English to Quapaw Dictionary

R

rabbit - ravine	raw - recline	recognize - relation	relative - request
reside - rip	ripe - rolling	roof - rum	rumbling - rye

 

raw, rub raw

► di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - blister, chafe, rub raw ► bdi-ta-zhe (bdíttaže) - I, ti-ta-zhe (ttíttaže) - you

► Dhegiha: ga-da-zhe (gadazhe) - blister [Omaha]; ga-da-zhe (ga-dá-je) - to chafe or blister the hands from using an ax or hoe too long [JOD-Omaha]; ga-da-zhe (ga-dá-zhe) - to blister the hands by the use of tools [FL-Osage]; ga-da-zhe (gadázhe) - blister, to blister, as the hand, by cutting a long time with an ax [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-da-zhe (ba-dá-zhe) - to blister the hands by the use of a tool requiring pushing [FL-Osage]; ba-da-zhe (badázhe) - to blister [Kaw]

 

reach or arrive and sit

► o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit, to come to and sit in, to reach/arrive and sit in [JOD];

► cf. hi (hi) - come, be coming here, not own; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-hi-kniⁿ (áhiknį́) - to get on and sit, to come to and sit upon, to reach/arrive and sit on [JOD]; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► ex: e maⁿ-te kʰe-ti o-hi-kniⁿ naⁿ kde (e mąté kʰettí ohíknį ną kdé) - that/the canoe, she got into it and sat down, then headed home [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-hi-gthiⁿ (u-hí-gthiⁿ) - he came to and sat at the [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-hi (u-hí) - to reach and to enter [FL-Osage]; o-hi (ohí) - arrive at a place [Kaw]

 

reach the place

► i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; hi (hi) - come, be coming here (not own)

► ex: de-do i-hi (dédo íhi) - here/came hither [JOD]

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

► ex: ta miⁿ she-do i-hi (tta mį šédo ihí) - deer/one/it goes to you [JOD]

► ex: “ho-hoo! wi-te-ke, ta miⁿ she-do i-hi! ki-ta!” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hohoó! wítteke, tta mį šédo ihí! kkitta!” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oho! my mother’s brother, there is a deer approaching over there! shoot it!” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka de-pa she-do i-hi-we (níkkašíka dépa šédo ihíwe) - people/these moving ones/they go to you [JOD]

► ex: “ho-hoo! wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka de-pa she-do i-hi-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hohoó! wítteke, níkkašíka dépa šédo ihíwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oho! my mother’s brother, over there are some Indians who are approaching,” it is said rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, to have reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - to arrive [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; hi (hi) - to arrive at a place [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there (motion accomplished), come here, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, get (e.g., “get old”), become, begin to, start to, suddenlt start to; initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

reach there having gone for something

► a-ki-hi (akihí) - reach there having gone for something

► cf. a-ki-de (akíde) - go for something not one’s own; fetch; a-ki-kdi (ákikdí) - bring back, brought back [JOD]; a-ki-tʰi (akítʰi) - to have arrived here to get someone’s

► ex: a-ki-pʰi (akípʰi) - I reached there, having gone for it [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-niⁿ kda-i taⁿ, a-ki-de aⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ naⁿ, a-ki-pʰi, a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákinį́ kdái tą, akíde ą́kažį ną, akípʰi, ákibnį akdí) - they took it from him, he told me to go get it, I went there for it, I brought it back to him [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-hi (akihí) - he went thither for it [JOD]

► ex: ni a-ki-hi (ní aki hí) - he went there for water [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gi-hi (a-gí-hi) - to reach there, not his home, in order to get something not his own [JOD-Omaha]; a-gi-hi (a-gí-hi) - he has been after something [FL-Osage]; a-gu-hi (águ hi) - arrive there to get something that is not one’s own [Kaw]; a-gu-hu (águ hú) - be coming here (to a place not one’s own home) to get something that is not one’s own [Kaw]

 

reach there, arrive, have been

► hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been ► pʰi (pʰi) - I, shi (ši) - you, hi (hí) - he/she/it, hi-we (híwe) - they, aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi), oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other, aⁿ-ka-hi-we (ąkáhiwe) - we

► hi (hi) - come, be coming here (not own)

► cf. a-kda-niⁿ hi (akdánį hi) - to come hither with one’s own; a-ki-hi (akihí) - he went thither for it [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-niⁿ hi (anį́ hi) - take it thither [JOD]; e-ta-koiⁿ-xe hi (ettákoįγe hi) - he came around to him; i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place; hi-kʰi-de (híkʰide) - send, cause to arrive there; ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived sg/mv/an, the one who has reached; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to come to and sit, to reach/arrive and sit, to get into and sit [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, to have reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - to arrive [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; hi (hi) - to arrive at a place [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there (motion accomplished), come here, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, get (e.g., “get old”), become, begin to, start to, suddenlt start to; initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

► pʰi (pʰi) - I arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he, i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (pʰi anihé, iyí iyá maštį́ke) - so I have been coming here, replied the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ (pʰí aníhe ną́ ppazé dé tą aknį́) - I was coming/I who move/when/after dark/when/I camped [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pʰí a-ni-he, so-te a-ni-he, aⁿ-xda te a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (ažowá hi pʰí aníhe, sótte aníhe, ą́xde tte ažąmį́) - I was coming as fast as possible, I was moving fast, I thought he was going to overtake me [JOD]

► ex: she-mi-zhi-ka a-kda-bniⁿ pʰi (šémižíka akdábnį pʰí) - I came here with my little girl [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ pʰi-a-ki-de (hǫnį́ttą pʰi-ákidé) - how can I get myself there (cause myself to reach there) [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-pʰi (akípʰi) - I reached there, having gone for it; I went there for it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pi (pí) - I arrive, I have been coming [JOD-Omaha]; pshi (pshi), pshi e (pshi e) - I went, I have been [FL-Osage]; pshi (pší), pshi-e (pšíe) - I went, I be there [CQ-Osage]

phi (phi) - I arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pshu (pšú) - I come [CQ-Osage]; phu (phu) - I come to a place that is not my own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

► shi (ši) - you arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: ha-ki shi e (háki ši e) - where have you been? [MS]

► ex: e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ (ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́) - yet/you reached there/as [JOD]

► ex: “e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we,” i-ye niⁿ i-ya (“ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawĕ,” iyé nį iyá) - “then, you went and thus, like that, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-da-ki-tiⁿ shi (wádakittį́ ší) - you took it thither for some one [JOD]

► ex: “he-be wa-da-ki-tiⁿ shi a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ,” i-yi i-ya (“hébe wádakittį́ ší ážąmį́,” iyí iyá) - “I think that you took a piece for someone,” it is said he said.

