talk, say, speak, make a speech or talk; speak a language; word, words, language, teachings, one’s word, speech, prayer [CQ-Osage]; i-e (íe) - speak; speech, language, sentence [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: e (e) - to say [FL-Osage]; e (ée) - say; ask or tell someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; e (e), e (ee) - say [Kaw]

work

► o-we da-da (ówe dáda) - work (at any task) ► o-we bda-bda (ówebdábda) - I, o-we ta-ta (owéttattá) - you, o-we da-da (ówe dáda) - he/she, aⁿ-ko-we aⁿ-da-da-we (ąkoweǫdadawe) - we

► cf. o-we (ówe) - field, corn field; we (we) - plow, till; o-ki-we-da-da (okíwedáda) - work for someone

► ex: o-we-da-da wa-te-xi (ówedáda wattéxi) - hard work

► ex: we-bda-bda wi-e (webdabda wíe) - I am working [ASG]

► wa-shi (waší) - employ, to hire, to ask for services; employee, a hired person, worker, a person serving for hire with pay or equivalent ► a-wa-shi (awáši) - I, da-wa-shi (dawáši) - you, wa-shi (waší) - he/she, aⁿ-wa-shi-we (ąwášiwe) - we

► cf. wa-wa-shi (wawáši) - hire or employ folks to work; employer

► Dhegiha: wa-shi (washí) - to pay one for work done; to employ a person; to ask one to do something for another; one who is employed [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-shi (wa-shí) - a hireling; a person serving for hire with pay or the equivalent; to emply one to run on an errand or to do some work; to employ; to ask for services [FL-Osage]; wa-shi (waší) - hire, employ, ask a favor of someone, prevail upon someone to do something; ask someone to help out; hired person, worker, employee, hired hand [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-shi (íshi) - to offer pay for work done or for what has been bought; the pay offered for work done or what is bought [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: shi (shi) - to ask or employ one to do something [Omaha/Ponca]

► wa-wa-shi (wawáši) - hire or employ folks to work; employer ► a-wa-wa-shi (awáwaši) - I, da-wa-wa-shi (dawáwaši) - you, wa-wa-shi (wawáši) - he/she

► cf. wa-shi (waší) - employ, to hire, to ask for services; employee, a hired person, worker, a person serving for hire with pay or equivalent

► ex: sh’a-ke wa-wa-shi a-tʰaⁿ de-x[e] o-di-tʰiⁿ dedo aⁿ-ki-niⁿ tʰi-wa-ki-de te-a! (šʔáke wawáši-átʰą deγ[é]odítʰį dédo ąkinį tʰiwakide tteá!) - let the old man, let father-in-law employ some persons and bring the drum here to me! [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► Dhegiha: wa-wa-shi (wawáši) - hire or employ folks to work [CQ-Osage]; wa-wa-shi a-ka (wa-wá-shi a-ka) - employer [FL-Osage]

work as a substitute

► ki-ti-zho (kíttižo) - work as a substitute ► a-ti-zho (áttižo) - I, da-ti-zho (dáttižo) - you; ki-ti-zho (kíttižo) - he/she

► cf. di-zho (dižó) - work, hire oneself out

► Dhegiha: u-thi-tʰi-za (uthítʰiza) - generic: to do all the work, leaving none undone [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-i-thi-tʰi-za (uíthitʰíza) - to do all of another's work (i.e. that of an employee, not that of the employer), perhaps at his request [Omaha/Ponca]

work deliberately

► a-ka-zhi-kde (ákažikdé) - work deliberately; slowly ► a-a-zhi-kde (áažikdé) - I, a-da-zhi-kde (ádažikdé) - you, a-ka-zhi-kde (ákažikdé) - he/she, aⁿ-ka-ka-zhi-kda-we (ą́kakážikdáwe) - we

► ex: a-ka-zhi-kde ka-xa (ákažikdé kaγá) - do it slowly!

► ex: a-ka-zhi-kde aⁿ-maⁿ-niⁿ ta [ta-i] (ákažikdé ąmą́nį tta [ttaí]) - let us walk slowly

work, hire oneself out

► di-zho (dižó) - work, hire oneself out ► bdi-zho (bdížo) - I, ti-zho (ttížo) - you, di-zho (dižó) - he/she

► cf. ki-ti-zho (kíttižo) - work as a substitute

► Dhegiha: u-thi-tʰi-za (uthítʰiza) - generic: to do all the work, leaving none undone [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-i-thi-tʰi-za (uíthitʰíza) - to do all of another’s work (i.e. that of an employee, not that of the employer), perhaps at his request [Omaha/Ponca]

work, stop work

► a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą) - stop work (for the day), cease an activity ► a-bdi-shtaⁿ (ábdištą) - I, a-ti-shtaⁿ (áttištą) - you, a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą) - he/she

► a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą́) - stop [MS]

► cf. di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete; a-da-shtaⁿ (ádaštą) - stop activity with the mouth, talking, drinking, eating, etc.

