Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

pace - pelican pelt - pinch pine - pleased plentiful - pressing pressing - pulse pulverize - put two

plentiful, crowded, thick, dense

► a-ki-sho-ka (ákkišóka) - crowded, thick, dense, plentiful

► cf. sho-ka (šoká) - thick; di-sho-ka (dišoká) - roughen, to callous

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

► Dhegiha: a-ki-shu-ga (aki shuga) - dense [Omaha]; a-kʰi-sh’u-ga (ákʰish’úga) - thick, dense, crowded, plentiful, as leaves on the ground or houses close together [Omaha/Ponca]; a-kʰi-sho-ga (á-ḳi-sho-ga) - dense, density, dense crowd, a dense forest [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shu-ga (shugá) - coarse, thick [Omaha/Ponca]; shu-ga (shuga) - thick [Omaha]; shu-ga (cu-gá) - coarse; thick: applied to solids [JOD-Omaha]; sho-ga (sho-gá) - thick, as applied to goods, skin, or any material [FL-Osage]; sho-ka (šooká) - thick [CQ-Osage]; sho-ga (shogá) - thick, hard [Kaw]; sho-ga (shóga) - thick; dense, as a forest [Kaw]

plentiful, plenty, a lot

► o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot

► cf. o-she-xti (óšexti) - full; wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

► ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich people (they have a lot of money) [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

pliers, hold or grasp something for holding as pliers

► i-di-za-za (ídizáza) - hold, grasp something for holding ► i-bdi-za-za (íbdizáza) - I, i-ti-za-za (íttizáza) - you

► cf. i-kdi-za-za (íkdizáza) - stick to one here and there; i-di-ze (ídize) - pull up, uproot; di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive; wa-di-ze di-ze (wadíze dizé) - to get goods on credit; zhoⁿ di-ze (žǫ́ díze) - to get wood; kdi-ze (kdíze) - take one’s own

► Dhegiha: thi-ze (¢izé) - take, took, receive, seize [JOD-Omaha]; thu-ze (thu-çé) - to take, to receive or accept [FL-Osage]; thu-ze (ðuuzé) - select, choose, take, get, draw water, gather or pick fruit [CQ-Osage]; yu-ze (yuzé) - get, take, accept [Kaw]

plow, a plow

► we-di-to-we (wédittówe) - plow

► cf. di-to-we (dittówe) - to plow, to pulverize the soil; ba-to-we (battówe) - break into pieces, cut up; bi-to-we (bittówe) - break, crumble into pieces; da-to-we (dattówe) - chew to pieces; ka-to-we (kattówe) - shatter, break in pieces; naⁿ-to-we (nąttówe) - step on or kick and break something; pa-to-we (páttowe) - cut into large pieces; po-to-we (póttowe) - punch or shoot to pieces; to-wa-de (ttowáde) - crumble of it’s own accord

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-de thi-tu-be (toⁿde thitube) - plow [Omaha]; thi-tu-be (thi tube) - grind, pinch [Omaha]; thi-tu-ba-ga (¢iʇúba-gă) - plow it! [JOD-Omaha]; gi-sa-ka yu-to-be (gisáka yutóbe) - plow, break virgin ground [Kaw]; maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka i-yi-to-we (maⁿyíⁿka íyitowe), maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka yi-to-we (maⁿyíⁿka yitówe) - plow, lit. “it breaks the soil” [Kaw]; yu-to-be (yutóbe), yu-to-we (yutówe) - plow, break virgin ground; to grind, grind up [Kaw]

plow, pulverize the soil

► di-to-we (dittówe) - to plow, to pulverize the soil ► bdi-to-we (bdíttowe) - I, ti-to-we (ttíttowe) - you

► cf. we-di-to-we (wédittówe) - plow; ba-to-we (battówe) - break into pieces, cut up; bi-to-we (bittówe) - break, crumble into pieces; da-to-we (dattówe) - chew to pieces; ka-to-we (kattówe) - shatter, break in pieces; naⁿ-to-we (nąttówe) - step on or kick and break something; pa-to-we (páttowe) - cut into large pieces; po-to-we (póttowe) - punch or shoot to pieces; to-wa-de (ttowáde) - crumble of it’s own accord

► Dhegiha: thi-tu-be (thi tube) - grind, pinch [Omaha]; thi-tu-ba-ga (¢iʇúba-gă) - plow it! [JOD-Omaha]; toⁿ-de thi-tu-be (toⁿde thitube) - plow [Omaha]; yu-to-be (yutóbe), yu-to-we (yutówe) - plow, break virgin ground; to grind, grind up [Kaw]; gi-sa-ka yu-to-be (gisáka yutóbe) - plow, break virgin ground [Kaw]; maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka i-yi-to-we (maⁿyíⁿka íyitowe), maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka yi-to-we (maⁿyíⁿka yitówe) - plow, lit. “it breaks the soil” [Kaw]

plow, till

► we (we) - plow, till [JOD]

► ex: wa-we (wáwe) - they tilled the ground [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we (we) - to plow [FL-Osage]; we (we) - plow, to plow [Kaw]

plowing, soften ground by plowing

► di-poⁿ-te (dipǫ́tte) - soften ground by plowing ► bdi-poⁿ-te (bdípǫtte) - I, ti-poⁿ-te (ttípǫtte) - you

pluck clean

► di-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (diwásittąhí) - pluck clean, e.g. of feathers ► bdi-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (bdíwasittąhi) - I, ti-wa-si-taⁿ-hi (ttíwasittąhi) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; wa-si-taⁿ-hi (wasíttąhi) - neat

► Dhegiha: wa-si-hi (wa-çí-hi) - neat, tidy, clean in character, without reproach, free from blame [FL-Osage]; wa-su-hu (wasúhu) - clean, clear, cleanly, clearly [CQ-Osage]; wa-su-hu (wasúhu) - be clean, neat, tidy, above reproach [Kaw]

pluck or pull out

► o-ka-shte (okášte) - pull out, pluck grass, hair ► o-a-ka-shte (oákašte) - I, o-da-ka-shte (odákašte) - you

plum

► kaⁿ-te ke (kką́tte ke) - the (scattered) plums

► cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; kaⁿ-de (k͓áⁿ-de) - a plum; plums [JOD-Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

► kaⁿ-te shta (kkątté šta) - plum

► cf. kaⁿ-te shta (konteh-schtah) - pear (poire) [GI]; kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; kaⁿ-de (k͓áⁿ-de) - a plum; plums [JOD-Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth, as the skin, the har on a robe or the top of the head [JOD-Omaha]; shna (shna) - bald [Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless, destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth as a lake surface, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

► kaⁿ-te shta si (kkąttéštá si) - plum pit

► cf. kaⁿ-te shta (kkątté šta) - plum; kaⁿ-te shta (konteh-schtah) - pear (poire) [GI]; kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; si (si) - seed, pit, grain, kernel

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; kaⁿ-de (k͓áⁿ-de) - a plum; plums [JOD-Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth, as the skin, the har on a robe or the top of the head [JOD-Omaha]; shna (shna) - bald [Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless, destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth as a lake surface, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: si (si) - seed [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - pit [Omaha]; si (si) - seed, in general; a seed [JOD-Omaha]; si (çi), su (çu) - seed [FL-Osage]; su (súu) - seed, pit, kernel [CQ-Osage]

► kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątté žíka) - plum

► cf. kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątte žíka) - cherry; kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; kaⁿ-de (k͓áⁿ-de) - a plum; plums [JOD-Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - small, little, child, young, cub [Omaha/Ponca]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿga) - small, little [Omaha]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhiⁿ-gá) - small, little, young, little children [FL-Osage]; zhiⁿ (žį), zhiⁿ-ka (žįká) - a little, small amount of something, small, little, be little, small, children, little ones, kids [CQ-Osage]; zhiⁿ-ga (zhíⁿga) - be small; small, the young of an animal, a child [Kaw]