► Dhegiha: shi (shi) - you have been there, you reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; shi (shi) - you went [FL-Osage]; shi (ši), shi-e (šíe) - you went, you come, you arrive [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - you [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shu (šú), tha-hiu (ðahǘ) - you come [CQ-Osage]; shu (shu) - you come to a place that is your own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

► hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - you come (imperative)

► ex: hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - come thou!; you come! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hí), hi (híi), a-hi (ahí) - you come (imperative) [CQ-Osage]

 

► hi (hí) - he/she/it arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: a-shi-ti hi naⁿ (ášitti hí-ną) - outside of the lodge/arrived there/when

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ a-shi-ti hi naⁿ (waxʔóžiká nį ášitti hí-ną) - when the old woman went outside [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi (ášitti hi) - he/she arrived outside; he/she went outside

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti e zhiⁿ-ka tʰaⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya-we (kásaniáti e žįká tʰą ášitti hí iyáwe) - the next morning, that little/young one went outside, they said [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi te-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi téti ttíže okákixe-xti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke t’e-de i-ya wa-sa (ášitti hi otąka hi tą maštį́ke tʔede iyá wasá) - just as soon as the black bear went outside, the rabbit shot the black bear, giving him a fatal wound, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫttą ášitti hi iyá wasá nį, iyá) - thus, the black bear went outside, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi-naⁿ (étti hí-ną) - there/arrive/usually [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti hi-naⁿ wa-da-xo-we-naⁿ iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe (“níkkašíka étti hí-ną wadáxowé-ną į́,” iyí iyá waxʔóžiká nįkʰé) - “when people go there, it always draws them into its mouth,” it is said the old woman said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi-naⁿ (étti hí-ną) - there/arrived/when [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti hi-naⁿ, di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we i-ba-hoⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke étti hí-ną, dixáži wadáxowé íbahǫ ną́, iyá) - when rabbit arrived there, hill that draws things (people) into its mouth knew him, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi naⁿ (étti hí ną) - there/arrived/past sign

► ex: e-ti hi naⁿ i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (étti hí ną iyá mątʰó) - grizzly bear arrived there, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi (étti hí) - he/she arrived there, he went there

► ex: e-ti hi naⁿ di-shpa-shpa ke (étti hi ną dišpášpa ke) - when she arrived there, the torn pieces were scattered about [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį žokdé étti hi ną iyá) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ (hą́ba otą́ka hi tą) - as soon as day arrived, as soon as the day broke [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-taⁿ hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą ká-išétą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► ex: hi naⁿ naⁿ-zha haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke o-te naⁿ i-ya-we (hí ną ną́ža hą́ka ežį́ke otté ną iyáwe) - then when he arrived he looked for (sought) Haⁿ-ka’s son, they said [JOD]

► ex: niⁿ-kʰe-ti hi (nįkʰétti hí) - to the sitting object/arrived [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi sni-wa-te niⁿ-kʰe-ti hi, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi sniwátte nįkʰétti hí, iyá) - after some time he arrived at the abode of the Winter, it is said [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhi-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežíke ákidá-i ké tą hí) - then/to dance/there/they went/the pl./chief/large/his son/they took part with (=danced)/the pl. when/she arrived [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe taⁿ hi i-ya-we (hipʰé kʰé tą hí iyáwe) - she had fallen when he arrived, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: zhoⁿ di-ze hi, i-ya-we (žǫ́ díze hí, iyáwe) - she went to get wood, they said [JOD]

► ex: he-be a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ (hébe ákinį hí nį́) - part/he took thither for him/the moving one [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ maⁿ-ʰto zhi-ka niⁿ he-be a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ mątʰó žiká nį́ hébe ákinį hí nį́ ną, iyá) - then the young grizzly bear took a piece for him (rabbit), it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti mi-ka niⁿ maⁿ-shka da-tʰe hi niⁿ naⁿ (ettí mikká nį mą́ška dátʰe hi nį́ ną) - raccoon arrived there and ate crawfish [JOD]

► ex: ti-zhe ti hi na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ttíže-ttí-hi nažį́-attą́ γaké kǫzé tʰą ną́ iyá maštįke) - the rabbit arrived to the entrance of the lodge and stood there, pretending cry, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe hi-naⁿ (mą́tʰe hí-ną) - within/arrived/when [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we o-kdo-x’a maⁿ-tʰe hi-naⁿ i-ki-aⁿ-shki-ka-naⁿ, i-ya (dixáži wadáxowé okdóxʔa mą́tʰe hí-ną íkiąškiká-ną, iyá) - hill that draws things (people) into its mouth felt very uncomfortable throughout its interior, on account of him (rabbit) arriving inside, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - he/she arrived, he reach there [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahí) - he/she arrive there [JOD-Omaha]; hi (hi) - he arrive [FL-Osage]; hi-pe (hípe) - it’s arrived [CQ-Osage]; a-hi-pe (ahípe) - he came [CQ-Osage]; a-hi-be (ahíbe) - he/she/it arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hú) - it’s coming [CQ-Osage]; a-hu-be (ahube) - he/she/it come to a place that is not it’s own [Kaw]

 

► hi-we (híwe), hi-wi (híwi), hi-pa (hi-ppá) - they arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: “hi-we o-da,” i-ya-we i-ya (“hiwé odá,” iyáwe iyá) - they (black bears) said, “they’ve arrived, tell it!” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa za-ni hi a-shi-ti hi-we, i-ya (wasá zaní hi ášitti híwe, iyá) - all of the black bears came outside, (of their lodges), it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi e-ti hi-we, i-ya (wasá béniji ĕ́ti híwĕ, iyá) - everyone of the black bears went there, (to the lodge were the rabbit was), it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hí-naⁿ-we (étti hí-ną-wé) - there/they arrived in the past [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi e-ti hí-naⁿ-we, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi étti hí-ną-wé, iyá) - then when they (the hunting party) arrived there, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hí-naⁿ-we shi-naⁿ di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe i-ka-naⁿ, i-ya (étti hí-ną-wé šíną dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé íka-ną, iyá) - when they reached the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth, again it opened its mouth, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi-wi naⁿ (étti híwi ną́) - there/they arrived there/when [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief, the rabbit said to them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka e-taⁿ-ni-hi-pa (níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá) - people/they first/arrived/the mv. objects [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka e-taⁿ-ni-hi-pa t’a-i ni-ha wa-hi ke wa-ska-ha hí ke naⁿ, i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka ettą́ni-hi-ppá tʔaí nihá wahí ke waskáha hí ke ną, iyá) - and then (when the Rabbit had gone very far into the Hill) there lay a long line of whitened bones of some of the people who had been first to arrive there and had died, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-hi-bi (ahí-bi) - they reached the place, the yarrived there [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi-be (ahibe) - they arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-hu a-pa (ahú apa), a-hu a-pai (ahú apaí) - they come [CQ-Osage]; a-hu-be (ahube) - they come to a place that is not their own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

► aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi), oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other

► ex: “aⁿ-ka-hi tai,” wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (“ąkáhi taí,” waxʔó-žiká ikíé nį) - “we will arrive there/we will go,” the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-hi (añgáhi) - we reach, we arrive [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi) - we (I and one other) went, we’ve been there [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-hi-be (aⁿgáhibe) - we arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-hu-be (aⁿgahube) - we come to a place that is not our own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

reach, arrive back at one’s own

► kʰi (kʰí) - reached home, reached again, reached there again [JOD]

► kʰi (kʰi) - arrive back at one’s own ► a-kʰi (akʰí) - I, da-kʰi (dakʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kʰi-we (ǫkákʰiwe) - we

► ex: ti miⁿ-ti a-kʰi naⁿ (tti mį́tti akʰí ną) - when I arrive back to a lodge [JOD]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ (kʰi tą) - reached home/when [JOD]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ wa-sa shoⁿ-te a-niⁿ a-taⁿ de, i-ya (kʰi tą maštį́ke nį wasá šǫté anį́ attą dé, iyá) - upon returning home, the rabbit had the black bear’s scrotum and left, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: kʰi (kʰí) - reached home [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te e-ti kʰi, i-ya (sniwátte étti kʰí, iyá) - Winter had returned there, to his home, it is said [JOD]

