English to Quapaw Dictionary

R

rabbit - ravine	raw - recline	recognize - relation	relative - request
reside - rip	ripe - rolling	roof - rum	rumbling - rye

 

relative, kinsman

► o-do-ta-ki-de (ódottákide) - kinsman, relative

► o-do-ta-ki-de (odottákide) - have one for a kinsman ► o-do-ta-a-ki-de (odottaákide) - I, o-do-ta-da-ki-de (odottadákide) - you

► cf: wa-do-ta-di (wadóttadi) - friend (of different tribe)

► Dhegiha: u-tho-da-ʰki-the (ú-tho-da-ḳi-the), u-thu-da-ʰki-the (ú-thú-da ḳi-the) - relative, kindred, natural ties of kin; genealogy, lineage [FL-Osage]; wa-to-da-ʰki-the (wa-thó-da-ḳi-the) - relative, relation, kinship [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tho-da-ʰki-e (thó-da-ḳi-e) - reconcile, reconciliation [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-kʰi-the (ðótaʰkiðe) - take or regard each other as relatives, be related; become acquainted wit heach other; make friends with each other, regard each other as friends, hold each other dear [CQ-Osage]

 

relative, love one’s own relative or kin

► xta-ki-de (xtákkide) - love one’s own (relative, kin) ► xta-a-ki-de (xtáakkide) - I, xta-da-ki-de (xtádakkide) - you

► cf. xta-de (xtadé) - love; o-xta (óxta) - good, desirable; o-xta-de (óxtade) - like, love; o-xta-xti (óxtaxti) - honor someone, treat with respect

► Dhegiha: xta-gi-the (qtá-gi-¢ĕ) - to love his own relation, animal, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; xta-ki-the (xjákithe) - love [Omaha]; xta-gi-the (xjágithe) - romance [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: xta-the (qtáthe) - to love a person or thing, to like, to think well of [Omaha/Ponca]; xta-the (xtáthe), xja-the (xjáthe) - like, adore, admire [Omaha]; xta-the (xtá-the) - to love; to love children [FL-Osage]; xta-ye (xtáye) - love: care for, have concern for: be good to [Kaw]

 

relatives, to take one’s own things or relatives

► a-kda-niⁿ de (akdánį de) - take one’s own with one; to go with one’s own (relatives, etc.)

► cf. a-kda-niⁿ (akdánį) - keep one’s own (relation, property, etc.); de (de) - go; a-kda-niⁿ hi (akdánį hi) - to come hither with one’s own; a-kda-niⁿ kdi (akdánį kdí) - to have brought back one’s own; a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone

► ex: e e-ta taⁿ-ha kdi-ze a-taⁿ ti-a-ti kaⁿ a-kda-niⁿ de (é ettá tąhá kdíze áttą ttíatti ką ákdanį́ dé) - because it was hers, she took it (her own), she took it into the house [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-la-thiⁿ the (aláðįðee) - take one’s own [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: a-gtha-thiⁿ (agtháthiⁿ) - have, keep, to have or keep one’s own [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gtha-thiⁿ (a-gthá-thiⁿ) - to have or keep one’s own [FL-Osage]; a-la-thiⁿ (aláðį) - carry one’s items, carry along one’s items, carry or take one’s own, have or take as one’s own, inherit [CQ-Osage]; a-la-yiⁿ (aláyiⁿ) - have or keep one’s own [Kaw]

 

remain after a shooting

► o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► cf. o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over; o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-mu-shte (umúcte) - to leave after shooting, as bullets, cartridges, or arrows; what remains after shooting, as bullets, cartridges, or arrows [JOD-Omaha]; o-bo-shtse (obóshce) - remain after filing, rubbing, or painting, as bullets or arrows; remnant, that which remains after shooting, such as arrows or bullets [Kaw]

 

remain after striking

► o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]

► cf. o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over; o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► ex: o-ka-shte (okášte) - remained after striking [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka miⁿ-xti wa-x’o miⁿ-xti, naⁿ-pa o-ka-shte, i-ya (níkka mį́-xti waxʔó mį́-xti, ną́pa okášté, iyá) - one male and one female, two remained after the striking down of the others, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-shte (úgacte) - to leave a remnant; to reserve, as a part of another’s wages, yet to be paid him [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-shte (u-gá-shte) - exempt, free from [FL-Osage]; o-ga-shtse (ogáshce) - to remain after being struck; save something, set aside, spare, reserve [Kaw]; o-wa-ga-shtse (ówagàshce) - to allow them to remain after killing the rest by blows; to spare them instead of killing them by blows [Kaw]

 

remain, be left over

► o-shte (ošté) - remain, be left over ► oⁿ-shte (ǫ́šte) - I, o-di-shte (odíšte) - you

► cf. o-ka-shte (okášte) - to remain after striking [JOD]; o-po-shte (opóšte) - remain after a shooting

► ex: miⁿ-xti o-shte (mį́xti ošté) - just one remained [JOD]

► ex: de o-do-ha-ke miⁿ-xti o-shte (de odóhake mį́xti ošté) - this last one was left; this last one remained [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: e-da-te naⁿ-hi a-kda-niⁿ o-shte (edátte nąhí akdánį ošté) - her father-only-keeping his own-remained [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe, she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé, šétto dábnį ą́kišté, šemi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive (my own remaining), I have already lost (I’m lacking) a boy and a girl [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-shte (ucté) - to remain, to be left over; the remainder, the balance, the rest; remaining, remainder [JOD-Omaha]; u-shte (ushte) - remainder [Omaha]; u-shtse (u-shtsé), u-stse (u-stsé) - the rest, remainder, remained, remnant, left over [FL-Osage]; o-shtse (ošcé) - remain, be left or left over, leave (as leftovers), spare, remainder, rest, leftover [CQ-Osage]; o-shtse (óshce) - remain, be left, be left over [Kaw]

 

remember

► ki-si-de (kíside) - remember ► a-ki-si-de (akíside) - I, da-ki-si-de (dakíside) - you

► Dhegiha: gi-si-the (gisíthe) - to remember, recollect [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-si-the (kiçithe) - remember [Omaha]; gi-si-the (gi-sí-¢ĕ) - to recollect, remember [JOD-Omaha]; gi-si-the (gi-çí-the) - to remember; recollect; to memorize [FL-Osage]; ki-su-the (kisúðe) - remember [CQ-Osage]; gi-su-ye (gisúye) - remember [Kaw]

 

remote

► ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual, standing, visible, inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual, standing, inanimate; ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual, standing, invisible, inanimate; ko-wa-da-te (kówadatté) - those dual, standing, inanimate or collections; she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual, standing, visible, inanimate objects; to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual, standing or collective, inanimate objects on this side

 

► ko-i-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that remote singular, sitting, visible

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; de-niⁿ-kʰe (dénįkʰe) - this sitting, animate or inanimate; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular, sitting, animate or inanimate; continuative aux. sitting; ti (tti) - at, by, in, locative