► kaⁿ-te waⁿ-paⁿ-shta (konteh uonponschtah) - plum, prune (prune) [GI]

► cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; kaⁿ-de (k͓áⁿ-de) - a plum; plums [JOD-Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple; fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káⁿje) - plum; fruit [Kaw]

plume

► ma-shaⁿ (mâⁿ câⁿ) - plume, tied in hair, same ceremony [peyote], represents “Lightning-man”, from George Red Eagle [MH]

► ma-shaⁿ (mâⁿcaⁿ) - eagle plume used to brush away evil in mescal ceremony, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► ma-shaⁿ (mášą), ma-shoⁿ (mášǫ) - feather, wing or quill feather

► ma-shoⁿ (mosch-schon) - feather (plume) [GI]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka ma-shaⁿ (wažį́ka mášą) - bird’s wings

► ex: ma-shoⁿ a-a-kde (mášǫ áakde) - I stick a feather upright (in my hair)

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ (máshoⁿ) - quill feather [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (moⁿshoⁿ) - feather, hackle feather [Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (móⁿ-shoⁿ) - feather, plume, plumage [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shaⁿ (mą́šą), maⁿ-shoⁿ (mą́šǫ), moⁿ-shoⁿ (mǫ́šǫ) - feathers of certain kinds of birds, such as eagle, hawk, and macaw, fan made of feathers as used in peyote meeting [CQ-Osage]; mo-shoⁿ (móshoⁿ), mo-sho (mósho) - feather, quill feather [Kaw]

ply, hustle, jerk around

► di-kdaⁿ-ni-ke (dikdą́nike) - ply, hustle, jerk around ► bdi-daⁿ-ni-ke (bdídąnike) - I, ti-daⁿ-ni-ke (ttídąnike) - you

pocket knife, pen knife

► ma-hiⁿ zhi-ka (máhį žíka) - pocket knife, pen knife

► cf. ma-hiⁿ (máhį) - knife; zhi-ka (žíka) - small, little

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (moⁿhiⁿ zhiⁿga) - pocket knife [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (móⁿ-hiⁿ zhiⁿ-ga) - little knife, pen knife [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (máⁿhiⁿ zhiⁿga) - pocket knife [Kaw]

pocket, pouch, sack, bag

► o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket, pouch

► o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket [MS]

► cf. o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka o-zhi-ha (wažį́ka ožíha) - bird’s nest

► ex: te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder

► ex: shi o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus

► ex: ta shi o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha) - doe’s womb

► ex: ta-ni o-zhi-ha (táni óžiha) - tobacco pouch [JOD]

► ex: wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha (wabátʰé óžiha) - sewing bag [JOD]

► ex: to-wa o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-wa-ki-zhi (tówa óžiha žíka ówakiží) - he put the four of them (his own) into the little bag [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (kihá ną óžiha ókʔǫhe) - when he finished, he put it (the long object) in the bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka, e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ (óžiha žiká, étti ówaži ną) - he put them in there, in the little bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he filled the bag [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe kdi-ze naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-ki-te de, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nįkʰe wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kdíze ną maštį́ke okítte dé, iyá) - the old woman took her sewing bag and went to look for rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: ki-ba-hi a-taⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe o-ki-zhi maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ, i-ya (kibáhi-attą́ wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰé okíži mą́nį nį́, iyá) - she walked around picking up the pieces, filling her sewing bag, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé, iyá) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ba-po a-kdaⁿ niⁿ (óžiha nįkʰé bapó akdą́ nį) - she emptied the bag/placed the cv. ob./the moving one [JOD]

► ex: kʰi taⁿ o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ba-po a-kdaⁿ niⁿ naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke ki-ti-ta, i-ya (kʰi tą óžiha nįkʰe bapó ákdą nį ną maštį́ke kitittá, iyá) - when she reached there, she emptied the bag, and, lo!, the rabbit came to life again, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi-ha (úzhiha) - bag, sack [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi-ha (úzhi ha) - bag, gunny sack, burlap bag [Omaha]; u-zhi-ha (újiha) - bag, pouch, sack [JOD-Omaha]; u-zhu-ha (ú-zhu-ha), o-zho-ha (ó-zho-ha) - a sack or bag [FL-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (óožuhaa) - bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather, literally, skin into which to put stuff [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (ozhuha) - pouch [Kaw]

point at

► a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at ► a-pa-zo (áppazo) - I, a-shpa-zo (ášpazo) - you, oⁿ-ka-ba-zo-we (ǫkábazowe) - we

► cf. we-da-ba-zo (wédabázo) - point with; index or forefinger, “pointer”; forefinger; i-ha we-da-ba-zo (íha wédabázo) - point with the lips

► ex: maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši ábazo) - to point up/above [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha we-da-ba-zo maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši nįkʰé tą́ha wédabázo mąši ábazo) - because she was sitting above, the index/forefinger pointed up [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ba-zo (ą́bazo) - it pointed to/at me [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ aⁿ-ba-zo (kóišǫ́ttą mą́ši mįkʰé tą ą́bazo) - then as I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha aⁿ-ba-zo (mą́ši mįkʰe tą́ha ą́bazo) - because I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-pa-zu (ábazu) - point, to point at with the finger [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-zu (abazu) - point [Omaha]; a-ba-zu (á-ba-çu) - to indicate, to point; to select [FL-Osage]; a-pa-zo (ápazo) - point at, point to; select by pointing to [CQ-Osage]; a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at with the finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be hi we-a-ba-zu (noⁿbe hi weabaçu) - index finger [Omaha]; sha-ge we-a-ba-zu (shá-ge we-a-ba-çu) - the index finger, the first finger used to point with [FL-Osage]; sha-ke o-pa-zo (šáake opázo) - index finger, lit., “hand pointer” [CQ-Osage]; sha-ge we-ba-zo (sháge wébazo) - index finger, forefinger, lit. “pointing finger” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-a-ba-zu (wé-a-ba-çu) - a pointer; the index or first finger [FL-Osage]; wa-a-pa-zo (wéapazo) - index finger, pointing finger, lit., “with which to point at things” [CQ-Osage]; we-ba-zo (webázo) - pointer, pointing finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-tha-ba-zu (i-thá-ba-çu) - to point with the finger [FL-Osage]; i-ya-ba-zo (iyábazo) - point at something with [Kaw]

point of land

► a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak

► pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top

► pa-si-kde (pásikdé) - point of land [JOD]

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top; pa-si-kde (ppásikdé) - point of land [JOD]; pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River; ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - garfish

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ ʰpa-si (á-thiⁿ p̣a-çi) - summit, top of a hill, the summit of a hill, hill top [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ pa-su (áyiⁿ pasú) - headland [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree-top, tongue-tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (paçi) - tip; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a poll [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (p̣á-çu) - tip of nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil”, corner of a room, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) - dwellers-upon-the-hill-top, when the river (Mississippi) overflowed its banks, a group of Osage Indians fled from their village and sought the high hills and there established a camp, they were known by the name of ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) and settled in Grayhorse [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su o-liⁿ (ʰpasú olį́į), ʰpa-si-o-liⁿ (ʰpasiólįį), ʰpa-su-liⁿ (ʰpasúlį), ʰpa-so-liⁿ (ʰpasólįį) - living on the end, dwelling on the cliffs, Fairfax or Grayhorse group of Osages, lit., “living on the end”, referring to the west end of the allotment [CQ-Osage]

point with the lips

► i-ha we-da-ba-zo (íha wédabázo) - point with the lips ► i-ha we-bda-ba-zo (íha wébdabazo) - I, i-ha we-ta-ba-zo (íha wéttabazo) - you

► cf. i-ha (íha) - mouth; we-da-ba-zo (wédabázo) - pointer, index or forefinger; a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at