► ex: kʰi (kʰí) - reached again [JOD]

► ex: e-ti kʰi naⁿ, i-ya (étti kʰí ną, iyá) - he arrived there (at the lodge of the Grizzly bear), it is said [JOD]

► ex: kʰi (kʰí) - reached home [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ, o-wa-hoⁿ, i-ya (níkkašíka nikʰá wakʔį́ kʰí-ną, ówahǫ, iyá) - when he (Winter) returned to his home carrying the Indians, she (Winter’s wife) cooked them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: kʰi (kʰí) - reached there again [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ e-ti kʰi naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ ežį́ke nį étti kʰi ną, iyá) - then his son arrived there, it is said JOD]

► ex: kʰi naⁿ (kʰi ną) - reached there again in the past [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰo niⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe wa-ki-toⁿ-we kʰi naⁿ, i-ya (mątʰó nį maštį́ke nįkʰé wakíttǫwe kʰi ną, iyá) - the Grizzly bear arrived home after scouting game for the Rabbit, it is said [JOD]

ti tʰe-ta kʰi (tti tʰetta kʰi) - lodge/at the/reached home [JOD]

e-shoⁿ, ti tʰe-ta kʰi naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́, tti tʰetta kʰi ną, iyá) - after sometime, he reached his home, it is said [JOD]

► ex: kʰi-zhi (kʰi-ži) - he did not reach home [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi kʰi-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (eką́ nįkʰe-tti ttią́hi kʰi-ži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi (gi) - he approaches; he comes; come home [FL-Osage]; gi-o (gi-o) - to come [FL-Osage]; kshi (kshi) - to reach home [FL-Osage]; ʰki (ḳi) - to reach home [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ki-o (kǘ), a-ki-o (akǘ), ku (kú), a-ku (akú) - come back here (motion underway); get, fetch, bring, come here with [CQ-Osage]; kshi (kší), a-kshi (akší) - arrive back there; arrive home, return there [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gi (gi) - motion back to somewhere; go back, return [Kaw]; gu (gu) - to be coming back [Kaw]; khi (khi) - arrive home over there, reach a place again, go back to one’s own place; to come out again into one’s own element or place, as from under the water to land again, or from a hollow tree or cave into the open air; to emerge [Kaw]

 

reached puberty, girl who has not reached puberty

► she-mi (šémi) - girl, not yet reached puberty

► she-mi (šémi) - girl [MS, MR, AG, OM]

► she-mi (šé˙mi) - girl [FS]

► she-mi (shémme) - girl [ASG]

► cf. wi-to-shpa she-mi (wittóšpa šémi) - my granddaughter [MS, OM]; she-mi shi-ke (šémi šíké) - bad girl [AG]; she-mi ho-taⁿ hi (šémi hóttą hi) - pretty girl [MS]; she-mi zhi-ka (šémižíka) - baby girl [MS]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe, she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkhé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I'm going to tell you something, I only have three boys remaining (still alive), I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-taⁿ hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą ká-išétą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi e-naⁿ-hi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą, iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls, he said to her [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

► Dhegiha: she-miⁿ-zhiⁿ-ga (shémiⁿzhíⁿga) - young woman, maiden [Omaha/Ponca]; she-mi-zhiⁿ-ga (she mizhiⁿga) - maiden, young girl [Omaha]; shi-mi-zhiⁿ-ga (shí-mi-zhiⁿ-ga), she-mi-zhiⁿ-ga (shé-mi zhiⁿ-ga) - a baby girl, a damsel, a maiden, a lassie [FL-Osage]; shi-mi (shí-mi) - same as shi-mi-zhiⁿ-ga (shi-mi-zhiⁿ-ga) - [FL-Osage]; shiⁿ-miⁿ zhiⁿ (šį́mįžį) - girl, baby girl, girlfriend [CQ-Osage]; shi-mi-hiⁿ-ga (shímihíⁿga), shi-miⁿ-hiⁿ-ga (shímiⁿhiⁿga) - girl, young woman, daughter [Kaw]

 

reached puberty, girl who has reached puberty

► naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty

► cf. naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother

► ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-taⁿ hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą ká-išétą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-koⁿ niⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ kaⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ékǫ nį́ nąhą́ žiká hí tą ką-tą́ ną) - then, she went along like that for sometime until she was grown (reached puberty) [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí nąhą́ žiká hí tą́ ną) - then, after some time, she grew a little larger (a little older) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ʰto noⁿ-hoⁿ (shíⁿ-ṭo-noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a bachelor, a single man [FL-Osage]; shi-do noⁿ-hoⁿ (shído noⁿhoⁿ) - a youth, a young man that is nearly grown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫ́hǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow [JOD-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman [Kaw]

 

reached, that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

► to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side; to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

 

reached, the one who has reached

► ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived singular/moving/animate; the one who has reached

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ (nį) - the singular/moving/animate; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side

 

read aloud, call or name something

► da-te (daté) - read aloud, call or name something ► bda-te (bdáte) - I, ta-te (ttáte) - you

► cf. a-da-te (ádate) - read, say aloud

► ex: i-ka-zo-zo da-te (íkazózo daté) - school, school house, “read books” [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te zha-zhe bda-te (mątté žáže bdáte) - I call (that) a boat [JOD]

► ex: de ta-taⁿ zha-zhe ta-te (de táttą žáže ttaté) - what do you call this? [JOD]

► ex: da-ta-i (dataí) - they called [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-de (thadé) - call, name, speak, utter, pronounce [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-de (¢a-dé) - to call; to utter, speak, pronounce [JOD-Omaha]; tha-dse (tha-dsé) - to call as by name, to pronounce; uttered or spoken [FL-Osage]; tha-tse (ðaacé) - call on someone’s name; say the name of something or someone; call, define as; assign a name to something or someone; use a name for something or someone; say; pronounce; read [CQ-Osage]; ya-je (yajé) - read, pronounce; to call by name [Kaw]

 

read or say aloud

► a-da-te (ádate) - read, say aloud ► a-bda-te (ábdate) - I, a-ta-te (áttate) - you, oⁿ-ka-da-ta-we (ǫkádatawe) - we

► cf. da-te (daté) - read aloud, call or name something

► Dhegiha: a-tha-de (áthade) - to read (i.e., aloud); to pronounce [Omaha/Ponca]; a-tha-de (athade) - nominate [Omaha]; a-tha-dse (á-tha-dse) - to nominate; to make a motion; motion to adjourn [FL-Osage]; a-tha-de (á-tha-de) - to recite [FL-Osage]; a-tha-tse (áðaace) - repeat or say again, call upon again, name again [CQ-Osage]

 

Real Quapaws

► o-ka-xpa-xti (okáxpaxti) - town name: “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages; spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (u-gá-qpa) - “those who went downstream,” the Kwapas or Quapaws, they were known to the Illinois tribes as the “Arkansas” or “Alkansas” [JOD-Omaha]; u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, “the down-stream people,” so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: paⁿ-ka xti (páñ-ka-qti) - Real Ponkas, a sub-division or sub-gens of the makaⁿ gens of the Ponka tribe [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zha-zhe xtsi (wažáže xci) - real Osage [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-ze xtsi (kaáⁿzexci) - the Real Kansa or wind people, a sub-clan of the Kaáⁿze clan of the Kaáⁿze tribe [Kaw]; pa-yiⁿ xtsi (páyiⁿxci) - a “real” Pawnee, a Grand Pawnee; the Grand Pawnee [Kaw]; i-shta-xe xtsi (ishtáxexci) - a real Frenchman; a Frenchman, probably so called on account of having eyebrows; subsequently, any white man [Kaw]