► ex: koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti (kóihidénįkʰe tti) - at yonder distant visible place [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke niⁿ-kʰe a-ni koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe ti ti-kde niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke nįkʰe áni kóihidénįkʰe tti ttikdé nįkʰe) - the black bear chief dwells in a lodge beyond yonder distant bluff [JOD]

 

► ko-i-ke (kóike) - those remote plural, standing, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ke (ke) - the plural, standing, animate or plural, standing, inanimate; de-ke (déke) - these standing, animate; ka-ke (káke) - those plural, standing, invisible, animate; she-ke (šéke) - those non-singular, standing, animate or inanimate objects; to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural, standing, animate objects on this side; ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural, standing, animate, yonder

► ex: ti koi-ke (tti kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]

► ex: ti koi-ke, ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (tti kóike, niγítte nikáwe) - those lodges over there, those people are disobedient [JOD]

 

► ko-i-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote singular, lying, visible, animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular, lying, animate or inanimate; de-kʰe (dékʰe) - this lying, inanimate; de-kʰe-koⁿ (dekʰekǫ́) - this kind [JOD]; ka-kʰe (kákʰe) - that singular, lying, invisible, inanimate; ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular, lying, animate or inanimate, yonder; she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular, lying, visible object; to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side; to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular, lying, inanimate object on this side

► ex: ni koi-kʰe (ní kóikʰe) - water/that lg. ob. [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-zhiⁿ-ka-ti ni koi-kʰe e-koⁿ i-da-hi-bda a-ta-pa-xti (ąžįkátti ní kóikʰe ekǫ́ idáhibdá áttapaxtí) - when I was small, I bathed in the water at regular intervals [JOD]

 

► ko-i-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying, visible

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - 3^rd person plural continuative; de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying, animate; ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural sitting or lying, invisible, animate; ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder; she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural, sitting or lying, visible; to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying objects on this side

 

► ko-i-niⁿ (kóinį) - that remote singular, moving, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; niⁿ (nį) - the singular, moving, animate; 3^rd person continuative aux. moving]; de-niⁿ (dénį) - this moving, animate; ka-niⁿ (kánį) - that singular, moving, invisible, animate; ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular, moving, animate, yonder; ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that singular, moving, animate over there; ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived singular, moving, animate; the one who has reached; ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį) - that singular, moving, animate, yonder; she-niⁿ (šénį) - that moving, visible, animate; shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫnį́) - finally, moving, animate, subject; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular, moving, animate object that arrived on this side; to-ta-hi-de-niⁿ (tótahídenį́) - that singular, moving, animate object arriving on this side; to-ta-niⁿ (tótanį́) - that singular, moving, animate object on this side; to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį) - that singular, moving, animate object on this side or the nearer of two objects

 

► ko-i-niⁿ-kʰe (kóinįkʰe) - that remote singular, sitting, visible, animate or inanimate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular, sitting, animate or inanimate; continuative aux. sitting; de-niⁿ-kʰe (dénįkʰe) - this sitting, animate or inanimate; ka-niⁿ-kʰe (kánįkʰe) - that singular, sitting, invisible, animate; koi-hi-de-niⁿ-kʰe (kóihidénįkʰe) - that remote singular, sitting, visible; ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that singular, sitting, animate, yonder; ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (kówanįkʰé) - that singular, sitting, animate or inanimate, yonder; she-niⁿ-kʰe (šénįkʰe) - that sitting, visible, animate or inanimate; to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular, sitting, animate, nearby object on this side of a place; to-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (tótanįkʰé) - that singular, sitting, animate object on this side; to-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (tówanįkʰé) - that singular, sitting object on this side

 

► ko-i-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural, moving, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural, moving, animate objects; 3^rd person plural continuative aspect marker; de-pa (dépa) - these moving, animate; ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural, moving, invisible, animate; ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural, moving, animate, yonder; she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving, visible, animate; to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural, moving, animate, objects on this side

 

► ko-i-tʰaⁿ (kóitʰą) - that remote singular, standing, visible, animate

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing, animate; 3^rd person continuative auxiliary, singular, standing, animate; de-tʰaⁿ (détʰą) - this standing, animate; ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; nearby; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; far away; ka-tʰaⁿ (kátʰą) - that singular, standing, invisible, animate; ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular, standing, animate, yonder; ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that singular, standing, animate, yonder; ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą) - that singular, standing, animate, the further one; shaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šą́tʰą) - the standing (newly) object; she-tʰaⁿ (šétʰą) - that standing, visible, animate; to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular, standing, animate object on this side of a place he has reached; to-ta-hi-de-tʰaⁿ (tótahídetʰą́) - that singular, standing, animate object coming, on this side; to-ta-tʰaⁿ (tótatʰą́) - that singular, standing, animate object on this side

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ko-i-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́ke kóitʰą) - that dog [ASG]

 

► ko-i-tʰe (kóitʰe) - that remote singular, standing, visible, inanimate

► cf. ko-i (kói) - that, there; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular, standing, inanimate or collective, inanimate; de-tʰe (détʰe) - this standing, inanimate; ka-tʰe (kátʰe) - that standing, invisible, inanimate or that collective, invisible, inanimate; she-tʰe (šétʰe) - this singular or collective, standing, inanimate; de-da-tʰe (dédatʰe) - these dual, standing, inanimate; ka-da-tʰe (kádatʰe) - those dual, standing, invisible, inanimate; ko-i-da-tʰe (kóidatʰé) - those remote dual, standing, visible, inanimate; she-da-tʰe (šédatʰe) - those dual, standing, visible, inanimate objects; ko-wa-da-te (kówadatté) - those dual, standing, inanimate or collections; to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual, standing or collective, inanimate objects on this side; ko-wa-hi-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that singular, standing, inanimate, yonder; ko-wa-tʰe (kówatʰe) - that singular, standing, inanimate or collection; to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular, standing or collective, inanimate object on this side

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te ko-i-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

 

remove by kicking, to kick off

► o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► cf. naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot; di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own

► ex: ki-di-ki-za-we e-shoⁿ haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-ba-haⁿ taⁿ o-naⁿ-shto-te naⁿ da taⁿ ni-a-ta ko-e-kde i-ya-we (kídikizáwe ešǫ́ hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe obáhą tą oną́štotte ną dá tą niátta koékde iyáwe) - after they made a way for him, he kicked off Haⁿ-ka’s son’s skin in which he had been wearing and quickly started to run towards the water, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-zhnu-de (naⁿɔnúde) - slipped off while running [JOD-Omaha]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe; to kick off moccasins on some object [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

 

remove or take off a garment

► di-ha-knaⁿ (dihákną) - take off, remove a garment ► bdi-ha-knaⁿ (bdíhakną) - I, ti-ha-knaⁿ (ttíhakną) - you

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress!, “go take off your dress and press it” [AG]

 

remove or take off one’s own

► kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own ► a-kdi-shto-te (akdíštotte) - I, da-kdi-shto-te (dakdíštotte) - you