► ex: we-a-kdi-xe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (weákdixe ábdištą́) - I stayed with them/I ceased it [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-we e-ti-tʰaⁿ, iⁿ-ta-te zhi-ka iⁿ-da e-naⁿ-pa we-a-kdi-xe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (ešǫ́we ettítʰą, įttáttežíka įdá eną́pa weákdixé ábdištą́) - and from that time I ceased to live with both my mother and step-father [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - I worked for him, my relation/the/I ceased from it [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - this led to my ceasing to work for my mother’s brother [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - I worked for him, my relation/the/I ceased from it [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ wi-te-ke o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (ešǫ́ ettítʰą wittéke oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - this led to my ceasing to work for my mother’s brother [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: iⁿ-da wi-taⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-hi-naⁿ-we taⁿ-ha, wi-e naⁿ-hi aⁿ-ki-toⁿ-we ta-i-tʰe-naⁿ, wi-te-ke o-a-ki-we-bda-bda a-bdi-shtaⁿ (įdá wittą́ke énąpá ną-hí-ną́-we tą́ha, wíe ną-hí ą́kittǫ́we ttaítʰe-ną́, wittéke oákiwébdabdá ábdištą́) - as my mother and my older sister were all alone I ceased working for my mother’s brother, because they had no one but myself to depend on for support [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ (óža ádištą) - dance/quit [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ iⁿ-tʰoⁿ-naⁿ ke (óža ádištą kíbą obíγǫ ppá ną įtʰǫ́ną ke) - they quit dancing when they blew a flute, the young boys [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► Dhegiha: thi-shtoⁿ (thishtoⁿ) - finish, complete, release, past [Omaha]; thi-shtoⁿ (thi-shtóⁿ) - to stop, to finish [FL-Osage]; thi-shtaⁿ (ðiištą́) - finish, stop, already did something, be just finished doing something, be finished, be through [CQ-Osage]; yu-shtaⁿ (yushtáⁿ) - stop, be finished, let go [Kaw]

work, to work for one’s relation

► o-ki-we-da-da (okíwedáda) - work for someone ► o-a-ki-we bda-bda (oákiwébdabdá) - I, o-da-ki-we ta-ta (odákiwéttatta) - you, o-ki-we-da-da (okíwedáda) - he/she

► cf. o-we da-da (ówe dáda) - work (at any task)

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda te (oákiwébdabdá tte) - I work for him, my relation/will [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ wi-te-ke o-a-ki-we-bda-bda te (kóišǫ́ttą wittéke oákiwébdabdá tte) - I will work for my mother’s brother [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda a-tʰaⁿ-he maⁿ (oákiwébdabdá atʰą́he mą́) - I work for him, my own/I was standing [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-ki-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ wi-te-ke o-a-ki-we-bda-bda a-tʰaⁿ-he maⁿ (ekkítʰąttą́ wítteke oákiwébdabdá atʰą́he mą́) - from that time I was working for my mother’s brother [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - I worked for him, my relation/the/I ceased from it [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: o-a-ki-we-bda-bda a-bdi-shtaⁿ (oákiwébdabdá ábdištą́) - I worked for him, my relation/I ceased from it [JOD-Valliere Rem]

working back and forth

► di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth ► bdi-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (bdíšǫšǫda) - I, ti-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (ttíšǫšǫda) - you, di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - he/she

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened, loosened in it’s socket, as a fence post or a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - loosened; limber [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: soⁿ-soⁿ-tha (soⁿsóⁿtha) - to turn back and forth [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-soⁿ-tha (çoⁿ-çoⁿ-tha) - swaying motion back and forth [FL-Osage]

world

► ma-zhaⁿ (mažą́), ma-zhoⁿ (mažǫ́) - land

► Dhegiha: ma-zhoⁿ (mazhóⁿ) - land, country [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿzhoⁿ) - world, country, land [Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ (moⁿ-zhoⁿ) - earth; country; farm; world; land [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-zhaⁿ (mą́žą), moⁿ-zhoⁿ (mǫ́žǫ) - allotment, farm; earth, world; land, country, countryside [CQ-Osage]; mo-zhoⁿ (mozhóⁿ), ma-zhaⁿ (mazháⁿ), moⁿ-zhaⁿ (moⁿzháⁿ) - land, earth, country [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ma-zhoⁿ bthu-ga (mazhóⁿ bthúga) - the round earth; the whole land [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ btho-ga (moⁿ-zhoⁿ bthó-ga) - the whole earth [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ma-zhoⁿ thoⁿ (mazhóⁿ thoⁿ) - the land or country (i.e. the part, place, or the whole earth) [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-zhaⁿ za-ni (mą́žą záani) - world, whole world, universe (lit., ‘all the land’) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni u-thu-oⁿ-da (ni-ú¢uáⁿda), ni u-thoⁿ-da (ní-u-¢án-da), ni u-thu-da (ni-u¢uda) - island in a creek, river, or other running stream; an island in a river, creek, sea, or ocean; the world, in the Otoe myth of Day and his Children, an island in a lake represents the world [JOD-Omaha]; ni u-thoⁿ-da (niúthoⁿda) - world; island [Omaha]; ni u-thoⁿ-da (ni-ú-thoⁿ-da) - an island [FL-Osage]; ni-oⁿ-ʰta zhiⁿ-ka (níǫʰta žį́ka) - island [CQ-Osage]; ni-oⁿ-ʰta za-ni (níǫʰta záani), ni-a-oⁿ-ʰta za-ni (níaǫʰta záani) - world, universe, all the universe, all the world [CQ-Osage]

world, upper world or sky

► ma-xe (máxe) - cloudless sky, the upper world

► ma-xe (máxe) - sky [ASG]

► ex: ma-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (máxe níkkašíka) - Upper World people gens (clan)

► ex: ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora, “upper world which shines with white light”

► Dhegiha: ma-xe (má-xe), maⁿ-xe (máⁿ-xe) - the upper world [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-xe (moⁿxe) - sky [Omaha]; moⁿ-xe (móⁿ-xe) - the sky [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xe (mą́ąɣe) - sky, weather, the upper world [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghe (máⁿghe) - sky, weather, the upper world [Kaw]

► maⁿ-shi (mąší) - heaven [MS]

► maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, high

► cf. maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative, very high

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit. “talks on high”

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above”

► ex: da-wa-ta maⁿ-shi (dawattá mąší) - pray for up (you pray to heaven) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki niⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši okkí nįkʰé) - pray (he/she is praying) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-kaⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakką́tta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te wa-kaⁿ-ta maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe (įttátte wakką́tta mąší nįkʰé) - Father (God) is up in heaven [MS]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́) - thunder, the Kwapa have persons named after the taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́), i.e. Thunder People who make their abode in the upper world [JOD]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́) - masculine name, Levi Goodeagle’s name [JOD, FR]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (ton-no) - thunder (tonnerre) [GI]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tánne) - lightning [ASG]

