Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

Waco Indian - watch	water - wavy	we - weave
wed - wheel	when - whetstone	which - whole
whoop - windless	window - wolf	woman - Wyandotte

window

► ti o-haⁿ-ba-de (ttí ohą́bade) - window, “what admits daylight into the house”

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling, lodge; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; de (de) - cause to, to cause

► Dhegiha: wi-u-goⁿ-ba (wíugóⁿba) - that through which light can be seen: a window; window-glass [Omaha/Ponca]; we-u-goⁿ-ba (weugoⁿba) - window glass [Omaha]; u-ga-hoⁿ-ba (u-gá-hoⁿ-ba) - window, a window glass, pane of glass [FL-Osage]; o-ka-haⁿ-pa (okáhąpa) - window, pane of glass, window glass, place where by sudden action daylight [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-haⁿ-ba (ogáhaⁿbà) - window, glass, glass generally [Kaw]

► ti o-haⁿ-ba-de o-zhi (ttí ohą́bade oží) - window opening or hole; opening for window

► cf. ti o-haⁿ-ba-de (ttí ohą́bade) - window, “what admits daylight into the house”; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something; plant; fill, filled; jug, bottle, container

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

window, pull down something as a window

► di-to-shi (dittóši) - pull down something as a window ► bdi-to-shi (bdíttoši) - I, ti-to-shi (ttíttoši) - you, di-to-shi (dittóši) - he/she

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; to-shi (toší) - low, lower; to-shi de (tóši de), (ttóši de) - descend; i-ha-zho to-shi (íhažó toší) - lower lip; i-shta-ha to-shi (ištáha toší) - lower eyelid; to-shi-hi-ta (tóšihítta) - at the bottom of something

► Dhegiha: thi-nu-shi (thinúshi) - to pull down low; to cheapen, lower in price [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-nu-shi (thi nushi) - dim [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: nu-shi (núshi) - low [Omaha/Ponca]

windpipe, trachea

► to-te xi-xi-we (tóttexixíwe), to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (ttótte oxǘxüwe) - windpipe, trachea

► cf. to-te (tótte) - throat

► ex: ta to-te xi-xi-we (tta tóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

► Dhegiha: nu-de xi-xi-be (núde qiqíbe) - the trachea or windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de xi-xi-be (núde xixibe) - windpipe [Omaha]; do-je xu-xu-be (dóje xuxúbe) - trachea, windpipe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰto-dse xi-be (ṭó-dse xi-be), do-dse xi-be (dó-dse xi-be) - the windpipe of an animal, not an article of food; a term used in buthering [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: nu-de (núde) - the throat, the whole forepart of the neck, including the throat proper and the windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de (nude) - throat [Omaha]; do-dse (dó-dse), ʰto-dse (ṭó-dse) - throat; gullet [FL-Osage]; to-tse (tóoce) - throat, gullet [CQ-Osage]; do-je (dóje) - throat [Kaw]

winds, whence the four winds blow

► ta-ti o-hi-de (ttátti óhide) - cardinal points; whence the four winds blow

► cf. ta-te (ttatté), ta-ti (ttátti) - wind; hi-de (hidé) - send here, send hither, caused it to come

► Dhegiha: ta-de u-i-the (tadé uíthe) - a quarter of the heavens, the direction from which one of the (four) winds blows [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ta-de u-i-the du-ba-ha (t͓adé uí¢ĕ dúbaha) - the four quarters of the heavens, north, south, east, and west [JOD-Omaha]; ta-de u-wi-the du-ba (tade uwithe duba) - cardinal points [Omaha]; ʰta-dse do-ba ha (ṭa-dsé do-ba ha) - division of the winds into four parts [FL-Osage]

wine, grape juice

► ha-zi ni (hazíni) - wine, grape juice

► ha-zi ni (hah-zinnih) - wine (vin) [GI]

► cf. ha-zi (házi) - grape; ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, river

► Dhegiha: ha-zi ni (haçini) - wine [Omaha]; ha-zi ni (há-çi-ni) - juice of grapes, wine [FL-Osage]; ha-zu ni (háazunii) - grape juice [CQ-Osage]

wing

► a-hi (áhi) - wing

► a-hi (áhi) - wing [MS]

► a-hi (áhi) - wings [ASG]

► ex: a-hi da-kniⁿ (áhi dáknį) - masculine name, Good Wings

► ex: a-hi so-te (áhi sotté) - masculine name, Fast or Swift Wing

► ex: a-hi wa-kaⁿ-ta (áhi wakką́tta) - masculine name, Mysterious Wing

► ex: maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ a-hi zhi-te (mąkdíxtą áhi žítte) - redwinged blackbird

► Dhegiha: a-hiⁿ (áhiⁿ) - wing [Omaha/Ponca]; a-hiⁿ (ahiⁿ) - wing [Omaha]; a-hiu (á-hiu), a-hiⁿ (á-hiⁿ) - wing [FL-Osage]; a-hu (áahu) - wing [CQ-Osage]; a-hu (áhu) - wing or wings of a bird [Kaw]

wing feather

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka ma-shaⁿ (wažį́ka mášą), wa-zhiⁿ-ka ma-shoⁿ (wažį́ka mášǫ) - bird’s wing feather

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; ma-shaⁿ (mášą), ma-shoⁿ (mášǫ) - feather, wing or quill feather

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhiⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - chicken, fowl, any bird, older term [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-zhíⁿ-ga), wa-zhiⁿ-a (wa-zhíⁿ-a), wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - bird, any bird or fowl [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka), wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhíⁿga), wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - bird, small birds [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ (máshoⁿ) - quill feather [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (moⁿshoⁿ) - feather, hackle feather [Omaha]; ma-shaⁿ (má-caⁿ), maⁿ-shaⁿ (maⁿcaⁿ) - a quill-feather [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (móⁿ-shoⁿ) - feather, plume, plumage [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shaⁿ (mą́šą), maⁿ-shoⁿ (mą́šǫ), moⁿ-shoⁿ (mǫ́šǫ) - feathers of certain kinds of birds, such as eagle, hawk, and macaw, fan made of feathers as used in peyote meeting [CQ-Osage]; mo-shoⁿ (móshoⁿ), mo-sho (mósho) - feather, quill feather [Kaw]

wing of a bird

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka a-hi (wažį́ka ahi) - the wing or wings of a bird

wing or quill feather

► ma-shaⁿ (mášą), ma-shoⁿ (mášǫ) - feather, wing or quill feather

wing, red winged blackbird

► maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ a-hi zhi-te (mąkdíxtą áhi žítte) - redwinged blackbird