► Dhegiha: i-ha i-tha-ba-zu (í-ha i-tha-ba-çu) - to point at with the lips [FL-Osage]; i-ha i-ya-ba-zo (íha iyábazo) - point at something with the lips [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-zu (ábazu) - point, to point at with the finger [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-zu (abazu) - point [Omaha]; a-ba-zu (á-ba-çu) - to indicate, to point at; to select [FL-Osage]; a-pa-zo (ápazo) - point at, point to, select by pointing to [CQ-Osage]; a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at with the finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-a-ba-zu (wé-a-ba-çu) - a pointer, the index or first finger [FL-Osage]; we-a-pa-zo (wéapazo) - index finger, pointing finger, lit., “with which to point at things” [CQ-Osage]; we-ba-zo (webázo) - pointer, pointing finger [Kaw]

► i a-da-zo-ka (í ádazokka), a-da-zo-ka (ádazokka) - point with the lips; close the lips and stick out the mouth ► i a-bda-zo-ka (í ábdazokka) - I, i a-ta-zo-ka (í áttazokka) - you, i oⁿ-ka-da-zo-ka-we (í ǫ́kadazókkawe) - we

► cf. i (í) - mouth, lips; a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at; da (da) - by mouth

► Dhegiha: i (i) - mouth of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - mouth [Omaha]; i (i) - mouth [FL-Osage]; i (i) - mouth [Kaw]

point, back to starting point

► xa-da (xáda) - back to starting point, back

► xa-da (xáda) - back again [JOD]

► ex: xa-da de (xáda dé) - he went back again [JOD]

► ex: xa-da tʰi-kda (xáda tʰikdá) - back again-pass thou [JOD]

► ex: shaⁿ-iⁿ-te, t’e paⁿ-ze, e-shaⁿ kde xa-da (šą́įtte, tʔé ppą́ze, éšą kdé xáda) - well, I pretended to be dead, then he went back again [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xa-tha (xátha) - back, returning, back again to the starting point [Omaha/Ponca]; xa-tha (qá-¢a) - back to starting point; back again to the starting point [JOD-Omaha]; xa-tha (xá-tha) - backward [FL-Osage]; xa-tha (xáða) - back, backward, in reverse, retrograde [CQ-Osage]; xa-ya (xáya) - back to the starting point [Kaw]

point, burn to a point

► ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

► ta-zi-ka-de (tázikkade) - burn to a point ► ta-zi-ka-a-de (tázikkaáde) - I, ta-zi-ka-da-de (tázikkadáde) - you

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point

point, chew to a point or sharpen

► da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen ► bda-zi-ka (bdázikka) - I, ta-zi-ka (ttázikka) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

point, on this side of a certain point

► to-wa (tówa) - on this side of a certain point

► ex: to-wa-da-tʰe (tówadatʰé) - those dual/standing or collection/inanimate objects on this side

► ex: to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural/standing/animate objects on this side

► ex: to-wa-kʰe (tówakʰe) - that singular/lying/inanimate object on this side

► ex: to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural sitting or lying objects on this side

► ex: to-wa-niⁿ (tówanį) - that singular/moving/animate object on this side or the nearer of two objects

► ex: to-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (tówanįkʰé) - that singular/sitting object on this side

► ex: to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

► ex: to-wa-tʰe (tówatʰe) - that singular/standing or collection/inanimate object on this side

► Dhegiha: to-wa (tówa) - that, those (of one or more persons or things that are more remote than someone/something else or whose exact description in unknown or of little importance to the speech event) [CQ-Osage]

point, whittle to a point

► pa-zi-ka (pázikka) - whittle to a point ► pa-a-zi-ka (páazíkka) - I, pa-da-zi-ka (pádazíkka) - you, pa-oⁿ-zi-ka-we (páǫzikkawe) - we

► cf. pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife; o-zi-ka (ozíkka) - wider at one end than other; ba-zi-ka (bazíkka) - sharpen; bi-zi-ka (bizíkka) - sharpen by rubbing, hone; da-zi-ka (dazíkka) - chew to a point, sharpen; di-zi-ka (dizíkka) - sharpen; ki-di-zi-ka (kídizíkka) - sharpen something for someone; ka-zi-ka (kazíkka) - sharpen, as with an axe, whittle; kdi-zi-ka (kdizíkka) - sharpen pulling toward oneself; ta-zi-ka (tázikka) - burn to a point

pointed, hill with pointed or sharp peak

► a-ni pa-si-kde (áni ppasíkde) - hill with sharp peak

► pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top

► pa-si-kde (pásikdé) - point of land [JOD]

► cf. a-ni (áni) - hill; pa-si (ppasí) - tip of something, beak or bill; pa-si-kde (ppasíkde) - hill with pointed peak or top; pa-si-kde (ppásikdé) - point of land [JOD]; pa pa-si (ppáppasí) - tip of the nose; pa-si o-do-ka-hi (ppasí odokáhi) - spoonbill, paddlefish, fish with a hide like that of a catfish, no scales, found in Neosho River; ma-ze pa-si (mazé ppasí) - nipples; wa-zhiⁿ-ka pa-si (wažį́ka ppási) - bird’s beak, bill; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - garfish

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ ʰpa-si (á-thiⁿ p̣a-çi) - summit, top of a hill, the summit of a hill, hill top [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ pa-su (áyiⁿ pasú) - headland [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - hillside, ridge [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á¢iⁿ) - ridge [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (á-thiⁿ) - a ridge or divide [FL-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (áyiⁿ) - ridge, divide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pa-si (pasí) - tip, tree-top, tongue-tip, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-si (paçi) - tip; ʰpa-si (p̣a-çí) - a peak, point, top of a tree, the top of a poll [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (p̣á-çu) - tip of nose [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su (ʰpasú) - tip or point of an object [CQ-Osage]; pa-su (pasú) - tip, point of an object “like the point of a pencil”, corner of a room, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) - dwellers-upon-the-hill-top, when the river (Mississippi) overflowed its banks, a group of Osage Indians fled from their village and sought the high hills and there established a camp, they were known by the name of ʰpa-siu-gthiⁿ (p̣a-çiú-gthiⁿ) and settled in Grayhorse [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-su o-liⁿ (ʰpasú olį́į), ʰpa-si-o-liⁿ (ʰpasiólįį), ʰpa-su-liⁿ (ʰpasúlį), ʰpa-so-liⁿ (ʰpasólįį) - living on the end, dwelling on the cliffs, Fairfax or Grayhorse group of Osages, lit., “living on the end”, referring to the west end of the allotment [CQ-Osage]

pointed, pick up with pointed object

► ba-ha-ta (bahattá) - pick up with pointed object ► pa-ha-ta (ppáhatta) - I, shpa-ha-ta (špáhatta) - you

► cf. ba-ha-ta de-de (bahátta déde) - brush aside; bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - lever, weight, press on end; di-ha-ta (díhattá) - lift something; di-ha-ta de-de (dihátta déde) - lift, pull up suddenly; ka-ha-ta de-de (kahátta déde) - knock aside, turn aside; naⁿ-ha-ta de-de (nąhátta déde) - lift with the foot; po-ha-ta de-de (póhatta déde) - poke something in order to lift it

pointer, point with, index or forefinger

► we-da-ba-zo (wédabázo) - point with [MS]

► we-da-ba-zo (wédabázo) - index or forefinger, “pointer”

► we-da-ba-zo (wédabázo) - forefinger [JOD]

► cf. a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at; i-ha we-da-ba-zo (íha wédabázo) - point with the lips

► ex: maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha we-da-ba-zo maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši nįkʰé tą́ha wédabázo mąši ábazo) - because she was sitting above (them), the index finger pointed up [JOD]