► cf. taⁿ-daⁿ (ttądą́) - panther, puma, mountain lion, cougar; taⁿ-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́ną ttą́ka), taⁿ-daⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́dą ttą́ka) - mountain lion, puma; iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ (įttą́dą) - panther, puma, mountain lion, cougar; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (įttáną ttą́ka) - mountain lion, panther, cougar, puma

► ex: taⁿ-naⁿ zhi-ka (tąną́ žiká) - Little Thunder Person or Little Thunder Being, masculine name [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-naⁿ haⁿ-ka (tąną́ hą́ka), taⁿ-daⁿ haⁿ-ka (ttądą́ hą́ka) - masculine name [JOD]

world, Upper World or Sky gens also known as Thunder Being gens

► ma-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (máxe níkkašíka) - Upper World people, identical to wa-kaⁿ-ta e-ni-ka-shi-ka (wakką́tta énikkašíka) - the Thunder Being gens, obtained from George Redeagle and Buffalo Calf

► cf. ma-xe (máxe) - sky; the upper world; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man; Indian; clan

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xe (moⁿxe) - sky [Omaha]; ma-xe (má-xe), maⁿ-xe (máⁿ-xe) - the upper world [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-xe (móⁿ-xe) - the sky [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xe (mą́ąɣe) - sky, weather, the upper world [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghe (máⁿghe) - sky, weather, the upper world [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (ní-ka-cíⁿ-ga), ni-a-shiⁿ-ga (ní-a-cíⁿ-ga) - a person, a human being, Indian; human beings, people; formerly applied to Indians alone [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

world, upper world which shines with white light

► ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora, “upper world which shines with white light”

► cf. ma-xe (máxe) - sky, the upper world; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish

► Dhegiha: soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

worm

► ma-ni-ka shi-we (maníkka šíwe) - worm

► ma-ni-ka shi-we (monikka-chiweh) - worm (ver un) [GI]

► cf. ma-ni-ka (maníkka) - earth, soil, ground; shi-we (šíwe), shiu-we (šǘwe) - guts, entrails

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-thiⁿ-kʰa shi-be (moⁿthíⁿkʰa shíbe) - “the bowels of the soil”: earth-worms [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-kʰa shi-be (moⁿthíⁿka shibe) - angle worm [Omaha]

worm, maggot

► wa-kdi (wakdí) - worm, maggot

► cf. wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška), wa-xti-shka (waxtíška) - insect, reptile

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi (wagthi) - maggots [Omaha]; wa-gthi (wagthi) - worm [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi (wa-gthí) - maggot [FL-Osage]; wa-le (walé) - maggots [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - beetle; bug; insect; termite; all worms [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - insect, reptile, snake [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthu-shka (wa-gthú-shka) - bug; any kind of bug; a worm; an insect [FL-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúška) - bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker (in a deck of cards) [CQ-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúshka) - insect, bug, worm [Kaw]

worn almost in two by stepping on

► naⁿ-ski-ta (nąskittá) - step on so often till it is worn almost in two ► a-naⁿ-ski-ta (anąskittá) - I, da-naⁿ-ski-ta (danąskittá) - you, naⁿ-ski-ta (nąskittá) - he/she

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; ski-ta (skítta) - groove or notch all around an object; mark, depression, indention, indentation, impression, dent; gap, hollow; da-ski-ta (daskittá) - bite down deep into till nearly in two; di-ski-ta (diskítta) - dent, tie tightly leaving mark; squeeze, to pull rope tightly binding wheat; ka-ski-ta (kaskittá) - cut down deep into till nearly in two with ax on wood; pa-ski-ta (páskitta) - cut down deep into till nearly in two with a knife; si-o-ski-ta (sióskittá) - arch of the sole of the foot; ta-ski-ta (táskitta) - burnt nearly in two; he-zi-ka niⁿ-te ski-ta (hézikka nį́tte skítta) - wasp

worn and tattered shirt

► o-shpe o-ki-kdi-xda shi-ke hi (ošpé okkíkdixda šíke hi) - worn and tattered shirt

► cf. o-shpe (óšpe) - fragment, piece, chip; any old thing; o-ki-kdi-xda (okkíkdixda) - shirt, man’s tunic; shi-ke hi (šíke hi) - very bad

► ex: e-shoⁿ haⁿ-pa e-ti ho-mi-ta-ta niⁿ-kʰe o-shpe o-ki-kdi-xda shi-ke hi i-niⁿ naⁿ (ešǫ́ hą́pa étti hómittátta nįkʰé ošpé okkíkdixda šíke hi inį́ ną) - and then, on that day the Monkey put on a very worn and tattered shirt [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

worn, soiled

► a-di-xdi-ke (ádixdíke) - worn, well worn; soiled from use; second-hand but not worn out

► cf. di-xdi-ke (dixdíke) - worn, soiled, second hand

► Dhegiha: thi-xthi-ge (thiqthíge) - worn a long time; soiled for use; second-hand, but not worn out [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xthi-ge (thi-xthí-ge) - old, worn out; useless for labor or wearing [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xthi-ge (wa-thí-xthi-ge) - worn, faded, secondhand goods [FL-Osage]

► di-xdi-ke (dixdíke) - worn, soiled, second hand

► cf. a-di-xdi-ke (ádixdíke) - worn, well worn; soiled from use; second-hand but not worn out

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xthi-ge (wa-thí-xthi-ge) - worn, faded, secondhand goods [FL-Osage]

would

► koⁿ e-koⁿ te e-taⁿ (kǫ ékǫ tte ettą́) - as he/she/it would end up so

► cf. koⁿ (kǫ), kaⁿ (ką) - as, since; so, like; e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that, so it will be; e-tʰaⁿ (etʰą́), e-taⁿ (ettą́) - that standing; assertion, final; he was that; he rather (than any one else), he, to the exclusion of others, that one; because that

