Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

Waco Indian - watch	water - wavy	we - weave
wed - wheel	when - whetstone	which - whole
whoop - windless	window - wolf	woman - Wyandotte

when

► aⁿ-tʰaⁿ (ątʰą́) - when

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ki-kniⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́keáknį akíknį ą́tʰą) - horse/she sat on her own/when

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ka-ki o-zha da-i tʰe-ta o-zhoⁿ-ke e-zhi o-pʰa shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ki-kniⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ ba-ha-ha-ta ho-taⁿ koⁿ-iⁿ de (kóišǫ́ttą káki óža dá-i tʰétta ožǫ́ke éži opʰá šǫ́keáknį akíknį ą́tʰą baháhatta hóttą kǫ́į dé) - then, she (the orphan) left, riding along on her horse, trotting along at a good pace, following along a different road than those that went there to the dance (the old woman and her daughters) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: a-ki-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ de (ákkikdánį ą́tʰą dé) - she had her own (on)/when/she went [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka tʰaⁿ i-ka-pʰe a-ba-xda-te wa-pe-da i-niⁿ-ha hoⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha maⁿ-ze-ska naⁿ-hi a-ki-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ de (mižiká tʰą íkapʰe ábaxdátte wappéda inįhá hǫpé inįhá mązéska nąhí ákkikdánį ą́tʰą dé) - when the girl left (for the dance), she had on a hair comb and shawl, she also had on shoes made entirely of silver [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ o-zha pa naⁿ (ínį ą́tʰą óža ppá) - wore it/when/danced/3d. pl. (classifier) [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka ke wa-hiⁿ zhi-te i-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ o-zha pa naⁿ (waxʔó žiká ke wahį́ žítte ínį ą́tʰą óža ppá ną) - the old women wore red broadcloth when they danced [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: aⁿ-tʰaⁿ shti-we-zhiⁿ[ka] pa (ątʰą́ štíwežį[ka] ppá) - when/there were sparks [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e-ti pe-te a-ki-ba-xniⁿ-xniⁿ-zhe zhi-ka aⁿ-tʰaⁿ shti-we-zhiⁿ[ka] pa (étti ppétte akibaxnįxnį́že žiká ątʰą́ štíwežį[ka] ppá) - I have been poking at this fire, sending off small sparks [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: aⁿ-tʰaⁿ kde (ą́tʰą kdé) - when/she started homeward [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ni-ka ti-te-ki-de kʰe ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ kde (níkka ttíttekidé kʰé kíkʔį ą́tʰą kdé) - she had fully cooked her husband’s body and packed the pieces on her back when she started for home [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: aⁿ-tʰaⁿ ki-k’oⁿ-he (ą́tʰą kíkʔǫhé) - when/he put down his own lg. ob. [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze aⁿ-tʰaⁿ ki-k’oⁿ-he i-ya-we we-da-ba-zo (kattíttize ą́tʰą kíkʔǫhé iyáwe wédabázo) - the maneater cleared a spot on the ground and laid the finger down, they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: aⁿ-tʰaⁿ kde (ą́tʰą kdé) - when/went homeward [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kdi naⁿ ni-ka e-ta ta-xe-ki-de kʰe ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ kde (kdí ną níkka ettá ttáxekidé kʰe kíkʔį ą́tʰą kdé) - when she came back down from the tree, she packed the pieces of her husband’s barbecued body on her back and then she started for home [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe (ą́tʰą datʰé nįkʰé) - when/he sat (was) eating [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-o, ka-ni-ke, wi-he, i-ye kniⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe (hao, kaniké, wihé, iyé knį ą́tʰą datʰé nįkʰé) - he said, well, thank you! younger sister, and then he sat and ate what had been laid out for him [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: a-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ (akdánį ą́tʰą) - he having his own/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: maⁿ-te [e]-hoⁿ a-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da ni-he (mą́tte [e]hǫ́ akdánį ą́tʰą dá nihé) - take your bow too and go! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: a-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ de (akdánį ą́tʰą dé) - he had his own/when/he went [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te a-kda-niⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ de i-ya-we, shka-te (kóišǫ́ttą mą́tte akdánį ą́tʰą dé iyáwe, škátte) - then he (rabbit) took his bow along with him when he went to play, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

when it is so

► e-koⁿ taⁿ (ékǫ ttą) - when it is so

► cf. e-koⁿ (ékǫ) - like, thus, like that, so; taⁿ (tą), (ttą) - when, and, since, after; because, as; if

► ex: ha-o, e-koⁿ taⁿ pʰi te (hao, ekǫ́ ttą pʰí tte) - yes/so/when/I come/will [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ha-o, e-koⁿ taⁿ pʰi te, i-ke de-de (hao, ekǫ́ ttą pʰí tte, iké déde) - yes, when it is so, (when I have found these trees and made a boat and paddle) I will come, he shouted to him [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: e-gaⁿ (e-gáⁿ) - as; so; that being the case [JOD-Omaha]; e-gaⁿ (é-gaⁿ) - so; to be so; to do as another has said or done; to be as another has said; used as the equivalent of the English adverbial ending, -ly (like); as, so; for the same purpose; used in forming a strong imperative; used in forming a strong optative [JOD-Omaha]; e-goⁿ (egoⁿ) - as, like, kind, type, certainly, action [Omaha]; e-goⁿ (e-goⁿ) - like [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ (ékǫ) - like, similar to, like that, likewise, similarly, somewhat, kind of, rather, slightly, a bit, right, correctly, correct, appropriate, appropriately, that is right, true!, correct!, that’s the way!, thus, therefore, mean, signify, happen, be so, be as [CQ-Osage]; e-go (égo) - like, as, so; to be that kind, be such [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: doⁿ (doⁿ), daⁿ (daⁿ) - of time when, season when [Omaha/Ponca]; doⁿ (doⁿ) - because; when; did; were; a; such a place [FL-Osage]; taⁿ (tą), toⁿ (tǫ) - if; provided that; when; since; because [CQ-Osage]; daⁿ (daⁿ), da (da) - and, when, so [Kaw]

when, after

► a-ti (átti) - after, when; denoting place where, or time when

► cf. a (a) - on, upon, over; benefactive, for; at; ti (tti) - at, by, in, to; when, denoting place where, or time when, in the past; locative

► ex: i-y[e] a-ti (iy[e]-átti) - she said/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-de, wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-sa pa-hi i-y[e] a-ti ki-ki-knaⁿ (koidé, wittiką́, wasá ppahí iy[e]-átti kikikną́) - the woman put down her husband’s head for the maneater and said, my grandfather, that over there is a black bear head [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: i-ki-ho-shi a-ti (íkihoší-átti) - he forbade her/after [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: i-ki-ho-shi a-ti shi-naⁿ naⁿ ta-bde de (íkihoší-átti šiną́-ną tábde dé) - after he had forbidden her (from eating the egg), again, as before, he went hunting [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► Dhegiha: a-di (ádi) - termination, denoting place where, or time when, in the past [Omaha/Ponca]

when, and

► a-tʰaⁿ (átʰą), a-taⁿ (attą) - when, and

► ex: i-y[e]a-taⁿ (iy[e] áttą) - he said/when (or and) [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: ka-ni-ke, i-y[e]a-taⁿ wa-di-ze niⁿ (kaniké, iy[e] áttą wadíze nį) - he (rabbit) said, thank you, and he (rabbit) took them (the bag of turkeys) [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: so-de-ti hi a-taⁿ wi-e-hoⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-hi-we (sódetti hí attą wiehǫ ą́nįhiwe) - they who had been there before, and subsequently they went again and took her then (an interval)

► ex: de-do a-tʰi a-taⁿ wa-x’o miⁿ o-a-kye (dédo atʰí átaⁿ waxʔo mį oákye) - I courted her after/when I came here