► cf. maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ (mąkdíxtą) - blackbird (generic); a-hi (áhi) - wing; zhi-te (žítte) - red

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-li-xta a-hu zhu-je (maⁿlíxta áhu zhúje) - the red winged blackbird [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-gthi-xta (moⁿgthixta) - blackbird; grackle bird; starling bird [Omaha]; maⁿ-li-xta (maⁿlíxta) - blackbird [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-hiu zhu-dse (a-hiu zhu-dse) - red wing [FL-Osage]

wing, white winged blackbird

► maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ a-hi ska (mąkdíxtą áhi ská) - blackbird (white winged prairie)

► cf. maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ (mąkdíxtą) - blackbird (generic); a-hi (áhi) - wing; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-li-xta a-hu ska (maⁿlíxta áhu ská) - the white winged blackbird [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-gthi-xta (moⁿgthixta) - blackbird; grackle bird; starling bird [Omaha]; maⁿ-li-xta (maⁿlíxta) - blackbird [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-hiu ska (á-hiu çka) - white wings [FL-Osage]

wink

► di-iⁿ-ze (diį́ze) - blink, wink, close the eyes ► bdi-iⁿ-ze (bdíįze) - I, ti-iⁿ-ze (ttíįze) - you, di-iⁿ-ze (diį́ze) - blink, wink, close the eyes - he/she

► i-shta di-iⁿ-ze (ištá diį́ze), di-iⁿ-ze (diį́ze) - blink, wink, close the eyes

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye

► Dhegiha: thi-pʰiⁿ-ze (thipʰíⁿze) - to shut the eyes [Omaha/Ponca]; thu-p’iⁿ-ze (ðupʔį́ze) - blink [CQ-Osage]; yu-p’iⁿ-ze (yup’íⁿze) - close the eyes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-shta thi-pʰiⁿ-ze (ishtáthipʰíⁿze) - to shut the eyes [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta thi-p’iⁿ-ze (iⁿshta thíp’iⁿçe) - blink [Omaha]; i-shta yu-p’iⁿ-ze (ishtá yup’íⁿze) - shut the eyes tightly, blink [Kaw]

► to-zhi (tóži) - wink, close an eye

► i-shta to-zhi (ištá tóži) - closed eye

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta thi-do-zhe (iⁿ-shtá thi-do-zhe) - to wink, to nictitate [FL-Osage]; i-shta-the thi-to-zhe (iištáðe ðiitóže) - wink or blink the eyes, lit., ‘mash the eyelids’, wink at, blink the eyes at [CQ-Osage]

Winnebago Indians, Hochunk Indians

► ho taⁿ-ka (hóttąka) - Winnebago Indians, Hochunk Indians, Kwapa name for the Winnebago Indians

► Dhegiha: hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - a Winnebago; the Winnebagos or Hotcañgara, a tribe of the Siouan Family [Omaha/Ponca]; hu toⁿ-ga (hútoⁿga) - Winnebago Indian [Omaha]; ho toⁿ-ga (hó-ṭoⁿ-ga), hu toⁿ-ga (hú-ṭoⁿ-ga) - Big Fish, the name given to the Winnebago by the Osage; large fish, whale [FL-Osage]; ho ʰtaⁿ-ka (hóʰtąka) - Winnebago (Hochunk) (tribe or tribal member) [CQ-Osage]; ho taⁿ-ga (hótaⁿga) - Hochank, also known as Winnebago: tribe or person “big voice,” “loud voice,” or “rough voice” [Kaw]

winter

► pa-de (páde) - winter

► pa-de (páte) - winter [ASG]

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - a winter; a year [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the (bá-the) - winter [FL-Osage]; pa-the (paðé) - winter [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - to snow [Omaha/Ponca]; máthe) - snowing; snowflake; snow [Omaha]; ba-hiu-the (ba-hiú-the) - snow coming; snowing, snowstorm [FL-Osage]; pa hu-the (pá húðe) - snow; snow, snowfall, snow coming down, falling snow [CQ-Osage]; ba-hu-ye (bahúye), ba-hu-ya (bahúya) - to snow, be snowing [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ma (ma) - snow [Omaha/Ponca]; ma (ma) - snow [Omaha]; ba (ba) - snow [FL-Osage]; pa (pá) - snow [CQ-Osage]; ba (ba) - snow [Kaw]

► pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska) - midwinter, name of one of the months in the Quapaw lunar calendar

► cf. pa-de (páde) - winter; o-skaⁿ-ska (oską́ska) - half (in length), middle, within the circle; middle of anything, middle of a time

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - a winter; a year [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the (bá-the) - winter [FL-Osage]; pa-the (paðé) - winter [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-skaⁿ-ska (u-skáⁿ-ska) - right to the mark; in line with; in a straight line with [JOD-Omaha]; o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - the center, directly in the center of, in the middle, middle of [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-kaⁿ-ska (ukáⁿska) - in a straight line; in a straight line with [JOD-Omaha]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), o-koⁿ-ska (o-kóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half (in length or quantity), the middle (one), in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

► pa-de-taⁿ (pádettą) - winter time, when it is winter, in the winter

► cf. pa-de (páde) - winter; taⁿ (tą), (ttą) - when, and, since, after; because, as; if

► ex: sni-wa-te hi pa-de taⁿ (sníwatte hi páde ttą) - cold, wintertime (it’s very cold in the wintertime) [MS]

► Dhegiha: ma-the-doⁿ (máthedoⁿ) - during the winter; in the wintertime; refers to past winters, those before last winter [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the doⁿ (bá-the doⁿ) - in the winter [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ma-the (máthe) - a winter; a year [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-the (bá-the) - winter [FL-Osage]; pa-the (paðé) - winter [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: doⁿ (doⁿ) - of time when, season when [Omaha/Ponca]; doⁿ (doⁿ) - when; because; did [FL-Osage]; taⁿ (tą), toⁿ (tǫ) - when; since; because; if; provided that [CQ-Osage]; daⁿ (daⁿ), da (da) - and, when, so [Kaw]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north, winter, cold, cold weather, cold season

