Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

Waco Indian - watch	water - wavy	we - weave
wed - wheel	when - whetstone	which - whole
whoop - windless	window - wolf	woman - Wyandotte

which

► ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which

► hu-wa (húwa) - who [OM]

► ex: ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te, i-ye tʰe i-ya-we (e hǫpé nįkʰé howaké kišǫ́i ną́ kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte, iyé tʰe iyáwe) - he said, Big Chief’s son will marry whoever fits that shoe, they say [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa (hówa nikʰá) - which one of them

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose

► ex: maⁿ-te ho-wa-ta (mą́tte hówattá) - whose bow is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ho-wa-ta (šǫ́ke howattá) - whose dog is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ ho-wa-ta (šǫ́keáknį hówattá) - whose horse is this?

► ex: te-ska wa-x’o ho-wa-ta (tteská waxʔó hówattá) - whose cow is this?

► ex: ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► ex: ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is, are the

► ex: ho-wa-da-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówadatʰéttitʰą) - from what dual remote standing inanimate

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; from what nearby singular standing inanimate or collection sitting

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-da-i tʰe-i-te i-da-ki-de te, i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ (hówatʰétti tʔédai tʰé-itte idákide tté, iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, I will look for him wherever they may have killed him, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in

► ex: ho-wa niⁿ (hówa nį) - who is it?

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa-she (hówa nikʰáše) - who, which/you’ll sitting [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to rabbit for me [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: maⁿ kʰe ho-taⁿ hi di-e ti-za-zhi taⁿ ho-wa a-niⁿ ni-hoⁿ (mą kʰe hóttą hi díe ttízaži-tą́ hówa anį́ nihǫ́) - it’s a fine arrow, if you do not get it, then who would have it? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-wa (áwa) - where, what, which, who [Omaha/Ponca]; ho-wa (hówa) - where; what; which [FL-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X-shaped object [Kaw]

which direction

► ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, in which direction, in what direction

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; to throw or send it off; to throw away or off; throw it (off), send thither

► ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go [MS]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de (hákidéde) - in which direction [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ha-ki-de-de de e? (maštį́ke hákidéde dé e?) - in what direction did the rabbit go? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de e (hákidedé e) - in what direction/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ! wi-sh-k’e hákidedé e, i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ! wíšikʔé hákidedé e, iyí iyá mątʰó waxʔó nįkʰé) - yes! my husband’s brother, in what direction?” it is said the wife of grizzly bear said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: the-the (théthe) - to cause to go; to send off an object; used as an auxiliary verb [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (thethé) - to go this way (in his own footprints, made previously) [Omaha/Ponca]; the-the (thé-the) - to send, to transmit [FL-Osage]; the-the (ðéeðe) - make go, cause to go, send, mail [CQ-Osage]; ye-ye (yéye) - far off, in the distance [Kaw]; ye-ye (yéye) - auxiliary verb indicating sudden movement or forceful action [Kaw]

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; to throw or send it off; to throw away or off; throw it (off), send thither; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - from

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - from what direction [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ da-tʰi-ke-we i-te e-ti kda-we ka! (hákidedétʰą datʰí-ké-we itté ettí kdawé-ka!) - from wherever you’all may have come from, go there to your respective homes! [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

which one of a crowd or them

► ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► cf. ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate; the plural standing or scattered; scattered objects; scattered inanimate

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: ge (ge) - the scattered inanimate objects [Omaha/Ponca]; ge (ge) - the; these; sign of plural used to qualify nouns; among, amongst [FL-Osage]; ke (ke) - positional article for dispersed, scattered, or randomly located entities (modifies noun phrases); around, in dispersed locations or with dispersing action [CQ-Osage]; ge (ge) - the, definite article used with scattered inanimate objects; such as beads, rocks, etc.; the, used with cloth-like objects like fabric, hides, thin paper [Kaw]

► ho-wa ni-kʰa (hówa nikʰá) - which one of them

► cf. ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which; ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - 3^rd person plural continuative sitting; animate plural sitting; they who sit; they were (plural classifier); the reclining ones

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

while lacking, thus without

► shoⁿ ni-ke (šǫ́ niké), shoⁿ niⁿ-ke (šǫ́ nįké), shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ nįkʰé) - while lacking, thus without

► ex: e-hoⁿ shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ehǫ́ šǫ́ nįkʰé) - born after the death of mother

► ex: e-da-te shoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (edátte šǫ́ nįkʰé) - born after the death of father

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper; as it should be; enough; that will do; still, yet; at all events, at any rate; and, so; thus [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop; ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ (šǫ́) - while, as when; still; continually [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - by and by, after awhile, eventually [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿge) - blank, obsolete, zero, vanish, nothing, none, erosion, absent, lack [Omaha]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

while, a little while

► di-o-za (dióza) - a short time ago, just now, a little while ago, in a little while

► cf. o-di-o-za hi (odióza hí) - in very little time; in a very little while

► ex: di-e-taⁿ di-o-za (díettą dióza) - had it been you/a little while ago [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: di-e-taⁿ di-o-za t’e-da-de tʰe ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe (díettą dióza tʔédadé tʰe hóttą nitʰé) - it would be good if it had been you that had recently killed it [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: di-o-za hi (dióza hí) - in a little while/very [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: naⁿ-zha di-o-za hi o-xde (ną́ža dióza hí oxdé) - in a very short time he caught up with her [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► e-koⁿ-te zhi-ka (ekǫ́tte žiká) - in a little while; presently

► Dhegiha: góⁿtʰe zhíⁿ-ga (gáⁿte-jiñ́ga) - a little while; in or for a little while, for a short time [JOD-Omaha]

► ka-chʰoⁿ hi (kačʰǫ́ hi) - in a very little while; moment, second, minute

► cf. iⁿ-chʰoⁿ (į́čʰǫ), iⁿ-tshoⁿ (į́tšǫ) - now, present time

► ex: ka-chʰoⁿ hi zha-we zhi-ka hi niⁿ-kʰe wa-e-naⁿ-pe kdi-he naⁿ i-a, ki-ti-ta naⁿ i-a (kačʰǫ́ hi žáwe žíka hí nįkʰé waénąpé kdihé ną iá, kíttitta ną iá) - in no time at all, the youngest beaver emerged from the water alive again, it is said [JOD-Four Creators]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-chʰaⁿ (íⁿ-tcaⁿ) - now, at present [JOD-Omaha]; iⁿ-chuⁿ (iⁿchuⁿ) - meanwhile, current, now, immediately, abrupt [Omaha]; iⁿ-choⁿ (į́-choⁿ) - at this moment, now, immediately, right away [FL-Osage]

► ka-chʰoⁿ zhi-ka (kačʰǫ́ žiká) - a little while

► cf. iⁿ-chʰoⁿ (į́čʰǫ), iⁿ-tshoⁿ (į́tšǫ) - now, present time

► o-di-o-za hi (odióza hí) - in very little time; in a very little while

► cf. di-o-za (dióza) - a short time ago, just now, a little while ago, in a little while

► ex: o-di-o-za-hi (odiózahí) - in a little while/very

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ da-we e-shoⁿ bdo-ka o-di-o-za-hi o-wa-xde (ettítʰą dáwe ešǫ́ bdoká odiózahí ówaxde) - then they ran away, in very little time he had caught up the entire group [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: o-di-o-za hi (ódióza hí) - in a little while/very

► ex: naⁿ-zha o-di-o-za hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (nąža ódióza hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - and then in a little while the maneater arrived [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ti-aⁿ-zhi (ttią́ži) - not a long time, soon [JOD]

► cf. ti-aⁿ (ttią́) - long time; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aži) - negative, not, negation

