Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

Waco Indian - watch	water - wavy	we - weave
wed - wheel	when - whetstone	which - whole
whoop - windless	window - wolf	woman - Wyandotte

wed, marry

► knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman ► a-knoⁿ-ke (áknǫke) - I, da-knoⁿ-ke (dáknǫke) - you, knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - he/she

► cf. ki-knoⁿ-ke (kíknǫke) - marry, marry each other, pair off as mates, intermarry; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife; miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”

► ex: ka-hi-ke e-zhaⁿ-ke miⁿ knoⁿ-ke naⁿ (kahíke ežą́ke mį knǫké ną) - he married one of the chief’s daughters [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá) - father/you marry her/I wish [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ké awákkiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - my father, I want you to marry her, I want to be playing with those girls [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte) - then/there/marry her/the (will) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ toⁿ-we taⁿ naⁿ-zha, e-koⁿ te, i-ke i-ya[-we] (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte ikazózo káγe áttą akínį hí tą tǫ́we tą nąža, ekǫ́ tte, iké iyá[we]) - then, when she looked at (read) the marriage proposal letter that he had written and taken to her, she said, so shall it be, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną) - then/he married her/when/he hunted/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ knoⁿ-ke taⁿ ta-bde naⁿ ta t’e-de taⁿ a-zho-wa ta da-tʰe-wi (kóišǫ́ttą knǫké tą tábde ną ttá tʔéde tą ážowa tta dátʰewi [dátʰawi]) - then, when he had married her, he hunted, he killed deer, they had an abundance of deer to eat [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te (kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte) - chief/large/his son/he marry/will [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe, ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ, ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te, i-ye tʰe i-ya[-we] (e hǫpé nįkʰé howaké kišǫ́i ną́, kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte, iyé tʰe iyá[we]) - he said, Big Chief’s son will marry whoever fits that shoe, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: de-do niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke naⁿ-haⁿ tʰaⁿ knoⁿ-ke te (dedó nį wahą́nįké nąhą́ tʰą́ knǫké tte) - here/the moving/orphan/grown/the standing/he marry her/will [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ ka-ki ke wa-di-haⁿ-zhi a-taⁿ de-do niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke naⁿ-haⁿ tʰaⁿ knoⁿ-ke te (kóišǫ́ttą kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke tʰą kakí ke wadíhąži áttą dedó nį wahą́nįké nąhą́ tʰą́ knǫké tte) - then, Big Chief’s son abandoned them, he let them go (those that were at the dance) …. the grown orphan, he will marry her, she will live here [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: gthoⁿ (gthoⁿ) - to take a wife; to take someone as one’s wife [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-ge (gthoⁿ-ge) - to take a wife, to marry, refers to a man [FL-Osage]; laⁿ-ke (lą́ke) - marry a woman, take as a wife [CQ-Osage]; laⁿ-ge (láⁿge), loⁿ-ge (lóⁿge) - marry, take a wife (male term) [Kaw]

► ki-knoⁿ-ke (kíknǫke) - marry, marry each other, pair off as mates, intermarry

► ki-knoⁿ-ke (highenokieh) - marriage, wedding (mariage) [GI]

► cf. knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; ki-ki-knoⁿ-ke (kkikkíknǫké) - marry each other, marry one another; miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife

► ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta niⁿ-kʰa (kiknǫké tta nįkʰá) - they’re married (they’re going to be married) [MS]

► ex: ki-knoⁿ-ke ta niⁿ-kʰa iⁿ-chʰoⁿ i (kiknǫké tta nįkʰá į́čʰǫ i) - they’re married (they’re going to be married, now) [MS]

► Dhegiha: gi-gthoⁿ (gigthoⁿ) - marriage [Omaha]; ʰki-gthoⁿ-ge (ḳi-gthóⁿ-ge) - intermarrying into another tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰki-laⁿ-ke (ʰkilą́ke) - marry each other [CQ-Osage]; ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - pair off as mates; marry, intermarry [Kaw]; ki-loⁿ-ge (kíloⁿge), ki-laⁿ-ge (kílaⁿge) - marry (each other) [Kaw]

► ki-ki-knoⁿ-ke (kkikkíknǫké) - marry each other, marry one another ► ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-we (kkikkíknǫkáwe), ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-i (kkikkíknǫkaí) - they

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-we (kkikkíknǫkáwe) - they married each other [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-we i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą kkikkíknǫkáwe iyáwe) - then they married each other, they say [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-i (kkikkíknǫkaí) - they had married each other [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-i naⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka ti e-ta tʰe-ta zho-ki-kde a-taⁿ da-we (kkikkíknǫkaí ną šʔattą́ka tti ettá tʰettá žókikde áttą dáwe) - when they had married each other, they went to live in her lodge, the devil went with her [JOD-Four Women]

► miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry” ► miⁿ-a-knaⁿ (mįakną) - I, miⁿ-da-knaⁿ (mįdakną) - you, miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - he/she

► cf. miⁿ (mį), mi (mi) - female; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman

► ex: haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ho-mi-ta-ta niⁿ-kʰe miⁿ-knaⁿ ti-kde naⁿ i-a (hą́tʰąhí hómittátta nįkʰé mį́kną ttíkde ną iá) - once upon a time, the monkey married and dwelt in a lodge, it is said [JOD-Four Creators]

► Dhegiha: miⁿ-gthoⁿ (míⁿgthoⁿ) - to take a wife, marry [Omaha/Ponca]; mi-gthoⁿ (migthoⁿ) - marry, married man [Omaha]; mi-gthoⁿ-ge (mí-gthoⁿ-ge) - matrimony (male) [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-laⁿ-ke (mį́įląke) - marry a woman, take a wife, marry; married (referring to a man); wedding, marriage [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-laⁿ-ge (míⁿlaⁿge) - marry, get married (male reference only) [Kaw]

► wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife ► a-wa-knoⁿ-ke (awáknǫké) - I, wa-da-knoⁿ-ke (wadáknǫké) - you, wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - he/she

► cf. miⁿ-knaⁿ (mį́kną) - marry, take a wife, the male term for “to marry”; knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman; ki-knoⁿ-ke (kíknǫke) - marry, marry each other, pair off as mates, intermarry

► Dhegiha: wa-gthoⁿ-ge (wa-gthóⁿ-ge) - he has married them [FL-Osage]; wa-laⁿ-ge (waláⁿge) - marry, take a wife or wives [Kaw]

► a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband ► a-bdi-xe (ábdiγe) - I, a-ti-xe (áttiγe) - you, a-di-xe (ádiγe) - he/she, aⁿ-ka-di-xa-we (ąkádiγawe) - we

► cf. wa-di-xe (wádiγe) - marry, get married (said of a female)

► ex: a-wi-bdi-xe te (áwibdíγe tté) - I will take you for my husband [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xe te (ą́ttiγe tté) - you will marry me, you will take me for your husband [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xa te! (ą́ttiγa tté!) - you will marry me! [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xe te i-ti-kdaⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ, aⁿ-ti-xa te! (ą́ttiγe tté íttikdą nąhą́, ą́ttiγa tté!) - if you decide that you will take me for a husband, you shall take me for a husband! [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e a-di-xe (é ádiγé) - to marry him [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e a-di-xe koⁿ-da, i-ya-zhi niⁿ (é ádiγé kǫdá, íyaži nį) - she wanted to take him for a husband, so she did not speak [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e-zhiⁿ-ke a-di-xe te (ežį́ke ádiγe tté) - his son/she marry him/will [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-di-xe te a-niⁿ kda-wi (kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke ádiγe tté anį́ kdáwi) - she was going to marry Big Chief’s son, they took her to their home [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: a-di-xe (adiγé) - she married him [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then, the old woman, along with her children, she took them there (to his home) and married him [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ee! e-ti hi naⁿ wi-zhoⁿ-de a-di-xe (ée! étti hi ną wižǫ́de ádiγe) - yes, when he arrived there, my older sister took him for her husband [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► Dhegiha: a-thi-xe (á¢ixe) - to marry him [JOD-Omaha]; a-thu-xe (á-thu-xe) - to take a husband [FL-Osage]; a-thu-xe (áðuγe) - marry, get married to, take as a husband [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-ghe (áyughe) - marry a man, take a husband [Kaw]

► wa-di-xe (wádiγe) - marry, get married (said of a female)