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - winter [FR, OM]

► sni-wa-te (sniwáte) - winter, cold [ASG]

► sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - power of winter (male)

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north, winter

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - cold, cold weather [MS, AG]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north [MS]

► sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - winter, power of winter (personified male)

► cf. sni (sni) - cold, to be cold; sni-tʰe (snítʰe), sni-te (snítte) - cold, to be cold

► ex: sni-wa-te ta-ti-aⁿ-hi (sniwátte ttáttiąhí) - north wind

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta (sníwatte kdi tta) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta tʰe (sníwatte kdi tta tʰe) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi (sníwatte hi) - cold, very cold

► ex: i-ka-sho-te ka-xe, i-ya, sni-wa-te hi, i-ya (íkašótte káγe, iyá, sníwatte hi, iyá) - he made a blizzard, it is said, it was very cold, it is said [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - winter, power of winter (personified male)

► ex: sni-wa-te shi-naⁿ sni-wa-te hi ka-xe naⁿ, shi-naⁿ de, i-ya (sniwátte šíną sniwátte hí káγe ną, šíną dé, iyá) - Winter made it very cold again and again departed, it is said [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi pa-de taⁿ (sníwatte hi páde ttą) - cold, wintertime [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi-zhi (sniwátte hí-ži) - cold/not very [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ, sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ, i-ya (éttǫttítʰą, sniwátte hí-ži ną, iyá) - therefore, from that time on, it has not been very cold, it is said [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► Dhegiha: ʰni-wa-tse (ʰní-wa-tse), ni-wa-tse (ní-wa-ṭse) - to be cold; cold weather, a cold day; it is cold [FL-Osage]; ni-wa-ʰtse (níwaʰce) - be cold, an impersonal weather expression, not used for people [CQ-Osage]; ʰni-wa-tse (ʰniwace) - cold, as the weather; winter months [Kaw]

► sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter, precedes pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska)

► cf. sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north, winter, cold, cold weather, cold season; o-skaⁿ-ska (oską́ska) - half (in length), middle, within the circle; middle of anything, middle of a time

wipe

► ni-te ka-zhi (nítte káži) - toilet paper

► cf. ni-te (nítte), niⁿ-te (nį́tte) - buttocks, rump

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-de (nínde) - the rump, buttocks; hams [JOD-Omaha]; ni-dse (ní-dse) - haunch; body; the lower part of the back; the hips; rump [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-di (gadí) - to wipe after stooling (by scraping with a stick or corn cob); to scrape off, as snow, with a hoe or ax; to paw away the snow, as horses do [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-dsi (ga-dsí) - to hoe snow away from around the house [FL-Osage]; ka-tsi (kaací) - wipe (any surface), raking, or shoveling; wipe clean (after using the toilet) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-ga-di (ígadi) - to wipe with, as after going to stool; to scrape off with [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ka-ʰtsi (íkaʰci), i-ki-a-ʰtsi (íkiaʰci) - toilet paper [CQ-Osage]

wire

► ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ) - wire

► cf. ma-ze (máze), maⁿ-ze (mązé) - metal, iron; gun; wa-hi-oⁿ (wahíǫ) - string, thread, lariat, twine

► ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire

► cf. ma-ze (máze), maⁿ-ze (mązé) - metal, iron; gun; wa-hi-oⁿ (wahíǫ) - string, thread, lariat, twine; o-na-x’oⁿ (ónaxʔǫ) - hear about something, hear a report

► Dhegiha: u-na-’aⁿ (uná’aⁿ) - to hear about it; to hear something about one; to hear a report [JOD-Omaha]; u-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ (u-nóⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ) - a rumor, a report, hearsay [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-k’oⁿ (ónąkʔǫ) - rumor, hear a rumor, have foreknowledge of an event, something heard about [CQ-Osage]

wise

► i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise ► i-di-kdaⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą ątʰąhe) - I, i-di-kdaⁿ di-tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą ditʰąhe) - you, i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - he/she

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan; perception; to see in mind; thoughtfully, deliberately

► Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

► wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible ► wa-di-kdaⁿ aⁿ-ska (wadikdą ąská) - I’m, wa-di-kdaⁿ di-ska (wadikdą diska) - you’re, wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - he/she, wa-di-kdaⁿ wa-ska-we (wadikdą waskawe) - we

► cf. wa-di-kdaⁿ (wadikdą), wa-di-knaⁿ (wadikną) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain; mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; reverie; day dreaming; meditate [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-laⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about (especially about things in the past or events that have already occurred); mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas [Kaw]

► wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense ► wa-di-kdaⁿ aⁿ-toⁿ (wadikdą ąttǫ) - I’m, wa-di-kdaⁿ di-toⁿ (wadikdą dittǫ) - you’re, wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - he/she

► cf. wa-di-kdaⁿ (wadikdą), wa-di-knaⁿ (wadikną) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ ʰtoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ ṭoⁿ) - having plenty of sense; wits; very sensible [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-laⁿ ʰtaⁿ (waðíląʰtąą), wa-thi-laⁿ ʰtoⁿ (waðíląʰtǫǫ) - smart, intelligent; a smart person; have a good mind; learn, adjust the mind; good mind, intelligence [CQ-Osage]

► wa-zhiⁿ ska (wažį́ ska) - masculine name of the (Kwapa) oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ) gens; White Disposition, Wise. The csuñga or younger brother of wa-kaⁿ-ta ka-hi-ke (wakką́tta kahíke) or John Medicine [JOD]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ska (wa-jĭ́ⁿ-skă) - “white notion or disposition”; wise, prudent, in his right mind; wisely, prudently, correctly, the way of the white men, civilization [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wazhiⁿçka) - genius, intelligent, intelligence, wise, knowledge, clever, smart, sober [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wazhíⁿska) - mind, will - white, personal name [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wa-jĭ́ⁿ) - disposition, temper, mind [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - disposition, temper [Kaw]

wish

► kaⁿ (kką), koⁿ (kkǫ́) - I hope; I wish [JOD]