► ex: ti-aⁿ-zhi hi (ttią́ži hí) - not a long time/very (= very soon) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e (kóišǫ́ttą ttią́ži hí hatʔé) - then very shortly (after he returned), he became sick [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-zhi hi (ttią́ži hí) - not a long time/very (= very soon) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then very shortly after he returned, he became sick with a bad fever [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ti-aⁿ-zhi-ka (ttią́žiká) - by and by, eventually, after awhile, soon

► cf. ti-aⁿ (ttią́) - long time; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little; young; little bit, slightly

► wa-tʰaⁿ-zhi (watʰą́ži) - in a short time; in a little while

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zhi hi (watʰą́ži hí) - in a little while/very [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zhi hi o-do-tʰe tʰi ki-ha (watʰą́ži hí ódotʰe tʰí kihá) - in a short time, the man eater arrived [JOD-Four Women]

while, after a while

► e-shaⁿ (éšą), e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then, at length; while, and when, so, and then; still

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then; yet [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-naⁿ a-kʰi e-shoⁿ o-ni-aⁿ-hi-da-zhi (eną́ akʰí ešǫ́ oníąhídaží) - not long after I reached home, he stopped breathing [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́ ettítʰą) - then or and/from that time [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ wi-te-ke o-a-ki-we-bda-bda tʰe a-bdi-shtaⁿ (ešǫ́ ettítʰą wittéke oákiwébdabdá tʰe ábdištą́) - this led to my ceasing to work for my mother’s brother [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-shoⁿ hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she i-ke-ya-we (ešǫ́, hǫ́ dátʰą́še, íkeyáwe) - and then, the others said to him, what is the matter with you? [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - yet [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha! i-he naⁿ, e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we, i-ye niⁿ (étti tté nahá! ihé ną, ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawe, iyé nį) - I said, beware lest you go there, yet you went and thus, they killed you, she was saying [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - and [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ (ešǫ́ tti tʰetta kʰi ną) - and then, when he returned to his home [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: e-shoⁿ aⁿ-mi-zhi-ka taⁿ-hi a-hi-bda shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ešǫ́ ąmížiká ttąhí ahíbda šǫ́hi ą́nąhą́) - at length, I bathed in the water as a young girl, I bathed in the water until I was grown [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - I ate it/still/I was moving [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: wi-e ti-aⁿ-ti taⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ko-i bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (wíe ttią́ttí tą waną́bde kói bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - long ago I was eating that food then [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - and [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti de naⁿ wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ešǫ́ étti dé-ną wákkǫdá-ną iyá maštį́ke) - then rabbit went there and attacked the game, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ de-naⁿ-we (ešǫ́ dé ną wé) - and/they went in the past [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ de-naⁿ-we (ešǫ́ dé ną wé) - then they went (to the place of the slaughter) [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą) - at length/just one/remained/the standing one [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔa-ttą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then, the one that was left went straight to a devil [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: éšǫ ettí šiápʰe dáwe (éšǫ ettí šiápʰe dáwe) - then or at length/there/ashore/they went [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-taⁿ de pa naⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi ko-zhi hi taⁿ maⁿ-te o-kda-shka-wi i-ya-we e-shoⁿ e-ti shi-a-pʰe da-we i-ya-we (ešǫ́ttą de ppá ną ešǫhí kkoží hí tą mątté okdáškawi iyáwe éšǫ ettí šiápʰe dáwe iyáwe) - then after they had been traveling for some time and they were very far from home, they went ashore and tied up their canoe, they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ (kídikkizáwe ešǫ́) - they made a way for him/at length [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ tʰaⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ d[e] a-taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we ni-zhi-ha zhi-te i-da-kdi-xaⁿ ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikkizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tʰą oną́štotte ną d[e]á tą niátta kóekde iyáwe, nižíha žítte idákdiγą́ koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the river taking red hair with him, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - at length [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ di-xpe ste-te i-de (ešǫ́ dixpé stetté idé) - then after a while long scalp left [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - at length [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ a-yi-ni hi i-ya-we, ni kʰe a-yi-ni hi i-ya-we (éšǫ áyini hí iyáwe, ní kʰe áyini hí iyáwe) - after a while he made it across, he made it across the river, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - and [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe zho-ki-kde naⁿ (ešǫ́ maštį́ke eką́ nįkʰé žókikde ną) - at that time rabbit was with his grandmother [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: e-shoⁿ zha-we zhi-ka niⁿ kʰi naⁿ (ešǫ́ žáwe žíka nį́ kʰí ną) - and when the young beaver reached home [JOD-Four Creators]

► e-shoⁿ-hi (ešǫhí) - after some time; at length, after a while

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi (ešǫhí) - after a while [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then, after some time we made camp [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kde éšǫhi kʰi (kde éšǫhi kʰí) - she went homeward/at length/she reached home [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ni o-ha naⁿ kde éšǫhi kʰi (ní ohá ną kde éšǫhi kʰí) - after some time, following along the course of the river, making her way home, she finally arrived back home [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi ko-zhi hi taⁿ (ešǫhí kkoží hí tą) - at length/far/arrived (= went)/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-taⁿ de pa naⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi ko-zhi hi taⁿ maⁿ-te o-kda-shka-wi i-ya-we e-shoⁿ e-ti shi-a-pʰe da-we i-ya-we (ešǫ́ttą de ppá ną ešǫhí kkoží hí tą mątté okdáškawi iyáwe éšǫ ettí šiápʰe dáwe iyáwe) - then after they had been traveling for some time and they were very far from home, they went ashore and tied up their canoe, they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi kʰi (éšǫhí kʰí) - after some time/he reached home [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi kʰi i-ya-we, e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti (éšǫhí kʰí iyáwe, eką́ nįkʰétti) - after some time, he returned home to his grandmother, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi (éšǫhi) - after some time [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi e-hi-te a-wa-k’i niⁿ-ke hi ti wi-e tʰe-ta a-kʰi aⁿ-maⁿ (éšǫhi wažį́ka žóhi éhitte awákʔi nįké hi tti wíe tʰétta akʰí ąmą́) - then after some time, after I have given however many birds away to them and there are none left, I return to my lodge as I usually do [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi (ešǫhí) - at length or after some time [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: de niⁿ naⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka taⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ną ešǫhí hą́ka ttą nįkʰétti hí) - after he (rabbit) had been traveling for some time, he arrived to haⁿ-ka’s village [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi (éšǫhi) - at length, after some time [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-da-we (éšǫhi wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔédawe) - after a while they had killed many birds [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí) - then/after some time; at length, after a while [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí nąhą́ žiká hí tʰą́ ną) - then, after some time, she grew a little older [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi (ešǫ́hi) - despite [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ koⁿ ni-kʰa naⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi ta-bde de naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą kǫ́ nikʰá ną ešǫ́hi tábde dé ną) - then, even though (she was pregnant), that is how they lived, he went hunting [JOD-Cinderella]

while, in a while

► e-koⁿ-te (ékǫtté) - wait, in a while, presently

► cf. e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that, so it will be

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-tʰe (gáⁿte), (gáⁿ-tĕ) - for a while; a long while; awhile, for some time [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ e-goⁿ-tʰe (hóⁿ egóⁿtʰe) - “a while after night;” morning [Omaha/Ponca]

► e-koⁿ-te-he (ékǫttehé) - wait, in a while, presently

► ex: e-koⁿ-te-he, wi-zhiⁿ-de, hoⁿ-pe o-a-ki-tʰoⁿ miⁿ-kʰe, i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ékǫttehé, wižį́de, hǫpé oákitʰǫ mįkʰé, iyí iyá maštį́ke) - wait, my elder brother, I am putting on my moccasins, it is said Rabbit said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-tʰe (gáⁿte), (gáⁿ-tĕ) - for a while; a long while; awhile, for some time [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ e-goⁿ-tʰe (hóⁿ egóⁿtʰe) - “a while after night;” morning [Omaha/Ponca]