► cf. a-di-xe (ádiγe) - marry a man, take a man for a husband

► ex: de niⁿ wa-di-xe o-sh’iⁿ-ke (de-nį́ wádiγe óšʔįke) - this one who was upset about the marriage [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-xe (wathixe) - marry, intermarry [Omaha]; wa-thu-xe (wáthuxe) - to take a husband; to marry, with reference to a woman [FL-Osage]; wa-thu-xe (wáðuγe) - be or get married, said of a female; wedding, used by bride’s friends or family [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-ghe (wáyughe) - marry, get married (female reference only) [Kaw]

wedge

► ma-ze zhaⁿ o-do-po-shte (máze žą odópošté), maⁿ-ze zhaⁿ o-do-po-shte (mą́ze žą odópošté) - wedge, a wedge

► cf. ma-ze (maze), maⁿ-ze (mązé) - metal, iron; gun; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - tree, wood

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ u-thu-ga-zne (zhóⁿuthugázne) - a wedge [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ u-thu-ga-zne (zhoⁿ uthugaçne) - splitting wedge [Omaha]

► zhaⁿ o-po-shte (žą́ opošté) - split rails with wedge

► cf. zhaⁿ o-di-shte (žą́ odišté) - sawed lumber; zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte) - plank, split wood; zhaⁿ o-ka-shte (žą́ okášté) - split rails with ax

Wednesday

► da-bni zhoⁿ (dábni žǫ) - Wednesday, “three sleeps”

► da-bni zhoⁿ (dábni žǫ) - Wednesday [MS]

► cf. da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline, sleep

► Dhegiha: tha-bthiⁿ (thábthiⁿ) - three [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-bthiⁿ (thabthiⁿ) - three; trio [Omaha]; tha-bthiⁿ (thábthiⁿ) - three [FL-Osage]; tha-briⁿ (ðáabrį) - three [CQ-Osage]; ya-bliⁿ (yábliⁿ) - three [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - recline, lie, lie down, to sleep; sleep, day, night, 24-hour period, “a sleep” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to sleep [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - sleep, go to sleep, lie down to sleep, go to bed, sleep over, stay all night, sleep, night’s rest, overnight stay [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - lie down, sleep, recline; day, a sleep [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba thabthiⁿ (oⁿ-ba thabthiⁿ) - Wednesday, third day [Omaha]; hoⁿ-ba we-tha-bthiⁿ (hóⁿ-ba we-tha-bthiⁿ) - Wednesday, “the third day” [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa we-tha-briⁿ (hą́ąpa wéðaabrį) - Wednesday, lit., ‘third day’ [CQ-Osage]

weed

► pe-zhe (ppéže) - weeds, hay, grass (generic)

► cf. ma-hiⁿ (mahį́) - grass; pe-ska (ppéska) - hay

► ex: pe-zhe-xta (ppéžexta) - flour; wheat

► ex: pe-zhe xta-he sto-de (ppežé xtáhe stóde), pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack

► ex: pe-zhe-xta si (ppéžexta si) - rice

► ex: pe-zhe-xta si zhi-ka (ppéžextá si žíka) - rice, wild rice; rice of any sort

► ex: pe-zhe-xta wa-ske (ppežéxta wáske) - bread, wheat or flour bread; wheat cake

► Dhegiha: pe-zhe (pézhe) - grass [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpe-zhe (pé-zhe) - grass or hay, weeds [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-zhe (ʰpéže) - weed, sage bush, sagebrush [CQ-Osage]; pe-zhe (pézhe) - hay, weeds, grass [Kaw]

weed, Jimpson weed

► to-di-xa-ta taⁿ-ka hi (ttódixátta ttą́ka hi) - cocklebur, the large; Jimpson weed

► cf. to-di-xa-ta hi (ttódixátta hi) - cockleburs

weeding hoe

► we-x’aⁿ (wéxʔą) - hoe, iron weeding hoe

► cf. we (we) - with which to; i-x’aⁿ (íxʔą́), i-x’oⁿ (ixʔǫ́) - hoe, cultivate

► Dhegiha: we’oⁿ (we’oⁿ) - cultivate [Omaha]; we-ʰk’oⁿ (wéḳ’oⁿ) - to cultivate; the act of weeding [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-’oⁿ (i’oⁿ) - cultivate [Omaha]; i-ʰk’oⁿ (í-ḳ’oⁿ) - to cultivate growing corn, beans, and squash [FL-Osage]

week

► haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - sunday, week

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daylight, daytime; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba wa-xu-be (óⁿba waxúbe) - sunday; a week; “mysterious day, holy day” [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi (hóⁿ-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi), oⁿ-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi (óⁿba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi) - week, a week; sunday, sabbath, holy day, sacred day [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta-ki (hą́ąpa waʰkǫtáki) -, week, sunday, “sacred day” [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (háⁿba wakáⁿdagi) - sunday, “the mysterious or sacred day”; week, a week [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]

wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

► haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi miⁿ (hąbá wattéxi mį) - a week, one week

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daylight, daytime; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult; miⁿ (mį) - one, a, an

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba wa-xu-be wiⁿ (óⁿba waxúbe wiⁿ) - one week [Omaha]; haⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi miⁿ-xci (háⁿba wakáⁿdagi míⁿxci) - one week, “one sunday” [Kaw]

wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one [Omaha]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - one, single [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ (wį) - a, an, one, single, any one, one of a group [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ (miⁿ) - one, a, an; indefinite article [Kaw]

► haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - a fortnight, two sundays, two weeks

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daylight, daytime; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba (óⁿ-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba) - a fortnight; once in two weeks [FL-Osage]

weep, cry

► xa-ke (γaké) - cry, weep ► a-xa-ke (aγáke) - I, da-xa-ke (daγáke) - you, xa-ke (γaké) - he/she, xa-ka-we (γakáwe) - they

► xa-ke (hah-kieh) - cry, weep (pleurer) [GI]

► ex: di-xa-ke (diγáke) - cause to cry by squeezing

► ex: a-xa-ke aⁿ-maⁿ (aγáke ąmą́) - I cry out/I usually [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: a-xa-ke aⁿ-maⁿ (aγáke ąmą́) - I usually cry [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: a-xa-ke hoⁿ-e-zhi (aγáke hǫ́eǫží) - I cry a great deal

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ da-xa-ke e (hǫnį́ttą daγáke e) - why/you cry/question marker [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ da-xa-ke e, i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (maštį́ke hǫnį́ttą daγáke e, iyí iyá wasá nįkʰe) - rabbit, why are you crying? it is said the black bear said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: da-xa-ke naⁿ-ha (daγáke nąhá) - you cry out/beware lest [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ha-o, iⁿ-kdaⁿ, da-xa-ke naⁿ-ha, wa-wi-ka-zhiⁿ te she-he a-ni-he de, iⁿ-kdaⁿ (hao, įkdą́, daγáke nąhá, wáwikažį tté šéhe ánihe dé, įkdą́) - ha-o, first son, you should not cry, I am going to tell you to do something, that is what I am saying (that is what I am going to say to you), first son! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: xa-ke niⁿ (γaké nį) - crying (he/she is moving around crying) [MS]