► ex: ka-ti-ti-ze ki-ha naⁿ we-da-ba-zo ki-k’oⁿ-he (kattittíze kihá ną wédabázo kíkʔǫhe) - when he finished clearing a spot, he placed the index finger down [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-tha-ba-zu (i-thá-ba-çu) - to point with the finger [FL-Osage]; i-ya-ba-zo (iyábazo) - point at something with [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-a-ba-zu (wé-a-ba-çu) - a pointer; the index or first finger [FL-Osage]; wa-a-pa-zo (wéapazo) - index finger, pointing finger, lit., “with which to point at things” [CQ-Osage]; we-ba-zo (webázo) - pointer, pointing finger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-be hi we-a-ba-zu (noⁿbe hi weabaçu) - index finger [Omaha]; sha-ge we-a-ba-zu (shá-ge we-a-ba-çu) - the index finger, the first finger used to point with [FL-Osage]; sha-ke o-pa-zo (šáake opázo) - index finger, lit., “hand pointer” [CQ-Osage]; sha-ge we-ba-zo (sháge wébazo) - index finger, forefinger, lit. “pointing finger” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-pa-zu (ábazu) - point, to point at with the finger [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ba-zu (abazu) - point [Omaha]; a-ba-zu (á-ba-çu) - to indicate, to point; to select [FL-Osage]; a-pa-zo (ápazo) - point at, point to; select by pointing to [CQ-Osage]; a-ba-zo (ábazo) - point at with the finger [Kaw]

points, cardinal points

► ta-ti o-hi-de (ttátti óhide) - cardinal points; whence the four winds blow

► cf. ta-ti-oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti-aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind, ta-te (ttatté) + oⁿ-he (ǫhe)

► Dhegiha: ta-de u-i-the (t͓adé uí¢ĕ) - a quarter of the heavens, the direction from which one of the (four) winds blows [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ta-de u-i-the du-ba-ha (t͓adé uí¢ĕ dúbaha) - the four quarters of the heavens, north, south, east, and west [JOD-Omaha]; ta-de u-wi-the du-ba (tade uwithe duba) - cardinal points [Omaha]; ʰta-dse do-ba ha (ṭa-dsé do-ba ha) - division of the winds into four parts [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ta-de (t͓a-dé) - wind [JOD-Omaha]; ta-de (tadé) - air; wind [Omaha]; ʰta-dse (ṭa-dsé) - the winds, the four quarters of the earth; air [FL-Osage]; ʰta-tse (ʰtaacé) - wind, air [CQ-Osage]; ta-je (tajé) - wind [Kaw]

poke something in order to lift it

► po-ha-ta de-de (póhatta déde) - poke something in order to lift it ► po-a-ha-ta de-a-de (póahatta déade) - I, po-da-ha-ta de-da-de (pódahatta dédade) - you

► cf. po (po) - by shooting, blowing, punching; ba-ha-ta (bahattá) - pick up with pointed object; ba-ha-ta de-de (bahátta déde) - brush aside; bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - lever, weight, press on end; di-ha-ta (díhattá) - lift something; di-ha-ta de-de (dihátta déde) - lift, pull up suddenly; ka-ha-ta de-de (kahátta déde) - knock aside, turn aside; naⁿ-ha-ta de-de (nąhátta déde) - lift with the foot; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

poke, as a fire

► ba-hi-te (bahítte) - poke, as a fire ► pa-hi-te (ppáhitte) - I, shpa-hi-te (špáhitte) - you

► cf. pe-te e-ba-hi-te (ppétte ébahítte) - poker; di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things; a-ki-hi-te (ákkihítte) - pay attention, attend, give heed, to insist on

► Dhegiha: we-thi-hi-de (wéthihíde) - of thi-hi-de (thihide), tool, implement, instrument, utensil [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-hi-de (thi hide) - disturb [Omaha]; wa-thi-hi-dse (wa-thí-hi-dse) - meddler, mischief maker [FL-Osage]; thi-hi-tse (ðiihíce) - play with something, fiddle with something, fool, tease, be mischievous or deceitful toward, play slyly or meanly with, deceive, mistreat, persecute an animal or person [CQ-Osage]; i-ba-che (íbache) - poke a fire, stir up a fire, stoke a fire [Kaw]

poker

► pe-te e-ba-hi-te (ppétte ébahítte) - poker

► cf. pe-te (ppétte) - fire; e (e) - that, he, she, it, aforementioned; ba-hi-te (bahítte) - poke, as a fire; di-hi-te (dihítte) - meddle with things

► Dhegiha: pe-de (péde) - fire, match [Omaha/Ponca]; pe-de (pede) - fire [Omaha]; pe-de (p͓é-de) - fire, a fire [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpe-dse (p̣é-dse) - fire [FL-Osage]; ʰpe-tse (ʰpéece) - fire, cooking fire, meeting fire, cooking stove gas fire [CQ-Osage]; pe-je (péje) - fire [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-thi-hi-de (wéthihíde) - of thi-hi-de (thihide), tool, implement, instrument, utensil [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-hi-de (thi hide) - disturb [Omaha]; wa-thi-hi-dse (wa-thí-hi-dse) - meddler, mischief maker [FL-Osage]; thi-hi-tse (ðiihíce) - play with something, fiddle with something, fool, tease, be mischievous or deceitful toward, play slyly or meanly with, deceive, mistreat, persecute an animal or person [CQ-Osage]; i-ba-che (íbache) - poke a fire, stir up a fire, stoke a fire [Kaw]

poking, make sparks from a poking fire

► di-xni-zhe (dixníže) - make sparks from poking fire ► bdi-xni-zhe (bdíxniže) - I, ti-xni-zhe (ttíxniže) - you

► ex: pe-te a-ki-ba-xniⁿ-xniⁿ-zhe (ppétte akíbaxnįxnį́že) - I pushed at the fire often [JOD]

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ-zhe (qthíⁿzhe) - spark, sparkle, sparkling, sending out sparks [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ-zhe (q¢íⁿ-je) - sparkling, sending out sparks [JOD-Omaha]; xthiⁿ-zha (xthiⁿ-zhá) - sparks of a fire, sparks that fly upward from the sticks or fire drills used for starting a fire [FL-Osage]; liⁿ-zhe (lį́įže) - sparks that fly from a fire [CQ-Osage]

poking, ruin by poking a hole in

► ba-shi-ke (bašiké) - ruin by poking a hole in ► pa-shi-ke (ppášike) - I, shpa-shi-ke (špášike) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; shi-ke (šíke) - bad, ugly; bi-shi-ke (bišíke) - ruin by pressing, squash; da-shi-ke (dašíke) - speak badly of or incorrectly; di-shi-ke (díšiké) - ruin by tearing, do wrong; ka-shi-ke (kašíke) - spoil something by striking it; naⁿ-shi-ke (nąšíke) - spoil something by stepping on it; pa-shi-ke (pášike) - ruin by cutting with a knife; po-shi-ke (póšike) - spoil something by punching it; ta-shi-ke (tášíke) - ruin something by burning it

► Dhegiha: shi-ge (shíge) - bad, evil; injury [Kaw]

pole, tent pole

► ti-shi (ttíši) - tent pole

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► ex: ti-shi tʰe (ttíši-tʰe) - the tent pole

► Dhegiha: ti-shi (tíshi) - pole, tent pole [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-shi (ti shi) - tipi poles [Omaha]; ti-shi (t͓í-ci) - a tent pole, the poles of one tent or lodge [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi-shi (ṭsi-shi) - the poles that support the roof and sides of a house [FL-Osage]; tsi-shu (císhu), tsu-shu (cúshu) - tipi poles; tent poles, lodge poles [Kaw]

police

► ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (nikkąsą́) - police

► ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (nikkąsą́) - police [JOD]

► ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (nikkąsą́) - soldier [MS]