► ex: a-tʰi a-tʰaⁿ a-na-zhiⁿ (atʰi átʰą anažį́) - I came/when/I stand

► ex: hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ a-tʰaⁿ (hǫpé nįkʰe ánį átʰą) - shoe/the part/having it/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ e-ti hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i niⁿ-kʰe-ta hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ a-tʰaⁿ zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą étti hǫpé kidíštottá-i nįkʰétta hǫpé nįkʰe ánį átʰą žą́dittą́da žiká óknį áttą tʰíwe) - then, the next morning, they (the delegation) arrived there (to the orphan’s home) riding in a carriage with her shoe, the shoe that they had removed from her [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: koⁿ-iⁿ hi a-tʰaⁿ (kǫ́į hi átʰą) - so/she arrived/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ki-ha-knaⁿ a-tʰaⁿ (kkihákną átʰą) - helped her off/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: koⁿ-iⁿ hi a-tʰaⁿ (kǫ́į hi átʰą) - started off/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ka-ki o-zha ke ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ ke koⁿ-iⁿ hi a-tʰaⁿ ki-ha-knaⁿ a-tʰaⁿ ka-ki o-zha wa-ki-da taⁿ koⁿ-iⁿ hi a-tʰaⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ to-si a o-doⁿ-de a-tʰaⁿ ti-a-ti a-niⁿ kdi (kóišǫ́ttą káki óža ke nikkąsą́ ke kǫ́į hi átʰą kkihákną átʰą káki óža-wákkidá tą kǫ́į hi átʰą kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke tʰą tosí a odǫ́de átʰą ttiátti anį́ kdi) - then, while they were dancing, while they were contending for him (for Big Chief’s son’s affections), she (the orphan) arrived, and the soldiers helped her down (off her horse). When (the orphan) arrived (to the dance), Big Chief’s son grabbed her under the arms, embracing her and took her back to the lodge [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: t’e-de a-taⁿ (tʔede attą) - when he killed him/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: t’e-de a-taⁿ kde naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (tʔede attą kdé ną iyá maštį́ke nį) - when he killed him, he started back home, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: da-s[e]a-taⁿ (das[é]á-ttą) - he killed her by biting/when [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: e-ti wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe da-s[e]a-taⁿ da-sniⁿ (étti wáxʔo žiká nįkʰé das[é]á-ttą dasnį́) - then he chewed up the old female dog and devoured her [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: i-y[e] a-tʰaⁿ (iy[e]-átʰą) - he said/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: tʰi naⁿ, hoⁿ-hoⁿ! ni-ka-shi-ka bnaⁿ a-ta-ha i-y[e] a-tʰaⁿ pa o-di-bnaⁿ naⁿ koⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we (tʰí ną, hǫǫhǫǫ! níkkašíka bną́ áttaha iy[e]-átʰą ppá ódibną́ ną kǫ́ nįkʰé iyáwe) - after he arrived, he sat there sniffing around, he said, hoⁿ-hoⁿ! sure smells like a human, they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: de a-tʰaⁿ (dé átʰą) - went/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-do-tʰe niⁿ de a-tʰaⁿ wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe ki-ha kdi (kóišǫ́ttą odotʰé nį dé átʰą waxʔó nįkʰé kkihá kdí) - when the maneater departed the woman came back down (from the tree) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-kda-shk[e] a-tʰaⁿ (mątté ąkókdašk[e] átʰą) - canoe/we tied up our own/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-kda-shk[e] a-tʰaⁿ shi-a-pʰe aⁿ-ka-de (mątté ąkókdašk[e] átʰą šiápʰe ąkáde) - when we went ashore, we tied up the canoe [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ki-ha kdi-wi a-tʰa (kkihá kdíwi átʰą) - down or to the ground/they had come again/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-naⁿ-pa ki-ha kdi-wi a-tʰa (kóišǫ́ttą maštį́ke eką́ nįkʰé enąpá kkihá kdíwi átʰą) - then when both rabbit and his grandmother came back down [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da-wi (kíkʔį́ ą́tʰą dáwi) - carried her own on her back/when/they went [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-tʰaⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi kíkʔį́ ą́tʰą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back when they went [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ka-x[e] a-tʰaⁿ (kaγ[e]á-tʰą) - she did it/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te ka-x[e] a-tʰaⁿ toⁿ-we de-de koⁿ-kʰe (ištá xixítte kaγ[e]á-tʰą tǫ́we dedé kǫ-kʰé) - she lay there peeping out of the corner of her eyes watching him [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: d[e] a-taⁿ (d[e] áttą) - he went/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ tʰaⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ d[e] a-taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we ni-zhi-ha zhi-te i-da-kdi-xaⁿ ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikkizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tʰą oną́štotte ną d[e] áttą niátta kóekde iyáwe, nižíha žítte idákdiγą́ koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the river taking red hair with him, they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: a-doⁿ (adóⁿ) - and; used to connect two or more verbs in the imperative [Omaha/Ponca]; a-doⁿ (ádoⁿ) - therefore; therefore, from that time [Omaha/Ponca]; a-doⁿ (á-doⁿ) - because; for that reason [FL-Osage]