► ex: koⁿ e-koⁿ te e-taⁿ (kǫ ékǫ tte ettą́) - as he was sure so

► ex: koⁿ e-koⁿ te e-taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi ni-tʰe (kǫ ékǫ tte ettą́ idákihoší nitʰé) - as he was sure so, I forbade him (in past or though, he acted so, understood)

► ex: kaⁿ e-kaⁿ te e-taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi ni-tʰe (ką éką tte ettą́ idákihoší nitʰé) - I warned him (to be careful fetching water), as he would end up so (floating along in the water) [JOD-Fire Coal and Sinew]

► ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́), niⁿ-hoⁿ (nįhǫ́) - improbability post clitic; would, could, sign of doubt; can it be; possible, should, can; dubitative

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ a-ha-ze ni-hoⁿ (hǫnį́ttą aháze nihǫ́) - why would I run away? [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ-da-kʰe-xti ko-i-she ni-hoⁿ, i-yi i-a a-shi-oⁿ-he hi niⁿ te-to-ka sh’a-ke [niⁿ] (hǫnį́ttą mį́dakʰéxti kóišé nihǫ́, iyí ia ášiǫ́he hí nį ttetóka šʔáke [nį]) - the Elder Buffalo Bull who was walking at the very back said, how could you be telling the truth, you cannot mean that? it is said [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: maⁿ kʰe ho-taⁿ hi di-e ti-za-zhi taⁿ ho-wa a-niⁿ ni-hoⁿ (mą kʰe hóttą hi díe ttízaži-tą́ hówa anį́ nihǫ́) - it’s a fine arrow, if you do not get it, then who would have it? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: di-k’i niⁿ-hoⁿ (dikʔí nįhǫ) - give to thee/would (sign of doubt) [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be ti di-k’i niⁿ-hoⁿ (įkdą́, be ttí dikʔí nįhǫ) - first son, who would give you a lodge [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nįhǫ) - what/indeed or can it be? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nįhǫ) - what can it be! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ bda-tʰe niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą bdatʰé nįhǫ́) - what/I eat/can? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: aⁿ, naⁿ-pi-aⁿ-hi miⁿ-kʰe, ta-taⁿ bda-tʰe niⁿ-hoⁿ (ą, ną́ppią́hi mįkʰe, táttą bdatʰé nįhǫ́) - yes, I am hungry. What could I eat? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nįhǫ) - what can it be, what could it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - should [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi, wi-te-ke, haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-t’e ni-hoⁿ (hǫží, wítteke, hąnį́ttą ątʔé nihǫ́) - no, mother’s brother, how could I possibly die? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ, wi-te-ke naⁿ-pe ni-ke ni-hoⁿ? (hąnį́ttą, wittéke ną́ppe niké nihǫ́) - how could it be possible that my mother’s brother fears nothing [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - possible or should [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de ni-hoⁿ i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą škǫ́ądé nihǫ́) - how would it be possible for anyone to make me move [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ t’e-da-de ni-hoⁿ (hǫnį́ttą tʔédade nihǫ́) - how would it be possible for you to kill him [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ i-ya-we i-ya wa-sa ke (hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́! iyáwe iyá wasá ke) - how could anyone kill all of us! the black bears said, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► i-ni-hoⁿ (inihǫ́) - can it be

► ex: pʰi a-ki-de i-ni-hoⁿ (pʰi-ákkidé inihǫ́) - how/I cause myself to reach there/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-hi-te haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ pʰi a-ki-de i-ni-hoⁿ (ehitté hąnį́ttą pʰi-ákkidé inihǫ́) - how would it even be possible for me to get there [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: be di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (bé dibą́ inįhǫ́) - who/call to you/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: he, iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ,” shi-naⁿ i-ke (he, įkdą́, bé dibą́ inįhǫ́, šiną́ iké) - oh! first son, who would possibly be calling to you, again she said to him [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (inįhǫ́) - can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (e įkdą́, bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhǫ́) - oh! first son, who, (what) person, would possibly be calling to you [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą wažį́ka inįhǫ) - what (kind of)/bird/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka i-niⁿ-hoⁿ! ni-ka-shi-ka o-toⁿ ki shi-o-shta i-ya-we de (táttą wažį́ka inįhǫ! níkkašíka ottǫ́ ki šióšta iyáwe dé) - what kind of bird can it be! they say (they call it) quail where the people live! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ta a-we (tta awé), ta-we (ttawé) - would, that he would

► cf. ta (tta) - future tense; a-we (áwe) - evidential particle

► ex: ta-we (ttawé) - that he would [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi sni-wa-te ta-bde de ta-we i-yi i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi sniwatté tábde dé ttawé iyí iyá) - after some time, winter spoke of going hunting [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: o-naⁿ-bde kda-sniⁿ naⁿ, shi-naⁿ ta-bde de ta-we, i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (ónąbde kdasnį́ ną, šíną tábde dé ttawé, iyí iyá sniwátte) - when all the food had been eaten, the winter spoke of hunting again, it is said, he said [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► naⁿ-te (nątté) - perhaps, maybe; can, might, possible, suitable, appropriate, could, would, probable, look like, be at the point of happening

► ex: hi-koⁿ mi o-bda naⁿ-te (híkǫ mí obdá nątté) - I can tell one story

► ex: a-kniⁿ mi pa-xe naⁿ-te (áknį mí ppáɣe nątté) - I can make one chair

► ex: o-pi-zhi mi pa-xe naⁿ-te (óppiži mí ppáɣe nątté) - I can make one box

► ex: naⁿ-te ni-kʰa (nątté nikʰá) - perhaps/the ones who [Valliere Letter]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ʰtse (thoⁿ-ṭse), thoⁿ-dse (thoⁿ-dse), thoⁿ-tse (thoⁿ-tsé) - perhaps, suitable, appropriate, convenient [FL-Osage]; thaⁿ-tsʰe (ðąącʰé) - possible, suitable, appropriate; could, would; probable, look like, be at the point of happening [CQ-Osage]