► ex: ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ kdaⁿ-ni-ke wa-x’o di-shi-shi-ke [wi]ʰpi-a-we (nikkąsą́ kdąníke waxʔó dišíšike [wi]ʰpiáwe) - sometime they treat a woman mean, that’s the way they, they do, they say, they, all soldiers drunk then [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then/just as they started home/when/shoe/other one/on one side/pull ye it off from her/he was saying it to them/it is said-police [JOD]

polish rubbing, shine

► bi-te-ka (bitteka) - shine, polish rubbing ► pi-te-ka (ppítteka) - I, shpi-te-ka (špítteka) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; te-ka (ttéka) - new; di-te-ka (dittéka) - repair, renew; mi-aⁿ-pa te-ka (mią́pa ttéka) - new moon; o-ma-ni-ka te-ka (ománikka ttéka) - New Year’s Day; kde-taⁿ mi te-ka (ktçe-t͓ŭⁿ́ mi té-k͓a), (ktqetăⁿ́ mi ték͓a) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; New Hawk Female [JOD]

► Dhegiha: bi-te-ga (bitega) - polish, shine, make look new [Omaha]; bi-te-ga (bi-t͓é-ga) - to rub a knife, gun, etc., polishing it till it seems new [JOD-Omaha]; bi-ʰtse-ga (bi-ṭsé-ga) - to make bright; to polish [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: te-ga (t͓ega) - new [Omaha/Ponca]; te-ga (tega) - new [Omaha]; ʰtse-ga (ṭsé-ga) - new, recently, anew, early [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ka (ʰcéka) - new, newly, fresh, recent, recently, just now, just a while ago [CQ-Osage]; tse-ga (céga) - new, first time, anew, right now, just now [Kaw]

Ponca Tribe, Ponca Indians

► poⁿ-ka (pǫ́ka) - Ponca Indians [MS]

► poⁿ-ka (pōⁿ́-ka), (pañ́-kă) - Kwapa name for the Ponka Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: poⁿ-ka (póⁿka) - Ponca, a Ponca person [Omaha/Ponca]; poⁿ-ka (poⁿca) - Ponca Tribe [Omaha]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (p̣óⁿ-ḳa) - Ponca Tribe [FL-Osage]; ʰpoⁿ-ʰka (ʰpǫ́ʰka) - Ponca Tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; paⁿ-ka (páⁿka) - Ponca tribe or people [Kaw]

poor people

► ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► cf. ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, human being, clan, gen; wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - poor, pitiful

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga wa-xpa-ni (níkaciⁿga waqpáni), ni-a-shiⁿ-ga wa-xpa-ni (níaciⁿga waqpáni) - man/poor, a poor person [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga a-ba wa-xpa-thiⁿ bi a-tha (ní-ḳa-shi-ga a-ba wa-xpa-thiⁿ bi a-tha) - the people are poverty stricken [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka a-pa wa-xpa-thiⁿ-pe (níʰkašika apa waxpáðįpe) - the people are povery stricken [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (ní-ka-cíⁿ-ga) - a person; human beings, people [JOD-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-xpa-ni (waqpáni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpáthiⁿ) - poor, to be poor [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpathiⁿ) - poverty, poor [Omaha]; wa-xpa-ni (wa-qpá-ni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpá¢iⁿ) - to be poor [JOD-Omaha]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (wa-xpá-thiⁿ) - to suffer from exhaustion, in need, poverty-stricken, poor in spirit, in great grief, in sorrow, a mourner [FL-Osage]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpáðį), wa-xpaiⁿ (waxpáį), wa-xpeiⁿ (waxpéį) - poor, poverty stricken, pitiful, humble, long suffering as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune [CQ-Osage]; wa-xpa-yiⁿ (waxpáyiⁿ) - be humble, pitiful, be poor, to feel poorly, feel ill [Kaw]

poor, pitiful

► wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - poor, pitiful ► aⁿ-wa-xpa-ni (ąwáxpaní) - I’m, di-wa-xpa-ni (diwáxpaní) - you are

► wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - pity me [OM]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni-de (waxpánidé) - treated her miserably [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de (wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé) - (they) treated the orpan miserably [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then/so/the moving/orphan/the standing/treated her miserably/a great deal/the standing/past sign [JOD]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni mi (waxpáni mí) - pity for myself [OM]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni ska (waxpáni ská) - my pity for you, I’m pitying you, pity you [OM]

► Dhegiha: wa-xpa-ni (waqpáni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpáthiⁿ) - poor, to be poor [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpathiⁿ) - poverty, poor [Omaha]; wa-xpa-ni (wa-qpá-ni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpá¢iⁿ) - to be poor [JOD-Omaha]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (wa-xpá-thiⁿ) - to suffer from exhaustion, in need, poverty-stricken, poor in spirit, in great grief, in sorrow, a mourner [FL-Osage]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpáðį), wa-xpaiⁿ (waxpáį), wa-xpeiⁿ (waxpéį) - poor, poverty stricken, pitiful, humble, long suffering as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune [CQ-Osage]; wa-xpa-yiⁿ (waxpáyiⁿ) - be humble, pitiful, be poor, to feel poorly, feel ill [Kaw]

pop by stepping on

► naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on ► a-naⁿ-ta-zhe (aną́ttaže) - I, da-naⁿ-ta-zhe (daną́ttaže) - you

► cf. naⁿ (naⁿ) - by action of the foot; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

pop, soda pop

► ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - soda pop, “exploding water”

► ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - pop (soda pop) [LQ, OM]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; po-to-xi (póttoxi) - burst from a shot or punch; ba-to-xi (battóxi) - burst by punching, pushing; bi-to-xi (bittóxi) - burst from pressure/weight; di-to-xi (dittóxi) - discharge, make a bang; di-to-to-xi (dittóttoxi) - one of the sounds of thunder; ka-to-xi (kattóxi) - burst, break open; naⁿ-to-xi (nąttóxi) - step on and burst something; ta-to-xi (táttoxi) - to cause burst by burning

► Dhegiha: ni ka-pxo-ʰke (niikáapxoʰke) - soda pop, soft drink, lit., “liquid explodes” [CQ-Osage]; ni ga-pho-ke (ni gaphóke), ni ga-pho-ki (ní gaphóki) - soda pop [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpo-ʰki (p̣o-ḳí) - a dull thud, made by striking [FL-Osage]; ʰpo-ʰki-e (p̣o-ḳi-é) - a sound like the report of a gun or a popgun [FL-Osage]; pho-ki (phóki), pho-ke (phóke) - a “sound-word”; to make the ground give out a deadened sound by thrusting at it; to stab a person or animal, running the knife or spear to the hilt, making a thud; thud, sound of striking a soft object or the ground [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-pu-ki (ga-pú-k͓i) - to make the sound “pú-k͓i” by striking against clothing, or any soft part of a oerson or animal [JOD-Omaha]; ga-ʰpo-ʰki (ga-p̣ó-ḳi) - to make a dull thud or sound by striking a soft object [FL-Osage]; ka-pxo-ʰke (kaapxóʰke) - burst, explode, pop; hit someone on the back, knocking the wind out; stun, crash [CQ-Osage]; ga-pho-ki (gaphóki) - popping sound made when hitting [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: da-ʰpo-ʰki (dá-p̣o-ḳi) - to explode; percussion [FL-Osage]; da-pho-ke (dáphokè) - to pop, as popcorn from exposure to heat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-pho-ki (baphóki), ba-pho-ke (baphóke) - be a thudding sound; pop, give off a popping noise; cause something to pop; cause something to make a popping noise [Kaw]; bu-pho-ke (buphóke) - popping sound from bursting [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tu-shi (tushí) - shooting sound, the sound of a gun shooting [Omaha/Ponca]; tu-shi (t͓u-cí) - the sound heard when one shoots a gun [JOD-Omaha]; tu-shi (túshi) - snap, to snap, to make a snapping sound [Omaha/Ponca]; tu-shi (t͓ú-ci) - to make a snapping sound [JOD-Omaha]; ba-tu-shi (ba-t͓ú-ci) - to fire a pop gun; said also when A strikes B with the butt end of his gun, the concussion causing the gun to explode and injure A [JOD-Omaha]; mu-tu-shi (mútushi) - explode with a noise, like a rotten egg [Omaha/Ponca]; mu-tu-shi (mú-t͓u-ci) - to make a report, as a rotten egg bursting [JOD-Omaha]