► a-tʰaⁿ (átʰą), a-taⁿ (attą) - and, when

► ex: i-ye a-tʰaⁿ (íye átʰą) - said he/and (or when) [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-o, ha-o, ha-o! wi-he, i-ye a-tʰaⁿ da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe (hao, hao, hao! wihé, íye átʰą datʰé nįkʰé) - the maneater said, well, well, well! younger sister, and then he ate what had been laid out for him [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: o-do-tʰe tʰi a-tʰaⁿ (ódotʰe tʰi átʰą) - maneater/came/and [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: de ti o-do-tʰe tʰi a-tʰaⁿ, tʰi-we, tʰi-we, wi-he, i-ye naⁿ a-na-x’oⁿ-zhi hi kde (dé-tti ódotʰe tʰi átʰą, tʰi-we, tʰi-we, wi-he, i-ye naⁿ ánaxʔǫ́ži hí kdé) - just as she set off on the river in the canoe, the maneater arrived and said, come! come! younger sister, the woman ignored him as she started for home [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-niⁿ hi-d[e] a-taⁿ (ąkínį hid[é] áttą) - mine/he took away/and (he took it from me/when) [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-ti iⁿ-ta-te zhi-ka shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ e-naⁿ hi aⁿ-taⁿ [a-]ni-he taⁿ, aⁿ-ki-niⁿ hi-d[e] a-taⁿ i-ki-kaⁿ-ki-de tʰe (ettí įttátte žíka šǫ́keáknį eną́-hi ą́ttą́ [a]nihé-tą, ąkínį hid[é] áttą íkkikką́kkide tʰé) - I had a horse of my own and my step-father took it from me and traded it for another [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: zho-ki-kde a-taⁿ (žókikde áttą) - he with her, his own/and [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ki-ki-knoⁿ-ka-i naⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka ti e-ta tʰe-ta zho-ki-kde a-taⁿ da-we (kkikkíknǫkaí ną šʔattą́ka tti ettá tʰettá žókikde áttą dáwe) - when they had married each other, they went to live in her lodge, the devil went with her [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wabdíxe attą́ wábdize (wabdíxe attą́ wábdize) - I chased them/and/I caught (or took) them [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha taⁿ wa-ta-sto-ta ba-hi aⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ wi-zhoⁿ-de e-naⁿ-pa si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi to-ke-taⁿ wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze, ko-zhi da-zhi hi bdi-ze (kóišǫ́ttą ąsísi attahá tą watástotta bahí ąkáhi tą wižǫ́de enąpá síkka ttą́ka žóhi hí tokéttą wabdíxe attą́ wábdize, kkóži dáži hi bdíze) - therefore, I was very active back then, when my older sister and I went to pick pecans, at that time, there were many turkeys and I would chase them and I would catch them, I didn’t have to go very far to catch one [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: a-pʰe a-taⁿ (ápʰe áttą) - I pounded/and [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: wa-ske pa-x[e] a-taⁿ (wáske ppáγ[e] áttą) - bread/I made/and [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: a-pʰe a-taⁿ wa-ske pa-x[e] a-taⁿ bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (ápʰe áttą wáske ppáγ[e] áttą bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - using a mortar and pestle, I made bread, and I ate it [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ (nažį́ attą) - he stood/and [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ti-zhe ti hi na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ttíže-ttí-hi nažį́ attą γaké kǫ́ze tʰą ną iyá maštį́ke) - rabbit arrived to the entrance of the lodge and stood there, pretending cry, it is said (they say) [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: a-niⁿ a-taⁿ de (anį́ attą́ dé) - he had/and/went [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ wa-sa shoⁿ-te a-niⁿ a-taⁿ de (kʰí tą maštį́ke nį wasá šǫté anį́ attą́ dé) - upon returning home, the rabbit had the black bear’s scrotum and left [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: di-xa a-taⁿ t’e-da-we (dixá attą́ tʔédawé) - chase him/and/kill (ye) him [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: di-xa a-taⁿ t’e-da-we (dixá attą́ tʔédawé) - chase him and kill him! [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ki-kdi-sto-we a-taⁿ o-pʰe naⁿ (kkikdístowé attą́ opʰé ną) - pulled himself along on his stomach/and/entered (the lodge) [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ki-kdi-sto-we a-taⁿ o-pʰe naⁿ (kkikdístowé attą́ opʰé ną) - he crawled along on his stomach and entered the lodge [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: a-ki-na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ (ákinážį attą) - he trod on his own/and [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: maⁿ-te kʰe a-ki-na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ i-ki-kaⁿ-de niⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ (mą́tte kʰe ákinážį attą íkikką́de nį́ iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nį) - and the rabbit’s son was stringing his bow, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ki-k’i a-taⁿ i-de (kikʔí áttą idé) - he gave his own to him/and/departed [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ti tʰe ki-k’i a-taⁿ i-de (maštį́ke ttí tʰe kikʔí áttą idé) - he (long scalp) gave his lodge to rabbit and he left [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: a-shi-ti aniⁿ hi a-taⁿ ka-xtaⁿ (ašítti anį́ hi attą́ kaxtą́) - outside/take it thither/and/pour it out [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-di-si, ka-xtaⁿ, a-shi-ti aniⁿ hi a-taⁿ ka-xtaⁿ (wadisí, kaxtą́, ašítti anį́ hi attą́ kaxtą́) - don’t save it, pour it out, take it outside and pour it out! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ (obáhą attą́) - he pushed into it/and [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha ke o-di-shto-te o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ ma-xi-wa-de tʰaⁿ (hą́ka ežį́ke há ke odíštotte obáhą attą́ maγíwadé tʰą́) - he was wearing haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin that he had pulled off and he was fooling them [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: i-tʰi-kʰi i-ki-pʰe de a-taⁿ (itʰíkʰi íkipʰé dé attą́) - crier/to invite the people to assemble/he goes/and [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-a-zha a-taⁿ (óažá attą́) - I dance/and [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: i-tʰi-kʰi i-ki-pʰe de a-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka tʰi a-taⁿ o-a-zha a-taⁿ aⁿ-toⁿ-we koⁿ-bda iⁿ, i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (itʰíkʰi íkipʰé dé attą́ níkkašíka tʰí attą́ óažá attą́ ątǫ́we kkǫbdá į, ihé ąmą́) - the crier goes and invites the people to assemble and when the people come, he tells them that I want them to come and watch me dance, I usually say this [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: me-a-ki-knaⁿ a-taⁿ (meákikną́ attą́) - I put it in my belt/and [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi taⁿ ni-zhi-ha zhi-te aⁿ-di-za-i te me-a-ki-knaⁿ a-taⁿ o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí tą nižíha žítte ądizaí tte meákikną́ attą́ óažá ąmą́) - when most of the people arrive, when they get red hair for me, I put it in my belt and I usually dance [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: to-si a o-doⁿ-de a-tʰaⁿ (tosí a odǫ́de átʰą) - under the arms/he locked arms/and [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ to-si a o-doⁿ-de a-tʰaⁿ ti-a-ti a-niⁿ kdi (kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke tʰą tosí a odǫ́de átʰą ttiátti anį́ kdi) - Big Chief’s son grabbed her under the arms, embracing her and took her back to the lodge [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-da-ki-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ da ni-he (táttą idákikkikdánį áttą dá-nihé) - what/you put on your own clothing/and/go thou [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-da-te, ta-taⁿ i-da-ki-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ da ni-he, i-ke niⁿ i-ya[-we] (kóišǫ́ttą edátte, táttą idákikkikdánį áttą dá-nihé, iké nį iyá[we]) - then, her father said to her, put something on of your own and go! it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną (óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - he sat in/and/to go/future sign/the standing (= he was about to/past sign) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: kóišǫ́ttą mątté wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną (kóišǫ́ttą mątté wašʔáke hí óknį áttą de tta tʰą ną) - then, as he was about to set off in his large canoe [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (žą́dittą́da žiká óknį áttą tʰíwe) - wagon/small/sat in/and/they came [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ (ikazózo káγe áttą akínį hí tą) - letter/made/and/he took it thither to her/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti knoⁿ-ke te i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe a-taⁿ a-ki-niⁿ hi taⁿ toⁿ-we taⁿ naⁿ-zha, e-koⁿ te, i-ke i-ya[-we] (kóišǫ́ttą étti knǫké tte ikazózo káγe áttą akínį hí tą tǫ́we tą nąža, ekǫ́ tte, iké iyá[we]) - then, when she looked at (read) the marriage proposal letter that he had written and taken to her, she said, so shall it be, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ (nixótte áži áttą) - ashes/put on her/and [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ (ttáɣaɣáke káɣe áttą) - crying from heat/made her/and [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą ttáɣaɣáke káɣe áttą íkixa kǫ ppá) - then, the other girls (her stepsisters) scolded her awfully, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, all the time they were doing this, they were laughing at her [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ (é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą) - she (it)/hers (= it was hers)/because/she took her own/and [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ ti-a-ti koⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (kóišǫ́ttą é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą ttiátti kǫ ákdanį́ dé) - then, she took it into the lodge, she took it (her shoe) because it was hers [JOD-Cinderella]

when, and, since, after; because, as; if

► taⁿ (tą), taⁿ (ttą), tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - when, and

► taⁿ (tą), (ttą) - when, and, since, after; because, as; if

► taⁿ (tą) - when, since, after …. if, fol. subjunct. verb

► taⁿ (tą) - because, as

► cf. taⁿ-ha (tą́ha) - because, clause finally

► ex: o-zha-wi taⁿ (óžawí tą) - they danced/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: o-zha-wi taⁿ haⁿ-pa ska-de hi o-zha pa naⁿ (óžawí tą hą́pa skáde hí óža ppá ną) - when they danced, they danced in broad daylight [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ka-xnaⁿ sni-wa-te taⁿ (kaxną́ sniwátte tą́) - hunting/cold/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ (ąkáhi tą́) - we reached there/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: so-de-ta ka-xnaⁿ sni-wa-te taⁿ aⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ mi-ka-x’e o-wa-ze naⁿ (sódetta kaxną́ sniwátte tą́ ąkáhi tą́ mikkáxʔe owáze ną) - when we arrived at the caddo land on a hunting expedition, it was winter/cold, that is when the stars fell [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: de-do tʰi taⁿ t’a-we (dédo tʰí tą tʔáwe) - here/came/when/they died [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ-tʰaⁿ sh’a-ke hi ke de-do tʰi taⁿ t’a-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettítʰątʰą šʔáke hi ke dédo tʰí tą tʔáwe) - then, from that time, those who were very old when they came here died [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: de-do tʰi taⁿ ni-ka-we (dédo tʰí tą nikáwe) - here/came/when, since, after/they are not, there are none [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi-xti ke e-naⁿ ni-tʰe de-do tʰi taⁿ ni-ka-we (níkkašíka žohí xti ke eną́ nitʰé dédo tʰí tą nikáwe) - there were only indians, a great many came here then, although now there are none [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha taⁿ (ąsísi attahá tą) - me active/very/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: ba-hi aⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ (bahí ąkáhi tą) - to pick/we reached there/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží) - now/when/me active not [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (hątʔé štą attahá tą) - me sick-ly/very/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now, I am not active because I am always in poor health [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti-taⁿ (ttią́ttítą) - in the olden time/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti-taⁿ e-koⁿ naⁿ hi-we taⁿ-ha e-shoⁿ-xti aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ttią́ttítą ekǫ́ ną hí-we tą́ha ešǫ́xti ą́nąhą́) - just those back then did that, a long time ago (they bathed in the water daily), because of that I was able to grow old [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: aⁿ-taⁿ [a-]ni-he taⁿ (ą́ttą́ [a]nihé-tą) - I had/I was/when [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-ti iⁿ-ta-te zhi-ka shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ e-naⁿ hi aⁿ-taⁿ [a-]ni-he taⁿ, aⁿ-ki-niⁿ hi-da taⁿ i-ki-kaⁿ-ki-de tʰe (ettí įttátte žíka šǫ́keáknį eną́-hi ą́ttą́ [a]nihé-tą, ąkínį hid[é] áttą íkkikką́kkide tʰé) - I had a horse of my own and my step-father took it from me and traded it for another

[JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́) - ten/when or and/two/sitting on [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: mi-aⁿ-ba mi-xti naⁿ ma-ze-ska kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-da (mią́ba míxti-ną mazéska kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́ ąną́kidá) - he allowed/paid me twelve dollars a month, as my wages [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ (íyowí-ttą) - being shot/when [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ a-kda-niⁿ kdi kʰe (íyowi-ttą akdánį kdí kʰe) - when he was wounded they (his relations) brought him (or his lying body) home [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: tʰi taⁿ (tʰí tą) - come/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: o-da-kdo tʰaⁿ (odákdo tʰą́) - gnawed holes in it/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-ti maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xa di-knaⁿ-we naⁿ zha-we ke maⁿ-te kʰe o-da-kdo ke i-ya-we, o-da-kdo tʰaⁿ o-spe kʰe i-ya-we (étti mątté iǫ́ dixá dikną́we ną žawé ke mątté kʰe odákdo ké iyáwe, odákdo tʰą́ ospé kʰe iyáwe) - they (the people) had planned on using a boat to chase after him (rabbit), they say, however it sank because the beavers gnawed holes in it (the boat), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ (ąbą híde tą́) - he calls to me/he sends it hither/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ aⁿ-baⁿ hi-de taⁿ bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (ínąpą́ ąbą híde tą́ bdé tta mįkʰé) - if he calls to me a second time, I’m going to go [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ da-i taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą dá-i tą) - then/they went/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ da-i taⁿ, hi ni-he! we-da-niⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi, wi-naⁿ, i-ke niⁿ i-ya[we] (kóišǫ́ttą dá-i tą, hí-nihé! wédanį áwikíbnį akdí, winą́, iké nį iyá[we]) - then, when they (the old woman and her daughters) left (for the dance), the old man said to her, come here! my oldest daughter, I have brought back some clothing for you, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: di-sh’a-wi taⁿ za-ni di-sh’a-wi taⁿ (dišʔai tą zaní dišʔaí tą) - they failed/when/all/they failed/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: di-sh’a-wi taⁿ za-ni di-sh’a-wi taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’i de-da-wi (dišʔai tą zaní dišʔaí tą wahą́nįké nįkʰé kikʔí dedáwi) - when they failed, when they all failed, they gave it (her own shoe) back to the orphan [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą) - then/there/the next morning/when

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ (oxdé hąké hí tą) - he overtook her/nearly/very/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti kʰi i-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti kʰi i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kʰí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kʰí) - when the maneater had almost caught up to the woman, she had already made her way back to the river, she had made her way back to the canoe, they say [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ppáze dé tą aknį́ (ppáze dé tą aknį́) - after dark/when/I sat [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: pi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ, koⁿ miⁿ-kʰe [e]-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhaⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ppí aníhe ną́ ppáze dé tą aknį́, kǫ́ mįkʰé [e]tti kkihátti ažą́ kkǫbdáži hí) - as I was making my way back here, when it became dark, I made camp, as I had been sitting there awhile, I really did not want to sleep on the ground! [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ (datʰé nįkʰé tą) - she sat (= was) eating it/when [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi-zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - she was eating it while the baby girl was crying [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: hi taⁿ (hi tą) - arrived there, he arrived, reached there/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived at the black bear lodges [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hi taⁿ (hí-ttą́) - it arrived there, it arrives/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-tʰaⁿ-ka hi taⁿ (hą́ba otʰą́ka hí-ttą́) - as soon as it was day [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: tʰi-he taⁿ (tʰihé tą) - becomes in a lg. line/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: haⁿ-ba saⁿ-haⁿ tʰi-he taⁿ (hą́ba są́hą tʰihé tą) - when it is daybreak [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ (akasani tą) - the next morning/when [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ shi-naⁿ-naⁿ a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ ki-da-ha ta-bde de naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą šiną́ną akasani tą kkidáha tábde de nąwe) - then, again, as before, the next morning they separated and went hunting [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: t’e kaⁿ-ze taⁿ (tʔé ką́ze tą) - dead/he pretended/when [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-ba-ko taⁿ (žą́ abakkó tą) - tree/bent/when/sat on [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: naⁿ-zha ni kʰe a-ba-knaⁿ-ta t’e kaⁿ-ze taⁿ e-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe zhaⁿ a-ba-ko taⁿ a-kniⁿ (ną́ža ní kʰe ábaknątta tʔé ką́ze tą étti maštį́ke nį́kʰe žą́ abakkó tą áknį) - then, when he (raccoon) was there beside the water pretending to be dead, the rabbit (went and) sat in a bent tree [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: o-naⁿ taⁿ (oną́ tą) - he seized him/when [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: naⁿ-ka ti o-naⁿ taⁿ, wa-pa-iⁿ ti o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da niⁿ i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (ną́kka-ttí oną́ tą, wappaį́-tti obíttąttą́da nį́ iyá mątʰó) - grizzly bear seized him by the back and rolled him over and over in the blood, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi pa-ze he-be taⁿ (hǫ́tʰąhí ppáze hebé tą) - at length/evening/part/when [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi pa-ze he-be taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti ki (hǫ́tʰąhí ppáze hebé tą maštį́ke ettí ki) - after a while, when it was dusk, Rabbit returned there [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ (kʰí-tą) - reached home/when [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: k’iⁿ kʰi taⁿ a-shi-ti i-tʰe-de naⁿ (kʔį kʰí-tą ášitti itʰéde-ną) - when he arrived home carrying it (the fat meat), he piled it (the fat meat) outside the lodge [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: haⁿ de ni-zhi taⁿ bda-zhi te (hą́ de niží tą bdaží tté) - if it rains tonight, I shall not go

► ex: haⁿ taⁿ (hą́ tą) - night/time [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: haⁿ taⁿ i-ya (hą́ tą iyá) - when it was night, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-bniⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ (íbnį́ą tą́) - I think so/as [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-di-na-zhiⁿ di-taⁿ i-bniⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ i-ye aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi de (ídinážį dittą́ íbnį́ą tą́ íye ą́ttažóži dé) - I think that you speak so improperly to me on account of you depending on someone to help you [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą) - there/yet/as, and

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą) - thus, so; and thus; accordingly, in that way, and then; in that way, therefore; then at last

► ex: naⁿ-pe-di-hi taⁿ (nąppédihí tą) - thee hungry/as [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-di-hi taⁿ ta-taⁿ i-ta-tʰe (nąppédihí tą táttą íttatʰe) - you’re hungry, what do you want to eat [JOD-Red Hair]

► Dhegiha: doⁿ (doⁿ), daⁿ (daⁿ) - and; of time when, season when [Omaha/Ponca]; doⁿ (doⁿ) - because; when; did; were; a; such a place [FL-Osage]; taⁿ (tą), toⁿ (tǫ) - if; provided that; when; since; because [CQ-Osage]; daⁿ (daⁿ), da (da) - and, when, so [Kaw]

when, at length

► haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hą́tʰąhí), haⁿ-taⁿ-hi (hą́ttąhí), hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫ́tʰąhi) - then, at length; it happened that; once upon a time; behold