► e-koⁿ-te zhi-ka (ekǫ́tte žiká) - in a little while, presently

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-tʰe zhiⁿ-ka (gáⁿte-jiñ́ga) - a little while; in or for a little while, for a short time [JOD-Omaha]

while, when, thus; and, still, yet; at any rate; so

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet; at any rate; so; thus, while, when

► cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - enough; the end

whip

► ka-za (kazá), ka-sa (kasá), ga-za (gazá) - whip, hit with hand, hit with stick ► a-za (áza) - I, da-za (dáza) - you, ka-za (kazá) - he/she

► kda-sa (kdasá), kda-za (kdazá) - whip, hit one’s own with hand; whip ones own, hit ones own with stick

► ex: kda-sa (kdasá) - he hit his own with his hand [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: we-da-ba-zo kda-sa (wédabázo kdasá) - he whipped the finger [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kda-sa ki-ha naⁿ (kdasá kihá ną) - he hit his own with his hand/he finished/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kda-sa ki-ha naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (kdasá kihá ną óžiha okʔǫhé) - when he finished whipping (the finger), he put it back into the pouch [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: we-kda-sa (wékdasá) - he hit them with what belonged to their kinsman [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: i-we-ki taⁿ we-kda-sa (iwéki tą́ wékdasá) - when he said this to them, he struck them with it [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► i-ka-za (íkaza), i-ka-sa (ikasa) - whip; to hit with

► i-ka-sa (ikasah) - whip (fouet) [GI]

whippoorwill

► he-ko-kdi (hékkokdi) - whippoorwill

► Dhegiha: ha-ki-gthi (hákugthi) - whippoorwill [Omaha]; a-ʰkoⁿ-gthe (á-ḳoⁿ-gthe) - whippoorwill [FL-Osage]; ha-ko-le (hákole) - whippoorwill, so called from its cry, “há-ko-leeeeh!” [Kaw]

whirlwind

► ta-ti o-di-bdi (ttátti ódibdí) - whirlwind

► cf. ta-te (ttatté), ta-ti (ttátti) - wind; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; ni o-di-bdi (ni ódibdí) - eddy in a body of water

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthi (uthíbthi) - said of the effect of wind on water, ashes, smoke, or dust, if it blows but once and scatters them; whirlwind of air, water, or smoke, eddy of a current of water, smoke in a tent carried around by the wind [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: thi-bthiⁿ (thibthiⁿ) - to turn around in a circle [Omaha/Ponca]; yu-bliⁿ (yublíⁿ) - twist or turn something around, as an augur [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni u-thi-bthi (ni-ú-thi-bthi) - an eddy, the whirling motion of water, the vortex, a whirling of water [FL-Osage]; ni o-yu-bliⁿ (ni óyubliⁿ) - an eddy [Kaw]

whirr

► ga-ho-taⁿ (gahóttą), ka-ho-taⁿ (kahóttą) - whirr, roar

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by sudden application of force, by impact, by falling; by action of wind or water; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar; ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde), ka-ho-taⁿ-de (kahóttąde) - whirr, hum, roar; naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on

► Dhegiha: hu tʰoⁿ (hútʰoⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, said of the cries of all animals except humans and hogs [Omaha/Ponca]; hu-toⁿ (hutoⁿ) - bellow, hoot [Omaha]; hu-taⁿ (hútaⁿ) - to cry out, roar, bellow, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; ho-ʰtoⁿ (hóṭoⁿ) - the cry or call of animals or birds [FL-Osage]; ho-ʰtaⁿ (hóoʰtą) - yell, holler, shout, lit., “loud voice”, sing or sound out, make a loud sound, make animal sounds [CQ-Osage]; ho-taⁿ (hótaⁿ) - cry of an animal; an animal’s characteristic cry, a single term used to convey notions such as roar, bellow, whinny, caw, etc. [Kaw]

► ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde), ka-ho-taⁿ-de (kahóttąde) - whirr, hum, roar ► ga-ho-taⁿ-a-de (gahóttąade) - I, ga-ho-taⁿ-da-de (gahóttądade) - you, ga-ho-taⁿ-de (gahóttąde), ka-ho-taⁿ-de (kahóttąde) - he/she

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by sudden application of force, by impact, by falling; by action of wind or water; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - cry out, roar; de (de) - cause; naⁿ-ho-taⁿ (nąhóttą) - cry out from being stepped on

whiskers, sideburns

► da-ka-hiⁿ (dakáhį) - whiskers, sideburns

► cf. da-ka (dáka) - jaw, the under jaw; hiⁿ (hį) - fur, hair of the body, down of bird; da-ka wa-hi (dáka wáhi) - jawbone; da-ka wa-hi (dáka wáhi) - chin [MS]

whiskey

► ni shi-ke (ni šíke) - whiskey, lit. “bad water”

► ni shi-ke (ni šíke) - whiskey [MS, AG, MW, OM]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, river; shi-ke (šíke) - bad

► Dhegiha: pe-de ni (pédeni) - “fire water”: whiskey; liquor of any sort (except wine) [Omaha/Ponca]; pe-de ni (péde ni) - whiskey; brandy; liquor [Omaha]; ʰpe-dse ni (pé-dse-ni) - whiskey, liquor “fire-water” [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-tse ni (ʰpéecenii) - liquor (lit., ‘fire-water’) [CQ-Osage]; pe-je ni (péjeni) - whiskey, lit. “fire water” [Kaw]

whiskey bottle

► ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle

► ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle [MS]

► cf. ni shi-ke (ni šíke) - whiskey, lit. “bad water”; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

whisper

► ta-ta wa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttattá watą́įži) - hoarse voice, to whisper ► aⁿ-wa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ąwátąįží) - I, wa-di-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (wadítąįží) - you, ta-ta wa-taⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (ttattá watą́įži) - he/she

► cf. ta-ta (ttattá) - voice; iⁿ-zhi (įži) - fail, miss, unsuccessful

► zhi-zhi-we (žižíwe) - whisper, mutter ► a-zhi-zhi-we (ažížiwe) - I, da-zhi-zhi-we (dažížiwe) - you, zhi-zhi-we (žižíwe) - he/she

► Dhegiha: zhi-zhi (zhizhí) - in a whisper [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi-zhi i-e (zhizhi íe) - to talk in a whisper [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhi-zhi-de e-goⁿ (thazhízhide égoⁿ) - a sort of whispering [Omaha/Ponca]

whistle shrilly

► da-zho-te (dážotté) - squeal, whistle shrilly ► bdi-zho-te (bdážotte) - I, ta-zho-te (ttážotte) - you, da-zho-te (dážotté) - he/she

► cf. da (da) - by mouth

► Dhegiha: tha-zu-de (thazúde) - to make an accidental whistling sound when talking [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: zu-de (zúde) - to whistle, as a man [Omaha/Ponca]; zu-de (zude) - whistle [Omaha]; zho-dse (zho-dsé) - to whistle [FL-Osage]; zho-je (zhojé) - whistle, puff, make a high pitched sound [Kaw]

white

► ska (ska) - white, clear, white nearby

► ska (ska) - white [MS, MR, FR, OM]

► ska (skah) - white (blanc) [GI]

► ska (ska) - white [FS]

► ska (ská) - white [ASG]

► ex: miⁿ-xa ska (mį́γa ska) - goose, large white variety, “duck + white”

► ex: na-xe-ska zhi (náγeskaži) - crazy, not clear of mind, “spirit, sanity + clear + not”

► ex: o-zhi ska wa-noⁿ-bde (óži ska wanǫ́bde) - bowl, “bowl, dish + white + eat a meal, dine”