► kaⁿ (kką), koⁿ (kkǫ́) - desiderative particle, sentence final

► cf. e-ska (éska) - desiderative particle, sentence initial; oh that

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa e-koⁿ koⁿ (éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa ekǫ́ kkǫ́) - oh my son I hope that you become like children who begin to talk, saying words here and there, not speaking plainly or connectedly [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-a-wi taⁿ i-ye da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi pa e-koⁿ koⁿ, i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkiawi-tą íye dašną́šnąži-ppá ékǫ kkǫ́, iyí iyá maštį́ke) - oh my son I hope that you become like children who speak to one another very plainly without missing a word, it is said rabbit said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to maⁿ-di-taⁿ pi-oⁿ taⁿ-niⁿ tʰi-da-da naⁿ e-koⁿ koⁿ (éska, wižį́ke, šétto mądíttą ppiǫ́ ttą́nį tʰidáda ną ékǫ kkǫ́) - oh my son I hope that you become like a boy that knows how to pull a bow well and begins to run now and then for short distances [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to naⁿhaⁿ maⁿ-di-taⁿ si-si hi naⁿ-we e-koⁿ koⁿ (éska, wižį́ke, šétto nąhą́ mądíttą sisí hi ną-wé ékǫ kkǫ́) - oh my son I hope that you become like the grown boys who pull a bow and are very active (able to run swiftly and far) [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, iⁿ-tʰoⁿ-na maⁿ-o-zhi k’iⁿ koⁿ pa naⁿ wi-a-de pa e-koⁿ koⁿ (éska, wižį́ke, įtʰǫ́na mą́oží kʔį́ kǫ́ ppá ną wiáde ppá ékǫ kką) - oh my son, I hope that you become like the young men whom I have seen carrying quivers on their backs [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: kaⁿ (káⁿ) - I hope; an optative sign, occurring at the end of a clause or sentence, as eskana does at the beginning [JOD-Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ) - to wish or to desire [FL-Osage]

► koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish ► koⁿ-bda (kkǫ́bda) - I, shkoⁿ-ta (škǫ́tta) - you, koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - he/she, aⁿ-koⁿ-da (ąkǫ́da) - we, I and one other, aⁿ-koⁿ-da-we (ąkǫ́dawe) - we

► ex: koⁿ-bda (kkǫbdá) - I want [OM]

► ex: ni koⁿ-bda (ni kkǫ́bda) - I want water

► ex: bda-taⁿ koⁿ-bda (bdattą́ kkǫbdá) - I want a drink [MS]

► ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde koⁿ-bda (awánąbdé kkǫbdá) - I want to eat [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

► ex: wa-ske koⁿ-bda (wáske kkǫbdá) - pass the bread (I want bread) [MS]

► ex: ta-bde bde koⁿ-bda miⁿ-kʰe (tábde bdé kkǫbdá mįkʰé) - I want to go hunting (MS)’]

► ex: na-xnaⁿ da-ki-knaⁿ koⁿ-bda (naxną́ dakikną kkǫbdá) - you hide me your own relation/I wish, I want [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: na-xnaⁿ da-ki-knaⁿ koⁿ-bda, wi-ti-kaⁿ (naxną́ dakikną kkǫbdá, wittíką́) - my grandfather, I want you to hide me (your own) [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: shkoⁿ-ta (škǫttá) - do you want? [OM]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttą škǫ́tta) - what/you desire [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ shkoⁿ-ta niⁿ e-koⁿ-xti ta-tʰe koⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she te e-ta (táttą škǫ́tta nį ékǫxtí ttatʰé kǫ́-datʰą́še tté ettá) - whatever you are wanting, it will be exactly like that, it will be that way for you there [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-toⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttǫ škǫttá) - what do you want? [OM]

► ex: ni shkoⁿ-ta (ni škǫttá) - do you want water? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: wa-tʰe shkoⁿ-ta (watʰé škǫttá) - do you want a dress? [OM]

► ex: ma-kaⁿ sha shkoⁿ-ta (makką́ša škǫttá) - do you want coffee? [AG]

► ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) - do you want to go to the show? [OM]

► ex: ma-hiⁿ shkoⁿ-ta e (máhį škǫtta e) - do you want a knife?

► ex: i-she shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ (išé škǫ́tta nąhą́) - if you say you want [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wi-ti-to i-she shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ, wi-ti-to i-she te (wittítto išé škǫ́tta nąhą́, wittítto išé tte) - if you say you want me as my older brother you shall say my older brother [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: i-ye miⁿ-kʰe hi miⁿ-kʰe hi koⁿ-da a-kʰe (íye mį́kʰe hi mį́kʰe hi kǫdá akʰé) - speaks/tells the truth/very/desires/it is the one [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: de iⁿ-xo-wa-zhi hi naⁿ, de i-ye miⁿ-kʰe hi miⁿ-kʰe hi koⁿ-da a-kʰe (dé į́xowáži hí ną, dé íye mį́kʰe hi kǫdá akʰé) - this one tells no lies, this is the one that always wants to speak the truth [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-tha (goⁿtha) - desire, crave, want [Omaha]; gaⁿ-tha (gáⁿ-¢a) - to desire, wish, want; to make an effort, try [JOD-Omaha]; goⁿ-tha (góⁿ-tha) - to want, to desire, to prefer [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-tha (kǫ́ða) - want, desire [CQ-Osage]; goⁿ-ya (góⁿya) - want, wish, hope, he/she/it wants it [Kaw]

with reference to

► a-ta (átta) - about, concerning, with reference to

► ex: to-a-ta (toattá) - with potatoes [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: o-hoⁿ-i naⁿ to-a-ta o-ki-hoⁿ-i naⁿ da-tʰa-i ke (ohǫ́-i ną́ toattá okkíhǫ-i ną́ datʰa-í ké) - they cooked the meat with the potatoes for themselves and they ate it [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: a-ta (átta) - with reference to [JOD-Valliere Letter]

with, be with someone

► zho-kde (žokdé) - with, be with someone ► zho-a-kde (žoákde) - I, zho-da-kde (žódakde) - you, zho-kde (žokdé) - he/she