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

 

remove someone’s moccasins

► hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins

► cf. di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - he pulled it off [JOD]; o-naⁿ-shto-te (onąštotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he (hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-inihé) - pull off her other shoe, the one on the other side! [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then/just as they started home/when/shoe/other one/on one side/pull ye it off from her/he was saying it to them/it is said/police [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i (hǫp͓é kidíštotá-i) - shoe/they pulled off from her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ e-ti hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-i niⁿ-kʰe-ta hoⁿ-pe niⁿ-kʰe a-niⁿ zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ákasáni tą étti hǫp͓é kidíštotá-i nįkʰétta hǫ́p͓é nįkʰé ánį žą́dittą́da žiká oknį áttą tʰíwe) - then/there/the next morning/when/there/shoe/they pulled off from her/to the st. one/shoe/the part/having it/when/wagon/small/sat in/and/they came [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - shoe/they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ tʰaⁿ-ta a-ki-kniⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kde taⁿ hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-ta-wi (kóišǫ́ttą šǫ́keáknį tʰąttá ákiknį́ tą ką́į kdé tą hǫpé kidíštottáwi) - then/horse/to the std./she sat on her own/when/just as she was starting home/when/shoe/they pulled it off from her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; shoⁿ-de thi-zhnu-de (sho ⁿdé thizhnúde) - to castrate, “to pull out the contents of the scrotum” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-thi-zhnu-de (wéthizhnúde) - tack drawer, “something for pulling out” [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-thi-zhnu-de (gí¢iɔnúde) - he pulled out for him [JOD-Omaha]; gthi-zhnu-de (g¢íɔnude) - pulled off his [JOD-Omaha]; a-ba-zhnu-de (ábazhnúde) - push off, shove off, as one’s coat [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-zhnu-de (thazhnúde) - to pull out a splinter or small nail with the teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; a-noⁿ-stsu-dse (á-noⁿ-stsu-dse) - kick off, as a shoe [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-be a-gthi-stsu-dse) - I pulled off my moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-be tha-gthi-stsu-dse (hoⁿ-bé tha-gthi-stsu-dse) - you pulled off your moccasins [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

 

renew, repair

► di-te-ka (dittéka) - repair, renew ► bdi-te-ka (bdítteka) - I, ti-te-ka (ttítteka) - you

► cf. te-ka (ttéka) - new; bi-te-ka (bitteka) - shine, polish rubbing

► Dhegiha: thi-te-ga (thi tega) - renew [Omaha]; thi-te-ga (¢i-t͓é-ga) - to repair or renew, as a stove, wagon, ax, etc. [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓éga) - new; newly, freshly [JOD-Omaha]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew; right now, just now [Kaw]

 

repair, fix

► ki-ka-xe (kikáγe) - fix, repair ► a-ki-pa-xe (akíppaγe) - I, da-ki-shka-xe (dakíškaγe) - you

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► Dhegiha: gi-ʰka-xe (gi-ḳá-xe) - to repair a house or some implement [FL-Osage]; gi-ga-xe (gi-gá-xe) - vamp, repair, mend [FL-Osage]; ki-ka-xe (kikáaɣe) - make over, do over, repair of fix something belonging to oneself or to another person, repair a torn place in a dress, redo, feform, make or produce for someone [CQ-Osage]

 

repair, renew

► di-te-ka (dittéka) - repair, renew ► bdi-te-ka (bdítteka) - I, ti-te-ka (ttítteka) - you

► cf. te-ka (ttéka) - new; bi-te-ka (bitteka) - shine, polish rubbing

► Dhegiha: thi-te-ga (thi tega) - renew [Omaha]; thi-te-ga (¢i-t͓é-ga) - to repair or renew, as a stove, wagon, ax, etc. [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓éga) - new; newly, freshly [JOD-Omaha]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew; right now, just now [Kaw]

 

repeat a sudden action

► tʰi-kda-kda (tʰíkdakdá) - repeat a sudden action

► cf. tʰi-kde (tʰikdé) - become suddenly

► ex: tʰi-kda-kda-pa (tʰíkdakdá-ppa) they begin suddenly now and then/the ones who [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, shi-zhi-ka o-ki-ki-e i-ye tʰi-kda-kda-pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šižíka okkíkkie íye tʰíkdakdá-ppa ekǫ́ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like children who begin to talk, saying words here and there, not speaking plainly or connectedly,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-gtha-gtha (tʰigthagtha) - suddenly, repeatedly [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gtha-gtha (ti-g¢á-g¢a) - denotes sudden action at intervals [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-gthe (tʰígthe) - suddenly [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-gthe (tí-g¢e) - expressive of sudden action; used after verbs [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi-gthe (ṭsi-gthé) - denoting sudden action, sudden, suddenly [FL-Osage]

 

repeated, dull from repeated use

► ka-po-i-zhi ka-xe (kappóiži káγe) - dull from repeated use

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; po-i (ppoí), po-hiⁿ (ppohį́) - sharp; zhi (-ži) - negative, not; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ka-po-i ka-xe (kappói káγe) - sharpen with a whetstone

► Dhegiha: ga-pa-i-zhi (ga-pá-i-ȁ́-jĭ) - to cut with an ax till it gets dull [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: pa-i-a-zhi (páiazhi) - dull, blunt [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-i-a-zhi (pá-i-ȁ́-jĭ) - “not sharp: blunt, dull [JOD-Omaha]; pa-i-a-zhi (payazhi) - dull [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: pa-i (paí) - sharp [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-i (pai) - sharp [Omaha]; pa-i (pa-í) - sharp [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-hi (p̣a-hí) - pointed, sharp [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-hiⁿ (ʰpaahį́), ʰpa-hi (ʰpáahi) - sharp [CQ-Osage]; pa-hi (páhi) - be sharp [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, drum repeatedly

► ba-ko-ko (bakkókko) - drum repeatedly ► pa-ko-ko (ppákkokko) - I, shpa-ko-ko (špákkokko) - you

► cf. ba-ko-ke (bakkóke) - drum, thump as on a door; bi-ko-ko (bikkókko) - drum with the palm repeatedly; bi-ko-ke (bikkóke) - drum on something with palm; ka-ko-ko (kakkókko) - beat a drum repeatedly; ka-ko-ke (kakkóke) - beat a drum; naⁿ-ko-ko (nąkkókko) - drum with the feet; naⁿ-ko-ke (nąkkóke) - drum on ground or floor with feet; po-ko-ko (pókkokko) - drum against by shooting; po-ko-ke (pókkoke) - rumbling from shooting against

► Dhegiha: ba-ku-ku (ba-k͓ú-k͓u) - to knock, as with the hand, repeatedly on a wall [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ba-ku-ge (ba-k͓ú-ge) - to make a drummimg sound by thrusting at a board, door, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; ba-ko-ge (ba-kó-ge) - a thud, saused by thrusting a stick against an object [FL-Osage]; ba-ko-ge (bakóge), ba-koⁿ-ge (bakóⁿge) - make a hollow sound by thrusting with a stick or similar object [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰko-ge (ḳo-gé), ʰku-ge (ḳu-ge) - a thud; the sound produced by striking a drum; the sound of something soft and heavy falling to the ground [FL-Osage]; ko-ge (kogé), koⁿ-ge (koⁿgé) - make a hollow sound [Kaw]