► ex: ta-ska (ttaská) - sheep, “deer + white”

► ex: te ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”

► ex: ti ska (tti ská) - white house, “house, tent, dwelling, lodge + white”

► ex: wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible, “think, thoughts, plan, ideas + clear”

► ex: wa-hiⁿ ska (wahį́ska) - calico, “cloth + white”

► Dhegiha: ska (skă) - white; applicable to objects nearby, not distant ones [Omaha/Ponca]; ska (çka) - white [Omaha]; ska (çka) - white [FL-Osage]; ska (ská) - white; bright, clear [CQ-Osage]; ska (ska) - white, clearly defined white [Kaw]

White Beaver

► zha-we ska-iⁿ (žawé ska į́) - female name of the Kwapa zha-we (žawe) or Beaver gens; White Beaver, first wife of Alphonsus Valliere

► cf. zha-we (žáwe) - beaver; ska (ska) - white; miⁿ (mį), mi (mi), iⁿ (į) - female

White Bird

► wa-zhiⁿ ska (wažį ská) - masculine name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) or Bird gens; White Bird [JOD]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhiⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - chicken, fowl, any bird [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-zhíⁿ-ga), wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - any bird or fowl [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhíⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - bird, small birds [Kaw]

White Buffalo Calf, Little White Buffalo

► te ska zhi-ka (tte ska žíka) - Little White Buffalo, also male personal name [MS]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; ska (ska) - white; zhi-ka (žíka), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka) - small, little; young

White Disposition, Wise

► wa-zhiⁿ ska (wažį́ska) - masculine name of the (Kwapa) oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ) gens; White Disposition, Wise. The csuñga or younger brother of wa-kaⁿ-ta ka-hi-ke (wakką́tta kahíke) or John Medicine [JOD]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ska (wa-jĭ́ⁿ-skă) - “white notion or disposition”; wise, prudent, in his right mind; wisely, prudently, correctly, the way of the white men, civilization [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wazhiⁿçka) - genius, intelligent, intelligence, wise, knowledge, clever, smart, sober [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wazhíⁿska) - mind, will - white, personal name [Omaha]

White Dog

► shoⁿ-ke ska (šǫké ska) - masculine name of the Kwapa shoⁿ-ke ni-ka-shi-ka (šǫké nikkašíka) or Dog gens; White Dog [JOD]

► cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge ska (shóⁿge ska) - White Horse, name [Omaha]; shoⁿ-ge ska (shóⁿge çka) - white wolf [FL-Osage]

white eagle

► xi-da ska (xidá ska) - white eagle

► xi-da ska (xedáska) - eagle [ASG]

► xi-da ska (qi-d^¢á ska) - White Eagle near by, masculine name of the Kwapa Eagle gens [JOD-Quapaw]

► xi-da ska (xaDásGa) - bald eagle [FV]

► xi-da ska (k'aDásGa) - bald eagle [VG]

► cf. xi-da (xidá) - eagle; ska (ska) - white, white nearby

► ex: xi-da ska zhi-ka (xidá ska žíka) - male personal name, Little White Eagle [MS]

► Dhegiha: xi-tha ska (xitháska) - name, White Eagle [Omaha]; xi-tha-ska (xi-thá-çka) - white eagle, also the name of a Ponca Indian [FL-Osage]; xu-ya ska (xuyá ska) - male name, White (near by) Eagle [Kaw]

white hair

► ni-zhi-ha ska (nižíha ska) - white hair [LQ]

► cf. ni-zhi-ha (nižíha) - hair of the human head; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: nu-zhu-ha ska (nuzhuha ska) - white hair [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na-zhi-ha (názhiha) - hair, the hair of the human head [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-zhi-ha (noⁿzhiha) - hair of the head [Omaha]; ni-zhu-ha (ni-zhú-ha) - hair of the head [FL-Osage]; nu-zhu-ha (nuzhúha) - scalp, skin of the head [Kaw]

► pa-hi ska zhi-ka (ppahíska žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small ones with white hair”

► cf. pa-hi ska (ppahíska) - bald eagle; white head; name of Pawhuska, OK; pa-hi (ppahí) - head; ska (ska) - white; zhi-ka (žíka), zhiⁿ-ka (žį́ka) - small, little; young; wa-kaⁿ-ta-ke zhi-ka (wakką́ttáke žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small mysterious ones”

► Dhegiha: pa-hi-ska (pahíska) - head; hair; white (buffalo when shoulder hair is shed), male name [Omaha]; pa-hi-ska (pahískă) - personal name, white hair of the head [Omaha/Ponca]

ʰpa-hiu-ska (p̣a-hiú-çka) - white hair, personal name, refers to the sacred white buffalo [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-hiⁿ-ska (ʰpahį́įska) - Pawhuska, lit., “white head hair, white hair (of the head) [CQ-Osage]; pa-hu-ska taⁿ-ga (pahúska táⁿga) - Large one with White Hair, White Hair, Sr., male name [Kaw]

white head

► pa-hi ska (ppahíska) - white head; bald eagle; name of Pawhuska, OK

► pa-hi ska (ppahíska) - white head, also male personal name [MS, OM, LQ]

► pa-hi ska (pa-hí ska) - male personal name, White Head [JOD]

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; ska (ska) - white

► ex: pa-hi ska zhi-ka (ppahíska žíka) - dwarfs, not often seen, “small ones with white hair”

► Dhegiha: pa-hi-ska (pahíska) - head; hair; white (buffalo when shoulder hair is shed), male name [Omaha]; pa-hi-ska (pahískă) - personal name, white hair of the head [Omaha/Ponca]

White Horn Walking

► he ska maⁿ-niⁿ (he ská maⁿ-niⁿ) - masculine name of the Kwapa te (tte) or Buffalo gens; White Horned (animal) Walking near by; 2nd name of Geo Redeagle [JOD]

► cf. he (he) - horn, antler; ska (ska) - white; maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► Dhegiha: he ska moⁿ-iⁿ (hé-çka-moⁿ-iⁿ) - White Horn Walks, male personal name, refers to the buck deer with white horns [FL-Osage]

white inside

► o-ska (oská) - white inside, inner white

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; ska (ska) - white

► ex: i-shto-ska (ištóska), i-shta o-ska (išta óska) - cornea

► ex: i-ta o-ska (ítta oská) - egg white

► ex: zhaⁿ-ha o-ska (žąhá oská) - inner white bark of tree

white man

► wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [AG, OM]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white race; ni-ka (níkka) - man

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease [probably from ‘Virginia’ (which may have been used to mean ‘white man’) [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka (ní-ka) - an archaic word, conveying the idea of “male of the human race,” used in certain compounds [JOD-Omaha]; nu (nu) - man, human male [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ʰka (ní-ḳa) - man [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka (níʰka) - man, person, husband [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka (níka) - man, human male, husband [Kaw]

white man’s dance, fiddle dance

► ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža), ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman's dance [OM]

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - fiddle, violin; o-zha (oža) - dance; di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - creak, to make creak by pulling; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion

► Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak, to play the fiddle, to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - ba (ba), an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse), squeak; a fiddle, [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-zha-wa (úzhawa) - agreeable, pleasant [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zha-wa (uzha wa) - fun [Omaha]; wa-zha-wa (wa-zhá-wa) - to have a pleasant time at a feast or at a dance; revelry [FL-Osage]; wa-zha-wa (wažáwa) - dance [CQ-Osage]

white man’s doctor

► ma-kaⁿ ka-xe (makką́ káγe) - doctor, whiteman’s doctor

► ma-kaⁿ ka-xe (makką́ káγe) - doctor, “makes medicine” [MS]