popping sound from pressing

► bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing ► pi-ta-zhe (ppíttaže) - I, shpi-ta-zhe (špíttaže) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

popping, make popping or snapping sound

► di-to-pe-de (dittóppedé) - make popping, snapping sound ► bdi-to-pe-de (bdíttoppedé) - I, ti-to-pe-de (ttíttoppedé) - you

popping, thrust and cause popping sound

► po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound ► po-a-ta-zhe (póattáže) - I, po-da-ta-zhe (pódattáže) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

popping, to make a popping sound as wood in a fire

► ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound as wood in a fire

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound

popping, to make a popping sound from pushing

► ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing ► pa-ta-zhe (ppáttaže) - I, shpa-ta-zhe (špáttaže) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

popping, to make a popping sound with the mouth

► da-ta-zhe (dattáže) - make popping sound with mouth ► bda-ta-zhe (bdáttaže) - I, ta-ta-zhe (ttáttaže) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; ba-ta-zhe (battáže) - to make a popping sound from pushing; bi-ta-zhe (bittáže) - popping sound from pressing; di-ta-zhe (dittáže) - snap the fingers; ka-ta-zhe (kattáže), ga-ta-zhe (gattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-pe ka-ta-zhe (nąpe kattáže) - clap the hands; naⁿ-ta-zhe (nąttáže) - pop by stepping on; po-ta-zhe (póttaže) - thrust and cause popping sound; ta-ta-zhe (táttaže) - to make a popping sound, as wood in a fire

porcupine

► pa-hiⁿ (ppahį́) - porcupine

► Dhegiha: p͓a-hiⁿ (p͓áhiⁿ) - a porcupine; porcupine quills [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-hiⁿ (báhiⁿ) - porcupine [Omaha]; p͓a-hiⁿ (p͓á-hiⁿ) - a porcupine; porcupine quills [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-hiⁿ (p̣á-hiⁿ) - porcupine [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-hiⁿ (ʰp̣áhį) - porcupine [CQ-Osage]; p͓a-hiⁿ (páhiⁿ) - porcupine [Kaw]

pork, bacon, fat meat

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - bacon, pork, fat meat [MS, AG, OM]

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - fat, fat meat

► wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - fat, fatty meat [FS]

► cf. shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; wa-shiⁿ-ha (wašį́ha) - bacon, “fat skin”; te naⁿ-ka shiⁿ (tte ną́kka šį́) - buffalo back fat [JOD]; te ni-te shiⁿ (tte nítte šį) - buffalo rump fat [JOD]; ta shiⁿ (ttašį́) - deer fat; shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - very fat, really fat; shiⁿ-wa-de (šįwáde) - to fatten them, to cause to be fat [JOD]; shiⁿ ka-xe (šį káγe) - fatten, to make fat [JOD]; shiⁿ-hiⁿ (šįhį́) - fat

► ex: wa-shiⁿ koⁿ-bda (wašį́ kkǫbdá) - I want some meat (bacon, fat meat) [AG]

► Dhegiha: wa-shiⁿ (washiⁿ) - fat [Omaha]; wa-shiⁿ (wacíⁿ) - fat, fat meat [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shiⁿ (wa-shíⁿ) - meat with very little lean, fat meat [FL-Osage]; wa-shiⁿ (wašį́)- bacon, fat meat, salt pork, be fat, be overweight [CQ-Osage]; wa-shiⁿ (washíⁿ) - fat, bacon, also any kind of fat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, obese, plump, fleshy [Omaha/Ponca]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, husky [Omaha]; shiⁿ (shíⁿ) - to be fat [FL-Osage]; shiⁿ (šį́) - be fat [CQ-Osage]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ), shi (shi) - be fat [Kaw]

position, in a lying position

► i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► cf. i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object; aⁿ-he (ą́he) - lay a long/inanimate object on something; oⁿ-he (ǫhé) - lay singular/lying/inanimate inside something, put

► ex: a-ka-zi i-he a-taⁿ di-ze (ákazi íhe áttą dizé) - to stretch out on an object and take something else

► ex: a-ka-zi i-he a-zhaⁿ-taⁿ bdi-ze (ákazi íhe ažą́ttą bdizé) - I stretch, etc.

► ex: zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - be lying down

► Dhegiha: i-he (i-hé) - after verbs, to be placed or laid [JOD-Omaha]; i-he (ihé) - lying object acted upon, post-verbal [Kaw]

possess, acquire, gain

► o-kʰe-taⁿ (okʰéttą) - acquire, gain, possess ► o-a-kʰe-taⁿ (oákʰettą) - I, o-da-kʰe-taⁿ (odákʰettą) - you

► cf. o-ki-kʰe-taⁿ (okkíkʰettą) - acquire for oneself; o-ki-kʰe-tʰaⁿ (okíkʰetʰą́) - acquire something for/from someone

► Dhegiha: u-ke-ta (ukéta), u-ke-toⁿ (ukétoⁿ) - commit, commemorate, succeed, accomplish [Omaha]; u-kshe-ʰtoⁿ (u-kshé-ṭoⁿ) - to obtain, to come into possession of, to win, to gain, to earn, wages, pay, salary, compensation, earnings, income [FL-Osage]; o-kshe-ʰtaⁿ (okšéʰtą) - gain, earn, come into possession of, obtain, salary, earnings, gain, winnings [CQ-Osage]; o-khe-toⁿ (okhétoⁿ) - gain or regain [Kaw]

possess, have

► taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have ► aⁿ-taⁿ (ąttą́) - I, di-taⁿ (dittą́) - you, wa-taⁿ-we (wattą́we) - we

► cf. o-toⁿ (ottǫ́), o-taⁿ (ottą́) - abound; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest; xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T., lit. “cedars abound in it”, near Quapaw, OK

► ex: wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense

► ex: zhe-ka taⁿ (žeká ttą) - pot, lit. “it has legs” [MS]

► ex: taⁿ (ttą) - it had [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; taⁿ (taⁿ) - to abound; there is; to have or possess [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

possession, move one’s possession by pushing

► ki-pa-ti-ze (kíppattíze) - move one’s possession by pushing ► a-ki-pa-ti-ze (akíppattize) - I, da-ki-pa-ti-ze (dakíppattize) - you

► cf. ba-ti-ze (battíze), ba-tʰi-ze (batʰíze) - move something by pushing; bi-ti-ze (bittíze) - move something by pressing or blowing; di-ti-ze (dittíze) - move by pulling something; ki-kdi-ti-ze (kkíkdittíze) - move something for one’s own benefit; naⁿ-ti-ze (nąttíze) - kick along, move something with feet; po-ti-ze (póttize), po-tʰi-ze (pótʰize) - move something by punching or shooting

possible

► ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - possible or should [JOD]

► ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - improbability post clitic, dubitative