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫ́tʰąhi) - at length [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi maⁿ-te kdi-ze naⁿ e-ti de i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hǫ́tʰąhi mą́tte kdíze ną étti dé iyá maštį́ke) - then rabbit took his bow and went there, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫ́tʰąhi) - at length [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ma-shtiⁿ-ke ke naⁿ (hǫ́tʰąhi maštį́ke ké ną) - then rabbit said as follows [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi pa-ze he-be taⁿ (hǫ́tʰąhí ppáze hebé tą) - at length/evening/part/when [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi pa-ze he-be taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti ki (hǫ́tʰąhí ppáze hebé tą maštį́ke ettí ki) - after a while, when it was dusk, rabbit returned there [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫ́tʰąhí) - it happened [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi haⁿ-ba mi iⁿ-da aⁿ-kda tʰi-we aⁿ-ki-de (hǫ́tʰąhí hą́ba mí įdá ą́kda-tʰíwe-ą́kkidé) - it happened one day that my mother sent someone for me [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫtʰąhí) - once upon a time [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka wa-x’o i-da-kda-niⁿ ta-bde da-we (hǫtʰąhí níkka waxʔó idákdanį́ tábde dáwe) - once upon a time a man took his wife hunting with him [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hǫ́tʰąhi) - behold [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe) - then, a great many people gave the scalp yell [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet; at any rate; so; thus, while, when

► cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - enough; the end

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper; as it should be; enough; that will do; still, yet; at all events, at any rate; and, so; thus [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop; ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ (šǫ́) - while, as when; still; continually [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - by and by, after awhile, eventually [Kaw]

when, at the time

► tʰe-ti (tʰétti) - at the time, when

► cf. tʰe-ti (tʰettí), (tʰétti) - at the standing object; to the; at, by, in, to, near the singular standing object or collection of small objects

► ex: si di-ze de-de naⁿ hi tʰe-ti (sí dizé dedé ną hí tʰétti) - raising his feet/sent it off/often/very/when [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: si di-ze de-de naⁿ hi tʰe-ti (sí dizé dedé ną hí tʰétti) - when he took every step [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti (hǫ́ tʰétti) - night/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke a-shi-ti hi (hǫ́ tʰétti maštį́ke ášitti hí) - when it was night, the rabbit went outside [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti (hǫ́ tʰétti) - night/at [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe (hǫ́ tʰétti ttíkde ke okákixéxti žé) - at night, he defecated all around the lodges [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi tʰe-ti ti-zhe (ášitti hi tʰétti ttíže) - outside of the lodge/arrived/when/entrance

► ex: a-shi-ti hi tʰe-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi tʰétti ttíže okákixéxti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - when the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: hi-de tʰe-ti (hidé tʰettí) - he had gone/when [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: hi-de tʰe-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke sni-wa-te ka-xnoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ki-aⁿ-xe (hidé tʰettí maštį́ke sniwátte káxnǫ nįkʰé íkiąγé) - when he had gone, the rabbit questioned the winter’s wife [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: e-shoⁿ hoⁿ tʰe-ti (ešǫ́ hǫ tʰétti) - then/night/when = it was still night [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ hoⁿ tʰe-ti aⁿ-ba k’aⁿ-ha-we (ešǫ́ hǫ tʰétti ą́ba kʔą́hawé) - it was still night, towards day when they laid his body out [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: i-to-wa tʰe-ti (ítowa tʰettí) - the fourth time [JOD-Coyote and Buffalo]

► ex: o-ki-hoⁿ tʰe-ti ho-mi-ta-ta niⁿ-kʰe da-tʰe-ki-de naⁿ (okíhǫ tʰétti hómittátta nįkʰé datʰékkidé ną) - beaver’s wife cooked her son and fed the monkey [JOD-Four Creators]

► Dhegiha: tʰe-di (tʰédi) - at, by, in, or near the standing inanimate objects or collection of small objects; at the time; when [Omaha/Ponca]

when, at what time

► ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time (in the past)

► cf. ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą) - when (in the future)

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-ti da-tʰi e (hatʰą́tti datʰí e) - when did you come? [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ-a-di (atʰóⁿadi) - when? at what past time? [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-ʰtoⁿ-dsi (ha-ʰtóⁿ-dsi) - when; at what time; when did [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-tsi (haatxą́ci), ha-kxaⁿ-tsi (haakxą́ci), ha-tkxaⁿ-tsi (haatkxą́ci) - when in the past, at what time in the past [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-ji (hakháⁿji) - when, at what past time? [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ha-ʰtoⁿ-dsi tha-tsi a (ha-ʰtóⁿ-dsi tha-tsi a) - when did you come? [FL-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-ji ya-chí (hakháⁿji yachí) - when did you come (get here)? [Kaw]

when, denoting place where, or time when, in the past

► ti (tti) - at, by, in, to; when, denoting place where, or time when, in the past; locative

► ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti (ąknį́-tti) - we sat/when (= where) [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti aⁿ-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then when we were returning here, when it became dark, we camped there and we slept [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe-ti (ką́ nįkʰé tti) - when he sat for some time [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe-ti ke naⁿ iya (ešǫ́ ką́ nįkʰé tti ké ną iyá) - and when he had sat (dwelt) for some time, he said the following, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: wa-kʰe ti (wakʰé tti) - when he meant him [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰo e wa-kʰe ti (mątʰó é wakʰé tti) - referring to him, the grizzly bear [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: o-da-ki-ta ti (ódakittá tti) - you told it to her/when [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-ka-xna niⁿ-kʰe wa-k’iⁿ tʰe o-da-ki-ta ti (ekáxną nįkʰe wakʔį́ tʰe ódakittá tti) - when you summoned his wife to carry the meat [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: i-ki-aⁿ-xe ti (íkiąγé tti) - he questioned his own/when [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-da-te i-ki-aⁿ-xe ti (edátte íkiąγé tti) - when he questioned his father [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-da-te niⁿ-kʰe, hoⁿ e, i-ke-ti (edátte nįkʰe, hǫ́ e, iké-tti) - when his father said to him, is anything the matter? [JOD-Four Creators]

► ex: o-a-ki-bda ti (óakibdá-tti) - I told her, my own/when [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-shoⁿ iⁿ-da o-a-ki-bda, o-a-ki-bda ti de she-he (ešǫ́ įdá óakibdá, óakibdá-tti dé šehé) - then I told my mother, when I told her this is what I said [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti (ąžįkátti) - me/small/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti e-tʰaⁿ-tʰaⁿ wa-se i-niⁿ-ha i-ka-she-knaⁿ o-ki-pa-taⁿ-taⁿ hi-ni-ke i-niⁿ-ha ko-i-shoⁿ a-ni-he naⁿ (ąžįkátti etʰą́tʰą wasé inįhá íkašekną́ okkípattą́ttą hiníke inįhá kóiš[ǫ́]ánihe ną́) - at the time when I was a little girl, so (they wore) red paint, silver breastpins placed in a row, and leggings [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: so-de-ti hi-ti (sóde-tti hí-tti) - at the Caddo (land)/arrived/when [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ka-ki zho-hi ke-ti ka-xnaⁿ hi taⁿ so-de-ti hi-ti wi-e-hoⁿ aⁿ-niⁿ-hi-we e-ta (kakí žóhi kétti kaxną́ hí tą sóde-tti hí-tti wiehǫ́ ą́nį-hiwé ettá) - there were many on a hunting expedition when they arrived there at the caddo land, they brought me along there too [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: kaⁿ-zhe-hi-ti (kkąžéhittí) - very motionless/when [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: kaⁿ-zhe-hi-ti kniⁿ-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (kkąžéhittí knį́ži iyá maštį́ke) - rabbit could not sit still, it is said [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: de ti (dé-tti) - she went/as [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: de-do a-tʰi-ti wa-x’o miⁿ o-a-kye (dédo atʰítti waxʔo mį oákye) - I courted her at very time of my coming (no interval)