► cf. ma (ma), maⁿ (mą) - relating to the earth or ground; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: ma-kʰoⁿ (makʰóⁿ) - medicine [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-koⁿ (moⁿkoⁿ) - medicine, peyote [Omaha]; moⁿ-ʰkoⁿ (moⁿ-ḳóⁿ) - drugs, any kind of medicine except poison [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ʰka (mąʰka), maⁿ-ʰkaⁿ (mąʰką́) - peyote, aspirin, or any other kind of medicine [CQ-Osage]; mo-kaⁿ (mokáⁿ), ma-kaⁿ (makáⁿ) - medicine [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-xe (gáxe) - make [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xe (gaxe) - made, make, creator, consume, construct, brew, build, erect, distill, develop, commit, create, dance [Omaha]; ga-xe (gá-xe) - to make, to perform [FL-Osage]; ka-xe (káaγe) - make, fix, prepare, bake, build, force someone to do something, cause something to be a certain way, turn on, do, perform, engage in, make it [CQ-Osage]; ga-ghe (gághe) - make, do, pretend, cause [Kaw]

white man’s God

► wa-kaⁿ-ta-gi (wakántagí) - God, the supreme ruler, the white man’s God [JOD]

► wa-kaⁿ-ta-ki (wakką́ttakí) - spirit, God, this term is used for traditional medicine men in closely related languages

► wa-koⁿ-ta-ki (wakǫtákí) - God [MS]

► wa-kaⁿ-ta-ki (wah-kan-takih) - god, divinity, deity (dieu) [GI]

► wa-koⁿ-ta-ki (wakǫ́takí) - personal name of Tom Crawfish [MS]

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta) - spirit, God, thunder being, mysterious, mysterious being, supernatural

► Dhegiha: wa-koⁿ-da-gi (wakaⁿdagi) - applied to water monsters, mysterious animals, unlooked for or premature qualities or acts, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; wa-koⁿ-da-gi (wa-ḳóⁿ-da-gi) - a person who has knowledge of medicine; a physician; a doctor; one who pretends to communicate with the dead; a necromancer, occult; magic; holy; sacred; anything held sacred [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta-ki (waʰkǫ́taki) - be a doctor, physician, healer, minister of a religious group, preacher [CQ-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (wakáⁿdagi) - sacred, mysterious; doctor, medicine man; wonderful [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-koⁿ-da (wakoⁿda) - God [Omaha]; wa-kaⁿ-da (wakáⁿda) - God, the wonderful or mysterious power [JOD-Omaha]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-da (wa-ḳóⁿ-da) - God; the name applied by the Osage to the mysterious, invisable, creative power which brings into existence all living things of whatever kind [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta (waʰkǫ́ta) - God [CQ-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-da (wakáⁿda) - god [Kaw]

white metal, silver, money

► ma-ze-ska (mazéska) maⁿ-ze-ska (mązéska) - silver, money, a dollar

► ma-ze ska (máze ska) - money [MS, AG, OM]

► ma-ze ska (moseska) - money, silver (argent) [GI]

► cf. ma-ze (máze), maⁿ-ze (mązé) - metal, iron; gun; ska (ska) - white

► ex: maⁿ-ze-ska bdi-ze te aⁿ-naⁿ-hi-ta (mązéska bdizé tte ąną́hittá) - I am anxious to be receiving (getting) money

► ex: ma-ze-ska miⁿ-xti (mázeska mį́xti) - dollar, one dollar [MS, OM]

► ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich, wealthy

► ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich people (they have a lot of money) [MS]

► ex: ma-ze-ska kde-bnaⁿ taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (mazéska kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́) - twelve dollars [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: mi-aⁿ-ba mi-xti-naⁿ ma-ze-ska kde-bnaⁿ taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-da (mią́ba míxti-ną mazéska kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́ ąną́kidá) - he allowed/paid me twelve dollars a month, as my wages [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: ma-ze-ska ka-sta wa-naⁿ-’iⁿ (mazéska kásta waną́ʔį) - gorget; silver breast ornament

► ex: maⁿ-ze-ska a-kaⁿ-ta (mązéska ákkątta) - silver/armlets [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-ze-ska a-kaⁿ-ta i-niⁿ-ha wa-di-ski-ta maⁿ-ze shto-zha o-ki-ba-taⁿ-taⁿ e-ti-zhi pa naⁿ (ettí mązéska ákątta inįhá wádiskittá mązé štóža okkíbattą́ttą ettíži ppa ną́) - sliver armlets and silver crescent bracelets, they put them on in rows, one after another [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: [e-]hoⁿ maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi ([e]hǫ mązéska nąhí) - it too/silver/only [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: naⁿ-ka [a-]knaⁿ shta-ha niⁿ-kʰe [e-]hoⁿ maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi (ną́kka[a]kną́ štahá nį́kʰe-[e]hǫ mązéska nąhí) - a side saddle too, made entirely of silver [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi (hǫpé inįhá mązéska nąhí) - shoe/too/silver/only [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka tʰaⁿ i-ka-pʰe a-ba-xda-te wa-pe-da i-niⁿ-ha hoⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi a-ki-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ de (mižiká tʰą íkapʰe ábaxdátte wappéda inįhá hǫpé inįhá mązéska nąhí ákkikdánį ą́tʰą dé) - when the girl left (for the dance), she had on a hair comb and shawl, she also had on shoes made entirely of silver [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi ta-bi-bi-zhe hi kniⁿ (mązéska nąhí ttábibíže hí knį) - silver/only/shining brightly/very/she sat [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: o-zhoⁿ-ke do-taⁿ hi kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ hi maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi ta-bi-bi-zhe hi kniⁿ (ožǫ́ke dóttą hí kąhį́ knį hí mązéska nąhí ttábibíže hí knį) - as she was sitting (atop her horse) in the lane (the entrance to the village), only her silver could be seen shining brightly [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-ze ska (máⁿzĕskă), moⁿ-ze ska (moⁿçeçka) - money, silver, currency [Omaha]; moⁿ-ze ska (móⁿ-çe-çka) - white metal, money [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze ska(mą́zeska) - money, coin, silver, literally white metal [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze ska (máⁿzeska) - money, esp. silver money [Kaw]

White Nose

► pa ska iⁿ (pa skáiⁿ), pa skaⁿ-iⁿ (pa skáⁿ-iⁿ) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) or Bird gens; White Nose. Sister of Alphonsus Valliere, and former wife of “John Medicine” [JOD]

► cf. pa (ppa) - nose, beak, bill; ska (ska) - white; miⁿ (mį), mi (mi), iⁿ (į) - female

► Dhegiha: pa (pa) - nose [Omaha/Ponca]; pa (pa) - nose [Omaha]; ʰpa (p̣a) - snout, the projecting nose of an animal [FL-Osage]; ʰpa (ʰpá) - nose, snout [CQ-Osage]; pa (pa) - nose [Kaw]

white oak

► zhoⁿ xo-te (žǫ xótte), zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - white oak

► zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - gray tree [MS]

► zhoⁿ xo-te (žǫ xótte), zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - post oak, Q. stellata

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; xo-te (xótte) - gray

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhóⁿ-xu-dse) - white oak [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhoⁿ xú-dse) - gray oak tree (Quercus borealis), oak tree [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xo-dse hi (zhóⁿ-xo-dse hi) - the gray tree, the post oak, this tree is sometimes known as the iron oak, but should not be confused with ironwood [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ xo-je hu (zháⁿ xoje hú) - white oak tree, lit. “gray wood tree”, the white oak, it has a large trunk, about 2 1/2 ft. in diameter [Kaw]

white of the eye, cornea

► i-shto-ska (ištóska), i-shta o-ska (išta óska) - cornea

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: i-shtu-ska (ishtúskă), i-shta u-ska (ishta úskă) - cornea, white of the eye [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta u-ska thoⁿ (iⁿshta uçka thoⁿ) - white of the eye [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta o-ska (iⁿ-shta-ú-çka) - the white of the eyes [FL-Osage]; i-shto-ska (ishtóska) - cornea of the eye, white of the eye [Kaw]

white people, white man, white race

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]

► wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from “Virginia”

► wa-jhi-ni (ŭatschinni) - American (Américain) [GI]

► wa-tshi-ni (wâ-tci-ni) - Virginian, white man [LH]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni bniⁿ (waǰíni bnį́) - I am an American

► ex: wa-jhi-ni bniⁿ taⁿ-hi o-ka-xpa i-e i-da-ka-zo-zo a-ta-pa-xti sho-zh[o]-a-ki-de (waǰíni bnį́ ttąhí okáxpa ié idákazózo attappaxtí šož[o]ákidé) - American/I am/yet/Quapaw/words/I write/a great many/all the time

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ka-hi-ke (waǰíni kahike) - Indian agent

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ni-ka (waǰíni níkka) - white man [BS, AG, OM]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni ko-i (waǰíni kói) - he’s a white man [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman [AG, OM]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni wa-x’o (waǰíni waxʔó) - white woman [AG]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn’t like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don’t like him either [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha hne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža hné) - you white people go home and dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde taⁿ zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé taⁿ žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

► i-shta-xe (ištáxe, ištáɣe) - Frenchman, whiteman

► iⁿ-shta-xe (inschtacheh) - French (Français) [GI]

► i-sta-ge (istáge) - French [OM]

► cf. i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - African American, negro, lit. “dark whiteman or Frenchman”

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke (ištáxe šʔáke) - frenchman/old [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ti-kda-wi (ištáxe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰé enąpá ttíkdawí) - the old frenchman and his wife were living together [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke niⁿ (ištáxe šʔáke nį́) - frenchman/old/the moving [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke niⁿ ta t’e-de a-ta-ha (ištáxe šʔáke nį́ tta tʔéde attahá) - the old frenchman killed a great many deer [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxįį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes [CQ-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ zhiⁿ (įįštáxįžį́) - person of mixed blood (white and Osage), lit., ‘a little white’ [CQ-Osage]; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe), i-shta-ghe (ishtághe) - white man, Frenchman; a Frenchman, probably so called on account of having eyebrows; subsequently, any white man [Kaw]; i-shta-ghe ma-siⁿ-ha (ishtághe masíⁿha) - half breed, half French [Kaw]

► spa-iⁿ (spahin) - Spaniard (Espagnol) [GI]

► spa-i-’aⁿ (spáiʔą) - Mexican

► spa-i-a (spáia) - Mexican [MS]

► Dhegiha: shpai-u-na (shpaiúna) - Spaniard, Spanish person [Omaha/Ponca]; he-shpai-u-na (héshpaiúna) - Spaniard, Spanish person or people [Omaha/Ponca]; he-spa-yu-na (hespayúna) - Spaniards, Hispanic [Omaha]; i-spa-tho (i-spá-tho) - the Osage word for Spanish; Spaniard [FL-Osage]; i-shpa-thoⁿ (íšpaðǫ) - Spanish, Mexican, French; Spaniard, any native Spanish speaking person, especially a Mexican, French person; Spanish language, French language, borrowed from Spanish español [CQ-Osage]; e-spa-na-ni (espánani), e-spa-no-ne (éspanòne) - Mexican, Spaniard [Kaw]

white potato

► to-ska (toska) - potato, white potato

► to-ska (toska) - potato, white potato [MR]

► cf. to (to) - potato; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: do-ska (dó-çka) - white potatoes, Irish potatoes [FL-Osage]; to-ska (tóoska) - white potato, Irish potato [CQ-Osage]; do ska (do ská) - potato, commercial potato, “Irish potato” [Kaw]

White River of Missouri & Arkansas

► ni wa-ska (ni wáska), ni-ska (niska) - White River, Missouri & Arkansas [ASG, Poisson]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, river; wa-ska (wáska) - white, clear, intelligible

► Dhegiha: ni-ska (ní-çka) - White River, Little Osage River (Mo.) [FL-Osage]

White Sun Coming

► mi ska ki-ta (mi ska kítta) - White Sun Coming Up; White Sun Comes “Gets up”, female personal name [JOD]

► cf. mi (mi) - sun; ska (ska) - white; ki-ta (kítta) - arise, get up, rise

White Tail

► iu-be ska (ǘbe ska) - White Tail (of a bird), masculine name of the (Kwapa) ho i-ni-ka-shi-ka (ho ínikkašíka) or Fish gens; Father of Alex Mudd [JOD]

► cf. i-be (íbe) - tail of bird; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: u-be ska (úbe ska) - male name, White Tail-feathers [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-be (íbe) - tail feathers, bird’s tail [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-be (iⁿbe) - tail feathers, birds tail [Omaha]; iⁿ-be (íⁿ-be), oⁿ-be (óⁿ-be) - the tail of a bird, the buttocks [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-pe (ǫ́pe) - hip, hips, tail, buttocks [CQ-Osage]; i-be (íbe), u-be (úbe) - bird tail [Kaw]

white tailed deer

► ta siⁿ-te ska (tta sįtté ska) - white tailed deer

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: ta-xti siⁿ-de ska (táqti síⁿde skǎ) - white-tailed deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta siⁿ-dse ska (ṭa-çíⁿ-dse çka) - white-tailed deer [FL-Osage]; ta siⁿ-je ska (tá síⁿjeska) - white tail deer [Kaw]

white tree

► zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; saⁿ (są) - whitish, grayish, white in the distance, pale

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ soⁿ (zhoⁿsóⁿ) - sycamore tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ soⁿ hi (zhoⁿ çóⁿ hi) - sycamore, white tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ saⁿ (zháⁿ saⁿ) - sycamore tree [Kaw]

► zhaⁿ ska (žą ska) - white tree [MR]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; ska (ska) - white

white woman

► wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman

► wa-jhi-ni mi (waǰíni mi) - white woman [AG, OM]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race; American, Virginian, derived from “Virginia”; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female, sometimes contracted as iⁿ (-į) in names

► ex: wa-jhi-ni miⁿ ko-i (waǰíni mį kói) - she’s a white woman [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni mi ta-ka-te (waǰíni mi tákkatte) - hot white woman [AG]

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ne (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - probably from “Virginia” which may have been used to mean “white man,” perhaps venereal disease was later associated with wa-tsʰu (wacʰú) ‘copulate’ and thus may have substituted tsʰ (ch) for ts (c), giving the variants wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini) and wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie), Robert Rankin, personal communication. Additionally, wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) may contain or be influenced by ni-e (níe) ‘hurt’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [FL-Osage]; miⁿ (mí̜į) - female [CQ-Osage]; mi (mi) - woman, female [Kaw]

► wa-jhi-ni wa-x’o (waǰíni waxʔó) - white woman [AG]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race; American, Virginian, derived from “Virginia”; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman

► Dhegiha: wa-’u (wa’ú) - woman [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-’u (wau) - lady; woman [Omaha]; wa-ʰk’o (wa-ḳ’ó) - woman [FL-Osage]; wa-k’o (wakʔó) - woman; wife [CQ-Osage]; wa-k’o (wak’ó) - woman, female, wife [Kaw]

white, clear

► wa-ska (wáska) - white, clear, intelligible

► wa-ska (wáska) - white [ASG]

► cf. wa (wa) - things, stuff, people, folks, they, them; ska (ska) - white

► ex: da-wa-ska (dawáska) - speak clearly or plainly, “by mouth + clear”

► ex: i-ye wa-ska (iyéwaska) - interpreter, lit. “talk clear”