► ex: zho-wi-kde (žówikde) - I with you

► ex: zho-aⁿ-da-kde (žoą́dakde) - you with me

► ex: zho-di-kde (žódikde) - he or she with you

► ex: ti tʰe-ti zho-kde (ttí tʰettí žókde) - lodge/at the standing object/with him [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ti tʰe-ti zho-kde kʰi (kóišǫ́ttą ttí tʰettí žókde kʰí) - then he arrived at the lodge with him [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: zho-kde (žókde) - with him [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: de naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ zho-kde de (de ną maštį́ke nį žokdé de) - he departed, accompanied by the rabbit [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: zho-kde (žokdé) - she with him [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį žókde étti hí ną) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► Dhegiha: zhu-gthe (zhúgthe) - with: to be with him [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-gthe (zhúgthe) - companion [Omaha]; zho-gthe (zhó-gthe), zhu-gthe (zhú-gthe) - to accompany; to go with someone; with him or her [FL-Osage]; zho-le (žóle) - marry, accompany, go with, come with, date, be in a courtship with (lit., ‘be with’); with (often glossed ‘and’ in English) [CQ-Osage]; zho-le (zhóle) - with, to be with [Kaw]

► zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - together; to be or go with one’s own; to be or go with each other

► ex: zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - he with her, his own [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-i naⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka ti e-ta tʰe-ta zho-ki-kde a-taⁿ da-we (kkikkíknǫkaí ną šʔattą́ka tti ettá tʰettá žókikde áttą dáwe) - when they had married each other, they went to live in her lodge, the devil went with her [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - with his [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké ną) - and then they lived very prosperously together [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - he with his own [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe zho-ki-kde naⁿ (ešǫ́ maštį́ke eką́ nįkʰé žókikde ną) - at that time Rabbit was with his grandmother [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: e-shoⁿ zho-ki-kde kda-wi (éšǫ žókikde kdáwi) - at length/he with his own/they went homeward [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ zho-ki-kde kda-wi (éšǫ žókikde kdáwi) - together, they went home [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: zho-ki-kde (žókikde) - he with his own [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ka zho-ki-kde ta-bde da-we (waxʔó nikká žókikde tábde dáwe) - a man accompanied by his woman (wife) went hunting [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: e-shoⁿ zho-ki-kde koⁿ hi-da-we (ešǫ́ žókkikde kǫ hidáwe) - and then they departed together [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► Dhegiha: zhu-gi-gthe (zhúgigthe) - with his or her own; to be or go with his or her own [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-kʰi-gthe (zhúkʰigthe) - to be or go with each other [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-ki-gthe (zhúkigthe) - to be or go by himself [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-ki-gthe (zhukigthe) - unite [Omaha]; zhu-ʰki-gthe (zhu-ḳi-gthe) - together [FL-Osage]; zhu-gi-gthe (zhú-gi-gthe) - with his; to be or to go with a friend or relative[FL-Osage]; zho-ʰki-le (žóʰkile) - be with each other [CQ-Osage]; zho-ki-le (žókile) - be with one’s own people [CQ-Osage]

► zho-wa-ki-kde (žówakíkde) - to be or go with them, one’s friends or family

► ex: zho-wa-ki-kde (žówakíkde) - she with them, her own [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o zhi-ka shi-zhi-ka zho-wa-ki-kde wa-kda-niⁿ hi taⁿ a-di-xe (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó žiká nįkʰé šižíka žówakíkde wákdanį hí tą adiγé) - and then the old woman married him, she took her children along with her [JOD-Cinderella]

► Dhegiha: zhu-wa-gi-gthe (zhúwagígthe) - to be or go with them, his friends or kindred [Omaha/Ponca]

with, with which to

► i (i) - with, a means to, using, by means of, with which to, as a means of or to, through an action represented by the verb stem, from, due to; a prefix donating the means of instrument, the place where, time when, etc.; to, toward; owing to, by something, of

► ex: i-bi-ze (íbizé), ni i-bi-ze (ni íbizé) - be thirsty, from bi-ze (bizé) - dry

► ex: i-di-shi-we (ídišíwe) - key, from di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open

► ex: i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - make by means of; with which to make, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with, from sta-de (stáde) - grease

► Dhegiha: i (i) - a prefix denoting the means or instrument, the place where, time when, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - with which, with which to, by which [FL-Osage] i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through (an action represented by the verb stem), from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means; ‘locative’: to, toward [Kaw]

► we (we) - with, for, with which to

► ex: we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter, mowing machine, reaper, from ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut in two by striking; cut or chop (a cord) in two or by hitting

► ex: we-ki-te (wékkitte) - bullet, from ki-te (kkítte) - shoot at something, to shoot

► ex: we-k’iⁿ (wékʔį) - pack, bundle carried on back, from k’iⁿ (kʔį) - to carry, pack on the back

► ex: we-ka-ti-ze (wékattíze) - broom, from ka-ti-ze (kattíze) - sweep, knock, brush away

► ex: we-ki-ho-taⁿ de-de (wékihóttą déde) - medicine, “make you get better”, from ki-ho-taⁿ (kíhottą) - convalesce, improve

► Dhegiha: we (wé) - with, with which to, to make with, with which to make [FL-Osage]; we (wé) - the prefixes wa- + í-, regulary combine to form we-, this formation is regularly seen in the ordinal numerals and in several names of tools [CQ-Osage]

► i-oⁿ (iǫ́), i-’oⁿ (iʔǫ), i-yaⁿ (iyą́), yaⁿ (yą) - with, by means of, using

► cf. i (i) - with, a means to, using, by means of, with which to, as a means of or to; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą), oⁿ (ǫ), aⁿ (ą) - do, be; use; wear, have (as a disease)

► ex: naⁿ-pe i-oⁿ (nąpé iǫ́), noⁿ-pe i-oⁿ nǫpé iǫ́) - hand, using the hand

► ex: iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ a-ba-xe (įspe žika é iǫ́ abaγé) - using the hatchet I chopped the string/rope in two

► ex: iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ da-ba-xe (įspe žika é iǫ́ dábaγé) - using the hatchet you chopped the string/rope in two

► ex: iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe (į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe) - using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two