► Dhegiha: di (di) - in, to, at [Omaha]; dsi (dsi) - there, designating place [FL-Osage]; tsi (ci) - in, to, at [CQ-Osage]; ji (ji), jhi (ǰi) - to, at, in [Kaw]

when, if

► naⁿ-haⁿ (nąhą́) - if, when

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ (wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́) - bird/he killed/if or when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze koⁿ-niⁿ (wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé kǫ-nį́) - if he (haⁿ-ka’s son) killed a bird, he (rabbit) would get it for him, he (rabbit) did this a while [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: maⁿ kʰe de-de naⁿ-haⁿ (mą́ kʰe déde nąhą́) - arrow/the lg. ob./he sent it off/if [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: maⁿ kʰe de-de naⁿ-haⁿ a-ki-de naⁿ ki-k’i koⁿ-niⁿ (mą́ kʰe déde nąhą́ akidé ną kikʔí kǫ-nį́) - if he (haⁿ-ka’s son) shot the arrow off (missing the bird), he (rabbit) would go after it (the arrow) and give it to him (haⁿ-ka’s son), he (rabbit) did this a while [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ (wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́) - bird/he killed it/if [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-de naⁿ-haⁿ ki-di-ze naⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ki-k’i naⁿ (wažį́ka tʔéde nąhą́ kidizé ną hą́ka ežį́ke kikʔí ną) - if he (haⁿ-ka’s son) killed a bird, he (rabbit) would get it and give it to haⁿ-ka’s son [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-zhi wa-naⁿ-bde naⁿ-haⁿ pa-xe te (éži waną́bde nąhą́ ppáγe tte) - different/food/if/I make/will [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: e-zhi wa-naⁿ-bde naⁿ-haⁿ pa-xe te, e-zhi ta-taⁿ i-ta-tʰe naⁿ e-koⁿ pa-xe te (éži waną́bde nąhą́ ppáγe tte, éži táttą íttatʰé ną ekǫ́ ppáγe tté) - if there is something different you want to eat, a different kind of food, I will make it so (I will make just like that) [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ (tʔédade nąhą́) - you kill/if [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe a-shi-oⁿ-he a-ni-he, i-ke i-ya-we (šiną́ wažį́ka tʔédade nąhą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe ášiǫ́he anihé, iké iyáwe) - I’ll walk behind, if you kill a bird again, I’ll get it for you, he (rabbit) said to him (Haⁿ-ka’s son), iké iyáwe, he (rabbit) said to him (Haⁿ-ka’s son), they say [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: i-ye naⁿ-haⁿ (iyé nąhą́) - she says/if [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ko-he, e naⁿ-ha, wi-ki-kda-k’iⁿ te-a, i-ye naⁿ-haⁿ, hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi, i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (kohé, é nąhá, wikíkdakʔį́ tteá, iyé nąhą́, hǫ́ąží, ihé ąmą́) - if she says, if that’s all right, I will carry you on my back, I usually say, no! [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ (škǫ́tta nąhą́) - you wish/if [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wi-ti-kaⁿ, aⁿ-naⁿ-da-ki-she shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti-kaⁿ aⁿ-da-ki-de te (wittíką́, ąną́dakišé škǫ́tta nąhą́ ettíką ądákide tté) - if you want to address me as ‘my grandfather’ you will have me as a grandfather [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: i-ti-aⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ (íttią́ nąhą́) - you think/if [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wi-te-ke-a-ki-de aⁿ-moⁿ, i-ti-aⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ, e-te-ke-aⁿ-da-ki-de te (wíttekeákide ąmǫ́, íttią́ nąhą́, ettéke ądákide tté) - if you are thinking about having me as ‘my mother’s brother’ you will have me as your mother’s brother [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: i-she shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ (išé škǫ́tta nąhą́) - you say/you wish/if [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wi-ti-to i-she shkoⁿ-ta naⁿ-haⁿ, wi-ti-to i-she te (wittítto išé škǫ́tta nąhą́, wittítto išé tte) - if you say you want me as my older brother you shall say my older brother [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: i-ti-kdaⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ (íttikdą nąhą́) - you decide/if [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: aⁿ-ti-xe te i-ti-kdaⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ, aⁿ-ti-xa te (ą́ttiγe tté íttikdą nąhą́, ą́ttiγa tté) - if you decide that you will take me for a husband, you shall take me for a husband [JOD-Four Women]

when, in future

► ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in the future

► cf. ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time (in the past)

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ da-ki-shkoⁿ-ta (atʰą́ttą dakíškǫttá) - when do you want it (your own)?

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ-doⁿ (atʰóⁿdoⁿ) - at what time or season [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-ʰtoⁿ-doⁿ (ha-ṭoⁿ-doⁿ) - when; when will [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time? [Kaw]

when, thus, while; and, still, yet; at any rate; so

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - and, still, yet; at any rate; so; thus, while, when

► cf. shoⁿ (šǫ) - enough; the end

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper; as it should be; enough; that will do; still, yet; at all events, at any rate; and, so; thus [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop; ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ (šǫ́) - while, as when, still, continually [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - by and by, after awhile, eventually [Kaw]

when, time when, past sign, sign of past action

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - past sign, when; sign of past action

► naⁿ (-ną), na (-na) - when, time when

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - habitual; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - old, grown, mature, adult; naⁿ (ną) - the; sg/si/in definite article; naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot or feet

► ex: hi naⁿ (hí ną) - reached there/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ hi naⁿ mi-zhi-ke ke i-k’i-ta-i ke i-ya(we) hoⁿ-pe (kóišǫ́ttą hí ną mižiká ke íkʔittaí ke iyá(we) hǫpé) - then, when he (the spokesman for the delegation) arrived (with the shoe), the girls, they tried on the shoe, it is said (they say) [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: a-ki-hi naⁿ (ní akihí ną) - he went thither for it/when [JOD-Fire Coal and Sinew]

► ex: ni a-ki-hi naⁿ kdi (ní akihí ną kdí) - when he (sinew) went there for the water, he came back [JOD-Fire Coal and Sinew]

► ex: pa naⁿ (ppá ną) - 3d. pl./past sign [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ pa naⁿ, ti-aⁿ-ti we-da-niⁿ pa naⁿ (kóišǫ ppá ną, ttią́tti wédanį ppá ną) - that is how they were, they dressed a long time ago [JOD-Stafford Rem. 1]

► ex: si-ka di-ze naⁿ (síkka dizé ną) - turkey/took/past sign [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti e-koⁿ pa naⁿ i-ya-we: si-ka di-ze naⁿ i-ya-we (ttiąttí ekǫ́ ppá ną iyáwe: síkka dizé ną iyáwe) - so that is the way they were long ago, catching turkey (chicken), they say [JOD-Stafford Rem. 2]

► ex: wa-xo-ka naⁿ (waxokká ną) - he sang/when [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: wa-xo-ka naⁿ tʰi-we (waxokká ną tʰíwe) - they (turkeys) came when he sang to them [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: ti-kde tʰe-ti kʰi naⁿ (ttíkde tʰétti kʰí ną) - lodge/to the/came again/when [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: e-shoⁿ shi-naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ ti-kde tʰe-ti kʰi naⁿ (ešǫ́ šiną́ ppáze dé tą ttíkde tʰétti kʰí ną) - then again, when it was night he (raccoon) returned to the lodge [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: t’e-wa-de kdi naⁿ (tʔewadé kdí ną) - he killed them/he had come back (home)/when [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: da-tʰe koⁿ-ni-kʰa naⁿ (datʰe kǫ́-nikʰá ną) - eating/so they were awhile/past sign [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-wa-de kdi naⁿ da-tʰe koⁿ-ni-kʰa naⁿ (wažį́ka tʔewadé kdí ną datʰe kǫ́-nikʰá ną) - when he (rabbit) killed the birds he would come back home and they (rabbit and grandmother) would eat them (the birds) [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ki-ha-i naⁿ (kihá-í ną) - they finished/when [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: pa-ze de naⁿ (ppáze dé ną) - after dark/when [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: kda-tʰe ki-ha-i naⁿ zhaⁿ-ki-da-wi i-ya-we pa-ze de naⁿ (kdatʰé kihá-í ną žą́kkidáwi iyáwe ppáze dé ną) - when they were finished eating (their own food), they went to sleep after dark, they say [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ha-t’e naⁿ (hatʔé ną) - he was sick/when [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-t’e naⁿ di-sh’a hi i-ki-pa-haⁿ (hatʔé ną dišʔá hi ikkippahą́) - he knew that he was very sick and would not make it [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-a-de naⁿ (į́tʰį deáde ną) - club, stick/I threw it/when [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: tsho-ke hi naⁿ (tšoké hi ną) - it sounded tsho/very/past sign [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: shi-naⁿ, iⁿ-tʰiⁿ de-a-de naⁿ ni-ti tsho-ke hi naⁿ (šiną́, į́tʰį deáde ną nítti tšoké hi ną) - when I threw the stick away again, it made the noise ‘tsho’ in the water [JOD-Woman changed into Serpent]