 

► bi-ko-ko (bikkókko) - drum with the palm repeatedly ► pi-ko-ko (ppíkkokko) - I, shpi-ko-ko (špíkkokko) - you

► cf. bi-ko-ke (bikkóke) - drum on something with palm; ba-ko-ko (bakkókko) - drum repeatedly; ba-ko-ke (bakkóke) - drum, thump as on a door; ka-ko-ko (kakkókko) - beat a drum repeatedly; ka-ko-ke (kakkóke) - beat a drum; naⁿ-ko-ko (nąkkókko) - drum with the feet; naⁿ-ko-ke (nąkkóke) - drum on ground or floor with feet; po-ko-ko (pókkokko) - drum against by shooting; po-ko-ke (pókkoke) - rumbling from shooting against

► Dhegiha: bi-ku-ge (bí-k͓ú-ge) - sound word; to make a rumbling sound by sitting on or rubbing on an object [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ʰko-ge (ḳo-gé), ʰku-ge (ḳu-ge) - a thud; the sound produced by striking a drum; the sound of something soft and heavy falling to the ground [FL-Osage]; ko-ge (kogé), koⁿ-ge (koⁿgé) - make a hollow sound [Kaw]

 

► ka-ko-ko (kakkókko) - beat a drum repeatedly ► a-ko-ko (ákkokko) - I, da-ko-ko (dákkokko) - you

► cf. ka-ko-ke (kakkóke) - beat a drum; ba-ko-ko (bakkókko) - drum repeatedly; ba-ko-ke (bakkóke) - drum, thump as on a door; bi-ko-ko (bikkókko) - drum with the palm repeatedly; bi-ko-ke (bikkóke) - drum on something with palm; naⁿ-ko-ko (nąkkókko) - drum with the feet; naⁿ-ko-ke (nąkkóke) - drum on ground or floor with feet; po-ko-ko (pókkokko) - drum against by shooting; po-ko-ke (pókkoke) - rumbling from shooting against

► Dhegiha: ga-ku (ga-k͓ú) - to beat a drum [JOD-Omaha]; ga-ku-ge (ga-k͓ú-ge) - to make a hollow sound by hitting a cube, box, or some other hollow objects, or by striking wood or a floor [JOD-Omaha]; ga-ʰko-ge (ga-ḳó-ge) - a thud or heavy sound caused by dropping a stick [FL-Osage]; ga-ko-ge (gakóge) - hit, beat, as a drum, to beat on [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰko-ge (ḳo-gé), ʰku-ge (ḳu-ge) - a thud; the sound produced by striking a drum; the sound of something soft and heavy falling to the ground [FL-Osage]; ko-ge (kogé), koⁿ-ge (koⁿgé) - make a hollow sound [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, hit repeatedly with something

► i-tʰiⁿ-tʰiⁿ (ítʰįtʰį) - hit repeatedly with something ► i-da-tʰiⁿ-tʰiⁿ (idátʰįtʰį) - I, i-da-tʰiⁿ-tʰiⁿ (ídatʰįtʰį) - you

► cf. i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something; o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit; o-tʰiⁿ-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́tʰį) - pat

► Dhegiha: i-tʰiⁿ (í-tʰiⁿ) - to hit an object with something the name of which precedes the verb [Omaha/Ponca]; i-tsiⁿ (í-tsiⁿ) - club, hatchet [FL-Osge]; i-tsʰiⁿ (iicʰį́) - hit with, strike with [CQ-Osage]; i-chiⁿ (íchiⁿ) - strike with something [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, over and over, again

► shi-naⁿ (šíną), shi-noⁿ (šínǫ) - again, over and over, repeatedly

► shi-naⁿ (šíną) - again [JOD]

► shi-naⁿ (ši-ną́) - again in the past [JOD]

► cf. shi (ši) - again, and, also; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often, habitual; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - past sign, when

► ex: shi-naⁿ iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi t’e ni-ha e-ti-ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (ši-ną́ į́čʰǫ hí tʔé nihá ettí-nikʰá ną, iyá) - on and on, some (corpses) were sitting there who had just now died, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ zho i-kdi-za-za hi ni-ha e-ti-ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (ši-ną́ žo íkdizáza hí nihá ettí-nikʰá ną, iyá) - on and on, some (corpses) were sitting there with their flesh adhering here and there, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ-naⁿ i-ki-di-toⁿ o-pʰe niⁿ i-ya-we (šiną́ną ikídittǫ opʰé nį iyáwe) - again and again, first on one side then on the other, he was paddling, they said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ miⁿ kdi-ze naⁿ (šíną mį kdizé ną) - he took one (of his own) again [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ naⁿ miⁿ kdi-ze (šíną ną mį kdizé) - he took one (of his own) again [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-ho-shi a-ti shi-naⁿ naⁿ ta-bde de (íkihoší-áti šiną́-ną tábde dé) - after he forbade her (from eating it), he went hunting again [JOD)]

► ex: shi-naⁿ kdi hne (šíną kdi hné) - come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I’ll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: shi-noⁿ kjhi (šínǫ kǰi) - comeback again [AG)]

► ex: shi-noⁿ i-ta-de ta niⁿ-kʰe (šínǫ íttade tta nįkʰé) - they’re going to have another baby [AG]

► ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come back and see me again (request) [MS]

► ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club/stick there again!” she said to me [JOD]

► ex: e-zhi shi-naⁿ kdi-ze (éži šiną́ kdizé) - again, he took another (a different one of his own) [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ shka-te de (šínaⁿ škátte dé) - again he went to play [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ shka-te bdeta-ni-he (šínaⁿ škátte bde ttaníhe) - again I will go play [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-wa-xde (šíną ówaxde) - he overtook them again [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-niⁿ hi-te shi-naⁿ de (hą́nį hítte šíną dé) - somehow he went again [JOD]

► ex: shi-noⁿ di-sh’a (šínǫ dišʔá) - he failed again [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ bdo-ka hi k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ-we, i-ya (šíną bdóka hí kʔį kʰi ną wé, iyá) - they packed it all back home again, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-xnaⁿ a-na-hi-te taⁿ-iⁿ-hi-pa-naⁿ, i-ya (šiną́ kaxną́ anáhitte ttą́į-hi-ppá-ną, iyá) - again a great many people, members of a hunting party, came in sight, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hí-naⁿ-we shi-naⁿ di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe i-ka-naⁿ, i-ya (étti hí-ną-wé šíną dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé íka-ną, iyá) - when they reached the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth, again it opened its mouth, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-pʰe naⁿ, i-ya (šiną́ maštį́ke opʰé ną, iyá) - rabbit entered again, it is said [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te shi-naⁿ sni-wa-te hi ka-xe naⁿ, shi-naⁿ de, i-ya (sniwátte šíną sniwátte hí káγe ną, šíną dé, iyá) - winter made it very cold again and again departed, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ e-ti-hi kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną ettíhi kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé tʰą ną, iyá) - at that time, he (Rabbit) made him (Rabbit’s son) do it repeatedly, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ e-ka-sa-ni-taⁿ maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ-kʰe kʰi naⁿ, i-ya (šíną ékasánittą mątʰó nįkʰé kʰi ną, iyá) - on the next morning the Grizzly bear returned home again, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ te miⁿ shiⁿ hi t’e-de naⁿ, i-ya (šíną tté mį́ šį hí tʔéde-ną, iyá) - he killed a very fat buffalo again, it is said [JOD]