► ex: e i-oⁿ (é iǫ́) - that/by means of [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - using the hatchet, she chopped the cord in two (that tied the canoe to the shore), they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-te e i-oⁿ (étti mątté iǫ́) - there/canoe/by means of [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-te e i-oⁿ di-xa di-knaⁿ-we naⁿ zha-we ke maⁿ-te kʰe o-da-kdo ke i-ya-we, o-da-kdo tʰaⁿ o-spe kʰe i-ya-we (étti mątté iǫ́ dixá dikną́we ną žawé ke mątté kʰe odákdo ké iyáwe,

odákdo tʰą́ ospé kʰe iyáwe) - they (the people) had planned on using a boat to chase after him (rabbit), they say, however it sank because the beavers gnawed holes in it (the boat), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

withe, cord, thong, string, strap

► wa-so-so (wasóso) - cord, withe, thong, string, strap

► ex: wa-so-so di-ba-xe wa-t’e-ka (wasóso dibáγe watʔéka) - the cord is easy to break

► ex: wa-so-so ta-ba-xe e (wasóso ttábaγe e) - did you bite the cord in two

► ex: wa-so-so we-k’iⁿ (wasóso wékʔį) - strap, pack strap

► Dhegiha: su (su) - to cut a skin in strips from end to end, by cutting towards you, holding the knife-handle under the skin, and letting the blade project above it (Omaha)’; su (çu) - to cut or make a slit in a hide [FL-Osage]; so (so) - cut a strip, as in making a thong [Kaw]

wither, wilt

► ta-t’e (tátʔe), (ttátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► cf. ta (tá), (ttá) - by extreme temperature, more often by heat than cold; t’e (tʔe) - die

► Dhegiha: na-t’e-ga (nát’ega) - withered, dead, dried up, as leaves by the sun [Omaha/Ponca]; da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]; da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]

► ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither ► pa-ta-t’e (ppáttatʔe) - I, shpa-ta-t’e (špáttatʔe) - you, ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - he/she

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: ba-na-t’e-ga (banát’ega) - to cause grass, etc., to wither by punching at it; said also when hogs root up the ground, making the vegetation wither [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (badáts’ega) - cause vegetation to wilt punching or by rooting up the ground [Kaw]

► bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death ► pi-ta-t’e (ppíttatʔe) - I, shpi-ta-t’e (špíttatʔe) - you, bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - he/she

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing, bearing down on, by weight or pressure; blowing; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: bi-na-t’e-ga (binát’ega) - to make a plant wither by lying on it or rolling over it, as a horse or cow may do [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: si bi-da-ʰts’e-ga (çi bi-dá-ṭs’e-ga) - numbness in the hands or feet; feet or hands asleep [FL-Osage]; bu-da-ts’e-ga (budáts’ega) - make numb by sitting, leaning, or lying on [Kaw]

► da-ta-t’e (dattátʔe), da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death ► bda-ta-t’e (bdáttatʔe) - I, ta-ta-t’e (ttáttatʔe) - you, da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - he/she

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: tha-na-t’e-ga (thanát’ega) - to make vegetation wither away by biting around the roots, as rabbits do [Omaha/Ponca]; ya-da-ts’e-ga (yadáts’ega) - kill plants by gnawing on them, as rabbits; to make vegetation wither by gnawing on the bark or at the roots, as rabbits do in winter [Kaw]

► di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up ► bdi-ta-t’e (bdíttatʔe) - I, ti-ta-t’e (ttíttatʔe) - you, di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - he/she

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: thi-na-t’e-ga (thinát’ega) - to make grass, etc., wither by pulling or holding [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

► ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither ► a-ta-t’e (áttatʔe) - I, da-ta-t’e (dáttatʔe) - you, ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - he/she

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by sudden application of force, by impact, by falling; by action of wind or water; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: ga-na-t’e-ga (ganát’ega) - to make a cornstalk wither by cutting it at the roots [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-da-ʰts’e-ga (ga-dá-ṭs’e-ga) - the action of the wind upon meat that is hanging up, partly dried [FL-Osage]; ga-da-ts’e-ga (gadáts’ega) - wind to dry something a little, especially fresh meat which is hung up, by blowing on it [Kaw]

► naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death ► a-naⁿ-ta-t’e (aną́ttatʔe) - I, da-naⁿ-ta-t’e (daną́ttatʔe) - you, naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - he/she

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-da-ʰts’e-ga (noⁿ-dá-ṭs’e-ga) - to cause green corn or other vegetables to wither by walking upon them [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ga (naⁿdáts’ega) - trample, make vegetation wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ye (naⁿdáts’èye) - trample, make wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]

► pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting ► pa-a-ta-t’e (páattatʔe) - I, pa-da-ta-t’e (pádattatʔe) - you, pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - he/she

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: ma-na-t’e-ga (mánat’éga) - to make cornstalks wither by cutting with a knife [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (bádats’ega) - cause a tree or bush to wilt by cutting [Kaw]

► po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching ► po-a-ta-t’e (poáttatʔe) - I, po-da-ta-t’e (pódattatʔe) - you, po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - he/she

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, punching, blowing; by means of sudden intrusive action; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► cf. ► cf. ta (tá), (ttá) - by extreme temperature, more often by heat than cold; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

► Dhegiha: na-na-t’e-ga (nánat’éga) - to wither a vegetation from exposure to the heat of the sun or that of a prairie-fire [Omaha/Ponca]; da-da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-da-ṭs’e-ga) - the effect of hot water on vegetables and other foods [FL-Osage]; da-da-ts’e-ga (dádats’ega) - spoil, as hot weather does meat [Kaw]

within

► maⁿ-tʰe (mą́tʰe) - inside, in, within; under, beneath

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe wa-tʰe (mą́tʰe watʰé) - slip, undergarment

► ex: ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe tiⁿiⁿ (niγítte mą́tʰe ttį́į́) - ringing in the ear [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi hne (mą́tʰe datʰí hné) - come back inside [MS]