► ex: i-shta wa-ska o-knaⁿ (ištá waska ókną), i-shta wa-sko-knaⁿ (ištá waskókną) - glasses, eye glasses, “eyes + clear + put into” [MS]

► ex: ni wa-ska (ni wáska) - White River, Missouri & Arkansas [ASG]

► Dhegiha: wa-ska (wa-çká) - intelligible; clear to the understanding; lucid [FL-Osage]; wa-ska (waská) - clear, as weather, water, writing, or speaking [Kaw]

white, egg white

► i-ta o-ska (ítta oská) - egg white

► cf. i-ta (ítta) - egg; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: we-ta u-ska (wéta u-ska), we-tu-ska (wétuská) - egg white, the white of an egg [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ta u-ska (wéta uçka) - egg white [Omaha]; ʰpa-ta-ska (ʰpáataska) - egg white [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-gi-ta ska (wazhìⁿgitá ská) - egg white [Kaw]

white, inner white bark of tree

► zhaⁿ-ha o-ska (žąhá oská) - inner white bark of tree

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿha) - bark, tree bark (on the tree) [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ha (zhóⁿ-ha) - the outer bark of a tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ-ha (žą́ą háa) - outer bark of a tree [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ xu-ha (zháⁿ xuhà) - bark of a tree [Kaw]

white, small white beads

► iⁿ-to-ska (įttóska) - small white beads

► cf. iⁿ-to-ska sa (įttoská sa) - black beads; iⁿ-to-ska to (įttóska tto) - blue beads; iⁿ-to-ska zi (įttoská zi) - yellow beads

► Dhegiha: i-iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ (í-iⁿ-ṭoⁿ) - an earring [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ (į́įʰtǫ) - earring(s) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-iⁿ ʰtoⁿ thiⁿ (u-iⁿ ṭoⁿ thiⁿ) - to wear earrings [FL-Osage]; tsi-ho-ba ska o-iⁿ to (cíhoba ska óiⁿ tó) - shell earrings, three or four inches long [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-ska (híⁿskǎ) - beads [Omaha/Ponca]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿ-çká) - hiⁿ (hiⁿ), modification of the word iⁿ (íⁿ), stone; ska (çka), white, this is the word applied to beads of all colors by the Osage and Omaha [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hį́įska) - beads [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ-ska (hiⁿska) - beads [Kaw]

white, water turtle with white breast

► ke mo-iⁿ-ke ska (kké moį́ke ska) - water turtle with white breast

► cf. ke (kke) - turtle; maⁿ-ke (mą́ke), maⁿ-iⁿ-ke (mąį́ke), mo-iⁿ-ke (moį́ke) - chest, breast; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: ke (ke) - a black turtle, with a white breast, the Ponkas made shields out of the shells [Omaha/Ponca]; ke (ke) - turtle [Omaha]; ʰke (ḳé) - turtle; tortoise; terrapin [FL-Osage]; ʰke (ʰkée) - turtle, tortoise, terrapin [CQ-Osage]; ke (ke) - turtle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ge (móⁿge) - chest [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ge (moⁿge) - human chest, breast [Omaha]; moⁿ-ge (móⁿ-ge) - breast or chest of a human being [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ke (mą́ąke), moⁿ-ke (mǫ́ǫke) - chest [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ge (máⁿge) - chest of a man, breast of an animal [Kaw]

whitefish

► pa-x’a-koⁿ (ppáxʔakkǫ́), (páxʔakkǫ) - whitefish

whiten with it, soap

► we-ska-de (wéskade) - soap, “whiten with it”

► we-ska-de (wéskade) - soap [MS, OM]

► cf. we (we) - that by which, with which to; ska (ska) - white; de (de) - cause to, to cause

whitened, white

► wa-ska-ha (waskáha) - whitened, white

► cf. ska (ska) - white

► ex: di-wa-hi-ska-ha (diwáhiskahá) - pick a bone clean

► ex: wa-ska-ha hí (waskáha hí) - very white(ned?) [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka e-taⁿ-ni hi pa t’a-i ni-ha wa-hi ke wa-ska-ha hí ke naⁿ (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá tʔaí nihá wahí ke waskáha hí ke ną) - and then (when the Rabbit had gone very far into the Hill) there lay a long line of whitened bones of some of the people who had been first to arrive there and had died [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► Dhegiha: wa-ska-ha (waskáha) - become white all along a surface, as the light at dawn, the suffix ha gives the idea of motion, that is, it shows that the white spreads [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ska-ha (skáha) - bright, clear; clearly [CQ-Osage]

► wa-ska-de hi (waskáde hí) - bright light

► ex: ti wa-ska-de hi (tti waskáde hí) - the house is bright (inside)

► ex: haⁿ-pa wa-ska-de hi (hąpa waskáde hí) - the early morning light (full) daylight

whiteness of day, daylight

► haⁿ-pa ska-de hi (hą́pa skáde hí) - daylight; the early morning light (full) daylight

► ex: haⁿ-pa ska-de hi (hą́pa skáde hí) - day/light/very [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: o-zha-wi taⁿ haⁿ-pa ska-de hi o-zha pa naⁿ (óžawí tą hą́pa skáde hí óža ppá ną) - when they danced, they danced in broad daylight [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-ba ska (hóⁿ-ba çka) - daylight [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-pa ska-ha (hǫ́ǫpaskaha), hoⁿ-pa ska (hǫ́ǫpaska) - be daylight (when the sky is all light or white; daylight [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ba ska (háⁿba ska) - White Day, male name [Kaw]

► haⁿ-ba wa-ska-de hi (hąbá waskáde hí) - daylight; the early morning light (full) daylight

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-ba wa-ska (hóⁿ-ba wa-çka) - the whiteness of day [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ba wa-ska (háⁿba waská) - the whiteness of day, the gray just before sunrise [Kaw]

► haⁿ-ba ska (hą́ba ska) - First Light of Day, male name, “day + white, clear” [MS]

► hoⁿ-pa ska zhi-ka (hǫ́pa ská žiká) - masculine name, Geo Lane, Joe Lane’s son [JOD]

whitish or grayish, pale; white in the distance

► saⁿ (są) - whitish or grayish, pale; white in the distance

► cf. saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance

► ex: he-saⁿ (hesą́) - lice, louse

► ex: ka-sa-ni (kasáni), ka-saⁿ-niⁿ (kasą́nį) - tomorrow

► ex: ma-kaⁿ saⁿ (makką́ są) - Pale, Whitish, Grayish Medicine, female name

► ex: wa-se saⁿ (wasé są) - paint, whitish, grayish pale paint

► ex: xi-da pa saⁿ (xidá ppa są́) - bald eagle, “eagle + head + whitish”

► ex: zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental, “tree + whitish”

► Dhegiha: saⁿ (sáⁿ) - whitish or grayish; whitish or gray in the distance; white in the distance [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]

► saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish; white in the distance

► cf. saⁿ (są) - whitish, grayish, white in the distance, pale

► ex: haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, just beginning to get light, “tip of whitish daylight”

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ ti-he taⁿ (hą́ba są́hą tihé tą) - when it is daybreak [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (máxe ottasąhą, maγe ottasąhą) - aurora, upper world which shines with white light

► ex: si-ti saⁿ-haⁿ (sítti są́hą) - on the feet/whitish, grayish [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke hiⁿ e-koⁿ hi si-ti saⁿ-haⁿ i-naⁿ-naⁿ koⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ e-de (maštį́ke hį́ ékǫ hí sítti są́hą iną́ną kǫ-tʰą́ ną edé) - when he dances, each time he jumps high, flashes of whitish rabbit fur (can be seen) on his feet [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sį́tte są́hą) - tail/distant white [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-naⁿ-naⁿ de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą iną́ną dé) - his whitish tail suddenly went (disappeared) into the bushes [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sį́tte są́hą) - tail/whitish [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-xda-ti siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ i-da-de i-de (oxdátti sį́tte są́hą idáda idé) - flashes of his whitish tail could be seen as he went into the bushes [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: to saⁿ-haⁿ (tto są́hą) - pale green