► ex: o-naⁿ-bde kda-sniⁿ naⁿ, shi-naⁿ ta-bde de ta-wé, i-yi i-ya sni-wa-te (ónąbde kdasnį́ ną, šíną tábde dé tta áwe, iyí iyá sniwátte) - when all the food had been consumed, it is said that Winter spoke of going hunting again [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shi-noⁿ (shí-noⁿ) - again and again [FL-Osage]; shi-naⁿ (šíną) - over and over, again and again (used to express ‘keep on, continue to do a thing’) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shi-shte-naⁿ (cí-cte-naⁿ) - again and again; over and over; repeatedly [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: shi (cĭ) - again; and [JOD-Omaha]; shi (shi) - again; and [FL-Osage]; shi (ši) - again, more [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - again, and; still [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, pull out one’s own repeatedly

► kdi-sti-sti-te (kdístistítte) - pull out one’s own repeatedly, as arrows from a quiver ► a-kdi-sti-sti-te akdístistítte) - I, da-kdi-sti-sti-te (dakdístistitte) - you

► cf. kdi-sti-te (kdístitte) - pull out one’s own (bow, etc.); di-sti-te (distítte) - pull out, pull open, to milk; ma-ze-ni di-sti-te (mazéni distítte) - to milk an animal

► ex: maⁿ wa-kdi-sti-sti-te (mą́ wákdistístitte) - arrow/pulling out his own in quick succession [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ maⁿ wa-kdi-sti-sti-te ki naⁿ (ešǫ́ mą́ wákdistístitte kí ną) - and as he was coming, he was pulling out his arrows, one after another [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi-sniⁿ-sniⁿ-de (g¢ísniⁿsnińde) - pulled out several off his own [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gthi-sniⁿ-de (g¢ísninde) - pulled his out [JOD-Omaha]

 

repeatedly, roll something repeatedly in something

► o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (obíttąttą́da) - roll something repeatedly in something

► cf. o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over

► ex: o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (obíttąttą́da) - he rolled him over and over in it by pressure [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-ka ti o-naⁿ taⁿ, wa-pa-iⁿ ti o-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-da niⁿ i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (ną́kka-ttí oną́ tą, wappaį́-tti obíttąttą́da nį iyá mątʰó) - grizzly bear seized the rabbit by the back and rolled him over and over in the blood, they say (it is said) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-bi-taⁿ-taⁿ-tha (u-bí-t͓aⁿ-t͓áⁿ-¢a) - to bear or lean against a heavy log, etc., making it roll over and over [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-toⁿ-toⁿ-tha (uga toⁿtoⁿtha) - tumble [Omaha]; bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - rolling [FL-Osage]; we-bi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (wé-bi-ṭoⁿ-tha) - a rolling pin [FL-Osage]; ʰtaⁿ-tha (ʰtą́ąða) - roll, rolling [CQ-Osage]; o-ba-taⁿ-ya (obátaⁿya) - roll something, roll something over, to roll something, to roll an object over by pushing, said of the act of the tumblebug and kindred beetles in making balls of manure [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, split repeatedly

► bi-ste-ste (bistéste) - split repeatedly, shred ► pi-ste-ste (ppísteste) - I, shpi-ste-ste (špísteste) - you

► cf. bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; ba-ste-ste (bastéste) - cut to shreds, stab repeatedly; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; da-ste-ste (dásteste) - chew into slivers; split; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; di-ste-ste (distéste) - pull into shreds, slivers; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds or slivers; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; naⁿ-ste-ste (nąstéste) - kick or tread to pieces; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; pa-ste-ste (pásteste) - cut to slivers, split often; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash

► Dhegiha: bi-zne-zne (bi-s͓né-s͓ne) - to wear clothing into strips oe shreds [JOD-Omaha]; bu-stse-stse-ge (buscéscege) - wear clothing to shreds [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bi-zne (bi-s͓né) - to gash the skin by pressure against a knife, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; bu-stse-ge (buscége) - gash by pressing against a knife, etc.; split by sitting on [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, sprinkle repeatedly

► a-ka-xtaⁿ-xtaⁿ (ákaxtąxtą) - sprinkle repeatedly ► a-da-ka-xtaⁿ-xtaⁿ (ádakaxtą́xtą) - you

► cf. a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize; a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - threw on [JOD]; ka-xtaⁿ (kaxtą́) - pour out, empty something; di-xtaⁿ (dixtą́) - pull at, pull over, upset; naⁿ-xtaⁿ (nąxtą́) - kick over, spill

► ex: niⁿ a-ka-xtaⁿ-xtaⁿ (nį́ ákaxtąxtą) - to sprinkle an object with water from a brush or feather

► Dhegiha: a-ga-xtaⁿ (á-ga-qtaⁿ) - to drop a liquid on something [JOD-Omaha]; pe ni a-ga-xtoⁿ (péni agaxtoⁿ) - baptize, anoint [Omaha]; a-ga-xtoⁿ (á-ga-xtoⁿ) - to shed tears, to weep [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ga-xtaⁿ (ga-qtáⁿ) - to pour out; to throw away a liquid; to empty a barrel, etc., of grain, sugar, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; ni ga-xtoⁿ (ní-ga-xtoⁿ) - to pour water, to spill water [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-xtoⁿ (wagáxtoⁿ) - the act of pouring water [FL-Osage]; ga-xtaⁿ (gaxtáⁿ) - pour out, empty out, throw out dirt [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xtaⁿ (u-gá-qtaⁿ) - to pour into, to fill into: said of liquids [JOD-Omaha]; o-ka-xtaⁿ (okáxtą), o-ka-xta (okáxta) - pour or dump out [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-xtoⁿ (thixtoⁿ) - drain [Omaha]; thi-xtaⁿ (ðixtą́) - pour, draw water or run water [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: xtaⁿ (qtaⁿ) - to drop, as a liquid [JOD-Omaha]; xtoⁿ (qtoⁿ) - drip, pour [Omaha/Ponca]; xtoⁿ (xtoⁿ) - to spill; to slop over [FL-Osage]; xtaⁿ (xtáⁿ) - leak in, drip out, empty out, spill [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, stab repeatedly