► ex: ni maⁿ-tʰe (ní mątʰé) - under the water

► ex: ni maⁿ-tʰe (ní mątʰé) - under/beneath the water [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ha niⁿ-kʰe-ti o-ki-zhi a-tʰaⁿ, ni maⁿ-tʰe o-bi-taⁿ de-de naⁿ (há nįkʰétti okíži-atʰą́, ní mą́tʰe obíttą déde ną) - he put them in a skin, which he plunged beneath the water [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe hi (mą́tʰe hi) - inside/very [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke maⁿ-tʰe hi de naⁿ (ešǫ́ maštį́ke mą́tʰe hi dé ną) - and then rabbit went far inside [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe hi naⁿ (mą́tʰe hí-ną) - within/arrived/when [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we o-kdo-x’a maⁿ-tʰe hi naⁿ i-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka naⁿ (dixáži wadáxowé okdóxʔa mą́tʰe hí-ną íkiąškiká-ną) - hill that draws things (people) into its mouth felt very uncomfortable throughout its interior, on account of him (rabbit) arriving inside [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ti maⁿ-tʰe (ttí mą́tʰe) - lodge/within [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ki-ha-ti ti maⁿ-tʰe kʰi-we (kkihátti ttí mą́tʰe kʰíwe) - they went down into the lodge [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe de-de (mą́tʰe déde) - bury, to send under

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe de-da-we (mą́tʰe dédawé) - they sent him underneath [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: ékasáni hąbá íhąké-ttą mą́tʰe dédawé) - and they buried him the next day before noon [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-tʰe (máⁿ-te) - in, into, within [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-te (moⁿte) - inside [Omaha]; moⁿ-tse (móⁿ-tse) - in the deepest of secret places [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-tsʰe (mącʰé) - in the center of something (centrally located), within, underneath [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-che (máⁿche) - underneath, within [Kaw]

► o-skaⁿ-ska (oską́ska) - half (in length), middle, within the circle; middle of anything, middle of a time

without

► ni-ke (niké), niⁿ-ke (nįké) - to have none, be lacking, destitute, without ► aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (ąnį́ke) - I, di-ni-ke (diníke), di-niⁿ-ke (dinį́ke) - you, ni-ke (niké), niⁿ-ke (nįké) - he/she, wa-ni-ka-we (waníkawe), wa-niⁿ-ka-we (wanį́kawe) - we, ni-ka-we (nikáwe), niⁿ-ka-wi (nįkáwí) - they

► ex: ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness”

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha ni-ke (hǫbį́tteáha niké) - slippers, “without moccasin flaps”

► ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient, “lack hearing”

► ex: o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, “without joints”

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► ex: ta-ni-ke (tániké) - burnt up, burnt to nothing; burn down, to be destroyed by fire; to consume, as a fire does

► ex: te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. “cow without testicles”

► ex: wa-haⁿ-ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan, “without family/relation”

► ex: wa-ki-za ni-ke (wakkíza niké) - covered thickly with, “lacking a bare spot”

► ex: maⁿ ni-ke (mą niké) - no arrow

► ex: ni-ka ni-ke (nikka niké) - no man

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ ni-ke (ppahi okną niké) - no hat

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ni-ke (šǫke niké) - no dog

► ex: she-to ni-ke (šetto niké) - no boy

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke (waxʔo niké), wa-x’o niⁿ-ke (waxʔo nįké) - no woman

► ex: ni niⁿ-ke (ni nįké) - no water [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke te (mątté-įkʰé ąnį́ke tte) - paddle/me none/will [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-te-hi maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke te (éttehí mątté-įkʰé ąnį́ke tte) - well, but then I will not have a paddle [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: di-ni-ke (diníke) - you have none [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke ttaitʰé) - you’ll shall be without a spirit [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: naⁿ-pe ni-ke (ną́ppe niké) - to fear/have nothing [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ, wi-te-ke naⁿ-pe ni-ke ni-hoⁿ (hąnį́ttą, wittéke ną́ppe niké nihǫ́) - how could it be possible that my mother’s brother fears nothing [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: niⁿ-ke (nįké) - none [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ti-zhe di-a-ze naⁿ niⁿ-ke i-ya-we ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi (ttižé diáze ną nįké iyáwe maštį́ke ettí nįkʰaží) - when she (grandmother) opened the door to the lodge, there was no Rabbit, he was not there, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk [MS]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke naⁿ-ta ni-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke nąttá niké nįkʰé) - the dog didn’t have no ear [MS]

► ex: ni-ka-we (nikáwe) - they are not (there are none) [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi xti ke e-naⁿ ni-tʰe de-do tʰi taⁿ ni-ka-we (níkkašíka žohí xti ke eną́ nitʰé dédo tʰí tą nikáwe) - there were only Indians, a great many came here then, although now there are none [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿge) - blank, obsolete, zero, vanish, nothing, none, erosion, absent, lack [Omaha]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

► ni-ke hi (niké hi), niⁿ-ke hi (nį́ke hi) - nothing at all, none at all, very destitute of