► ha-naⁿ-te (haną́tte), a-naⁿ-te (ánątté) - how possible, what could

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite, interrogative; naⁿ-te (nątté) - perhaps, maybe; can, might, possible, suitable, appropriate, could, would, probable, look like, be at the point of happening

► ex: da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te (datʰé hánątté) > da-tʰa-naⁿ-te (datʰánątté) - what could he possibly eat [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ta-taⁿ di-ti-kaⁿ da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te wa-ni-ke-hi-we (táttą dittíką datʰé hánątté waníkehiwé) - we have nothing at all, what would your grandfather eat? [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: e-koⁿ ki-d[e] a-naⁿ-te (ekǫ́ kkid[é] áną́tte) - cause to be so/perhaps [Valliere Letter]

► Dhegiha: ha (háa) - interrogative, indefinite [CQ-Osage]

wound

► o (ó) - wound, hurt ► a-o (áo) - I, da-o (dáo) - you, o (ó) - he/she

► cf. i-o (io), i-yo (íyo) - wound someone or something with

► Dhegiha: u (ú) - to wound, a wound [Omaha/Ponca]; u (u) - a wound (from a cut); to wound; to hurt [FL-Osage]; o (ó) - wound [Kaw]

► i-o (io), i-yo (íyo) - wound someone or something with ► i-do (idó) - I, i-do (ído) - you, i-o (io), i-yo (íyo) - he/she

► iyowi (i-ŭ-wih) - wound, injure, hurt, harm (blesser) [GI]

► cf. i (i) - with, a means to, using, by means of, with which to; o (ó) - wound, hurt

► ex: i-yo naⁿ (íyo ną) - he wounded him with/past sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: maⁿ naⁿ-pa i-yo naⁿ i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (mą́ nąpá íyo ną iyá mątʰó) - he wounded Grizzly bear with two arrows, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ (íyowí-ttą) - being shot/when [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ a-kda-niⁿ kdi kʰe (íyowi ttą akdánį kdí kʰe) - when he was wounded they (his relations) brought him (or his lying body) home [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-yo-wi taⁿ aⁿ-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ąną́yowi ttą ą́kdanį kdiwé) - when I was shot they brought me back hither

► ex: i-di-yo-wi taⁿ a-di-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ídiyowi ttą adíkdanį kdiwé) - when you were shot they brought you back hither

► ex: we-yo-wi taⁿ wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wéyowi ttą wákdanį kdiwé) - when we were shot they brought us back hither

► Dhegiha: i-u (íu) - to wound with; to wound in a place or in a part of the body [Omaha/Ponca]; i-u (í-u) - to wound with a weapon; to wound with an arrow or other weapon [FL-Osage]; i-o (ió) - wound with something [Kaw]

wrap

► be-tʰaⁿ (bétʰą) - wrap; fold ► pe-tʰaⁿ (ppétʰą) - I, shpe-tʰaⁿ (špétʰą) - you, be-tʰaⁿ (bétʰą) - he/she

► Dhegiha: be-tʰoⁿ (bétʰoⁿ) - to fold up or roll up with a blanket, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; be-toⁿ (betoⁿ) - fold [Omaha]; be-ʰtoⁿ (be-ṭóⁿ) - to fold goods [FL-Osage]; be-khaⁿ (bekháⁿ) - fold something [Kaw]

► a-be-tʰaⁿ (abetʰą́) - wrap around ► a-pe-tʰaⁿ (áppetʰą) - I, a-shpe-tʰaⁿ (ášpetʰą) - you, a-be-tʰaⁿ (abetʰą́) - he/she

► ex: zhaⁿ a-be-tʰaⁿ (žą́abetʰą́) - barrel, “wood wrapped around”

► Dhegiha: a-be-toⁿ (á-be-toⁿ) - to wind as a lariat around the tree; a detour [FL-Osage]; a-pe-txa (ápetxa), a-pe-txaⁿ (ápetxą), a-pe-tkxaⁿ (ápetkxą) - around (e.g., house, tree, teepee, drum); wrapping; wrapper, covering wrapped around something; wrap or tie up [CQ-Osage]; a-be-khaⁿ (ábekhaⁿ) - wrap, as sinews on; tangle a rope [Kaw]

► o-be-tʰaⁿ (obétʰą) - wrap something around an object ► o-pe-tʰaⁿ (oppétʰą) - I, o-shpe-tʰaⁿ (ošpétʰą) - you, o-be-tʰaⁿ (obétʰą) - he/she, oⁿ-ko-be-tʰaⁿ-we (ǫkóbetʰąwe) - we

► Dhegiha: u-be-tʰaⁿ (u-bé-taⁿ) - to wrap something, as a blanket, around an object; to wrap a bandage around a limb; to bandage; to make up or wrap up a bundle [JOD-Omaha]; u-be-toⁿ (ubetoⁿ) - wrap [Omaha]; u-be-ʰtoⁿ (u-bé-ṭoⁿ) - to wrap or envelop [FL-Osage]; o-pe-txaⁿ (opétxą) - tie in a bundle or wrap up something specific [CQ-Osage]; o-be-khaⁿ (obékhaⁿ) - wrap up, wrap something around an object, to bandage [Kaw]

► o-di-be-tʰaⁿ (odibétʰą) - wrap it up [MS]

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; o-be-tʰaⁿ (obétʰą) - wrap something around an object

► Dhegiha: u-thi-be-tʰoⁿ (uthíbetʰoⁿ) - to wrap up an object which he does not wish an approaching person to see [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: thi-be-tʰoⁿ (thibétʰoⁿ) - to fold up, or roll up in a bundle [Omaha/Ponca]; yu-be-khaⁿ (yubékhaⁿ) - fold something up [Kaw]