► ba-ste-ste (bastéste) - cut to shreds, stab repeatedly ► pa-ste-ste (ppásteste) - I, shpa-ste-ste (špásteste) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; bi-ste-ste (bistéste) - split repeatedly, shred; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; da-ste-ste (dásteste) - chew into slivers, split; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; di-ste-ste (distéste) - pull into shreds, slivers; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds/slivers; naⁿ-ste-ste (nąstéste) - kick or tread to pieces; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; pa-ste-ste (pásteste) - cut to slivers, split often; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers; po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash

► Dhegiha: ba-zne-zne (ba-s͓né-s͓ne) - fringe [JOD-Omaha]; ba-stse-stse-ge (bá-stse-stse-ge) - to cut skin or meat into many strips with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba-stse-stse-ge (báscescège) - gash the skin in many places using a blade [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-zne (ba-s͓né) - to slit the skin by pushing the hand against a splinter, or, by pushing the stick lengthwise along the hand, without penetrating the flesh [JOD-Omaha]; ba-stse-ge (bá-stse-ge) - to gash the skin with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba-stse-ge (bascége) - slit, cut by pushing [Kaw]; ba-stse-ge (báscege) - gash the skin with a knife [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, tickle the ribs repeatedly

► di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs repeatedly ► bdi-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (bdíšʔįšʔįda) - I, ti-sh’iⁿ- sh’iⁿ-da (ttíšʔįšʔįda) - you

► cf. di-sh’iⁿ-da (dišʔį́da) - tickle and make laugh; di-x’i-x’i-da (dixʔíxʔida) - scratch an itch

► Dhegiha: thi-’i-’i-tha (¢i-’í-’í-¢a) - to tickle another [JOD-Omaha]; yu-k’i-k’i-ya (yuk’ík’iya) - scratch an itch repeatedly, to tickle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-k’i-tha (thi-ḳ’í-tha) - to tickle [FL-Osage]; thi-k’i-the (ðikʔíðe) - scratch; tickle [CQ-Osage]; yu-k’i-ya (yuk’íya) - scratch an itch once [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, to look at repeatedly

► toⁿ-we-ki-ki (tǫ́wekikí) - to look at repeatedly [JOD]

► cf. toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), (áttąwe) - look upon; a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of; take great care of; refrain from; i-toⁿ-we (itǫ́we) - to look for him [JOD]; ki-taⁿ-we (kitą́we) - to look at one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-toⁿ-we (ókittǫ́we) - depend on someone; o-toⁿ-we (otǫ́we) - look at singular/animate/object; o-toⁿ-we (ótǫwe) - look at plural/animate/objects; wa-ki-toⁿ-we (wakíttǫwe) - scout for someone; wa-toⁿ-we (watǫ́we) - scout, reconnoiter; wa-toⁿ-we de (watǫ́we dé) - go as a scout, reconnoitre

► ex: toⁿ-we-ki-ki (tǫ́wekikí) - she looked at him repeatedly [JOD]

► ex: a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki (áši tǫ́wekikí) - back/she looked at him repeatedly [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫ-nį́ wašką́ kdé šǫ-nį́ hipʰé, iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: doⁿ-be (dóⁿbe) - see, look at, perceive [Omaha/Ponca]; doⁿ-be (doⁿbe) - look [Omaha]; daⁿ-be (dáⁿ-be) - to look at; to perceive any object, to see it [JOD-Omaha]; doⁿ-be (doⁿ-be) - to see; to perceive; to scrutinize; to watch [FL-Osage]; toⁿ-be (tǫ́pe) - see, observe, watch [CQ-Osage]; doⁿ-be (dóⁿbe) - look, look at, on or upon; see, look at [Kaw]

 

repeatedly, to make one’s own do something repeatedly

► kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de (kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé) - to make one’s own do something repeatedly

► cf. kda-he-he (kdahéhe) - often, once in a while; e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ), e-ki-’oⁿ (ékiʔǫ) - do as someone has said or done; ki-de (kkidé) - cause one’s own

► ex: kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de (kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé) - he caused him to do so at short intervals [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ e-ti-hi kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną ettíhi kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé tʰą ną, iyá) - at that time, he (Rabbit) made him (Rabbit’s son) do it repeatedly, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gtha-he-thaⁿ-thaⁿ ki-the (g¢á-he-¢aⁿ-¢áñ-ki-¢ĕ) - to cause him to do something often [JOD-Omaha]; gtha-he thoⁿ-thoⁿ (gthahe thoⁿthoⁿ) - frequently [Omaha]

 

replied

► i-yi i-ya (iyí iyá) - quotative embedded, “it is said, he/she said” in myths

► i-yi i-ya-we (iyí iyáwe) - “they said, he/she said”

► ex: i-yi i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (iyí iyá waxʔóžiká tʰą) - said/they said/old woman/the standing one [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, wi-to-shpa, shoⁿ iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka tʰaⁿ (“hǫ́, wíttošpá, šǫ į,” iyí iyá waxʔóžiká tʰą) - “yes, my grandchild, that will do,” the old woman replied [JOD]

► ex: i-yi- i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (iyí iyá maštį́ke) - said/they say/rabbit [JOD]

► ex: “pʰi a-ni-he,” i-yi- i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“pʰi ánihé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “so I have been coming here,” replied the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

reply, negative reply expected

► e-na (ená) - question particle, negative reply expected, sentence final

► ex: e-na (ená) - ? (implying a negative reply) [JOD]

► ex: wi-e ka-hi-ke koⁿ-bda a-ni-he e-na? (wíe kahíke kkǫ́bda ánihé ená?) - have I been behaving as if I wanted to be chief (expecting a negative reply)? [JOD]

 

report, hear a report

► o-na-x’oⁿ (ónaxʔǫ) - hear about something, hear a report ► o-a-na-x’oⁿ (óanáxʔǫ) - I, o-da-na-x’oⁿ (ódanáxʔǫ) - you

► cf. na-x’oⁿ (naxʔǫ́) - hear, listen; o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-zo-zo (ónaxʔǫ íkazózo) - newspaper, lit. “paper that hears”; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ) - telegraph wire; ma-ze wa-hi-oⁿ o-na-x’oⁿ i-ka-xe (máze wáhiǫ onáxʔǫ ikáγe) - telegraph

► Dhegiha: u-na-’aⁿ (uná’aⁿ) - to hear about it [JOD-Omaha]; u-noⁿ-ʰk’oⁿ (u-nóⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ) - a rumor, a report, hearsay [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-k’oⁿ (ónąkʔǫ) - rumor, hear a rumor, have foreknowledge of an event, something heard about [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: na-’oⁿ (na’óⁿ) - to hear, to listen, to understand what is said [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-oⁿ (noⁿoⁿ) - hear [Omaha]; noⁿ-k’oⁿ (noⁿ-ḳ’oⁿ) - to hear [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-k’oⁿ (nąkʔǫ́) - hear, hear about, understand [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-k’oⁿ (naⁿk’óⁿ) - hear [Kaw]

 

reprove, scold

► i-ho-sa (íhosa) - scold, reprove ► i-da-ho-sa (idáhosa) - I, i-da-ho-sa (ídahosa) - you