► ex: hi-de tʰe naⁿ (hidé tʰe-ną́) - went off/the past act [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: de tʰe naⁿ (de tʰé-ną) - went/past act [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: kdi naⁿ (kdí-ną) - came back/when [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: e-ti hi-de tʰe naⁿ, shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ wi-ta a-kniⁿ a-taⁿ de tʰe naⁿ, kdi naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ wa-x’o xo-te zhi-hi a-niⁿ kdi (ettí hidé tʰe-ną́, šǫ́keáknį wítta áknį attą́ de tʰé-ną, kdí-ną šǫ́keáknį waxʔó xotté žihí anį́ kdi) - he rode away on my horse, and when he returned he brought back a roan mare [JOD-Valliere Rem]

► ex: kʰi-naⁿ o-wa-hoⁿ (kʰí-ną ówahǫ) - reached home/when/boiled them [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ o-wa-hoⁿ (níkkašíka nikʰá wakʔį́ kʰí-ną ówahǫ) - when he returned to his home carrying the Indians, she cooked them [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: i-ye naⁿ (iyé ną) - said/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (ąną́hosá ną) - she reproved me/when [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ di-te-ke wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe ta e-ti da i-ye naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (įkką́ dittéke wasá nįkʰétta étti dá iyé ną ąną́hosá ną) - my grandmother scolded me and said, go to the black bear, your uncle [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti hi-naⁿ (maštį́ke étti hí-ną) - rabbit/there/arrived/when [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we i-ba-hoⁿ naⁿ (dixáži wadáxowé íbahǫ ną́) - hill/drew people into its mouth/knew him/past sign [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti hi-naⁿ, di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we i-ba-hoⁿ naⁿ (maštį́ke étti hí-ną, dixáži wadáxowé íbahǫ ną́) - when rabbit arrived there, Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth knew him [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: de naⁿ (dé-ną) - went/when [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ (wákkǫdá-ną) - he attacked them/past sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti de naⁿ wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ešǫ́ étti dé-ną wákkǫdá-ną iyá maštį́ke) - then Rabbit went there and attacked the game, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► Dhegiha: thoⁿ (¢aⁿ) - in the past [JOD-Omaha]; naⁿ (naⁿ), na (na) - past marker of classifiers; anterior mode [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - a sign of occasional regular, or customary action [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually, customarily [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

when, why; how far, how long, what distance

► a-tʰaⁿ (atʰą́), ha-tʰaⁿ (hatʰą́) - when, why; how far, how long, what distance

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ka (atʰąkká) - how tall, how high

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - at some future time

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká), a-tʰaⁿ-tʰe bdo-ka (atʰą́tʰe bdóka) - forever

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in the future

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time (in the past)

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ (atʰóⁿ) - at what time; to what distance or length; when, how far, how long to what place [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-toⁿ (ha-tóⁿ) - how far, what distance [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ (háatxą), ha-kxaⁿ (háakxą), ha-tkxaⁿ (háatkxą) - how far, what distance, (for) how long [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ (hakháⁿ) - how far?, how long?, when? [Kaw]

where

► ha-ki (háki) - where

► ex: ha-ki ke (hakí ke) - where are they?

► ex: ha-ki e (hakí e) - where is it? [AB]

► ex: ha-ki te (háki tté) - where you going? [MS, OM]

► ex: ha-ki te ni-she (háki tte nišé) - where are you going?

► ex: ha-ki shi e (háki ši e) - where have you been? [MS]

► ex: ha-ki a-shi-niⁿ (háki ášinį) - where’s your coat? MS]

► ex: ha-ki e-ti niⁿ (hakí ettí nį) - where/there/the moving [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ha-ki e-ti niⁿ kʰa-ke (níkkašíka hakí ettí nį kʰaké) - younger brother, where is the human [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kʰa-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka ha-ki e-ti niⁿ (kʰaké, níkkašíka hakí ettí nį) - younger brother, where is the human [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ kʰa-ke (hakí níkkašíka ettí nį kʰaké) - younger brother, where is the human? [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-ki ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti niⁿ-kʰe (kʰaké, hakí níkkašíka ettí nįkʰé) - younger brother, where is the human? [JOD-Woman and Maneater]

► ex: ha-ki i-da-we (hakí idáwe) - where/they have gone thither [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ha-ki i-da-we (waxʔó tówa ttíkde hakí idáwe) - where have the four women who live together gone? [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ha-ki i-da-we i-pa-haⁿ-zhi miⁿ-kʰe (hakí idáwe íppahąží mįkʰé) - I don’t know where they went [JOD-Four Women]

► ex: ha-ki i-da-knaⁿ ni-she, ko-ta (hakí ídakną nišé, kkotá) - where have you been friend [JOD-Raccoon and Rabbit]

► ex: ha-ki i-knaⁿ (hakí íkną́) - to what place did he go?

► ex: ha-ki i-knaⁿ-zhi (hakí idaknąží) - I went nowhere

► ex: ha-ki aⁿ-naⁿ-i-knaⁿ-wa-zhi (hakí ąną́knąwaží) - we went nowhere

► ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, in which direction, in what direction

► ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go [MS]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de (hákidéde) - in which direction [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ha-ki-de-de de e? (maštį́ke hákidéde dé e?) - in what direction did the rabbit go? [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de e (hákidedé e) - in what direction/question sign [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: hoⁿ! wi-sh-k’e hákidedé e, i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ! wíšikʔé hákidedé e, iyí iyá mątʰó waxʔó nįkʰé) - yes! my husband’s brother, in what direction?” it is said the wife of grizzly bear said [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - from what direction [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ da-tʰi-ke-we i-te e-ti kda-we ka! (hákidedétʰą datʰí-ké-we itté ettí kdawé-ka!) - from wherever you’all may have come from, go there to your respective homes! [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which

► hu-wa (húwa) - who [OM]

► ex: ho-wa-da (hówada) - where is, are the

► ex: ho-wa-da-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówadatʰéttitʰą) - from what dual remote standing inanimate

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in; from what nearby singular standing inanimate or collection sitting

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-da-i tʰe-i-te i-da-ki-de te, i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ (hówatʰétti tʔédai tʰé-itte idákide tté, iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, I will look for him wherever they may have killed him, it is said [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in

► ex: ho-wa niⁿ (hówa nį) - who is it?

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa-she (hówa nikʰáše) - who, which/you’ll sitting [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were kind to rabbit for me [JOD-Rabbit and Grizzly]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► ex: maⁿ kʰe ho-taⁿ hi di-e ti-za-zhi taⁿ ho-wa a-niⁿ ni-hoⁿ (mą kʰe hóttą hi díe ttízaži-tą́ hówa anį́ nihǫ́) - it’s a fine arrow, if you do not get it, then who would have it? [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: hu-wa ka-xe (húwa káγe) - who done that? [MS]

► ex: ho-wa-ta (hówatta) - whose

► ex: maⁿ-te ho-wa-ta (mą́tte hówattá) - whose bow is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ho-wa-ta (šǫ́ke howattá) - whose dog is this?

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ ho-wa-ta (šǫ́keáknį hówattá) - whose horse is this?

► ex: te-ska wa-x’o ho-wa-ta (tteská waxʔó hówattá) - whose cow is this?

► ex: ho-wa-zhi (hówaži) - nobody

► ex: ho-wa-ke (howaké) - which one of a crowd, whoever of these

► ex: ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ (howaké kišǫ́i ną́) - which one of a crowd/it fits/when [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: e hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe ho-wa-ke ki-shoⁿ-i naⁿ ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke knoⁿ-ke te, i-ye tʰe i-ya-we (e hǫpé nįkʰé howaké kišǫ́i ną́ kahíke ttą́ka ežį́ke knǫké tte, iyé tʰe iyáwe) - he said, Big Chief’s son will marry whoever fits that shoe, they say [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: ho-wa ni-kʰa (hówa nikʰá) - which one of them

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ di-ta ho-wa ni-kʰa (šǫ́keáknį dítta hówa nikʰá) - which is your horse?