► o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (odóbitʰą), o-do-be-tʰaⁿ (odóbetʰą) - wrap; that comes around it

► ex: we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ hi (wékdi odóbitʰą hi) - fat/that comes around it/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-sa i-ba-xto-xto we-kdi o-do-bi-tʰaⁿ hi, o-we sa-ki wa-sha-kda do-tʰi-tʰe-ka-ha, i-yi i-ya-we ma-shtiⁿ-ke (wasá íbaxtoxtó wékdi odóbitʰą hi, ówe sákki wášakdá dótʰitʰékahá, iyí iyáwe maštį́ke) - rabbit said, black bear meat roasted on sticks with a lot of fat around it, hominy, come up (materialize), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle ► o-bdi-shiⁿ (obdíšį) - I, o-ti-shiⁿ (ottíšį) - you, o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - he/she, oⁿ-ko-di-shiⁿ-we (ǫkódišįwe) - we

► ex: niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį), ni-te o-di-shiⁿ (nítte odíšį) - pants, trousers, “wraps/covers the buttocks”

► ex: pa-hi o-di-shiⁿ (ppáhi odíšį), pa-ho-di-shiⁿ (ppahódíšį) - bonnet

► ex: naⁿ-pe o-di-shiⁿ (nąpé ódišį́), naⁿ-pe o-di-zhiⁿ (nąpé ódižį́) - gloves

► ex: we-do-di-shiⁿ (wédodíšį) - pie, “that which is wrapped/covered”

► ex: wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron, “wraps/covers the skirt”

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-ze a-hoⁿ di-shiⁿ (watʰą́ze áhǫ dišį́) - bread of corn

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shiⁿ (uthíshiⁿ) - cover, to cover, as with a garment [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shiⁿ (u-thí-shiⁿ) - to wrap anything up [FL-Osage]; o-thi-shi (oðíši) - wrap, cover for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc. [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-shiⁿ (oyúshiⁿ) - bundle something up, cover something by surrounding it [Kaw]

wring dry

► di-sh’e (dišʔé) - wring dry ► bdi-sh’e (bdíšʔe) - I, ti-sh’e (ttíšʔe) - you, di-sh’e (dišʔé) - he/she

► cf. bi-sh’e (bišʔé) - scrub, bear down washing

► Dhegiha: thi-shki (thíshki) - to wring out (Omaha)’; thi-shki (thí-shki) - wash and wring clothes [FL-Osage]; thi-shki (ðiiškí), thu-shki (ðuuškí) - to wash or wring one’s clothes; wash; launder (Osage)’; yu-shki (yushkí) - wash something [Kaw]

wrinkle something

► di-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (dixną́xną) - wrinkle something ► bdi-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (bdíxnąxną) - I, ti-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (ttíxnąxną) - you, di-xnaⁿ-xnaⁿ (dixną́xną) - he/she

► Dhegiha: thi-xthoⁿ-xthoⁿ (thi-xthóⁿ-xthoⁿ) - to rumple; to make uneven folds in clothing [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-xthoⁿ (thiqthóⁿ) - to gather all together in the hand; to crumple [Omaha/Ponca]; yu-xlaⁿ (yuxláⁿ) - crumple paper, rumple clothing; to gather, pleat, or smock by running a string through and drawing the string [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-xthoⁿ (u-thi-xthoⁿ) - wrinkled; to pucker the mouth or to wrinkle the forehead [FL-Osage]

wrinkle, fold

► be-soⁿ (besǫ́) - wrinkle, fold

► ex: di-ki-be-soⁿ (díkkibesǫ) - fold

► ex: da-bni di-ki-be-soⁿ (dabni díkkibesǫ) - three fold

► ex: to-wa di-ki-be-soⁿ (ttówa díkkibesǫ) - four fold

► ex: sa-taⁿ di-ki-be-soⁿ (sáttą díkkibesǫ) - five fold

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-be-soⁿ (ákʰibésoⁿ) - folded over one on itself; lying on another: said of blankets, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► be-soⁿ-soⁿ (besǫ́sǫ) - wrinkled, in folds

► Dhegiha: a-kʰi-be-soⁿ-soⁿ (ákʰibesóⁿsoⁿ) - folded many times on itself; wrinkled: said of blankets, robes, clothing, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]

► be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold ► be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-a-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́adé) - I, be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-da-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́dadé) - you, be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - he/she

► cf. be-soⁿ-soⁿ (besǫ́sǫ) - wrinkled, in folds; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-thoⁿ-the (ithóⁿthe) - to lay down, place, or put away, a cv.ob., book, paper, garment, blanket, piece of cloth, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thaⁿ-the (i¢aⁿ¢ĕ) - to put down [JOD-Omaha]; i-thoⁿ-the (i-thóⁿ-the) - to put something away that is round [FL-Osage]; i-yaⁿ-ye (iyáⁿye) - put, place a sitting/inanimate object anywhere [Kaw]

wrinkle, pucker, draw up

► di-iⁿ-xe (diį́xe) - pucker, draw up, wrinkle

► ex: ta-tʰe o-di-iⁿ-xe (ttatʰé ódiį́xe) - ball, the ball; to draw up and make round or small

► Dhegiha: thi-t’iⁿ-xe (thit’íⁿxe) - to draw up [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: t’iⁿ-xe (t’íⁿxe) - wrinkled [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ts’iⁿ-xe (cʔį́xe), ts’iⁿ-xa (cʔį́xa) - crooked, bent over (referring to a human body) [CQ-Osage]; ts’iⁿ-xa (ts’íⁿxa) - bent, as a person, tree, or hooked staff [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: p’iⁿ-xe (p’íⁿxe) - drawn or puckered up [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: thi-p’iⁿ-xe (thip’íⁿxe) - to hold and make wrinkled; to draw or gather up an object in folds in the hand [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ʰts’iⁿ-tha (ṭs’iⁿ-thá) - wrinkled, wrinkles [FL-Osage]; ts’iⁿ-tha (cʔį́ða) - wrinkle [CQ-Osage]; ts’iⁿ-yaⁿ (ts’iⁿyáⁿ) - be wrinkled [Kaw]

wrist

► a-o-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (áošǫ́šǫ) - wrist

► cf. a (a) - arm; o-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (ošǫ́šǫ) - the part which is loose, back and forth, shake; zhoⁿ-zhoⁿ (žǫ́žǫ) - shake