► cf. ni-ke (niké), niⁿ-ke (nįké) - to have none, be lacking, destitute, without; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hí) - there is none (none at all, nothing at all) [OM]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good (implying he has no wife/woman) [AG]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ-pe ni-ke hi (táttą ną́ppe niké hi) - what/he fears/there is nothing/very [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: di-te-ke ta-taⁿ naⁿ-pe ni-ke hi (dítteke táttą ną́ppe niké hi) - your mother’s brother fears nothing whatsoever [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hi) - very destitute of/very [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ iⁿ-kaⁿ wa-shiⁿ ni-ke hi taⁿ-ha e-koⁿ a-ki a-tʰi a-ni-he, i-we-ke (wíehǫ įkką́ wašį́ niké hi tą́ha ekǫ́ áki átʰi ánihé, iwéke) - as for me, my grandmother does not have any fat meat at all, because of that I came here to get it for her, he said to them [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: niⁿ-ke hi taⁿ (nįké hi tą) - none/very/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka niⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ti tʰe-ti kʰi (wažį́ka nįké hi tą ttí tʰétti kʰí) - then, when there were no birds left, he (rabbit) returned to the lodge [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: niⁿ-ke hi (nįké hi) - none/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ-hi wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi e-hi-te a-wa-k’i niⁿ-ke hi ti wi-e tʰe-ta a-kʰi aⁿ-maⁿ (éšǫhi wažį́ka žóhi éhitte awákʔi nįké hi tti wíe tʰétta akʰí ąmą́) - then after some time, after I have given however many birds away to them and there are none left, I return to my lodge as I usually do [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - noise/none/very [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: appé hi iyáwe, o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ki-toⁿ-we a-kdi i-ya-we (appé hi iyáwe, onią́ nįké hi tą́ kkitǫ́we akdí iyáwe) - it was very silent, there was no noise, when she (grandmother) returned, when she came back (to the lodge) to look for him (rabbit), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-shoⁿ haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ke hi tʰe i-a shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka xo-te zhi-ka (ešǫ́ hą́tʰąhi niké hi tʰe iá šǫttą́ka xótte žíka) - (and when he arrived back there), it happened that the coyote was not there at all, it is said [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (nįkéhiwí) - they had none [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we (waną́bde wanį́kehiwé) - food/we have none at all [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ha-o, haⁿ-ni-haⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we a-taⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-bnaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe, i-ke i-ya-we (hao, hą́nihą́ waną́bde wanį́kehiwé attą́ ąną́bną mįkʰé, iké iyáwe) - well, we have no food at all and I have had enough, I’m tired of this, he (rabbit) said to her (grandmother), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-ni-ke-hi-we (waníkehiwé) - we have nothing at all [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: ta-taⁿ di-ti-kaⁿ da-tʰe ha-naⁿ-te wa-ni-ke-hi-we (táttą dittíką datʰé hánątté waníkehiwé) - we have nothing at all, what would your grandfather eat? [JOD-Four Creators]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

► ni-ka-zhi (nikáži) - not be without, not be lacking ► aⁿ-ni-ka-zhi (ą́nikáži) - I, di-ni-ka-zhi (dínikáži) - you, di-ni-ka-wa-zhi (díniká-waži) - you’all, ni-ka-zhi (nikáži) - he/she

► ex: o-naⁿ-bde tʰe di-ni-ka-wa-zhi hi (ónąbde tʰé díniká-waži hí) - food/the singular, standing or collection/you have none, you lacking/pluralizer/not, negation/very, intensifier [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: o-naⁿ-bde tʰe di-ni-ka-wa-zhi hi koⁿ da-maⁿ-tiⁿ ni-tʰe e-koⁿ koⁿ ni-he koⁿ-bda (ónąbde tʰé díniká-waži hí kǫ damą́ttį nitʰé ekǫ́ kǫ níhe kkǫbdá) - you’all are never without any food, so I want to live just as you’all are living [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

wobble, to cause something to wobble

► di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - to cause something to wobble ► bdi-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (bdíkkowįγaγa) - I, ti-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (ttíkkowįγaγa) - you, di-ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (dikkówįγáγa) - he/she

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ko-wiⁿ-xa-xa (kkówįγáγa) - turn round and round; ko-wiⁿ-xe (kkówįγe) - circle, spin, revolve, turn around, around and around; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe (dikkówįγe) - turn, rotate, pull out of line

► Dhegiha: ku-wiⁿ-xa-xa (k͓ú-wiⁿ-xá-xa) - freq. of k͓uwiⁿxe [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: thi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (¢i-k͓ú-wiⁿ-xe) - to turn round with the hands, as a grindstone; to pull or turn a blanket completely around [JOD-Omaha]; thi-ku-wiⁿ-xe (thi kuwiⁿxe) - turn [Omaha]; thi-koiⁿ-xe (ðiiʰkóįɣe) - turn someone or something around [CQ-Osage]; yu-ko-miⁿ-ghe (yukómiⁿghe) - turn something around and around with the hands, to crank [Kaw]

wolf

► shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (šǫ́ttąka), shaⁿ-taⁿ-ka (šą́ttąka) - wolf

► shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (šǫ́ttąka) - wolf [MS, OM]

► shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (schon-tonkah) - wolf (loup) [GI]

► shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (súⁿ tanga) - wolf, coyote [ASG]

► cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large; shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka xo-te zhi-ka (šǫttą́ka xótte žíka) - coyote; shoⁿ-zhi-ka (šǫ́žika) - puppy, pup

► ex: shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka sa (šǫttą́ka sá) - black wolf

► ex: shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka taⁿ-ka (shû́ⁿ tunga túnga) - big wolf [ASG]

► ex: shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka wa-sha-ke (šǫ́ttąka wášake), shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka wa-sh’a-ke (šǫ́ttąka wášʔake) - large or grown wolf

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ toⁿ-ga (shóⁿtoⁿga) - the large wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ toⁿ-ga (shoⁿ toⁿga) - gray wolf [Omaha]; shoⁿ taⁿ (šǫ́ ʰtą) - wolf [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿ-ge) - horse [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ge (shoⁿge) - horse [Omaha]; shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿ-ge) - dog or wolf [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog, wolf [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿge) - horse, dog [Kaw]

Wolf or Dog clan

► shoⁿ-ke ni-ka-shi-ka (šǫ́ke níkkašíka) - the Dog or Wolf gens, obtained from Alphonsus Valliere

► shoⁿ-ke ni-ka-shi-ka (šǫ́ke níkkašíka) - Dog or Wolf people, obtained from Mrs. Stafford (Haⁿ-ka gentes, Haⁿ-ka side)

► cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, human being, clan, gen

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge zho-i-ga-the (shóⁿ-ge zho-i-ga-the) - Dog People, the name of a subgens of the siⁿ-dse a-gthe (çiⁿ-dse a-gthe) gens [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (ní-ka-cíⁿ-ga) - a person; human beings, people [JOD-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

► shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka ni-ka-shi-ka (šǫ́ttąka níkkašíka) - Wolf people, obtained from Alphonsus and Frank Valliere

► cf. shoⁿ-taⁿ-ka (šǫ́ttąka) - wolf; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, human being, clan, gen

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-toⁿga u-ni-kʰa-shiⁿ-ga (shóⁿtoⁿga únikʰashíⁿga) - the Wolf People, a sub-gens of the Omaha [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ toⁿ-ga (shóⁿtoⁿga) - the large wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ toⁿ-ga (shoⁿ toⁿga) - gray wolf [Omaha]; shoⁿ taⁿ (šǫ́ ʰtą) - wolf [CQ-Osage]

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