► Dhegiha: a-wa (áwa) - where, what, which, who [Omaha/Ponca]; ho-wa (hówa) - where; what; which [FL-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - which, which one [CQ-Osage]; ho-wa (hówa) - what; which one (specified by shape); where is the X-shaped object [Kaw]

where, at or to the place where (they) abound

► o-toⁿ-ti (ottǫ́tti), o-taⁿ-ti (ottą́tti) - among them; at or to the place where (they) abound, exist

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place; in, inside, into; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have; ti (tti) - at, by, in, to; when, denoting place where, or time when, in the past; locative

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti (níkkašika ottą́tti) - people/among them [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: haⁿ-pa de shoⁿ-hi-te ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-ke-a-we e a-ni-he te e-ta (hą́pa dé šǫ́hitte níkkašíka ottą́tti maštį́ke ikéawe e aníhe tté ettá) - anyhow, today, at the place where the humans live, rabbit, is what they will call me, that is how I will be (known) there [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti (níkkašika ottą́tti) - people/among them [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti te-a-xa i-ke-a-we e a-ni-he te e-ta (níkkašika ottą́tti tteáxa ikeáwe é aníhe tté ettá) - at the place where the humans live, toad, is what they will call me, that is how I will be (known) there [JOD-Red Hair]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti (níkkašika ottą́tti) - human being/among them [JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-ke-a-we e a-ni-he te e-ta (kóišǫ́ttą, níkkašika ottą́tti maštį́ke ikeáwe e aníhe tté ettá) - then, at the place where the humans live (abound, exist), rabbit, is what they will call me, that is how I will be there

[JOD-Rabbit and Opossum]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti (níkkašika ottą́tti) - at the place where humans abound, exist

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-di-ke-a-we e ni-she te e-ta (níkkašika ottą́tti maštį́ke idíkeawe e nišé tté ettá) - at the place where the humans live, rabbit, is what they will call you, that is how you will be there

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka o-taⁿ-ti ma-shtiⁿ-ke i-ke-a-we e niⁿ te e-ta (níkkašika ottą́tti maštį́ke ikeawe e nį tté ettá) - at the place where the humans live, rabbit, is what they will call him/her, that is how he/she will be there

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; taⁿ (taⁿ) - to abound; there is; to have or possess [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

where, go to the place where you are or near you

► shoⁿ-de (šǫdé) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you; come toward you; go to someone, go to a person

► ex: shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé) - I go to you/I will [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: wi-te-ke, de shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (wítteké, dé šǫbdé ttá mįkʰé) - my mother’s brother, I will go with you [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-e shoⁿ-bde ta miⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́e šǫbdé tta mįkʰé) - no matter what, I will go with you [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► Dhegiha: shu-the (shuthé) - to go to you [Omaha/Ponca]; sho-the (sho-thé), shu-the (shu-thé) - come toward you, coming where you are [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-the (šǫðée), sho-the (šoðée) - go toward you, go to the place where you are or near you [CQ-Osage]; sho-ye (shoyé), sho-we (showé) - go to someone; go to a person [Kaw]

where, there where you are

► she-do (šédo) - yonder, there; there in the distance; in that place which you see; there near you; there where you are

► cf. she-ta (šétta) - there, at/to that place

► ex: she-do e-shoⁿ a-da-ska ni-he! (šédo ešǫ́ ádaska nihé!) - stick there where you are! [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ aⁿ-kda aⁿ-ka-xe a-ta-ha tʰaⁿ she-do de niⁿ (níkkašíka mį ą́kda ą́kaγe áttaha tʰą šédo de nį́) - a person who made me suffer very much, the one who caused me to be stuck in the tree, he was going there, to you, to your village [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: she-do xi-da miⁿ she-do hi niⁿ (šédo xidá mį šédo hi nį́) - there in the distance, an eagle is coming there to you! [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: she-do hi niⁿ, xi-da miⁿ! (šédo hi nį, xidá mį!) - there in the distance, an eagle is coming! [JOD-Rabbit and Monkey]

► ex: she-do i-hi (šédo ihí) - it goes to you [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: wi-te-ke, ta miⁿ she-do i-hi! ki-ta! (wítteke, tta mį šédo ihí! kkitta!) - my mother’s brother, there is a deer approaching over there! shoot it! [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: she-do i-hi-we (šédo ihíwe) - they go to you [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► ex: wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka de-pa she-do i-hi-we (wítteke, níkkašíka dépa šédo ihíwe) - my mother’s brother, over there are some Indians who are approaching [JOD-Rabbit killed Winter]

► Dhegiha: she-thu (shéthu) - in that place which you see: there near you, or there where you are [Omaha/Ponca]; she-thu (shéthu) - yonder; there where you are [FL-Osage]; she-thoⁿ (šeeðǫ́), she-tho (šeeðó) - there where you are, right there where you are, that person there; and also, and then [CQ-Osage]; she-yo (sheyó) - there in the distance, yonder [Kaw]

whereas I, but I

► wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I, contrastive

► cf. di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive; oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we, contrastive, “we, on the one hand”

► Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - I, in contrast to others, marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else [Omaha/Ponca]

wherefore

► haⁿ-e-taⁿ (hą́ettą́) - why or how is this; wherefore

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner

► ex: “haⁿ-e-taⁿ? e-ti bde te,” i-niⁿ-aⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hą́ettą́? étti bdé tté,” ínįą́ iyá maštį́ke) - “why is this? I will go there,” thought Rabbit, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-e-doⁿ (hóⁿ-e-doⁿ) - to be in suspense [FL-Osage]

wherever

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; to throw or send it off; to throw away or off; throw it (off), send thither; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - from

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - from what direction [JOD-Rabbit and Hill]

► ha-ki e-hi-te (háki éhitte), ha-ke-hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke-i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; e-hi-te (éhitte) - soever; hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► ex: hake itté kniⁿ (haké itté knį́) - sit where you please

► ex: toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te (ttǫ́ hakí ehitté) - village/where/soever = anywhere [JOD-Cinderella]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te, i-ye niⁿ-ki-ya (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté, iyé nįkíya) - she was saying, my father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are all alone, it is said [JOD-Cinderella]

► hi-te (hitté), i-te (itté) - whatever, wherever, however; may, may have

► ex: e-hi-te (éhitte) - soever

► ex: ha-ki e-hi-te (háki éhitte), ha-ke-hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke-i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

► ex: ha-na i-te (haná itte), ha-na-hi-te (hanáhitte), ha-naⁿ-hi-te (haną́hitté) - however much or many; a few

► ex: ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► ex: haⁿ-ni-te (hą́nitté), haⁿ-niⁿ hi-te (hą́nį hítte) - somehow or other

► ex: ke-hi-te (kéhitte) - even, so much as

► ex: shoⁿ-hi-te (šǫ́hitte) - anyhow, at any rate, despite, notwithstanding

► ex: ta-taⁿ hi-te (táttą hitté) - something or other; anything at all; anything you please; whatsoever; some kind or other

► ex: i-te (itté) - may

► ex: tʰe i-te (tʰé-itte) - may have, in the past

► ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects

► cf. ho-wa (hówa), ho-a (hóa) - who, who is it; where; what; which; tʰe-ti (tʰettí) - at the standing object; to the; at, by, in, to, near the singular standing object or collection of small objects

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti (hówatʰétti) - at or by what collection of inanimate objects [JOD-Rabbit and Black Bear]

► Dhegiha: a-wa-tʰe-di (áwatʰédi) - in, by, or near what std. in. ob. or col. of in. objects? [Omaha/Ponca]

whetstone, sharpen with a whetstone

► ka-po-i ka-xe (kappói káγe) - sharpen with a whetstone

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; po-i (ppoí), po-hiⁿ (ppohį́) - sharp; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ka-po-i-zhi ka-xe (kappóiži káγe) - dull from repeated use; ka-moⁿ-kʰi-de (kamǫ́kʰide) - sharpen, as on a grindstone

► Dhegiha: pa-i (paí) - sharp [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-i (pai) - sharp [Omaha]; pa-i (pa-í) - sharp [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-hi (p̣a-hí) - pointed, sharp [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-hiⁿ (ʰpaahį́), ʰpa-hi (ʰpáahi) - sharp [CQ-Osage]; pa-hi (páhi) - be sharp [Kaw]

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