► Dhegiha: a-u-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (áushóⁿshoⁿ) - “the part of the arm that is loose,” the wrist [Omaha/Ponca]; a-u-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (á-u-shoⁿ-shoⁿ) - the wrist [FL-Osage]; a-o-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (áoshóⁿshoⁿ) - wrist [Kaw]

wrist guard

► xaⁿ-ta-pa (xąttáppa) - wrist guard

► Dhegiha: a-xoⁿ-de-pa (áqoⁿdepá) - the leathern bracelet worn on a man’s wrist as a protection against the bow-string [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰkoⁿ-ʰta (á-ḳoⁿ-ṭa) - wristband; wrist guard [FL-Osage]

write

► i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw ► i-da-ka-zo (idákazó) - I, i-da-ka-zo (ídakazó) - you, i-ka-zo (íkazo) - he/she

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo (ikazózo) - writing, drawing

► ex: i-da-ka-zo a-ki-ha ke (idákazó akíha ké) - I finished writing them

► i-ka-zo-zo (ikazózo) - writing, drawing ► i-da-ka-zo-zo (idákazózo) - I, i-da-ka-zo-zo (ídakazózo) - you, i-ka-zo-zo (ikazózo) - he, she, aⁿ-naⁿ-ka-zo-zo (ąną́kazozo) - we, I and one other

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - paper, letter, book; i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw

► ex: i-da-ka-zo-zo (idákazózo) - I write

► ex: i-da-ka-zo-zo a-ta-pa-xti (idákazozo attappaxtí) - I write a great deal

► ex: o-ka-xpa i-e i-da-ka-zo-zo a-ta-pa-xti (okáxpa ié idákazózo attappaxtí) - I am writing a great many Quapaw words

► ex: i-da-ka-zo-zo te aⁿ-naⁿ-hi-ta (idákazozo tte ąną́hittá) - I am anxious to be writing

► ex: i-da-ka-zo-zo sho-zh[o]a-ki-de (idákazozo šož[o]ákidé) - I write all the time

► ex: i-da-ka-zo-zo sho-zho-da-ki-de (ídakazozo šožódakidé) - you write all the time

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo sho-zho-ki-de (íkazozo šožókidé) - he writes all the time

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ka-zo-zo sho-zh[o]aⁿ-ki-da-we (ąną́kazozo šož[o]ą́kidáwe) - we write all the time

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi (íkazózo káγe attą́ akínį hí) - letter/made/and/he took it thither to her [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža íkazózo káγe attą́ akínį hí) - and then, he wrote a (marriage proposal) letter and took it there to her (the woman who lived with the girls at the nearby lodge) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ (ikazózo káγe áttą akínį hí tą) - letter/made/and/he took it thither to her/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo i-k’oⁿ (íkazózo íkʔǫ́) - cards, playing cards

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe kniⁿ (íkazózo káγe knį) - clerk, he who sits writing

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo ni (íkazózo ní) - ink

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ di-shpe i-ka-zo-zo (mažą́ dišpé íkazozó) - land certificate

► i-ka-zo-ye (íkazóye) - to have written ► i-da-ka-zo-ye (idákazóye) - I, i-da-ka-zo-ye (ídakazóye) - you, i-ka-zo-ye (íkazóye) - he/she

► cf. i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw; ye (ye), e (e) - past suffix, perfective aspect; ye (ye) - past, incl. all motion verbs

write over again, copy

► koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - copy, write over again ► koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áaži) - I, koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-da-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ ádaži) - you, koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - he/she

► cf. koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ékǫ), koⁿ-ze e-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze eką) - similar, alike; koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze), kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze) - equal in; e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, as, so; like, thus, like that, so; a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; put small objects onto something that serves as a platform

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (áji) - to spread a number of small objects on [JOD-Omaha]; a-zhi (a-zhi) - scattered upon, scattered about [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (á-zhu) - to put a number of articles on a rack [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (ážu) - put out, set out (multiple items); place, array, display (multiple items) on top of something else [CQ-Osage]; a-zhu (ázhu) - put many objects on a surface of any thing [Kaw]

writing instrument

► i-ka-zo i-ka-xe (íkazo ikáγe) - pencil, writing instrument

► cf. i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw; i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make; make by means of

► Dhegiha: i-ga-xe (ígaxe) - to make out of or by means of [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-xe (i-ga-xe) - with which to make, made of [FL-Osage]; i-ka-xe (íkaaɣe) - make out of [CQ-Osage]

► i-ka-zo-zo i-ka-xe (íkazózo ikáγe) - pen, writing instrument

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo (ikazózo) - writing, drawing; i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make; make by means of

► Dhegiha: i-ga-xe (ígaxe) - to make out of or by means of [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-xe (i-ga-xe) - with which to make, made of [FL-Osage]; i-ka-xe (íkaaɣe) - make out of [CQ-Osage]

wrong

► e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži), e-kaⁿ-zhi (ékąži) - wrong, not right, not so, incorrect, inaccurate, not be like this or that