► ex: xa-ke kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (γaké knį nįkʰé) - crying/sat/the sitting one [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: xa-ke kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya (γaké knį nįkʰé ną, iyá) - he (Rabbit) sat crying, it is said [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: xa-ke naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (γaké ną iyá maštį́ke) - cried/past sign/they say/rabbit [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: xa-ke naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (γaké ną iyá maštį́ke) - rabbit cried, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: xa-ke naⁿ-hi tʰaⁿ (γaké nąhí tʰą) - cried/only/very/the std. one [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-sa tʰaⁿ xa-ke naⁿ-hi tʰaⁿ, i-ya (wasá tʰą γaké nąhí tʰą, iyá) - the black bear was crying all by himself, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ (γaké kǫzé tʰą ną) - he stood/and/to cry/pretend/the standing one [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ti-zhe ti hi na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ttíže-ttí-hi nažį́ attą γaké kǫ́ze tʰą ną iyá maštį́ke) - rabbit arrived to the entrance of the lodge and stood there, pretending cry, it is said (they say) [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ma-ze k’i, xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (mazé kʔí, γaké nįkʰé) - breast/give to her/she sits (=is) crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ni-ka tʰaⁿ, ma-ze k’i, xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą níkka tʰą, mazé kʔí, γaké nįkʰé, iyé) - let her suckle, she’s crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: shi-naⁿ xa-ke taⁿ (šiną́ γaké tą) - again/she cried/when [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ shi-naⁿ xa-ke taⁿ, “ma-ze k’i, i-he,” i-ya ni-ka tʰaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šiną́ γaké tą, “mazé kʔí, ihé,”, iyá nikká tʰą) - then when she cried again, “I said let her suckle” the man said [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - little girl/she sat (=was) crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - she was eating it while the baby girl was crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: she-mi zhi-ka kniⁿ pi-oⁿ xa-ke niⁿ-ki [niⁿ-kʰe] (šémižíka knį ppiǫ́ γaké nįkí [nįkʰé]) - little girl/to sit/knew how/she sat (=was) crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka kniⁿ pi-oⁿ xa-ke niⁿ-ki [niⁿ-kʰe] (kóišǫ́ttą šémižíka knį ppiǫ́ γaké nįkí [nįkʰé]) - then, the baby girl, who was old enough to know how to sit up, was sitting there crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: naⁿ-pe xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (ną́ppe γaké nįkʰé) - fearing to see her/was crying (as she sat) [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: e-hoⁿ kʰe we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe taⁿ-ha naⁿ-pe xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (ehǫ́ kʰe wésʔa odóhi kʰe tą́ha ną́ppe γaké nįkʰé) - she was crying because she was afraid of her mother which had changed into a snake [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ (ttáɣaɣáke káɣe áttą) - crying from heat/made her/and [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą ttáɣaɣáke káɣe áttą íkixa kǫ ppá) - then, the other girls (her stepsisters) scolded her awfully, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, all the time they were doing this, they were laughing at her [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi xa-ka-we (wasá béniži γakáwe) - black bear/everyone/they cried, wept [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi xa-ka-we (wasá béniži γakáwe) - everyone of the black bears cried [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: xa-ke a-pa (γaké áppa) - they were crying [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ka-ki ke mi-zhi-ka ke xa-ke a-pa (kakí ke mižiká ke γaké áppa) - those girls (the stepsisters) were crying [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: xa-ge (xagé) -cry, squeal [Omaha/Ponca]; xa-ge (xa-gé) - to weep or to cry, lamentation [FL-Osage]; xa-ke (γaaké) - cry [CQ-Osage]; gʰa-ge (gʰagé) - cry, weep [Kaw]

weight, bend by pressure or weight

► bi-zo (bizó) - bend down, by pressure or weight

► cf. di-zo (dizó) - to bend object down with the hand (pulling); naⁿ-zo (nązó) - to bend anything down with the foot

► Dhegiha: a-bi-zu (ábizu) - pressing (bi), or resting on (a-), a sharp point (zu) [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: bi-a-thi-zu (biáthizu) - to make a fence post, rock, etc., lean by pressing against it [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: thi-zo (ðiizó) - make bend (a tree branch using the hands) [CQ-Osage]

weight, break from weight

► i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight

► cf. ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; di-shpe (dišpé) - pull off something adhering; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment

► Dhegiha: i-ga-shpe (ígashpe) - to knock off a piece with [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ga-shpe (gashpé) - to separate, cut loose from; to cut off a piece with an ax; to knock off a piece [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-shpe (ga-shpé) - bit; a small coin valued at abot 12 ½ cents [FL-Osage]; ka-shpe (kašpé) - bit, portion (of any item) [CQ-Osage]; ga-shpe (gashpé) - cut in two, cut loose from, cut, chip, or knock a piece off from, as with an ax [Kaw]

weight, burst from pressure or weight

► bi-to-xi (bittóxi) - burst from pressure/weight ► pi-to-xi (ppíttoxi) - I, shpi-to-xi (špíttoxi) - you

► cf. ba-to-xi (battóxi) - burst by punching, pushing; di-to-xi (dittóxi) - discharge, make a bang; di-to-to-xi (dittóttoxi) - one of the sounds of thunder; ka-to-xi (kattóxi) - burst, break open; naⁿ-to-xi (nąttóxi) - step on and burst something; po-to-xi (póttoxi) - burst from a shot or punch; ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - soda pop, “exploding water”; ta-to-xi (táttoxi) - to cause burst by burning

► Dhegiha: bi-tu-shi (bitúshi) - to make a gun, etc., explode by weight or pressure [Omaha/Ponca]

weight, cause to fall by pressure or weight

► o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - cause to fall by pressure/weight ► o-pi-xpa-de (oppíxpade) - I, o-shpi-xpa-de (ošpíxpade) - you, o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - he/she

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, bearing down on, by weight or pressure; blowing; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; lose; lost, get lost, become lost

► Dhegiha: u-bi-xpa-the (u-bí-qpa-¢ĕ) - to make fall, as an ink stand, book, etc. near the edge of a table, by sitting on, pressing, or leaning on [JOD-Omaha]; o-bu-xpa-ye (obúxpaye) - push somebody off [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-xpa-the (uxpathe) - fell, fall [Omaha]; u-xpa-the the (uxpathe the) - lose [Omaha]; u-xpa-the (uqpá¢ĕ) - lost, it be lost; falling from a height [JOD-Omaha]; u-xpa-the (u-xpá-the) - to become lost; to feel around with the hands in the dark, to grope; to fall [FL-Osage]; o-xpa-the (oxpáðe) - get lost, become lost, lose; fall from a height [CQ-Osage]; o-xpa-ye (oxpáye) - get lost, become lost; fall from a height, fall off, to fall from a height [Kaw]

weight, fall from pressure or weight

► bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight ► pi-xa-da (ppíxada) - I, shpi-xa-da (špíxada) - you, bi-xa-da (bixáda) - he/she

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, bearing down on, by weight or pressure; blowing; xa-da (xáda) - fall, topple

► Dhegiha: bi-xi-a-tha (biqíatha) - to make an ob., touching the ground at one end, fall down by pressing, sitting, or blowing on it [Omaha/Ponca]; bu-xi-ya (buxíya) - cause to fall due to pressing or leaning on [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xi-a-tha (qiátha) - fallen down; to fall, as when walking on solid ground [Omaha/Ponca]; xi-a-tha (xiatha) - fell [Omaha]; xi-a-tha (xí-a-tha), xi-tha (xí-tha) - to fall; to topple; to die; to perish [FL-Osage]; xi-tha (xíða) - fall, stumble, fall down, stumble and fall; euphemism for die, pass away; topple (as a tree topples) [CQ-Osage]; xi-ya (xíya) - fall down, but not from height: said of someone or something already touching the ground [Kaw]

weight, heavy weight

► ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight

► ex: ski-ke hi (skíke hí) - heavy, very heavy [MS]

► ex: ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load

► ex: ski-ke miⁿ-xti (skíke mįxti) - one pound, 1 lb

► ex: ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb

► ex: i-ski-ke ka-xe (ískike káγe) - pound, lit. “makes weight”

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (skige) - heavy [Omaha]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - be heavy [Kaw]

weight, hold down by weight

► a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight ► a-ka-spi-he-a-de (ákaspihéade) - I, a-ka-spi-he-da-de (ákaspihédade) - you, a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - he/she

► cf. a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat or (curvilinear) object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe i-he-the (ágaspe ihé¢ĕ) - to put a paper weight on an object to hold it down [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe (ágaspe) - to press down on; to weight or hold down; a weight or sinker [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ga-spe (á-ga-çpe) - the falling of something heavy on a person or thing, to cover up an object [FL-Osage]; a-ka-spe (akáaspe) - shade, blind, covering [CQ-Osage]; a-ka-spe (ákaaspe) - put over, put upon, cover as with cloth or blanket, cover with dirt as a grave, cover over, cover up [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-spe (ágaspe), a-ga-spaⁿ (ágaspaⁿ) - cover completely, concealing every part [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (i-hé-¢ĕ) - to put or place a recl. an. ob. or lg. in. ob., as a tool, plank, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

► a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down ► a-bi-saⁿ-te a-zhi (ábisątte aži) - I, a-bi-saⁿ-te da-zhi (ábisątte daži) - you, a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - he/she, a-bi-saⁿ-te oⁿ-zhi-we (ábisątte ǫžíwe) - we

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something; a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on; o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects

► Dhegiha: a-bi-soⁿ-de (ábisóⁿde) - usual meaning is a vulgar one; to catch an object, as a bird, by pressing the hands down on and around it; to press down on, as a chair leg on any object [Omaha/Ponca]; a-bi-soⁿ-dse (á-bi-çoⁿ-dse) - to press to the ground [FL-Osage]; a-pi-saⁿ (ápisą) - mash, push down on, shut, close, hold down [CQ-Osage]; a-bu-saⁿ-je (ábusaⁿje) - press down on with the hands, as in catching a bird or rabbit; to press or bear hard on, as with a chair leg; to run and jump on something, wrestle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (á-ji) - to spread a number of small objects on [JOD-Omaha]; a-zhu (á-zhu) - to put a number of articles on a rack [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (ážu) - put out, set out multiple items, place, array, display multiple items on top of something else; pour something on or over another surface; put a portable substance on something else [CQ-Osage]; a-zhu (ázhu) - put many objects on a surface of any thing [Kaw]

weight, lever, press on end

► bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - lever, weight, press on end ► pi-ha-ta de-a-de (ppíhatta déade) - I, shpi-ha-ta de-da-de (špíhatta dédade) - you, bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - he/she