 

real, really, very, fully

► xti (-xti) - very, real, fully, intensifier suffix

► ex: miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one [MS, MR, FR, AG, OM]

► ex: o-she-xti (óšexti) - full, “very plentiful, really plentiful”

► ex: wa-she-xti (wašé-xti) - very rich, really rich [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-she-xti zho-ki-kde ti-kde ke naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ wašé-xti žókikde ttíkde ké ną, iyá) - and then they lived very prosperously together, it is said [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-be xti (hǫbé xti) - moccasins, “real shoes”

► ex: we-s’a-xti (wésʔaxti) - rattlesnake, “real snake”

► ex: a-kda-xti (ákdaxti) - to suffer exceedingly

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► Dhegiha: xti (qti), xchi (qchi) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xti (xti) - very, really, real [Omaha]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

 

really active, very active

► si-si hi (sisí hi) - very active, really active

► cf. si-si (sisí) - active; hi (hi) - very

► ex: si-si hi naⁿ-we (sisí hi ną-wé) - they are very active usually [JOD]

► ex: e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to naⁿhaⁿ maⁿ-di-taⁿ si-si hi naⁿ-we e-koⁿ kaⁿ (éska, wižį́ke, šétto nąhą́ mądíttą sisí hi ną-wé ékǫ kką) - oh my son I hope that you become like the grown boys who pull a bow and are very active (able to run swiftly and far) [JOD]

 

► si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - very active, really active

► cf. si-si (sisí) - active; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha (ąsísi attahá) - me very active [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - active/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha (maštį́ke nį sisí áttaha) - the Rabbit was very active [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha e-naⁿ (níkkašíka nį sisí áttaha éną) - that person is extremely active [JOD]

 

really bad odor, very bad odor

► xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► cf. xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink, emit offensive odor; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much

 

► xwiⁿ hi (xwį hí) offensive odor/very [JOD]

► cf. xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink, emit offensive odor; hi (hi) - very

► ex: hoⁿ-hoⁿ xwiⁿ hi (hǫhǫ xwį hí) - oh my! that smells really bad/offensive [JOD]

 

► zaⁿ-ze hi (zązé hi) - stinky

► zaⁿ-ze hi (zązé hi) - very malodorous; offensive odor/very [JOD]

► cf. zązé (zą́ze) - smell, offensive, strong smell; hi (hi) - very

 

really bad, very bad

► shi-ke-xti (šíke-xti) - very bad, really bad

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: shi-ke-xti (šíke-xti) - very bad [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-a-bde a-tʰaⁿ-he shi-ke-xti i-da-hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́abde atʰąhé šíke-xti idáhǫbde) - I’ve been dreaming, I dreamed a very bad dream [JOD]

 

► shi-ke de (šíke dé) - very bad, really bad

► cf. shi-ke (šíke) - bad; de (dé), e-de (edé) - really, indeed

► ex: shi-ke de (šíke dé) - bad/indeed [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ shi-ke de! (ettǫ́ šíke dé!) - but it is extremely bad! [JOD]

 

really dead, very dead

► t’e-xti hi (tʔéxti hi) - really dead [JOD]

► cf. t’e (tʔe) - die; xti (xti) - very, real, fully; hi (hi) - very; t’e-xti (tʔéxti) - stone cold dead

► ex: ki-oⁿ-de de-de naⁿ, t’e-xti hi zhaⁿ i-ya sni-wa-te (kíǫde déde ną́, tʔéxti hi žą́ iyá sniwátte) - when he threw it (the head) at him (Winter), Winter laid there stone cold dead, it is said [JOD]

 

really don’t want

► koⁿ-da-zhi hi (kǫdáži hí) - really don’t want

► cf. koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish; zhi (ži) - not, negation, negative; hi (hi) - very

► ex: koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (kkǫ́bdáži hí) - I did not wish/very [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn’t want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

 

really fat, very fat

► shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - very fat, really fat

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - very fat [JOD]

► ex: te-naⁿ-te de niⁿ-kʰe shiⁿ-xti ta-ta-we ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe (tteną́tte dé-nįkʰé šįxtí ttatáwe hóttą nitʰé) - it would have been good for you’all to eat this very fat buffalo heart [JOD]

 

► shiⁿ hi (šį hí) - very fat, really fat [JOD]

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; hi (hi) - very

► ex: shiⁿ hi (šį hí) - fat/very [JOD]

► ex: te miⁿ shiⁿ hi t’e-de naⁿ (tté mį́ šį hí tʔéde-ną) - he killed a very fat buffalo [JOD]

 

really good, very good

► ho-taⁿ hi (hóttą hi) - very good, really good

► ho-taⁿ hi (hóttą hi) - very good [MS]

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; hi (hi) - very

► ex: ho-taⁿ hi (hóttą hi) - good/very [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿ-ki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhaⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žąppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they (the other girls) went back, he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, i-ni-naⁿ-haⁿ ho-taⁿ hi koⁿ-bda (įttatté, inínąhą́ hóttą hí kkǫbdá) - my father, I want to wear very fine clothing [JOD]

 

► ho-taⁿ iⁿ (hóttą į́) - really good

► ho-ta-iⁿ (hóttą į), ho-taⁿ i (hóttą i) - good, really good [MS]

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good; hi (hi) - very; iⁿ (į) - declarative particle, female speech

► ex: ho-taⁿ iⁿ (hóttą į́) - good [JOD]

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te a (wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á) - I will bring you (my own daughter) back some kind of really good calico cloth [JOD

 

really hungry, very hungry

► naⁿ-pe-hi-xti (nąppéhi-xti) - very hungry, really hungry

► cf. naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi-xti (nąppéhi-xti) - very hungry [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi-xti niⁿ a-zha-miⁿ (nąppéhi-xti nį́ ážąmį́) - I think that he is very hungry [JOD]

 

► naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha (nąppéhi áttaha) - very hungry, really hungry

► cf. naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry; a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha-wi (nąppéhi attaháwi) - they were very hungry [JOD]

 

really old woman

► wa-x’o zhi-ka-xti (waxʔóžikaxti) - really old woman, very aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, little old lady; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

 

► wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - really old woman, very aged woman

► cf. wa-x’o zhi-ka (waxʔóžiká) - old woman, little old lady; hi (hi) - very

 

really old, very old

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very); old man, elder

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; hi (hi) - very

 

► sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► cf. sh’a-ke (šʔáke) - old, elderly, aged, old man; xti (xti) - very, real, fully

 

really want

► koⁿ-da de (kǫ́da dé) - to really want

► cf. koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish; de (dé), e-de (edé) - really, indeed

► ex: koⁿ-da de (kǫ́da dé) - he wishes/really! [JOD]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! wa-k’iⁿ koⁿ-da de! (hóhoxó! wakʔį́ kǫ́da dé!) - why! he really wants to carry something! [JOD]