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we i-ya wa-sa ke (“hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́,” iyáwe iyá wasá ke) - the black bears said, “how could anyone kill all of us?”, they say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ t’e-da-de ni-hoⁿ (hǫnį́ttą tʔédade nihǫ́) - how would it be possible for you to kill him? [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de ni-hoⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (“hǫnį́ttą škǫ́ądé nihǫ́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - “how would it be possible for anyone to make me move?” said the black bear, it is said [JOD]

possible, as fast as possible

► a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pʰi a-ni-he, so-te a-ni-he, aⁿ-xde te a-zhaⁿ-niⁿ (ažowá hi pʰí aníhe, sótte aníhe, ą́xde tte ažąmį́) - I was coming as fast as possible, I was moving fast, I thought he was going to overtake me [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pa (ážowa hi ppá) - they were doing their best to escape [JOD]

possible, how possible

► ni-te naⁿ (nité ną) - how possible [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka maⁿ-shi e-ti ni-te naⁿ (níkkašíka mą́ši ettí nité ną) - human being/above/there/how possible [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti ni-te naⁿ (mą́ši níkkašíka ettí nité ną) - above/human being/there/how possible [JOD]

post clitic, improbability

► ni-hoⁿ (nihǫ́) - improbability post clitic, dubitative

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-dai ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we i-ya wa-sa ke (hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́ iyáwe iyá wasá ke) - the black bears said, “how could anyone kill all of us?”, they say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ t’e-da-de ni-hoⁿ (hǫnį́ttą tʔédade nihǫ́) - how would it be possible for you to kill him? [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shkoⁿ-aⁿ-de ni-hoⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą škǫ́ądé nihǫ́ iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - “how would it be possible for anyone to make me move?” said the black bear, it is said [JOD]

post oak

► zhoⁿ xo-te (žǫ xótte) - post oak, Q. stellata

► zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - gray tree [MS]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; xo-te (xótte) - gray

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhóⁿ-xu-dse) - white oak [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xu-dse (zhoⁿ xú-dse) - gray oak tree (Quercus borealis), oak tree [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ xo-dse hi (zhóⁿ-xo-dse hi) - the gray tree, the post oak, this tree is sometimes known as the iron oak, but should not be confused with ironwood [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ xo-je hu (zháⁿ xoje hú) - white oak tree, lit. “gray wood tree”, the white oak, it has a large trunk, about 2 1/2 ft. in diameter [Kaw]

post, fence post

► zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza), zhaⁿ po-za (žą póza) - post, fence post

► cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ́), zhaⁿ (žą) wood, tree; po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ bo-za (zhóⁿ-bo-ça) - a fence post, “wood planted upright in the ground” [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree, wood, fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber, stick, pole, woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: mu-za (mú-za) - to stick a stake or stick in the ground; to plant a post or posts [JOD-Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground; to place a pole in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - plant a post or stick in the ground; to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely or perpendicularly, as a fence post; post, fence; marker, monument [Kaw]

post, plant a post in the ground

► po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground ► po-a-za (póaza) - I, po-da-za (pódaza) - you, po-oⁿ-za-we (póǫzawe) - we

► cf. zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza) - post, fence post

► Dhegiha: mu-za (mú-za) - to stick a stake or stick in the ground; to plant a post or posts [JOD-Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground; to place a pole in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - plant a post or stick in the ground; to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely or perpendicularly, as a fence post; post, fence; marker, monument [Kaw]

Post, Upright Post Forked at the Top to Support a Cross Pole

► hi-kde (hí-ktçĕ) - Upright post forked at the top to support a cross-pole, masculine name of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) or Elk gens [JOD]

► cf. hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg; a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it; o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► Dhegiha: hiu-gthe ʰtoⁿ-ga (hiú-gthe- ṭoⁿ-ga) - personal name, refers to the great size of the buffalo bulls legs [FL-Osage]; hiu-gthe (hiú-gthe) - upright poles of a house; frame of a house [FL-Osage]; hu-le (hulé) - trunk of a tree; legs [Kaw] 

postclitic, habitual postclitic

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ), ʰnaⁿ (ʰną) - habitual postclitic

► ex: bda-taⁿ naⁿ (bdattą́ ną) - I drink, I’m a drunkard

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► ex: hoⁿ-i-she naⁿ (hǫišé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ (ttattą́ ną) - you drink, you're a drunkard

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-he naⁿ (étti tté nahá ihé ną) - you do not go there, I’ve been saying [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-toⁿ-we-naⁿ-we (ątǫ́we-ną-wé) - they usually look (watch) at me [JOD]

► ex: pi-naⁿ (ppíną), pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ) - do well at something precociously

► Dhegiha: hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - customary [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually, customarily [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

pot, kettle

► de-xe (déγe) - pot, kettle

► de-xe (déxe) - kettle [JOD]

► cf. ma-ni-ka de-xe (maníkka déγe) - pottery, clay pottery; not made after 1840; de-xe zi (deγé zi) - brass, lit. “kettle-yellow”; de-xe zhi-te (deγé žítte) - copper, lit. “kettle-red”

► Dhegiha: the-xe (théxe) - kettle, pot, pail, bucket [Omaha/Ponca]; the-xe (¢é-xe), ne-xe (néxe) - a kettle, pot; pail, bucket [JOD-Omaha]; ne-xe (nexe) - pot [Omaha]; ʰtse-xe (ṭsé-xe) - kettle; a pot for cooking; a tin pail [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-xe (ʰcéγe), tse-xe (céγe) - bucket, pail; kettle; pot [CQ-Osage]; je-ghe (jéghe) - kettle, bucket, pot [Kaw]

► zhe-ka taⁿ (žeká ttą) - pot, lit. “it has legs” [MS]

► cf. zhe-ka (žeká) - man’s leg; hind leg of animal; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► Dhegiha: zhe-ga (zhéga) - upper part of the leg, thigh [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe-ga (zhega) - leg [Omaha]; zhe-ga (zhe-gá) - leg, upper part [FL-Osage]; zhe-ka (žeká) - leg [CQ-Osage]; zhe-ga (zhegá) - leg; thigh, leg above the knee [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; taⁿ (taⁿ) - to abound; there is; to have or possess [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

potato

► to (to) - potato

► to (to) - potato [MR, AG]

► cf. to-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (tošǫ́šǫ) - Irish potato, “round potato”; to-ska (toska) - potato, white potato; to ski-de (to skíde) - sweet potato; to ste-te (tostétte) - sweet potato, “long potato”; to taⁿ-ka (tuk-tonkah) - apple of the earth, “large potato” (pomme de terre) [GI]

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ki-ha naⁿ, to k’e da-we (šiną́ waną́bde kihá ną, tó kʔe dáwe) - when they finished eating, they went to dig potatoes again [JOD]

► ex: to k’e pa-i (tó kʔe ppá-i) - they were digging potatoes [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de naⁿ o-ki-hoⁿ-wi i-ya-we, to (ppáze dé ną okíhǫwi iyáwe, tó) - after dark they boiled the potatoes together, they said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: nu (nu) - potato, including both the European potato and native potato [Omaha/Ponca]; nu (nu) - potato [Omaha]; nu (nu) - potato, potatoes; this includes the potato known to the white man, and also the nu u-ke-thiⁿ (nú uké¢iⁿ) or native potato, an esculent root [JOD-Omaha]; do (do) - potato, before the Irish potato was introduced by traders, the Osage used a wild potato which tastes like sweet potato, when the Irish potato became known to the Osage they applied to it the name “do” [FL-Osage]; to (tóo) - tuber [CQ-Osage]; do (do) - potato, Indian potato, the Kansa dig these in the lowlands near the Arkansas River, about an inch thick and 2 inches long originally; white, and tasted like potatoes [Kaw]

potato, Irish potato

► to-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (tošǫ́šǫ) - Irish potato, “round potato”

► to-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (tošǫ́šǫ) - Irish potato [MS, AB, OM]

► cf. to (to) - potato; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ) - round, spherical; to ska (toska) - potato, “white potato” [MR]; to ste-te (to stétte) - sweet potato, “long potato” [MS, MR, AB, OM]; to ski-de (to ski-de) - sweet potato [MR]; to taⁿ-ka (tuk-tonkah) - apple of the earth, large potato (pomme de terre) [GI]; to-kde de (tah-kah-dah-the) - turnips (ravets) [GI]

potato, large potato

► to taⁿ-ka (tuk-tonkah) - apple of the earth, “large potato” (pomme de terre) [GI]