► cf. ba-ha-ta (bahattá) - pick up with pointed object; ba-ha-ta de-de (bahátta déde) - brush aside; di-ha-ta (díhattá) - lift something; di-ha-ta de-de (dihátta déde) - lift, pull up suddenly; ka-ha-ta de-de (kahátta déde) - knock aside, turn aside; naⁿ-ha-ta de-de (nąhátta déde) - lift with the foot; po-ha-ta de-de (póhatta déde) - poke something in order to lift it

weight, makes weight

► i-ski-ke ka-xe (ískike káγe) - pound, lit. “makes weight”

► cf. i (i) - with, a means to, using, by means of, with which to; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ski-ke miⁿ-xti (skíke mįxti) - one pound, 1 lb; ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (skige) - heavy [Omaha]; ski-ge (skí-ge) - heavy [JOD-Omaha]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - be heavy [Kaw]

weight, stretch from pressure or weight

► bi-zi-ke (bizíke) - stretch from pressure or weight ► pi-zi-ke (ppízike) - I, shpi-zi-ke (špízike) - you, bi-zi-ke (bizíke) - he/she

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, bearing down on, by weight or pressure; blowing; da-zi-ke (dazíke) - stretch with the mouth; di-zi-ke (dizíke) - stretch by pulling; hi-ni-ke zi-zi-ke (hiníke zizíke) - stockings, hose; kdi-zi-ke (kdizíke) - stretch one’s own, pull; ki-di-zi-ke (kídizíke) - stretch something for someone; naⁿ-zi-ke (nązíke) - stretch something by treading on it; a-ka-zi (ákazi) - stretch out on something

► Dhegiha: bi-zi (bizí) - to stretch an ob. by pressure or bearing down on, as in sitting or lying [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: i-ga-zi-ge (í-ga-çi-ge) - to stretch, as limbs in growing [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zi-zi-ge (zízige) - rubber, elastic, any rubber or elastic object [Omaha/Ponca]; zi-zi-ge (zí-zi-ge) - India-rubber, any elastic object [JOD-Omaha]; zi-zi-ge (çiçige) - springy [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-zi-zi-e (wa-çí-çi-e) - rubber, thing elastic [FL-Osage]

well

► ha-o (hao), ha-u (hau) - well; ho; thank you; how are you; agreed, yes, sign of approval as the English “Hear! Hear!”, interjection of approval; marks a change of idea as the beginning of a new paragraph in writing; used in calling to a distant person; oral period, masculine imperative

► ex: ha-o, ha-o, ha-o! (hao, hao, hao!) - well, well, well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-o (hao) - well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-o (hao) - well [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: ha-u (hau) - thank you!; in addressing a whiteman, how are you; in a council, it is often used as a sign of approval, as the English, hear! Hear!; Sometimes it is eq. to our, Well; When it marks the beginning of a paragraph it need not be translated; used in calling to a distant person [Omaha]; ha-o (hao) - interjection of approval (male speech); singular masculine imperative; marks change of idea, as the beginning of a new paragraph in writing [Kaw]

► hi-taⁿ (híttą) - well

well behaved

► wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved ► aⁿ-wa-hoⁿ-ka (ąwáhǫká) - I, di-wa-hoⁿ-ka (diwáhǫká) - you, wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - he/she, wa-wa-hoⁿ-ka-we (wawáhǫkáwe) - we

► cf. wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, misbehave, ill behaved

well, but then

► e-te e-hi (étte éhi), e-te-hi (éttehí) - well, but then ….; an apprehensive reply

► e-te e-hi (étte éhi) - well, but then ____ (implies that she was afraid to say what had happened to her or what hindered her; so if one is asked to go elsewhere, leaving his own work, he can reply e-te e-hi (étte éhi)

► ex: e-te-hi maⁿ-te iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke te (éttehí mątté-įkʰé ąnį́ke tte) - well, but then I will not have a paddle [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, e-te e-hi, i-ye naⁿ-hi wa-x’o kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą, étte éhi, iyé nąhí waxʔó kʰe) - then, the woman who was lying there, only said, well, but then [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe, e-te e-hi i-ye naⁿ maⁿ-hiⁿ-taⁿ ki-di-a-ze (hǫ žǫkʰé, étte éhi, iyé ną mą́hįttą́ kidiazé) - when she said, well, but then, he said, what is the matter with you, why are you just lying there? when he raised her blanket [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe, ma-ze k’i, i-he miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ, e-te e-hi, i-ye naⁿ-hi (γaké nįkʰé, mazé kʔí, ihé mįkʰé tą, étte éhi, iyé nąhí) - I said, she’s (the baby girl) crying, let her nurse (suckle), and all she said was, well, but then [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

well, do well

► di-ho-taⁿ (dihóttą) - do well, to excel ► bdi-ho-taⁿ (bdíhottą) - I, ti-ho-taⁿ (ttíhottą) - you, di-ho-taⁿ (dihóttą) - he/she

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good

► Dhegiha: thi-u-doⁿ (thiúdoⁿ) - to make good, to repair [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-tha-gthiⁿ (thi-thá-gthiⁿ) - to improve, to make better [FL-Osage]; thu-tha-liⁿ (ðuðáalį) - make good, fix, remedy, bless [CQ-Osage]

well, so, sentence connective

► shaⁿ-iⁿ-te (šą́įtte), shoⁿ-iⁿ-te (šǫįtte) - well, so, sentence connective

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te (šǫ́įtte) - well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te, iⁿ-spe i-ba-shte a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (šǫ́įtte į́spe íbašte ážąmį́) - well, anyhow, I think it was split by accidentally falling against an axe [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te (šǫ́įtte) - well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-i-te, xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-de, naⁿ ho-taⁿ te (šǫ́įtte, xwį nįkʰé pášpe ną ǫdé ną hóttą tte) - however, if the stinking part were cut out and thrown away it would be good [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te (šǫ́įtte) - well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, shoⁿ-iⁿ-te xwiⁿ niⁿ-kʰe pa-a-shpe naⁿ oⁿ-bde naⁿ ho-taⁿ te, i-ye (kóišǫ́ttą, šǫ́įtte xwį́ nįkʰé páašpe ną ǫbdé ną hóttą tte, iyé) - then, he said, however, if I cut out the stinking part and threw it away it would be good [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te (šǫ́įtte) - well [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shoⁿ-iⁿ-te, t’e paⁿ-ze, e-shoⁿ kde xa-da, wa-sa pa-hi a-kda bde taⁿ, i-ye naⁿ kde (šǫ́įtte, tʔe ppą́ze éšǫ kdé xáda, wasá ppahí akdá bde ttą́, iyé ną kde) - well anyhow, as I was still pretending to be dead the maneater started back for home, as he was returning back from where he had come, he said, I will go after the black bear head [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: shaⁿ-iⁿ-te (šą́įtte) - well [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: shaⁿ-iⁿ-te, iⁿ-kdaⁿ, ti de wi-k’i ha-ki-ha tʰe ta-taⁿ di-haⁿ-ki-da-zhi koⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she te e-ta

(šą́įtte, įkdą́, tti dé wikʔí hakíha tʰé táttą dihąkidaži kǫ́ datʰą́še tté ettá) - well, first son, when I have finished giving you this lodge, you will have no troubles or worries there (within the lodge) [JOD-Red Hair]

well, think well of

► ho-taⁿ a-zhaⁿ-i (hóttą ažą́i) - love someone, think well of ► ho-taⁿ a-a-zhaⁿ (hóttą áažą) - I, ho-taⁿ a-da-zhaⁿ (hóttą ádažą) - you

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; a-zhaⁿ (ážą) - think, regard one as being; a-zhiⁿ (ážį) - think, regard; to treat as

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ a-zhiⁿ (thágthiⁿ a-zhiⁿ) - to think well of a person or thing [FL-Osage]; ya-liⁿ a-zhiⁿ (yáliⁿazhiⁿ) - love someone, lit. “to think good of someone” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ya-liⁿ a-gi-zhiⁿ (yáliⁿ ágizhiⁿ) - to love one’s relative, think good of one’s own [Kaw]