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (ąną́hosá naⁿ) - she reproved me [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kaⁿ, “di-te-ke wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe ta e-ti da,” i-ye naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ho-sa naⁿ (įkką́ dítteke wasá niⁿkʰe tta étti dá iyé ną ąną́hosá naⁿ) - my grandmother scolded me and said, “go to your uncle, the black bear” [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá) - girl/the others/scolded her/much [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿtaⁿ mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke i-ho-sa a-ta-ha, ni-xo-te a-zhi a-taⁿ ta-xa-xa-ke ka-xe a-taⁿ i-ki-xa koⁿ pa (kóišǫ́ttą mižíka éži ke ihosá attahá, nixótte áži áttą táγaγáke káγe áttą íkixa kǫ pá) - then the other girls scolded her, they put ashes on her which made her cry from the heat, they were laughing at her [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-hu-sa (íhusa) - to scold, chide, rebuke, reprove someone [Omaha/Ponca]; i-u-sa (iuça) - scold [Omaha]; i-hu-sa (í-hu-sa) - to chide, rebuke, reprove, or scold one [JOD-Omaha]

 

reptile

► wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška), wa-xti-shka (waxtíška) - insect, reptile

► wa-xti-shka (waxtíška), wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška) - bug [MS]

► cf. wa-kdi-shka bda-ska (wakdíška bdáska), wa-xti-shka bda-ska (waxtíška bdáska) - bedbug, “flat insects”; wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka), wa-xti-shka taⁿ-ka (waxtíška ttą́ka) - alligator, “large reptile”; wa-kdi (wakdí) - worm, maggot

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-xti-shka naⁿ-xti ta-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha waxtíška-nąxtí ttatʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in future [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - insect, reptile, snake [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - beetle, bug, insect, termite, all worms [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka (wa-g¢í-cka) - an insect or reptile; insects, reptiles, snakes [JOD-Omaha]; wa-gthu-shka (wa-gthú-shka) - bug, any kind of bug, a worm, an insect [FL-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúška) - bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker in a deck of cards [CQ-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúshka) - insect [Kaw]

 

► wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka), wa-xti-shka taⁿ-ka (waxtíška ttą́ka) - alligator, “large reptile”

► wa-xti-shka taⁿ-ka (waxtíška ttą́ka), wa-kdi-shka taⁿ-ka (wakdíška ttą́ka) - alligator [MS]

► cf. wa-kdi-shka (wakdíška), wa-xti-shka (waxtíška) - insect, reptile, bug; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - bug; wa-kdi-shka bda-ska (wakdíška bdáska), wa-xti-shka bda-ska (waxtíška bdáska) - bedbug, “flat insects”; wa-kdi (wakdí) - worm, maggot

► ex: ti-aⁿ-hi ni wa-sh’a-ke hi ta e-ti kʰe taⁿ wa-xti-shka taⁿ-ka o-she naⁿ, i-ya-we (ttią́hi ní wašʔáke hí ta ettí-kʰe tą́ waxtíška ttą́ka óše ną́, iyáwe) - a very long time ago there was a large body of water that was full of alligators, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka hi du-ba (wa-g¢í-cka hi dú-ba) - a lizard: “the four legged reptile [JOD-Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka hi du-ba (wagthishka hi duba) - lizard, salamander, alligator [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka hi du-ba toⁿ-ga (wagthishka hi duba toⁿga) - crocodile [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - insect, reptile, snake [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-gthi-shka (wagthíshka) - beetle, bug, insect, termite, all worms [Omaha]; wa-gthi-shka (wa-g¢í-cka) - an insect or reptile; insects, reptiles, snakes [JOD-Omaha]; wa-gthu-shka (wa-gthú-shka) - bug, any kind of bug, a worm, an insect [FL-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúška) - bug, insect, worm, vermin, joker in a deck of cards [CQ-Osage]; wa-lu-shka (walúshka) - insect [Kaw]

 

request, imperative, command

► ka (ká) - imperative, command, male speech [JOD]

► ex: da-we ka (dá-weká) - you’all begone! [JOD]

► ex: o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka (okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká) - give ye the scalp yell often! [JOD]

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-paⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hi wattéppą́ tta mįkʰé, ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell!” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: k’iⁿ e-ka! (kʔį́ eká!) - do yon carry it on your back! [JOD]

► ex: “o-bdi-sh’a-ke! di-e k’iⁿ e-ka!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“obdíšʔake! díe kʔį́ eká!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “I refuse! You carry it yourself!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-zhi, di-e k’iⁿ e-ka!,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“hǫ́ži, díe kʔį́ eká!,” iyí iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke tʰą) - “no, carry it yourself!” it is said the Rabbit’s son said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti kda-we-ka! (ettí kdawé-ka!) - there/go ye again/imperative [JOD]

► ex: ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ da-tʰi-ke-we i-te e-ti kda-we-ka! (hákidedétʰą datʰí-ké-we itté ettí kdawé-ka!) - From wherever you’all may have come from, go there to your respective homes! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ga (ga) - male imperative; command, male [Omaha]

 

► a (a) - imperative, appearing at the end of a command, it replaces the final e (e) of the verb

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!; command form of a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut, cave in

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it! [MS]

► ex: a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it! (imperative)

► ex: a-kda-da (ákda dá) - go get your own!; command form of a-kda de (ákda dé) - go after, fetch one's own

► ex: a-shi-niⁿ a-kda da (ášinį ákda dá) - go get your coat! [MS]

► ex: a-kda da (ákda dá) - go get your own! (imperative sg.)

► ex: a-ki-toⁿ-wa (ákkittǫwá) - take care!; command form of a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of, take great care of, refrain from

► ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take great care of the infant!

► ex: aⁿ-ki-a (ą́kkiá) - talk to me!; command form of o-ki-e (okkie) - speak, talk with one

► ex: aⁿ-ki-a (ą́kkiá) - talk to me! [MS]

► ex: da (dá) - go!; command form of de (de) - go

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da, a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te  (díttąnį étti dá, ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first!, and I will join you later on

► ex: di-e e-ti da (díe ettí dá) - you go! (you go there!) [MS]

► ex: ki-te da (kkítte dá) - go shoot him! [MS]

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da hne (díe ttǫ tti dá hné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: ba-shoⁿ de-da (bašǫ́ de-dá) - throw it out! [MS]

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

► ex: a-ba-taⁿ-de da (ábattąde da) - push away!, push it! [MS]

► ex: ka-xa (kaγá) - make it!, do it!; command form of ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: ki-ka-xa (kikaγá) - make it for him!

► ex: a-ki-di-be-niⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: wa-ske ka-xa hne (wáske káγa hné) - you making bread (make bread!) [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-pe bi-ze ka-xa (nąpé bizé kaγá) - make dry hands! (dry your hands!) [MS]

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn! (turn on the lantern, make it burn!) [MS]

► ex: kda (kdá) - go home!, start homeward!; command form of kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

► ex: ti-a-di kda (ttíadi kdá) - go in the house! [MS]

► ex: a-kda kda (ákda kdá) - go back and get yours! (imperative sg.)