 

really, indeed, sure enough, surely, truely

► de (dé), e-de (edé) - really, indeed, sure enough, surely, truely; intentive by agent; clause final partical; evidential

► ex: di-t’e te de (ditʔé tte dé) - you would surely die [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi miⁿ e-ti-kʰe de e-toⁿ shi-ke de (dixáži mį ettí-kʰe dé ettǫ́ šíke dé) - a hill is truly there, but it is extremely bad [JOD]

► ex: wa-k’iⁿ koⁿ-da de (wakʔį́ kǫ́da dé) - he really wishes to carry something on his back [JOD]

► ex: i-di-na-zhiⁿ di-taⁿ i-bniⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ i-ye aⁿ-ta-zho-zhi de (ídinážį dittą́ íbnį́ą tą́ íye ą́ttažóži dé) - I think that you speak improperly to me on account of your depending on some one to help you [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-da-kʰe de, e-te a-zhaⁿ (mį́dakʰe dé, etté ažą́) - I think you are surely telling the truth [JOD]

► ex: she o-do-ha-ke de (šé odóhake dé) - that’s sure enough the last one [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we niⁿ-kʰe t’e-a-de e-de (dixáži wadáxowé nįkʰé tʔeádé edé) - I have truly killed the Hill that draws things (people) into his mouth!

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke shka-xe ta-we iyáwe e-de (maštį́ke kahíke škáγe ttawé iyáwe edé) - they say, you’all will surely make Rabbit chief!

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi e-de, wi-zhiⁿ-de (hǫ́ži edé, wižį́de) - no indeed, elder brother!

► ex: “wi-te-ke, t’e-di-de ta e-de,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (“wítteke, tʔédidé tta edé,” iyí iyá maštį́ke nį) - “my uncle, you have surely been killed,” it is said the rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: “de shoⁿ-hi toⁿ niⁿ-kʰe e-de,” i-ke (“dé šǫ́hi ttǫ́ ettí nįkʰé edé,” iké) - “sure enough, there is a village in this direction,” he said to her [JOD]

 

really, just so

► e-kaⁿ-xti (ékąxtí), e-koⁿ-xti (ekǫ́xti) - really, just so

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-koⁿ-xti tʰi-kde naⁿ, iya (ešǫ́ ekǫ́xtí tʰikdé ną, iyá) - then suddenly it became just like that (as rabbit had hoped), it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-gaⁿ-xti (é-gaⁿ-qti) - just so; exactly so; to be just so [JOD-Omaha]; e-goⁿ-xti (egoⁿxti) - truly, truth, truthful [Omaha]; e-goⁿ-xtsi (e-góⁿ-xtsi) - exaxt, precise, downright, real, in reality [FL-Osage]; e-koⁿ-xtsi (ekǫ́xci) - correct, correctly [CQ-Osage]

 

really, not really or not very

► hi-zhi (hí-ži) - not very, not really [JOD]

► cf. hi (hi) - very; zhi (ži) - not, negation, negative

► ex: sni-wa-te hi-zhi (sniwátte hí-ži) - cold weather/not very [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ, sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ, i-ya (éttǫttítʰą, sniwátte hí-ži ną, iyá) - therefore, from that time on, it has not been very cold, it is said [JOD]

 

really, too, exceedingly, much

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - really, too, exceedingly, much

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha (nąppéhi áttaha) - very hungry, really hungry

► ex: naⁿ-pe-hi a-ta-ha-wi (nąppéhi attaháwi) - they were very hungry [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - very active, really active

► ex: aⁿ-si-si a-ta-ha (ąsísi attahá) - me very active [JOD]

► ex: si-si a-ta-ha (sisí áttaha) - active/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha (maštį́ke nį sisí áttaha) - the Rabbit was very active [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka niⁿ si-si a-ta-ha e-naⁿ (níkkašíka nį sisí áttaha éną) - that person is extremely active [JOD]

► ex: xwiⁿ a-ta-ha (xwį́ attahá) - extremely offensive odor [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ áttaha) - I urinate/felt an inclination/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke taⁿ a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (kóišǫ́ttą éką nį hąp͓á hąke tą́ atéže tią́ áttaha) - so then it was almost day when I had a strong urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítą ttią́ži hí hátʔe žókkatte áttaha) - then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ta (á-ta) - beyond; more than; extreme, excessive [JOD-Omaha]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

really, very

► hi (hi) - very

► ex: do-taⁿ hi (dóttą hí) - very straight, really straight [JOD]

► ex: ko-zhi hi (kkóži hi) - very far away, really far away

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - very high, really high [JOD]

► ex: pa hi (ppa hí) - very bitter, really bitter

► ex: po-i hi (ppoí hí) - very sharp, really sharp [JOD)]

► ex: sni hi (sní hi) - very cold, really cold [MS, OM, AG]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi (sníwatte hi) - very cold weather, really cold weather [JOD]

► ex: so-te hi (sótte hí) - very fast, really fast, very rapidly [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hiu (hiu) - several; many; more than one or two [FL-Osage]; hu (húu) - many, lots (of), large amount (of) [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - many, much, a lot, a great many [Kaw]

 

really!

► ho-ho-xo (hóhoxó) - really!, why! [JOD]

► ho-ho-xo (hohoxó) - interjection of wonder, male

► ex: ho-ho-xo! wa-k’iⁿ koⁿ-da de! (hóhoxó! wakʔį́ kǫ́da dé!) - why! he really wants to carry something! [JOD]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! wi-zhiⁿ-ke, di-a-te de ki-k’iⁿ te (hóhoxó! wížįké, diátte dé kikʔį́ tte) - really! my son, let your father carry this (meat) [JOD]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! ma-shtiⁿ-ke, i-ye tʰe ko-i-she-sha-zhi naⁿ niⁿ-tʰe (hóhoxó! maštį́ke, íye tʰe kóiše-šáži ną́ nįtʰé) - really! rabbit, you have never talked in this manner before now [JOD]

► ex: ho-ho-xo! miⁿ-a-kʰe, ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hóhoxó! mį́ákʰe, maštį́ke) - really! I have spoken the truth, rabbit [JOD]

 

► hoo-’a (hooʔá) - really!

► ex: hoo’a! ta-taⁿ hi wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-de! (hooʔá! táttą hi wážǫį́ níwade!) - really! this is indeed something hateful! [JOD]

 

rear, at or to the back or rear

► a-shi-ta (ašítta) - behind, at or to the back or rear

► cf. a-shi (áši) - back, rear; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction; a-shi-to-ka-xde (ašíttokáxde) - face the back of the lodge; a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series; behind or after; afterward; a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago); a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ (ášiǫhéttą) - later, afterward

► ex: a-shi-ta maⁿ-niⁿ (ašitta mąnį) - to walk behind

► ex: a-shi-ta ki-maⁿ-niⁿ (ašitta kímąnį) - to walk behind him/it

► ex: she-to a-shi-ta de-tʰaⁿ (šétto ašítta détʰą) - this boy standing behind (you)

► Dhegiha: ha-shi-a-ta (há-ci-a-t͓á) - behind; in the rear [JOD-Omaha]; ha-shi-ʰta (há-shi-ṭa) - rear; to the rear; in the rear; in times past [FL-Osage]; ha-shi-ʰta (haašíʰta) - last, past, back in time, ago; those long ago, those old ones; before, earlier, in the past [CQ-Osage]; ha-shi-ta (hashíta) - behind, in the rear [Kaw]