► ho-taⁿ-de (hóttąde) - love, think well of ► ho-taⁿ-a-de (hóttąadé) - I, ho-taⁿ-da-de ((hóttądadé) - you

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; de (de) - make, have or make someone do something, cause something to happen to someone or something

were, if it were I

► wi-e-taⁿ (wíettą) - I, if it were I

► cf. di-e-taⁿ (díettą) - if it were you; had it been you; e-tʰaⁿ (etʰą́), e-taⁿ (ettą́) - that standing; assertion, final; he was that; he rather (than any one else), he, to the exclusion of others, that one; oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą), aⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ąkówettą) - we, rather than others

► Dhegiha: wi-e-doⁿ (wíedoⁿ) - I, to the exclusion of others; I instead of others or another, I rather (than another) [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e-doⁿ (thíedoⁿ) - you rather (than any one else) [Omaha/Ponca]; e-doⁿ (édoⁿ) - he rather (than any one else), he, to the exclusion of others, that one [Omaha/Ponca]

west

► mi o-xpe (mí oxpé) - west; sun set

► ex: mi o-xpe haⁿ-ke (mí oxpé hąké) - nearly sunset

► ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de (mí oxpéttadéde) - southwest, “towards sunset”

► ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (míoxpe-ttadede doši) - toward the sunset; on the west side

► Dhegiha: mi u-xpe (mi-ú-xpe) - sun falls, sunset [FL-Osage]

► ma-shte (mašté) - warm, to be warm; west ► aⁿ-ma-shte (ąmášte) - I’m, di-ma-shte (dimášte) - you’re

► ex: ma-shte a-shi-ti (mašté ášitti) - it’s light outdoors (it’s warm outside) [MS]

► ex: ma-shte pe-taⁿ (mašté péttą) - summertime, sun shining [MS]

► Dhegiha: ma-shte (mashté) - warm [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shte (moⁿshte) - warm, sunny day, sunshine [Omaha]; moⁿ-shte (moⁿ-shte), moⁿ-stse (móⁿ-stse) - hot weather, a hot day [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shtse (mąąšcé) - be warm weather, hot weather, sunny weather [CQ-Osage]; mo-shtse (moshcé), ma-sche (masché) - hot, warm, as weather; be hot, as a person; the warm months, March through September [Kaw]

west wind

► a-k’a (ákʔa) - west wind

► cf. a-k’a (ákʔa) - south

► ex: si-o-ti a-k’a hi-de tʰe (siótti ákʔa híde tʰé) - the west wind was blowing yesterday

► Dhegiha: a-k’a zhiⁿ-ga (ák’a zhíⁿga) - west, west wind; deity of the west wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-’a (á’a) - the south wind, an archaic word [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰk’a (á-ḳ’a) - south; the south wind [FL-Osage]; a-ʰk’a dsi ((á-ḳ’a-dsi) - archaic name for south [FL-Osage]; a-k’a (ák’a) - south, south wind; deity of the south wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]

► a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - the name of the west wind or quarter

► cf. a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - south

► ex: si-o-ti a-k’a hi-de tʰe (siótti ákʔa híde tʰé) - the west wind was blowing yesterday

► Dhegiha: a-k’a zhiⁿ-ga (ák’a zhíⁿga) - west, west wind; deity of the west wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ʰk’a hiu-e (á-ḳ’a-hiu-e), a-ʰk’a hu-e (ákʔahúe) - wind is from the south; south wind [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰta-dse a-k’a tse (ṭá-dse a-k’a tse) - south wind; south [FL-Osage]

west, on the west side

► mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi (mi óxpettadédedóši) - on the west side, toward the sunset

► cf. mi o-xpe (mí oxpé) - sunset; ta-de-de-do-shi (-ttadédedóši) - towards, in that direction

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ shi-ka-zhi shoⁿ-ti to-skide i-ke-ya-we ni e-ti kʰe, mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi aⁿ-kniⁿ aⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (mažą́ šikáži šǫ́tti to skíde íkeáwe ni ettí kʰe, mi óxpettadédedóši ąknį́ ą́katʰą́ ną) - before the late civil war, we dwelt on the west side of what they called, Sweet Potato Creek [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► Dhegiha: mi u-xpe (mi-ú-xpe) - sun falls, sunset [FL-Osage]

wet

► shpoⁿ (špǫ) - be wet, soak ► aⁿ-shpoⁿ (ąšpǫ́) - I, di-shpoⁿ (dišpǫ́) - you, shpoⁿ (špǫ) - he/she

► shpoⁿ (špǫ) - wet [MS]

► ex: shpoⁿ a-niⁿ niⁿ (špǫ anį́ nį) - when a baby is wet (soaked diaper) [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe shpoⁿ hi shka-xe (nąpé špǫ hi škáγe) - you made (make) hand wet [MS]

► ex: a-ta-shpoⁿ ka ha-o (attašpǫ ka haó) - steam it!

► Dhegiha: shpoⁿ (shpoⁿ) - soaked through and through [Omaha/Ponca]; shpoⁿ (shpoⁿ) - sodden; softened by soaking in water [FL-Osage]; shpoⁿ (špǫ́ǫ) - softened by soaking in water; soften, become soft, sodden [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shpoⁿ-the (shpóⁿthe) - to soak a hide, etc., in water [Omaha/Ponca]; shpoⁿ-the (shpoⁿ-the) - to soak a skin in water in precess of tanning [FL-Osage]; shpaⁿ-ye (shpáⁿye) - soak a hide in water, the fourth stage in dressing it [Kaw]

► sta-ke (stáke) - wet

► sta-ke (stáke), sta-ge (stáge) - wet [MR]

► cf. ka-sta-ke (kastáke) - be soaked

► to-ka (tókka) - wet, moist

► ex: ta to-ka (ttatókka), ta do-ka (ttadókka) - fresh meat, “wet meat”

► ex: pa- to-ka (ppa tókka) - Comanche Indian, “wet nose”

► Dhegiha: nu-ka (núka) - damp, wet, moist [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-ka (núka) - wet [Omaha/Ponca]; do-ʰka (dó-ḳa) - damp; wet; moist [FL-Osage]; to-ʰka (tooʰká) - wet, moist, damp [CQ-Osage]; do-ka (doká) - be wet, moist [Kaw]

what could it be, what can it be, what would it be

► ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nįhǫ) - what could it be, what can it be, what would it be

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something; ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́), niⁿ-hoⁿ (nįhǫ́) - improbability post clitic; would, could, sign of doubt; can it be; possible, should, can

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nįhǫ) - what can it be, what could it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ niⁿ-hoⁿ! si-ka taⁿ-ka o-hoⁿ i-da-bde (i-bda-tʰe), e-ti o-we sa-ki ti-te we-kdi o-zhi hi taⁿ i-da-bde (i-bda-tʰe), iⁿ-kdaⁿ (táttą nįhǫ! sikka ttą́ka ohǫ́ ídabdé (ibdatʰé), étti ówe sakkí titté wékdi óži hi tą ídabdé (ibdatʰé), įkdą) - what could it be! I want to eat boiled turkey, then I want to eat dried corn cooked with a lot of grease put in, first son [JOD-Red Hair]

what could, how possible

► ha-naⁿ-te (haną́tte), a-naⁿ-te (ánątté) - how possible, what could

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite, interrogative; naⁿ-te (nątté) - perhaps, maybe; can, might, possible, suitable, appropriate, could, would, probable, look like, be at the point of happening

► ex: da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te (datʰé hánątté) > da-tʰa-naⁿ-te (datʰánątté) - what could he possibly eat [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ta-taⁿ di-ti-kaⁿ da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te wa-ni-ke-hi-we (táttą dittíką datʰé hánątté waníkehiwé) - we have nothing at all, what would your grandfather eat? [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: e-koⁿ ki-d[e] a-naⁿ-te (ekǫ́ kkid[é] áną́tte) - cause to be so/perhaps [Valliere Letter]

► Dhegiha: ha (háa) - interrogative, indefinite [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ-ʰtse (thoⁿ-ṭse), thoⁿ-dse (thoⁿ-dse), thoⁿ-tse (thoⁿ-tsé) - perhaps, suitable, appropriate, convenient [FL-Osage]; thaⁿ-tsʰe (ðąącʰé) - possible, suitable, appropriate; could, would; probable, look like, be at the point of happening [CQ-Osage]

what direction

► ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, in which direction, in what direction

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; to throw or send it off; to throw away or off; throw it (off), send thither

► ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go [MS]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de (hákidéde) - in which direction [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ha-ki-de-de de e? (maštį́ke hákidéde dé e?) - in what direction did the rabbit go? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de e (hákidedé e) - in what direction/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ! wi-sh-k’e hákidedé e, i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ! wíšikʔé hákidedé e, iyí iyá mątʰó waxʔó nįkʰé) - yes! my husband’s brother, in what direction?” it is said the wife of grizzly bear said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: the-the (théthe) - to cause to go; to send off an object; used as an auxiliary verb [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (thethé) - to go this way (in his own footprints, made previously) [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - far off, in the distance [Kaw]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; to throw or send it off; to throw away or off; throw it (off), send thither; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - from

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - from what direction [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ da-tʰi-ke-we i-te e-ti kda-we ka! (hákidedétʰą datʰí-ké-we itté ettí kdawé-ka!) - from wherever you’all may have come from, go there to your respective homes! [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

what distance, how far, how long

► a-tʰaⁿ (atʰą́), ha-tʰaⁿ (hatʰą́) - when, why; how far, how long, what distance

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ka (atʰąkká) - how tall, how high

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - at some future time

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká), a-tʰaⁿ-tʰe bdo-ka (atʰą́tʰe bdóka) - forever

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in the future

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time (in the past)

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ (atʰóⁿ) - at what time; to what distance or length; when, how far, how long to what place [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-toⁿ (ha-tóⁿ) - how far, what distance [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ (háatxą), ha-kxaⁿ (háakxą), ha-tkxaⁿ (háatkxą) - how far, what distance, (for) how long [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ (hakháⁿ) - how far?, how long?, when? [Kaw]

what is good, something good

► ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ (táttą hóttą) - something good, what is good

► ex: ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi (táttą hóttą hi) - what/good/very [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-i kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhaⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hóttą hi žąppíži oží tą kikʔí) - then, after they (the stepdaughters) headed for home, he gave her (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something good [JOD-Cinderella]

what is old or aged, something old

► ta-taⁿ noⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą nǫhǫ́) - what is old or aged

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ), noⁿ-hoⁿ (nǫhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature, raised

► Dhegiha: da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what?; something, a thing [JOD-Omaha]; da-doⁿ (dádoⁿ) - what, interrogation [FL-Osage]; ta-taⁿ (táatą) - what (interrogative), thing(s), anything, something, what, whatever (indefinite or relative), what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative), do what (interrogative) [CQ-Osage]; da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what, something, thing, things [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

what is the matter; what, how, why do or be

► ha-oⁿ (haǫ́), ha-’oⁿ (haʔǫ́) - do how, do however, do in what ever way; do what; do what with, do what about; do whatever with, do whatever; to act or do in a certain way ► ha-moⁿ (hamǫ́) - I, ha-zhoⁿ (hažǫ́) - you, ha-oⁿ (haǫ́) - he/she

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite, interrogative; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), oⁿ (ǫ) - do, be

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hažǫ́ nikʰé) - what is the matter with you (who is sitting)?

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hažǫ́ nikʰé) - what you do?/you who sit [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: iⁿ-kdaⁿ, ha-zhoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (įkdą́, hažǫ́ nikʰé) - first son, what is the matter with you? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (hážǫ nišé) - how are you (who is moving)? [AG]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (hážǫ tta nišé) - what are you (who is moving) going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ-wi-ke (hažǫ́wiké) - what you do?/continuative plural [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ-wi-ke, i-we-ki (kʰaké, hažǫ́wiké, iwéki) - younger brothers, what are you doing, he said to them [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e ha-zhoⁿ te ko-i-she zhoⁿ taⁿ (é hažǫ́ tte kóiše žǫ́-tą) - why would you do that [JOD-Rabbit caught Sun]

► ex: e ha-zhoⁿ te ko-i-she zhoⁿ-wi taⁿ (e hažǫ́ tte kóiše žǫ́wi-tą) - why do ye wish to do that [JOD-Rabbit caught Sun]

► Dhegiha: a-oⁿ (áoⁿ) - to act or do in a certain way, in view of some result sought [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-oⁿ (háaǫ), hoⁿ (hǫ́ǫ) - do how, do however, do in whatever way; do what; do what with, do what about; do whatever with, do whatever [CQ-Osage]

► haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; what is the matter

► cf. ha (ha) - indefinite, interrogative; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), oⁿ (ǫ) - do, be

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ dátʰą́še) - what is the matter with you (standing)

► ex: e-shoⁿ, hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she, i-ke-ya-we (ešǫ́, hǫ́ dátʰą́še, íkeyáwe) - and then, the others said to him, what is the matter with you? [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bears]

► ex: hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you (who is moving)? [MS]

► ex: ha-we ko-ta, ha-oⁿ ni-she? i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kniⁿ hi (hawé kkóta, haǫ́ nišé? íwíkide ą́daknį hi) - hello friend, how are you (who is moving)? I’m very glad to see you [LB]

► ex: hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ nikʰé) - what ails you (who is sitting)?

► ex: hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ nįkʰé) - how are you (who is sitting)? [OM]

► ex: hoⁿ (hǫ) - what is the matter [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: kʰi naⁿ, hoⁿ wa-x’o di-ta di-t’e a-e (kʰí ną, hǫ waxʔó dítta ditʔé ae) - when he reached home (he was asked), what happened to your woman, did she die on you? [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: hoⁿ i-ti-kdaⁿ (hǫ íttikdą) - how/you plan [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ mi-ka niⁿ, hoⁿ i-ti-kdaⁿ ko-ta, i-ye niⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą mikká nį, hǫ íttikdą kkotá, iyé nį) - then, the raccoon said, what are you planning friend? [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: wa-haⁿ i-ye haⁿ (wahą́ iye hą) - what will our relation be [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, wa-haⁿ i-ye haⁿ, aⁿ-naⁿ-da-ki-sh[e] a-taⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ti-xe shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ e-ki-zhoⁿ te, i-ke i-ya-we sh’a-taⁿ-ka (kóišǫ́ttą, wahą́ iye hą, ąną́dakiš[e]áttą ąną́ttixe škǫ́tta ną́ ékižǫ tté, iké iyáwe šʔattą́ka) - then the devil said to her, if you want to stay with me, you shall do so, how will you address me, what will our relation be, they say [JOD-Four Women]

what is the trouble, what is the matter, what happened, how is it, what is it

► hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e) - what is the trouble, what is the matter, what happened, how is it, what is it

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; what is the matter; e (e) - question sign

► ex: hoⁿ-e, to-shpa (hǫ́e, ttóšpa) - what is it, grandchild? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: hoⁿ-e, i-he (hǫ́e, ihé) - I said, what is the matter? [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-da-te niⁿ-kʰe, hoⁿ e, i-ke-ti (edátte nįkʰe, hǫ́ e, iké-tti) - when his father said to him, is anything the matter? [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: haⁿ-e hi (hą́e hi) - what is the great trouble [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: haⁿ-e hi da-maⁿ-tiⁿ ni-she (hą́e hi damą́ttį nišé) - on what very important business are you traveling? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-e aⁿ-da-knoⁿ a-e (hǫ́e ądáknǫ ae) - why do you revile me, why do you call me bad names?

► ex: hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta (hǫ́e níkka dítta) - what is the matter/man/your (= husband) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ, hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta, i-ke-a-we (kʰí tą, hǫ́e níkka dítta, ikeáwe) - when she arrived back home, they said, what happened to your husband? [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e) - is that so? [OM]

what kind

► haⁿ-xta-aⁿ (hą́xtią́), hoⁿ-xti-oⁿ (hǫ́xtiǫ́) - what kind, just what kind

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde haⁿ-xta-aⁿ (waną́bde hą́xtią́) - food/just what kind [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde haⁿ-xta-aⁿ i-ta-tʰe naⁿ e-koⁿ hi pa-xe te, i-ke i-ya-we ma-shtiⁿ-ke (waną́bde hą́xtią́ íttátʰe ną́ ekǫ́ hi ppáɣe tte, iké iyáwe maštį́ke) - whatever kind of food you want to eat, I will make it just so (I will make it just like that), rabbit said to her (grandmother), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-xti oⁿ-xti (hóⁿ-xti oⁿ-xti), hoⁿ-xti oⁿ-xti a (hóⁿ-xti oⁿ-xti a) - what kind [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-xtsiⁿ (hǫ́ǫxcį), hoⁿ-xtsi (hǫ́ǫxci), hoⁿ-xtse (hǫ́ǫxce), ho-xtsiⁿ (hooxcį́) - what kind [CQ-Osage]

► ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą wažį́ka inįhǫ) - what (kind of)/bird/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka i-niⁿ-hoⁿ! ni-ka-shi-ka o-toⁿ ki shi-o-shta i-ya-we de (táttą wažį́ka inįhǫ! níkkašíka ottǫ́ ki šióšta iyáwe dé) - what kind of bird can it be! they say (they call it) quail where the people live! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka e-tʰaⁿ (táttą wažį́ka etʰą) - what kind of bird is it [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ, ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka e-tʰaⁿ ta-te kde-zhe hi t’e-a-de (įkką́, táttą wažį́ka étʰą ttátte kdéže hi tʔeáde) - my grandmother, what kind of bird is it that I have killed with spotted temples [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka e-tʰaⁿ! ta-te kde-zhe hi o-de o-de, i-ye koⁿ kde tʰaⁿ i-ya-we (táttą wažį́ka etʰą! ttátte kdéže hí odé ode, iyé kǫ kdé tʰą iyáwe) - he (rabbit) said, what kind of bird is it! very spotted temples, as he was going home, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what?; something, a thing [JOD-Omaha]; da-doⁿ (dádoⁿ) - what, interrogation; whatever things [FL-Osage]; ta-taⁿ (táatą) - what (interrogative), thing(s), anything, something, what, whatever (indefinite or relative), what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative), do what (interrogative) [CQ-Osage]; da-daⁿ (dádaⁿ) - what, something, thing, things [Kaw]

what or how to say

► hoⁿ i-e (hǫ́ ié), hoⁿ i-ye (hǫ́ iyé) - what or how to say ► hoⁿ i-he (hǫ́ ihé), hoⁿ i-pʰe (hǫ ipʰé) - I, hoⁿ i-she (hǫ́ išé) - you, hoⁿ i-e (hǫ ié) - he/she, hoⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-we (hǫ́ ąnąwé) - we

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; what is the matter; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé) - say; i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak

► ex: hoⁿ i-ha-zhi hi (hǫ́-iháži hi) - I did not say anything at all [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: hoⁿ pʰa-zhi (hǫpʰáži) - I said nothing

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: ta-taⁿ hoⁿ i-she shkoⁿ-ta e (táttą hǫ́ išé škǫttá e) - is there something you want to say? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: sh’a-ke, hoⁿ i-she e (šʔáke, hǫ́ išé e) - old man, what did you say? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: haⁿ i-she naⁿ e (hą́ išé ną e) - how/you said/regularly/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: haⁿ i-she naⁿ e (hą́ išé ną e) - what did you say? [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: haⁿ i-she naⁿ (hąišé ną) - what do you say/only (= usually) [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e koⁿ taⁿ tʰe-ta da-kʰi taⁿ haⁿ i-she naⁿ (e kǫ́ tą ttí tʰettá dakʰí tą hąišé ną) - when it’s like that (having killed many birds) and you return to the lodge, what do you usually say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► ex: ko-i-she hoⁿ-aⁿ-pa (koišé hǫ́ąppá) - they do say that

► ex: hoⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-wa-zhi (hǫ́ ąną́waží) - we said nothing

what size

► ha-na-ska (hánaská), ha-naⁿ-ska (hánąska) - how big or small, what size

► ex: ti tʰe ha-naⁿ-ska e (tti tʰe hánąska e) - how big is the house

► Dhegiha: a-thoⁿ-ska (athoⁿçka) - size [Omaha]; ha-thoⁿ-ska (há-thoⁿ-çka) - size (as measurement); the size of a coat or of anything that is measurable [FL-Osage]; ha-yha-skaⁿ (háaðaską) - how big, how small [CQ-Osage]; ha-yoⁿ-ska (háyoⁿska), ha-yaⁿ-ska (háyaⁿska) - how big, what size? [Kaw]

what, something

► ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something

► ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ zha-zhe a-tiⁿ (táttą žáže attį́) - what’s your name? [MS]

► ex: ta-taⁿ zha-zha-i (talon jajai) - what do you call that?; how do you call that? [Poisson]

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-da-de e (táttą ídade e) - what do you see

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-da-de shkoⁿ-ta (táttą ídade škǫ́tta) - what do you wish to find

► ex: ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi (táttą hottą́ hi) - something very good [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhaⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žąppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they (the other girls) went back, he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ hi (táttą hi) - what (something)/very [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoo-’a! ta-taⁿ hi wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-de! (hooʔá! táttą hi wážǫį́ níwade!) - really! this is indeed something hateful! [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ta-taⁿ ke (táttą ke) - what/the plural [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te, i-ye o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe (atéže ną, táttą ke ą́teže hidé mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé éttette, iyé odotʰé nįkʰé) - when I urinated, the maneater said, what’s urinating on me? I wonder if it is the stars that are urinating on me [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ta-taⁿ-zhi (táttąží) - nothing, “what, something+not, negation”

► ex: ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - some kind or other [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-hi-te, wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te-a, wi-naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́hitte, wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á, winą́) - then, although (she did not ask for anything), he said to her, “my oldest daughter, I will bring you back some other kind of fine calico cloth [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi (áttą zaní hi) - what/everyone/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi kíkʔį́ ą́tʰą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back when they went [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-ti ta-taⁿ e (etti táttą e) - there/what, something/question sign [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-ti ta-taⁿ e (etti táttą e) - is there anything else? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ-pe ni-ke hi (táttą ną́ppe niké hi) - what/he fears/there is nothing/very [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: di-te-ke ta-taⁿ naⁿ-pe ni-ke hi (dítteke táttą ną́ppe niké hi) - your mother’s brother fears nothing whatsoever [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi (táttą hóttą hi) - what/good/very [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat, something to eat, they were really lacking [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ di-ti-kaⁿ da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te wa-ni-ke-we (táttą dittíką datʰé hánątté waníkehiwé) - we have nothing at all, what would your grandfather eat? [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ta-taⁿ bda-tʰe niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą bdatʰé nįhǫ́) - what/I eat/can [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: aⁿ, naⁿ-pi-aⁿ-hi miⁿ-kʰe, ta-taⁿ bda-tʰe niⁿ-hoⁿ (ą, ną́ppią́hi mįkʰe, táttą bdatʰé nįhǫ́) - yes, I am hungry, what could I eat? [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i ta-taⁿ (kói táttą) - that/what [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: hoⁿ-hoⁿ! ko-i ta-taⁿ ta-zha-i ke (hǫǫhǫǫ! kói táttą téžai ke!) - hoⁿ-hoⁿ! what is that, they are urinating! [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: wi-ti-mi, wi-te-ke ta-taⁿ naⁿ-pe niⁿ e (wíttimí, wittéke táttą ną́ppe nį́ e) - my father’s sister, what does my mother’s brother fear? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ o-te niⁿ (táttą ną otté nį) - what/only/he seeks/the moving one [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ o-te niⁿ e tʰoⁿ? i-niⁿ-aⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (táttą ną otté nį e tʰǫ́? ínįą́ iyá maštį́ke) - just what can he be looking for? it is said (they say) [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttą škǫ́tta) - what/you desire [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shkoⁿ-ta niⁿ e-koⁿ-xti ta-tʰe koⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she te e-ta (táttą škǫ́tta nį ékǫxtí ttatʰé kǫ́-datʰą́še tté ettá) - whatever you are wanting, it will be exactly like that, it will be that way for you there [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-toⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttǫ škǫttá) - what do you want? [OM]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shka-xe ni-kʰe (táttą škáγe nikʰé) - what are you making? [MS]

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-da-ki-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ da ni-he (táttą idákikkikdánį áttą dá-nihé) - what/you put on your own clothing/and/go thou [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-sho-taⁿ e-da-te, ta-taⁿ i-da-ki-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ da ni-he, i-ke niⁿ i-ya[-we] (kóišǫ́ttą edátte, táttą idákikkikdánį áttą dá-nihé, iké nį iyá[we]) - then, her father said to her, put something on of your own and go! it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (táttą wažį́ka inįhǫ) - what (kind of)/bird/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka e-tʰaⁿ (táttą wažį́ka etʰą) - what (kind of)/bird [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ ti-ze e (táttą ttizé e) - what/you take/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ta-taⁿ ti-ze e (táttą ttizé e) - what have you taken? [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ta-taⁿ bdi-za-zhi hi (táttą bdízaži hí) - what/I took not/very [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: wi-zhiⁿ-de, ta-taⁿ bdi-za-zhi hi (wižį́de, táttą bdízaži hí) - my elder brother, I have taken nothing at all [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

what, where, which, who

► ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which

► hu-wa (húwa) - who [OM]

► ex: ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is, are the

► ex: ho-wa-da-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówadatʰéttitʰą) - from what dual remote standing inanimate

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; from what nearby singular standing inanimate or collection sitting

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-da-i tʰe-i-te i-da-ki-de te, i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ (hówatʰétti tʔédai tʰé-itte idákide tté, iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, I will look for him wherever they may have killed him, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in

► ex: ho-wa niⁿ (hówa nį) - who is it?