► ex: o-da (odá) - tell it!; command form of o-da (odá) - tell something

► ex: kdi-za (kdizá) - take your own!; command form of kdi-ze (kdíze) - take one's own

► ex: maⁿ-niⁿ kdi-za (mąnį́ kdizá) - go get it! [MS]

► ex: toⁿ-wa (tǫ́wá) - look!; command form of toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something

► ex: toⁿ-wa (tǫ́wá) - look! [AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: a (a) - female imperative [Omaha]; a (a) - imperative, particle appearing at the end of a command, replaces final ‘e’ of verb [CQ-Osage]; a (a) - imperative, used to form commands, used with 3S verb form, regardless of subject, similar to English, ‘please do,’ ‘please be,’ ‘do now,’ or ‘be now’ [Kaw]

 

► ʰne (ʰne) - imperative, possible alternate pronunciation of ni-he (nihé)

► ex: di-e toⁿ ti da ʰne (díe ttǫ tti dá ʰné) - you go to town! [MS]

► ex: wa-ske ka-xa ʰne (wáske káγa ʰné) - make bread! [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi ʰne za-ni (šíną óža kdi ʰné zaní) - you’all come back again and dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi ʰne (šíną zaní kdi ʰné) - everybody come back again! [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha ʰne za-ni (ą́ba óža ʰné zaní) - whole bunch of them dance all night! [MS]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta aⁿ-ba o-zha ʰne (waǰíni kdé tta ą́ba óža ʰné) - you white people go home and dance all night! [MS]

► ex: di-maⁿ-shi ʰne (dimą́ši ʰné) - raise it up! [MS]

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ ʰne (íkidikdą ʰné) - slow!, go easy!, think about it! [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi ʰne (ąkitoį tʰi ʰné) - come see me! [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi ʰne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi ʰné) - come back and see me again! [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi ʰne (mą́tʰe datʰí ʰné) - come back inside! [MS]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-he (thiⁿhé) - strong suggestion or imperative, sign of strong prohibition, strong warning, express a strong urging [Omaha]; thiⁿ-hau (thiⁿ-haú) - be sure, used at the end of a sentence [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ (ðį), thi (ði), niⁿ (nį), ni (ni) - imperative marker, sentence final marker for command to sg. addressee [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-he (hníⁿhe) - strong imperative or prohibition marker [Kaw]

 

► ni-he (nihé) - imperative plural

► ex: da ni-he (dá-nihé) - go thou!, you go! [JOD]

► ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidédĕ dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, wa-zhiⁿ ki-te da ni-he (įkną́, wažį́ kkíte dá-nihé) - first son, go shoot some birds! [JOD]

► ex: shka-te da ni-he (škátte dá-nihé) - go play! [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ i-da-ki-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ da ni-he (táttą idákikkikdánį áttą dá-nihé) - you put on something of your own (clothing) and go [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he (hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštottá-inihé) - you’all pull off/remove the other shoe, the one on the other side! [JOD]

► ex: hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - come thou!, you come! [JOD]

► ex: kdi ni-he (kdí-nihé) - come back! [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: shoⁿ-hi-te aⁿ-t’e ta miⁿ-kʰe, aⁿ-t’e taⁿ zho za-ni ta-x’aⁿ-ki-da ni-he, aⁿ-naⁿki-ye (šǫ́hite ątʔé tta mįkʰé, ątʔé tą žó zaní táxʔąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye) - well/at any rate I am going to die, when I'm dead barbecue all my flesh for me, he said to me [JOD]

► ex: o-ta-shti-te a-shi-ti he-saⁿ o-ki-te ni-he,” i-ke niⁿ (otáštitétti ašítti hesą́ okítte-nihé, iké nį) - look for lice on yourself outside in the sunshine, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: o-zha tʰaⁿ e taⁿ-we ni-he (óža tʰą é tą́we-nihe) - that one dancing, you’all look at him! [JOD]

► ex: na-zhiⁿ ni-he (nažį́ nihé) - stand up!

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-he (thiⁿhé) - strong suggestion or imperative, sign of strong prohibition, strong warning, express a strong urging [Omaha]; thiⁿ-hau (thiⁿ-haú) - be sure, used at the end of a sentence [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ (ðį), thi (ði), niⁿ (nį), ni (ni) - imperative marker, sentence final marker for command to sg. addressee [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-he (hníⁿhe) - strong imperative or prohibition marker [Kaw]

 

► na-ha (nahá) - prohibitive, beware lest...

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ, “te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we,” i-yi iya (ínąpą́, “tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe,” iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges!, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-he naⁿ (étti tté nahá ihé ną) - you do not go there!, I’ve been saying [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there!, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha (wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá) - do not go to the village of the black bears! [JOD)]

► ex: da-xa-ke naⁿ-ha (daγáke nąhá) - beware lest you cry out! [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-shpi-ta na-ha (ą́špitta nahá) - beware lest you lean on me!

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► ex: a-da-ka-xdi-we da-na-zhiⁿ na-ha (ádakaxdíwe danážį nahá) - beware lest you stand gazing on it!

► ex: ka-she-naⁿ na-ha (kašéną nahá) - don’t do that! [AB]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha! i-ke naⁿ, i-ya (étti tté nahá! iké ną, iyá) - beware lest you go there!” she said to him, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-ha (naⁿha), noⁿ-ha (noⁿha) - imperative [Kaw]; na-ha-o (nahao) - imperative, masculine singular [Kaw]

 

► she-do (šedó) - get out of the way!, imperative function

► she-do (šedó) - get away! [MS]

► cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there

► Dhegiha: she-thu (shé-thu) - yonder, there where you are [FL-Osage]; she-tho (šeeðo), she-thoⁿ (šeeðǫ́) - there where you are, right there where you are, that person there [CQ-Osage]; she-yo (shèyó) - there in the distance, yonder [Kaw]

 

request, pray

► wa-ta (wattá) - pray ► a-wa-ta (awattá) - I, da-wa-ta (dawattá) - you

► wa-ta (wattá) - pray [MS, OM]

► ex: da-wa-ta maⁿ-shi (dawattá mąší) - pray for up (you pray to heaven) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-na (waná) - begging [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-na (wána) - beg [Omaha]; wa-na (wa-ná) - begging [JOD-Omaha]; wa-da (wa-dá) - speaking; to solicit; to petition [FL-Osage]; wa-ta (waatá) - pray, pray for someone or something; ask a favor, request something, solicit, petition, or beg for something from someone; grace (as said at mealtime), prayer of any kind [CQ-Osage]; wa-da (wadá) - beg, ask for something, to pray, to petition someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na (na) - ask, beg demand [Omaha/Ponca]; na (na) - to ask or beg for any object; to demand [JOD-Omaha]; da (da) - to ask for; beg; request; solicit [FL-Osage]; ta (tá) - ask for, request [CQ-Osage]; da (da) - ask for, beg, demand, request [Kaw]

 

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