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-zhi (égoⁿzhi) - not to do that which has been said or ordered [Omaha/Ponca]; e-goⁿ-a-zhi (egoⁿazhi) - wrong, illegal, inaccurate, incorrect, false [Omaha]; e-goⁿ-zhi (e-goⁿ-zhi) - like-not [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži) - not be like this or that, be not thus, be otherwise, unseemly, inappropriate, not right, unsuitable, unfitting, ill-advised, wrong [CQ-Osage]; e-go-zhi (égozhi) - not like, not so, not as [Kaw]

wrong act

► niⁿ de (nį dé) - indicates wrong act

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe de (nįkʰe dé) - impermissive, done without permission

wrong, be wrong

► o-ta-za-zhi (óttazáži) - be wrong ► oⁿ-ta-za-zhi (ǫ́ttazáži), o-aⁿ-ta-za-zhi (óąttazáži) - I, o-di-ta-za-zhi (odíttazáži) - you, o-ta-za-zhi (óttazáži) - he/she

► cf. o-ta-za (óttaza) - right, straight, honest; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation; o-ta-za ka-xe (óttaza káγe) - right, correct, act honestly

► Dhegiha: u-ʰta-za-zhi (u-ṭá-ça-zhi) - homely; homeliness; ugly [FL-Osage]; o-ʰta-za-zhi (oʰtázaži) - ugly, homely, not pretty or handsome [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-ʰta-za (o-ṭa-ça), u-ʰta-za (u-ṭá-ça) - handsome; showy; stateliness; pretty; comely; pleasing to the sight; satisfying to the sense of beauty [FL-Osage]; o-ʰta-za (oʰtáza) - good looking, handsome, beautiful, very pretty [CQ-Osage]

wrong, do wrong

► di-shi-ke (díšiké) - ruin by tearing, do wrong ► bdi-shi-ke (bdíšike) - I, ti-shi-ke (ttíšike) - you; di-shi-ke (díšiké) - he/she

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly

► Dhegiha: thi-pi-a-zhi (thipíazhi) - to do a thing improperly, as it should not be done hence, to do wrong, to sin, to be guilty of a crime (used of great offences) [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-pi-a-zhi (thi piazhi) - ruin [Omaha]; thi-pʰi-zhi (thi-p̣í-zhi) - damage, defilement; to spoil; to ruin by tearing, cutting, or burning [FL-Osage]; thu-ʰpi-zhi (ðuʰpíiži) - ruin, make something bad, do harm to, harm [CQ-Osage]

► e-koⁿ-zhi ka-xe (ekǫ́ži káγe), e-kaⁿ-zhi ka-xe (eką́ži káγe) - wrong, do accidentally, err ► e-koⁿ-zhi pa-xe (ekǫ́ži ppáγe) - I, e-koⁿ-zhi shka-xe (ekǫ́ži škáγe) - you, e-koⁿ-zhi ka-xe (ekǫ́ži káγe) - he/she, e-koⁿ-zhi ka-xa-we (ekǫ́ži káγawe) - they, e-koⁿ-zhi aⁿ-ka-xe (ekǫ́ži ąkáγe) - we, I and one other, e-koⁿ-zhi aⁿ-ka-xa-we (ekǫ́ži ąkáγawe) - we

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži) - negative, not; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-’oⁿ (eką́ži waʔǫ́) - to do wrong, injure, sin ► e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-moⁿ (eką́ži wamǫ́) - I, e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-zhoⁿ (eką́ži wažǫ́) - you, e-kaⁿ-zhi oⁿ-maⁿ-we (eką́ži ǫmą́we) - we

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use, have (as a disease); e-koⁿ-zhi ka-xe (ekǫ́ži káγe), e-kaⁿ-zhi ka-xe (eką́ži káγe) - wrong, do accidentally, err

► Dhegiha:

► Dhegiha: wa-oⁿ (waǫ́) - do stuff, do things [CQ-Osage]

► di-zho-zhi (dižóži) - treat one ill, to get the better of one, to cause one to suffer purposely ► bdi-zho-zhi (bdížoži) - I, ti-zho-zhi (ttížoži) - you, di-zho-zhi (dižóži) - he/she

► cf. da-zho-zhi (dažóži) - insult, criticize

► ex: aⁿ-ti-zho-zhi (ą́ttižóži) - you have done me wrong [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-zho-zhi i-na-e hi! e-ki-zhi maⁿ-niⁿ! (ą́ttižóži ínae hí! ekíži mąnį́!) - you have truly done me a great wrong! go away! [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: aⁿ-di-zho-zhi (ądižóži) - he has done me wrong [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ aⁿ-di-zho-zhi i-na-e hi (níkkašíka mį́ ądižóži ínae hí) - a person has truly done me a great wrong! [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhu-a-zhi (thizhúazhi) - to cause one to suffer purposely; to get the better of one at play; to play a practical joke on one; used when two persons are wrestling or fighting, and one throws the other down suddenly [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-zho-zhi (thi-zhó-zhi) - to cause suffereing by humiliation [FL-Osage]; thi-zhu-a-zhi (thi-zhu-á-zhi) - to injure; hurt; to do bodily harm [FL-Osage]; thi-zho-zhi (ðiižóži), (ðižóži), thu-zho-zhi (ðuužóži), (ðužóži) - hurt or harm another physically, mistreat; harm another mentally, emotionally (e.g., by humiliating another or by dying [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhu-a-zhi (zhúazhi) - not up to the mark; inferior; unsuitable; unwell, not strong, in bad health [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-a-zhi (zhuázhi) - clumsy; feeble [Omaha]

wrong, pay off a wrong

► e-ki-k’aⁿ (ékikʔą́) - get even, pay off a wrong ► e-ki-a-k’aⁿ (ékiakʔą́) - I, e-ki-da-k’aⁿ (ékidakʔą́) - you, e-ki-k’aⁿ (ékikʔą́) - he/she

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-goⁿ-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - retaliation of one individual upon another [FL-Osage]; e-gi-wa-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-gi-wa-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - revenge, injury for injury received, retaliation of one tribe on another tribe [FL-Osage]

Wyandotte tribe

► wa-iⁿ-ta (waį́ta) - Wyandotte Indian

► Dhegiha: woⁿ-da (wóⁿ-da) - Wyandotte [FL-Osage]

Back to Top