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa-she (hówa nikʰáše) - who, which/you’ll sitting [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to rabbit for me [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: maⁿ kʰe ho-taⁿ hi di-e ti-za-zhi taⁿ ho-wa a-niⁿ ni-hoⁿ (mą kʰe hóttą hi díe ttízaži-tą́ hówa anį́ nihǫ́) - it’s a fine arrow, if you do not get it, then who would have it? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► ex: ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te, i-ye tʰe i-ya-we (e hǫpé nįkʰé howaké kišǫ́i ną́ kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte, iyé tʰe iyáwe) - he said, Big Chief’s son will marry whoever fits that shoe, they say [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa (hówa nikʰá) - which one of them

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose

► ex: maⁿ-te ho-wa-ta (mą́tte hówattá) - whose bow is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ho-wa-ta (šǫ́ke howattá) - whose dog is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ ho-wa-ta (šǫ́keáknį hówattá) - whose horse is this?

► ex: te-ska wa-x’o ho-wa-ta (tteská waxʔó hówattá) - whose cow is this?

► ex: ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► Dhegiha: a-wa (áwa) - where, what, which, who [Omaha/Ponca]; ho-wa (hówa) - where; what; which [FL-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X-shaped object [Kaw]

whatever it is, something or other

► ta-taⁿ e-tʰaⁿ (táttą etʰą́), ta-taⁿ e-taⁿ (táttą éttą) - something or other, whatever it is

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something; e-tʰaⁿ (etʰą́), e-taⁿ (ettą́) - that standing

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ e! ta-taⁿ e-tʰaⁿ bdi-ze miⁿ-kʰe niⁿ-tʰe, aⁿ-di-na-xi-da hi naⁿ (įkką́ e! táttą etʰą́ bdizé mįkʰé nįtʰé, ądínaxidá hí ną) - my grandmother! I have caught something or other, but it really scares me [JOD-Rabbit caught Sun]

► ex: ta-taⁿ e-taⁿ e-ti niⁿ naⁿ (táttą éttą ettí nį ną) - something/see note/there/the moving/only (there is always something moving about there (in the woods) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ta-taⁿ e-taⁿ e-ti niⁿ naⁿ e-de (táttą éttą ettí nį ną́ edé) - there will surely be something moving about out there, there is always something moving about out there in the woods [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: aⁿ-t’e taⁿ ta-taⁿ e-taⁿ e-ti niⁿ naⁿ (ątʔé tą táttą éttą ettí nį ną) - when I die, there will be something moving about out there, there is always something moving about out there in the woods [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► Dhegiha: e-tʰoⁿ (étʰoⁿ) - it is he, the standing one [Omaha/Ponca]; e-txaⁿ (éetxą), e-kxaⁿ (éekxą́) - that (standing animate) [CQ-Osage]

whatever size, however big

► ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► cf. ha-na-ska (hánaská) - how big or small, what size; ha-na-ska-ska (hánaskáska) - how big (is) each; hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► Dhegiha: a-thoⁿ-ska-ska (áthoⁿskáska) - of what size is each? [Omaha/Ponca]

whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► ex: e-hi-te (éhitte) - soever

► ex: ha-ki e-hi-te (háki éhitte), ha-ke-hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke-i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

► ex: ha-na i-te (haná itte), ha-na-hi-te (hanáhitte), ha-naⁿ-hi-te (haną́hitté) - however much or many; a few

► ex: ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► ex: haⁿ-ni-te (hą́nitté), haⁿ-niⁿ hi-te (hą́nį hítte) - somehow or other

► ex: ke-hi-te (kéhitte) - even, so much as

► ex: shoⁿ-hi-te (šǫ́hitte) - anyhow, at any rate, despite, notwithstanding

► ex: ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - something or other; anything at all; anything you please; whatsoever; some kind or other

► ex: i-te (itté) - may

► ex: tʰe i-te (tʰé-itte) - may have, in the past

whatsoever, some kind or other

► ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - something or other; anything at all; anything you please; whatsoever; some kind or other

► cf. ta-taⁿ (táttą) - what, something; hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► ex: ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - some kind or other [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-hi-te, wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te-a, wi-naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́hitte, wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á, winą́) - then, although (she did not ask for anything), he said to her, my oldest daughter, I will bring you back some other kind of fine calico cloth [JOD-Cinderella]

wheat or flour bread

► pe-zhe-xta wa-ske (ppežéxta wáske) - wheat or flour bread; wheat cake

► cf. pe-zhe-xta (ppéžexta) - wheat, flour; wa-ske (wáske) - bread

► Dhegiha: pe-zhe (pézhe) - grass [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpe-zhe (p̩é-zhe) - grass or hay, weeds [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-zhe (ʰpéže) - weed, sage, sage brush [CQ-Osage]; pe-zhe (pézhe) - hay, weeds, grass [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xtha (xtha) - blossom [Omaha]; xtha (xtha) - blossoms of any kind [FL-Osage]; xla (xla) - flower, bud on a tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-ske (wá-skĕ) - the hard masses into which parched and pounded corn is kneaded in making “wacañge”, a preparation of parched and pounded corn, mixed with grease, soup, and pumpkin, or else with honey, and made into hard masses [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-mu-ske (wamúske) - wheat, bread, wheat bread [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-bo-ske (wa-bó-çke) - wheat, flour [FL-Osage]; wa-bo-ski (wabóski) - bread, wheat flour [Kaw]

wheat stack

► pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack

► cf. pe-zhe xta (ppéžexta) - wheat, flour; sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; ma-hiⁿ stode (mahį́ stóde) - haystack

► Dhegiha: pe-zhe (pézhe) - grass [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰpe-zhe (p̣é-zhe) - grass or hay; weeds [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-zhe (ʰpéže) - weed; sage, sage brush [CQ-Osage]; pe-zhe (pézhe), pe-zhi (pézhi) - hay, weeds, grass [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xtha (xtha) - blossom [Omaha]; xtha (xtha) - blossoms of any kind [FL-Osage]; xla (xla) - flower, bud on a tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]

wheat, flour

► pe-zhe-xta (ppéžexta) - wheat, flour

► pe-zhe xta (ppéžexta) - flour [MS, AB]

► pe-zhe xta (pehghexdah) - flour (farine) [GI]

► cf. pe-zhe (ppéže) - weeds, hay, grass (generic); xda (xdá), xta (xta) - flower, bud, blossom

► ex: pe-zhe-xta (ppežéxta) - flour [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: e-ti pe-tʰe-ti pe-zhe-xta zhaⁿ-a-be-tʰaⁿ o-zhi o-ki-kde-kde a-niⁿ tʰi taⁿ te-ska i-ni-ⁿha i-ki-kda-naⁿ-we (ettí petʰétti ppežéxta žą́-abetʰą́ oží ókkikdékde anį́ tʰi tą ttéska inįhá íkkikdá-ną-we) - when it was summer, they would fill the flour barrels and set them up here in a row, and then they would divide the flour and the cattle among themselves [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: pe-zhe xta wa-ske (ppežéxta wáske) - wheat bread

► ex: pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack

► ex: pe-zhe xta si (ppéžexta si) - rice

► ex: pe-zhe xta si zhi-ka (ppéžextá si žíka) - rice

► Dhegiha: xtha (xtha) - blossom [Omaha]; xtha (xtha) - blossoms of any kind [FL-Osage]; xla (xla) - flower, bud on a tree [Kaw]

wheel

► o-ka-toⁿ-ta (okáttǫta), o-ka-taⁿ-da (okáttą́da) - wheel

► o-ka-toⁿ-ta (okáttǫta) - wheel [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-toⁿ-tha (ugátoⁿtha) - to roll a heavy log over in the water; beavers, when hiding under the water; the wind blows against a box, barrel, log, etc., making it roll over (once); to make an object roll over by hitting it [Omaha/Ponca]; o-ga-ʰtoⁿ-tha (o-ga-ṭoⁿ-tha) - sent rolling upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-toⁿ-toⁿ-tha (ugátoⁿtóⁿtha) - to hit an ob., making it roll back and forth many times: the effect of the wind [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ga-toⁿ-toⁿ-tha (ugatoⁿtoⁿtha) - tumble [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ʰtoⁿ-tha (ṭoⁿ-tha) - rolling, to roll or make run [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-tha (ʰtą́ąða) - roll, rolling [CQ-Osage]

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