 

rear, back

► a-shi (áši) - back, rear [JOD]

► ex: a-shi o-a-te (áši oatté) - back/I looked (searching) [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha a-shi o-a-te naⁿ taⁿ-iⁿ tʰi (ną́ža áši oatté ną ttą́į́ tʰi) - then when I looked back (searching), he appeared in sight, he had come [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we (áši atǫ́we) - back/I looked [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki (áši tǫ́wekikí) - back/she looked at him repeatedly [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫ-nį́ wašką́ kdé šǫ-nį́ hipʰé, iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he (ášiǫhe) - last of a party or series; behind or after; afterward

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he o-ki-si-kde (ášiǫhé ókisikdé) - walk in the trail of another (made long ago)

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ (ášiǫhéttą) - later, afterward

► ex: a-shi-ta (ašítta) - behind, at or to the back or rear

► ex: a-shi-to-ka-xde (ašíttokáxde) - face the back of the lodge

► Dhegiha: ha-shi (hashi) - last [Omaha]; ha-shi (há-ci) - behind, refers to both a place time; hind [JOD-Omaha]; ha-shi (há-shi) - the last one; the end of things; Omega [FL-Osage]; ha-shi (haaší) - last; in the back of, behind [CQ-Osage]; ha-shi (háshi) - last, tail end [Kaw]

 

rear, buttocks

► ni-te (nik-teh) - buttocks, rump, hindquarters (fesses) [GI]

► niⁿ-te (nį́tte), ni-te (nítte) - buttocks, person or animal

► niⁿ-te (nį́tte), ni-te (nítte) - buttocks, rear [MS, OM]

► cf. ni-te-a-zho (nitteážo) - rump, buttocks

► ex: niⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe (nį́tte nįkʰé) - the buttocks

► ex: te ni-te shiⁿ (tte nítte šį) - buffalo rump fat [JOD]

► ex: niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants [MS, OM]

► ex: ni-te ka-zhi (nítte káži), ni-te ga-zhi (nítte gáži) - toilet paper

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-de (níⁿ-de) - the rump, buttocks [JOD-Omaha]; ni-dse (ní-dse) - hips, rump, posterior, the lower part of the back, the hips, haunch, body [FL-Osage]

 

► ni-te-a-zho (nitteážo) - rump, buttocks

► cf. niⁿ-te (nį́tte), ni-te (nítte) - buttocks, rear, rump, hindquarters; zho (žo) - flesh, skin, meat

► ex: ni-te-a-zho niⁿ-kʰe (nitteážo nįkʰé) - the rump

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-de (níⁿ-de) - the rump, buttocks [JOD-Omaha]; ni-dse (ní-dse) - hips, rump, posterior, the lower part of the back, the hips, haunch, body [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhu (zhu) - flesh, body [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu (ju) - flesh; a body [JOD-Omaha]; zhu (zhu) - flesh or body [FL-Osage]

 

reason, for what reason

► ha-ki (háki) - why, for what reason

► ha-ki (háki) - where

► cf. ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place; ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté), ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere; ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

 

reason, no reason

► o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► cf. ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke da-hoⁿ-bde (óxʔą niké dahǫ́bde) - there was no reason for your having such a dream [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-’oⁿ thiⁿ-ge (u’óⁿthiⁿgé) - without cause, without permission, free, for nothing, without pay [Omaha/Ponca]; u-‘aⁿ-thiⁿ-ge (u-‘áⁿ-¢iñ-gé) - for nothing, freely, without pay; without cause; without permission [JOD-Omaha]; o-k’aⁿ yiⁿ-ge (ók’aⁿyiⁿge) - without cause, for nothing, freely [Kaw]

 

receive, get, take

► di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive ► bdi-ze (bdíze) - I, ti-ze (ttíze) - you

► cf. si-ka di-ze (síkka díze) - hawk, chicken hawk, lit. “grab a chicken” [MS]; kdi-ze (kdíze) - take one’s own; ki-di-ze (kídize) - take from someone; wa-di-ze di-ze (wadíze dizé) - to get goods on credit; wa-di-ze (wadíze) - credit, debt; wa-di-ze a-ki-niⁿ (wadíze ákinį) - owe something to someone; ni-zhi di-ze (níži dizé) - buy on credit

► ex: di-za (dizá) - get it! (command form) [MS]

► ex: bdi-ze (bdíze) - I'll take it [MR]

► ex: bdi-ze (bdíze) - I took it [JOD]

► ex: bdi-za-zhi (bdízaži) - I took not [JOD]

 ► ex: “wi-zhiⁿ-de, ta-taⁿ bdi-za-zhi hi,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“wižį́de, táttą bdízaži hí,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “my elder brother, I have taken nothing at all,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze (wabdíxe attą́ wábdize) - I chased them and I caught them [JOD]

► ex: si-ka taⁿ-ka zho-hi hi to-kʰe-taⁿ, wa-bdi-xe a-taⁿ wa-bdi-ze, ko-zhi da-zhi hi bdi-ze  (síkka ttą́ka žóhi hí tokʰétą, wabdíxe attą́ wábdize, kkóži dáži hi bdíze) - there were many turkeys there then, I chased them and I caught them, it didn’t go very far, I caught it [JOD]

► ex: wi-bdi-ze (wibdíze) - I get for you [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka wa-da-ki-te naⁿ maⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe a-shi-aⁿ-he a-ni-he (wažį́ka wadákkitté ną́ mą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe ášią́he anihé) - when you shoot the birds, I’ll walk behind you getting the arrows for you [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-zhiⁿ-ka t’e-da-de naⁿ-haⁿ wi-bdi-ze a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ tʰe a-shi-aⁿ-he (šiną́ wažį́ka tʔédade nąhą́ wibdíze amą́bdį tʰe ášią́he) - if you kill a bird again, I’ll walk behind and get it for you [JOD]

► ex: ti-ze (ttizé) - you take [JOD]

► ex: “ta-taⁿ ti-ze e,” i-yi i-ya maⁿ-tʰo (“táttą ttizé e,” iyí iyá mątʰó) - “what have you taken?” it is said Grizzly bear said? [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-di-za-i (ądizaí) - they get it for me [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ ki-di-ze (mą kidize) - he got the arrow for him [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► ex: wa-shiⁿ tʰe di-ze naⁿ, i-ya (wašį́ tʰe dizé-ną, iyá) - she took the fat meat (into the lodge), it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-pa-iⁿ he-be di-ze naⁿ i-pi-da-taⁿ-ti naⁿ, i-ya (ešǫ́ maštį́ke wappaį́ hébe dizé ną íppidáttą-ttí okíkną ną, iyá) - then Rabbit took part of the blood and put it in his belt, it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ de niⁿ-kʰe wa-pa-iⁿ di-ze niⁿ-kʰe ti xi-te a-ba-knaⁿ-ta i-naⁿ-de naⁿ iyá ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ešǫ́ dé nįkʰe wappaį́ dizé nįkʰé tti xítte ábaknątta iną́de ną iyá maštį́ke) - then Rabbit placed the blood which he had taken by the side of the lodge, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thi-ze (thizé) - to take, accept, receive; to take up an object [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ze (thíçe), (thize) - take, receive; draw out, take out, anybody accepts [Omaha]; thi-ze (¢izé) - take, took, receive, seize, accept [JOD-Omaha]; thu-ze (thu-çé) - to take, to receive or accept [FL-Osage]; thu-ze (ðuuzé) - select, choose, take, get, draw water, gather or pick fruit [CQ-Osage]; yu-ze (yuzé) - get, take, accept [Kaw]