► ex: zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink

► Dhegiha: soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

whittle

► pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point ► pa-a-zi-ka (páazíkka) - I, pa-da-zi-ka (pádazíkka) - you, pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - he/she, pa-oⁿ-zi-ka-we (páǫzikkawe) - we

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; zi-ka (zíkka) - sharp at the end, pointed; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

► ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle ► a-zi-ka (ázikka) - I, da-zi-ka (dázikka) - you, ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - he/she

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by sudden application of force, by impact, by falling; by action of wind or water; zi-ka (zíkka) - sharp at the end, pointed; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

whizzing sound, as a bullet

► ka-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́tte) - whizzing sound, as a bullet

► cf. ka-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (kaxǫ́xǫtte), ka-xo-xo-te (kaxóxotte) - make a whooshing sound; ga-xoⁿ-xoⁿ-te (gaγǫ́γǫtte) - buzzing, humming sound

who

► be (be) - who

► cf. be-a-zhi (béaži) - nobody; be-ni-hi (beníhi) - companionless, very companionless; be-ni-zhi (béniži) - everyone

► ex: be (be) - who [JOD Red Hair]

► ex: iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be ti di-k’i niⁿ-haⁿ (įkdą́, be ttí dikʔí nįhǫ) - first son, who would give you a lodge? [JOD Red Hair]

► ex: be di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (be dibą́ inįhǫ́) - who/call to you/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: he, iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ, shi-naⁿ i-ke (he, įkdą́, bé dibą́ inįhǫ́, šiną́ iké) - oh! first son, who would possibly be calling to you, again she said to him [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhǫ́) - who/person/call to you/can it be [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e iⁿ-kdaⁿ, be ni-ka-shi-ka di-baⁿ i-niⁿ-hoⁿ (e įkdą́, bé níkkašíka dibą́ inįhǫ́) - oh! first son, who, (what) person, would possibly be calling to you [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: be o-da-ki-e e (bé odákkie e) - who/you talk to him/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ka niⁿ-kʰe be o-da-ki-e e, i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (ká nįkʰé bé odákkie e, iyí iyá mątʰó) - who is that to whom you are talking to? it is said Grizzly bear said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: be o-a-ki-a-zhi (bé oákkiáži) - who/I did not talk to him [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: wi-zhiⁿ-de, be o-a-ki-a-zhi, wi-e o-a-ki-e a-kniⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (wižį́de, bé oákkiáži, wíe oákkie aknį́ mįkʰé) - my elder brother, I was not talking to anyone, I am just sitting here talking to myself [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: be (be) - who, whoever [FL-Osage]; pe (pée) - who, whom, to who; anybody, anyone, nobody, no one; whose turn [CQ-Osage]; be (be) - who; someone; somebody [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: e-be (ébe) - who; somebody [Omaha/Ponca]; e-be (ebé) - who [Omaha]; e-be a (e-bé a), be a (be a) - who is it [FL-Osage]

► ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which

► hu-wa (húwa) - who [OM]

► ex: ho-wa niⁿ (hówa nį) - who is it?

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa-she (hówa nikʰáše) - who, which/you’ll sitting [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► ex: ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose

► ex: maⁿ-te ho-wa-ta (mą́tte hówattá) - whose bow is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ho-wa-ta (šǫ́ke howattá) - whose dog is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ ho-wa-ta (šǫ́keáknį hówattá) - whose horse is this?

► ex: te-ska wa-x’o ho-wa-ta (tteská waxʔó hówattá) - whose cow is this?

► ex: ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa (hówa nikʰá) - which one of them

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is, are the

► ex: ho-wa-da-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówadatʰéttitʰą) - from what dual remote standing inanimate

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; from what nearby singular standing inanimate or collection sitting

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in

► ex: ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

whoever of these, which one of a crowd

► ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

whoever, I or whoever was meant

► wi-e-te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant

► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; te te (tte tté) - such and such, expresses uncertainty; e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe, wonder if, may be so

whole, entire, round, circular

► bdo-ka (bdóka) - circular, round, whole, entire

► ex: o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year

► ex: ho bdo-ka (ho bdóka) - sucker, lit. “round fish”

► ex: o-we sa-ki wa-bdo-ka (ówe sákki wabdóka) - whole ear of dried corn

► ex: zho-i-ka bdo-ka (žoíka bdóka) - entire body [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: zho-i-ka bdo-ka di-shpa-shpa a-taⁿ oⁿ-da-we (žoíka bdóka dišpášpa attą ǫdáwe) - tearing his entire body to pieces, they scattered the pieces all around [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: haⁿ bdo-ka (hą bdoká) - night/entire [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: haⁿ bdo-ka, za-ni hi o-wa-ki-da (hą bdoká zaní hi ówakidá) - all night long, he (crier) told everyone [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: bdo-ka o-wa-xde ki-ha (bdoká ówaxde kihá) - he had caught up to the entire group [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: bdo-ka (bdoká) - entire or whole [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: bdo-ka shoⁿ-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe da-sniⁿ naⁿ wa-di-xe (bdoká šǫ́-žiká nįkʰé dasnį́ ną wadixé) - when he had devoured the whole puppy, he began chasing them [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: bdo-ka (bdoká) - all [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-tʰe bdo-ka (atʰą́tʰe bdóka) - when/the/entire [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-tʰe bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ niⁿ-tʰe (atʰą́tʰe bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nįtʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; bthu-ga (b¢ú-ga) - round; round and long, as a cane’ circular, as a tribal circle: hence, the extra meaning of entire, all, the whole party or lot [JOD-Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

► bdo-ka hi (bdóka hi) - entire, the whole amount of

► cf. bdo-ka (bdóka) - circular, round, whole, entire; hi (hi) - very

► ex: pa-zhiⁿ-zhe bdo-ka hi (ppažį́že bdóka hí) - ridge of the nose

► ex: bdo-ka hi (bdóka hi) - all (entire)/very [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi) - her whole body (flesh) turned into a snake [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: bdo-ka hi (bdóka hi) - all/very [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: bdo-ka hi (bdóka hí) - entire/very [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ-we i-ya, te kʰe bdo-ka hi (kʔį kʰi ną wé iyá, tté kʰe bdóka hí) - they packed the entire buffalo back home, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: bdo-ka hi (bdóka hí) - entire/very [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shi-naⁿ bdo-ka hi k’iⁿ-naⁿ-we (šíną bdóka hí kʔį ną wé) - again, they packed it all [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: zho-i-ka bdo-ka hi (žoíka bdóka hi) - body/entire/very [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka ha o-ki-pa-tʰe zho-i-ka bdo-ka hi we-niⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (ešǫ́ wažį́ka ha okkíppatʰe žoíka bdóka hi wénįtʰą́ ną) - and then he clothed his entire body, sewing birds together [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ha kʰe bdo-ka hi (há kʰe bdóka hí) - skin/the lying object/all/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ka-xdi naⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe bdo-ka hi o-di-shto-te (kaxdí ną hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe bdóka hí odíštótte) - when he struck him dead, he pulled all of the skin off of haⁿ-ka’s son [JOD-Red Hair]

► bdo-ka xti (bdóka xti) - entire, the whole amount of

► cf. bdo-ka (bdóka) - circular, round, whole, entire; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; exceedingly; intensifier suffix

► ex: de niⁿ-kʰe xi-da bdo-ka-xti niⁿ-kʰe (dé-nįkʰé xidá bdókaxti nįkʰé) - this is the entire eagle! [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

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