 

recently, a little while ago

► di-o-za (dióza) - just now, a short time ago, in a little while

► cf. o-di-o-za (ódióza) - in a little while [JOD]; o-di-o-za hi (odiózahí) - in a very little while [JOD]

► ex: di-o-za (dióza) - a little while ago [JOD]

► ex: di-e-taⁿ di-o-za t’e-da-de tʰe ho-taⁿ ni-tʰe,” i-yi i-ya (díettą dióza tʔédadé tʰe hóttą nitʰé,” iyí iyá) - “it would be good if it had been you that had recently killed it,” it is said she said [JOD]

 

recline, lie, sleep

► zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline ► a-zhaⁿ (ažą́) - I, da-zhaⁿ (dažą́) - you, aⁿ-zhaⁿ (ąžą́) - we, I and one other, zhaⁿ-wi (žą́wi), zhaⁿ-we (žą́we) - they

► zhoⁿ (jon) - sleep (dormir) [GI]

► cf. a-zhaⁿ (ážą) - bed, bedstead, “lie upon”; ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one’s stomach; zhaⁿ-kʰe (žąkʰé), zhoⁿ-kʰe (žǫkʰé) - continuative be lying, reclining; naⁿ-pa zhoⁿ (nąpá žǫ) - Tuesday, lit. “two sleeps”; da-bni zhoⁿ (dábni žǫ) - Wednesday, “three sleeps”; a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on; ti o-zhaⁿ (ttí ožą́) - household, family, “sleep within the home”; o-zhaⁿ wa-kniⁿ-zhi (óžą waknį́ži) - enemy within the tribe, “a bad person to sleep among”; zhaⁿ i-de (žą́ idé) - sleep; zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - be lying down

► ex: a-zhoⁿ (ažǫ́) - I sleep [MS]

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I want to lay down (I feel like lying down) [MS]

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I’m going to bed (I feel like lying down) [OM]

► ex: maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ (mąda hí ažą́) - on the (my) back/very/I lay [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: shkoⁿ-zhi hi a-zhaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (škǫ́ži hi ažą́ mįkʰé) - motionless/very/I lay/I who [JOD]

► ex: tʰi naⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze shkoⁿ-zhi hi a-zhaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (tʰi ną tʔe ppą́ze škǫ́ži hi ažą́ mįkʰé) - when he arrived, I pretended to be dead, I lay there motionless [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - I look (down) on you/I will recline [JOD]

► ex: de tʰe o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe a-pa-po e-ta-kaⁿ-za a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (dé tʰe owáditte nįkʰé áppapo ettákkąza áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - when he (Grizzly bear) goes, I will lie down looking at you, at the edge of the hill directly above the place where you capture the game [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - below (on the ground)/I sleep/I did not wish/very [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn’t want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► ex: da-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažǫ́ tią́) - sleepy (you feel like laying down) [MS]

► ex: da-zhaⁿ i-te da-hoⁿ-bde (dažą́ itté dahǫ́bde) - when you go to sleep, you dream [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-da kaⁿ-iⁿ zhaⁿ (mą́da kąį́ žą) - on her back/so/she lay [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-da kaⁿ-iⁿ zhaⁿ e-shoⁿ t’e kaⁿ-ze kʰe, i-ya-we (mą́da kąį́ žą ešǫ́ tʔe ką́ze kʰé, iyáwe) - she laid there on her back pretending to be dead, they say [JOD]

► ex: zhoⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi i-ya-we ki-ha-ti (žǫ kǫdaží iyáwe kihátti) - to sleep/she did not wish/they say at the bottom [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze naⁿ zhoⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi i-ya-we ki-ha-ti (kóišǫ́ttą hą́nąppáze ną žǫ kǫdaží iyáwe kihátti) - then when it was dark, she did not want to sleep on the ground, they say [JOD]

► ex: t’e-xti hi zhaⁿ (tʔéxti hi žą́) - really dead/so he lay [JOD]

► ex: ki-oⁿ-de de-de naⁿ, t’e-xti hi zhaⁿ i-ya sni-wa-te (kíǫde déde ną́, tʔéxti hi žą́ iyá sniwátte) - when he threw it (the head) at him (Winter), Winter laid there stone cold dead, it is said [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-zhaⁿ (ąžą́) - we slept [JOD]

► ex: e-ti zhoⁿ-wi (ettí žǫ́wi) - they (the two of them) laid down there [JOD]

► ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

► ex: a-zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (ážą́ įké) - go to sleep [MS]

► ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de (žǫ́kkidé) - lie down to sleep

► ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de ta miⁿkʰe (žǫ́kkidé tta mįkʰé) - I want to lay down (I am going to lie down to sleep) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-ki-wi-taⁿ (ąžǫ́kkidé ąkiwittą́) - let’s go to bed [MS]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - recline, lie, lie down, to sleep; sleep, day, night, 24-hour period, “a sleep” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to sleep [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - sleep, go to sleep, lie down to sleep, go to bed, sleep over, stay all night, sleep, night’s rest, overnight stay [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - lie down, sleep, recline; day, a sleep [Kaw]

 

reclining, 3^rd person plural continuative reclining

► ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - 3^rd person plural continuative, sitting, lying, or reclining

► ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - the reclining ones; they who sit [JOD]

► ex: de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying, animate

► ex: ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural sitting or lying, invisible, animate

► ex: ko-i-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying, visible

► ex: ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying, yonder

► ex: she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural, sitting or lying, visible

► ex: to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying objects on this side

► ex: ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - the recl. ones [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ, o-wa-hoⁿ, i-ya (níkkašíka nikʰá wakʔį́ kʰí-ną, ówahǫ, iyá) - when he (Winter) returned to his home carrying the Indians, she (Winter’s wife) cooked them, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - the recl. ones [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ni-kʰa kda-kʰa wa-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (níkkašíka nikʰá kdákʰą wakʔį́ kdé, iyá) - he (Winter) put the Indians across his back and packed them to his home, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - they who sit [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ maⁿ-tʰo zhi-ka ni-kʰa to-wa ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (kóišǫ́ mątʰó žíka nikʰa tówa nikʰa ną, iyá) - now there were four young Grizzly bears (at the home of the Grizzly bear), it is said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-ni-kʰa (ettí-nikʰá) - they sat there [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ iⁿ-chʰoⁿ hi t’e ni-ha e-ti-ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (ši-ną́ į́čʰǫ hí tʔé nihá ettí-nikʰá ną, iyá) - on and on, some (corpses) were sitting there who had just now died, it is said [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ zho i-kdi-za-za hi ni-ha e-ti-ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (ši-ną́ žo íkdizáza hí nihá ettí-nikʰá ną, iyá) - on and on, some (corpses) were sitting there with their flesh adhering here and there, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - the sitting ones [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá ną́pa nikʰa ówaną, iyá) - rabbit took hold of the two black bears, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-ki-e, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá ną́pa nikʰa ówakkie, iyá) - rabbit spoke to the two black bears, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ni-kʰa (ttikdé nikʰa) - were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ni-kʰa (ttíkde nikʰá) - dwell in a lodge/they who sat; they were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

 

reclining, be lying or reclining

► zhoⁿ-kʰe (žǫkʰé), zhaⁿ-kʰe (žąkʰé) - continuative, be lying or reclining [JOD]

► zhaⁿ-kʰe (žąkʰé) - you lying, 2sg continuative auxiliary lying

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; kʰe (kʰe) - the singular, lying, animate or inanimate

► ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe (hǫ žǫ́kʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-kʰe (zhoⁿ-kʰe) - lying in a horizontal position [JOD-Omaha]; the zhoⁿ-kshe (thé zhoⁿ-kshe) - you lying down [FL-Osage]; thi-e zhoⁿ-kshe a thí-e zhoⁿ kshe a) - is it you lying there? [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ-kshe (žą́kše) - continuative postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd sg. lying down subject [CQ-Osage]

 

reclining, the reclining

► kʰe (kʰe), (kʰé) - the reclining object, the reclining; the long object [JOD]

► kʰe (kʰe) - the singular/lying/animate or inanimate

► cf. de-kʰe (dékʰe) - this lying/inanimate; ka-kʰe (kákʰe) - that singular/lying/invisible/inanimate; koi-kʰe (kóikʰe) - that remote singular/lying/visible/animate or inanimate; ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that singular/lying/animate or inanimate, yonder; she-kʰe (šékʰe) - that singular/lying/visible object; to-kʰe (tokʰé) - that singular lying/inanimate object on this side; to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular/lying/inanimate object on this side

► ex: a-na-zhiⁿ kʰe (ánažį kʰe) - the floor

► ex: a-zhaⁿ kʰe (ážą kʰe) - the bed

► ex: ma-zhaⁿ kʰe (mažą́ kʰe) - the land

► ex: maⁿ-te kʰe (mą́tte kʰe) - bow/the long object [JOD]

► ex: te kʰe (té kʰe) - the lake

► ex: t’e kʰe (tʔe kʰe) - the dead (person)

► ex: wa-x’o kʰe (waxʔó kʰe) - the (reclining) woman

► ex: wa-zhoⁿ-te kʰe (wázǫtte-kʰe) - the mat

► ex: zhaⁿ kʰe (žą́ kʰe) - the log

► ex: te kʰe (tté kʰe) - buffalo/the long object [JOD]

► ex: k’iⁿ kʰi-naⁿ-we i-ya, te kʰe bdo-ka hi (kʔį kʰi ną wé iyá, tté kʰe bdóka hí) - they carried all of the buffalo (meat) to the lodge, it is said [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe (hipʰé kʰé) - she fell/the recl. ob. (she lay) [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe taⁿ hi, i-ya-we (hipʰé kʰé tą hí, iyáwe) - she had fallen when he arrived, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye kʰe (ąną́kiye kʰe) - he said it to me/the recl. one (he was saying it to me as he lay) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ, “aⁿ-t’e taⁿ, si pa-hi naⁿ-pe i-niⁿ-ha ta-x[e]-aⁿ-ki-da ni-he,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye kʰe naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą, ątʔé tą, sí ppahí nąpé inįhá táx[e]ąkidá-nihé, ąną́kiye kʰe ną) - then, “when I die, barbecue may feet, head, and hands,” he said to me as he lay [JOD]

► ex: nika ti-te-ki-de kʰe (níkka títtekidé kʰe) - man/she caused her own to be “done”/the recl. ob. [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha wa-x’o niⁿ kde, i-ya-we, nika ti-te-ki-de kʰe ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ kde, i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža waxʔó nį kdé, iyáwe, níkka títtekidé kʰe kíkʔį ą́ttą kdé, iyáwe) - then the woman started homeward, they say, when she had cooked her husband, she started home packing him on her back, they say [JOD]

► ex: e-haⁿ kʰe we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe (ehą́ kʰe wesʔa odóhi kʰe) - her mother/the recl./serpent/was changed into/the recl. [JOD]

► ex: e-haⁿ kʰe we-s’a o-do-hi kʰe taⁿ-ha naⁿ-pe xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (ehą́ kʰe wesʔa odóhi kʰe tą́ha ną́ppe γaké nįkʰé) - her mother was changed into a snake, because of that she was afraid and was crying [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ t’e kaⁿ-ze kʰe (ešǫ́ tʔe ką́ze kʰé) - at length/dead/she feigned/the recl. ob. (she lay) [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-da kaⁿ-iⁿ zhaⁿ e-shoⁿ t’e kaⁿ-ze kʰe, i-ya-we (mą́da kąį́ žą ešǫ́ tʔe ką́ze kʰé, iyáwe) - she laid there on her back pretending to be dead, they say [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ-kʰe (kąkʰé) - she lay so for awhile (or, doing nothing); so she lay awhile [JOD]

► ex: wa-tʰe naⁿ ki-ka-ze kaⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we (watʰé ną kikáze ką-kʰé, iyáwe) - dress/only/it flew up on her/she lay so for awhile (or, doing nothing)/they say [JOD]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te ka-xa-taⁿ toⁿ-we d-de kaⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we (ištá xixítte kaγ[e]á-ttą tǫ́we dedé ką-kʰé, iyáwe) - peeping out of the corner of the eyes in intervals/she did it/when/she looked at him/she sent it off/so she lay awhile/they say [JOD]

► ex: e-ti kʰe (ettí-kʰe) - there; the long object is/was there

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we miⁿ e-ti-kʰe naⁿ, i-ya (dixáži wadáxowe mį ettí-kʰe ną, iyá) - There was a Hill that drew things (people) into its mouth, it is said [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi miⁿ e-ti-kʰe dé, e-toⁿ shi-ke de! (dixáži mį ettí-kʰe dé, ettǫ́ šíke dé!) - “A Hill is truly there, but it is extremely bad! [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ti (kʰettí) - at or to the long object [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (mątté kʰettí) - to the canoe, at the canoe [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: o-xde haⁿ-ke hi taⁿ ni-ti ki i-ya-we wa-x’o niⁿ, maⁿ-te kʰe-ti ki, i-ya-we (oxdé hąké hí tą nítti kí iyáwe waxʔó nį, mątté kʰettí kí, iyáwe) - he had nearly overtaken the woman when she reached the water, she arrived back at the canoe, they say [JOD]

► ex: kʰe-ta (kʰétta) - at the [JOD]

► ex: ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta (tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta) - house/room/at the [JOD]

► ex: o-pi-zhi kʰe (óppiži kʰe) - box/the lg. ob. [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e ti tʰe-ta ki taⁿ ti a-naⁿ-se taⁿ kʰe-ta o-pi-zhi kʰe o-k’oⁿ-he (kóišǫ́ttą e ttí tʰétta kí tą tti ánąsé ttą kʰétta óppiži kʰe ókʔǫhé) - then when she returned to her house, she put the box in (her) room [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► Dhegiha: kʰe (kʰe) - the inanimate lying, the inanimate horizontal, be positioned horizontally, an extended action in a lying position [Omaha]; kshe (kshe) - to prostrate, that lies, to lay down, to place flat on the ground or to be prostrate on any surface, the length of time from the beginning of a vigil [FL-Osage]; kshe (kše) - positional article for an entity that is lying down or long; positional article that indicates plurality of an inanimate entity that takes tsʰe (cʰe) “standing” positional in the singular [CQ-Osage]; kshe (kše) - lying down or long [CQ-Osage]; khe (khe) - “the”; definite article for lying/inanimate objects [Kaw]

 

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