► cf. to (to) - potato; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► Dhegiha: nu (nu) - potato, including both the European potato and native potato [Omaha/Ponca]; nu (nu) - potato [Omaha]; nu (nu) - potato, potatoes; this includes the potato known to the white man, and also the nu u-ke-thiⁿ (nú uké¢iⁿ) or native potato, an esculent root [JOD-Omaha]; do (do) - potato, before the Irish potato was introduced by traders, the Osage used a wild potato which tastes like sweet potato, when the Irish potato became known to the Osage they applied to it the name “do” [FL-Osage]; to (tóo) - tuber [CQ-Osage]; do (do) - potato, Indian potato, the Kansa dig these in the lowlands near the Arkansas River, about an inch thick and 2 inches long originally; white, and tasted like potatoes [Kaw]

potato, sweet potato

► to ski-de (to skíde) - sweet potato

► to ski-de (to ski-de) - sweet potato [MR]

► cf. to (to) - potato; ski-de (skíde) - sweet

► Dhegiha: nu ski-the (nu çkithe) - sweet potato [Omaha]; do sku-e (dó-çku-e) - sweet potato [FL-Osage]; to sku-e (tóoskue) - sweet potato [CQ-Osage]; do ske-we (do skúwe) - sweet potato [Kaw]

► to ste-te (tostétte) - sweet potato, “long potato”

► to ste-te (to stétte) - sweet potato [MS, MR, AB, OM]

► cf. to (to) - potato; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long

► Dhegiha: do stse-dse (dó-stse-dse) - the sweet potato, “long potato” [FL-Osage]; to stse (tooscée), to shtse (toošcée) - sweet potato, yam, lit., “long potato” [CQ-Osage]

potato, Sweet Potato Creek

► to ski-de ni (to skíde ni) - Sweet potato creek, home of the Quapaws before 1861 according to JOD

► cf. to ski-de (to skíde) - sweet potato; ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake

► Dhegiha: do-sku-e ga-xa (dó-çku-e ga-xa) - Sweet potato branch, sometimes called ni-u-zhu (Neosho); Spring River [FL-Osage]; to-sku-e ka-xa (tóoskue káxa) - Sweet Potato Creek [CQ-Osage]

potato, white potato

► to-ska (toska) - potato, white potato

► to-ska (toska) - potato, white potato [MR]

► cf. to (to) - potato; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: do-ska (dó-çka) - white potatoes, Irish potatoes [FL-Osage]; to-ska (tóoska) - white potato, Irish potato [CQ-Osage]; do ska (do ská) - potato, commercial potato, “Irish potato” [Kaw]

potatoes, dig potatoes

► to k’e (tó kʔe) - dig for potatoes [JOD] ► to a-k’e (tó akʔé) - I, to da-k’e (tó dakʔé) - you

► cf. to (to) - potato; k’e (kʔe) - dig with a grubbing hoe

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: to k’e pa-i (tó kʔe ppá-i) - they were digging potatoes [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ki-ha naⁿ, to k’e da-we (šiną́ waną́bde kihá ną, tó kʔe dáwe) - when they finished eating, they went to dig potatoes again [JOD]

► Dhegiha: do ʰk’e (do ḳ’e) - dig potatoes [FL-Osage]; to-ska a-k’e (tóoska akʔé) - I dig potatoes [CQ-Osage]; do-pi-k’e (dópik’è) - Topeka, Kansas; lit. “good place to dig (wild) potatoes”; the name of the present day city is taken from this Kaw phrase [Kaw]

Potawatomi Indians

► wa-ho-wa-ha (wahúwahá) - Kwapa name for the Pottawatami Indians [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-hi u-tha-xa (wahi uthaxa) - Potawatomi Tribe [Omaha]; wa-ho-wa-ha (wahówahá) - Potawatomi tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]; wa-hi o-ya-ha (wáhióyaha) - Potawatomi tribe or people [Kaw]

potential modality in past

► i-te (itté) - potential modality in past

► ex: tʰe i-te (tʰe itté) - may have in the past [JOD]

► ex: “ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-dai tʰe i-te i-da-ki-de te,” i-ye niⁿ, i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówa tʰettí tʔédai tʰe itté idákide tte,” iyé nį, iyá waxʔóžiká nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

potential mode clitic, future tense

► ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic ► ta miⁿ-kʰe (tta mįkʰé) - I, ta niⁿ-kʰe (tta nįkʰé) - you; taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ttąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫkatʰą́) - we, I and one other

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I'll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta mįkʰé) - I'm going home (I will be going home) [MS]

► ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow) [AG]

► ex: bda-taⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (bdattą́ tta mįkʰé) - I will be drinking

► ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I will meet you

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą tté tta nikʰé) - why will you be going?, why are you going? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ sh-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tta ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔaké tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akidé tta tʰą́ ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - will, shall, potential or future marker [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - future sign, shall or will [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - shall, he shall, you shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - future tense marker, will, be going to, could, so that it could/might be, what if, were it the case that, would be [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - future potential or intentive aspect [Kaw]

potential or optative marker

► te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will be

► ex: bda-taⁿ te (bdattą́ tte) - I will/would drink

► ex: pa-hi-o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá! ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niží tte) - it’s going to rain [OM]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niži tte) - it will rain

► ex: e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte), e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that [JOD]

► ex: hau, e-kaⁿ te, i-yi (hau, eką́ tte, iyí) - yes, it will be like that, he said; yes, so shall it be, he said [JOD]

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - future sign, will; let; please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as ‘let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s’ [CQ-Osage]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

pottery, clay pottery

► ma-ni-ka de-xe (maníkka déγe) - pottery, clay pottery; not made after 1840

► cf. ma-ni-ka (maníkka) - earth, soil, ground, dirt; de-xe (déγe) - pot, kettle; ma-ni-ka di-haⁿ-haⁿ (maníkka dihą́hą) - earthquake; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand; ma-ni-ka shi-we (maníkka šíwe) - worm, earthworm

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka the-xe (maⁿ-¢íñ-ka ¢é-xe), maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka ne-xe (maⁿ-¢íñ-ka né-xe) - pottery, earthenware pots, kettles, etc. [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-ʰka ʰtse-xe (moⁿ-thíⁿ-ḳa ṭse-xe), moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka tse-xe (moⁿ-íⁿ-ḳa tse-xe) - pottery, earthenware [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-thiⁿ-ka (maⁿ-¢íñ-ka) - earth, soil [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-ʰka (moⁿ-thíⁿ-ḳa), moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (moⁿ-íⁿ-ḳa) - ground, earth, soil, clay, mud [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-ʰka (mǫðįʰka), maⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (mą́įʰka) - soil, ground, earth, clay, mud, dirt [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (maⁿyíⁿka) - earth, ground, clay, soil [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: the-xe (théxe) - kettle, pot, pail, bucket [Omaha/Ponca]; the-xe (¢é-xe), ne-xe (néxe) - a kettle, pot; pail, bucket [JOD-Omaha]; ne-xe (nexe) - pot [Omaha]; ʰtse-xe (ṭsé-xe) - kettle; a pot for cooking; a tin pail [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-xe (ʰcéγe), tse-xe (céγe) - bucket, pail; kettle; pot [CQ-Osage]; je-ghe (jéghe) - kettle, bucket, pot [Kaw]

pouch, pocket, sack, bag

► o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket, pouch

► o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket [MS]

► cf. o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka o-zhi-ha (wažį́ka ožíha) - bird’s nest

► ex: te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder

► ex: shi o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus

► ex: ta shi o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha) - doe’s womb

► ex: ta-ni o-zhi-ha (táni óžiha) - tobacco pouch [JOD]

► ex: wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha (wabátʰé óžiha) - sewing bag [JOD]

► ex: to-wa o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-wa-ki-zhi (tówa óžiha žíka ówakiží) - he put the four of them (his own) into the little bag [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-k’oⁿ-he (kihá ną óžiha ókʔǫhe) - when he finished, he put it (the long object) in the bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka, e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ (óžiha žiká, étti ówaži ną) - he put them in there, in the little bag [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he filled the bag [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe kdi-ze naⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-ki-te de, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nįkʰe wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kdíze ną maštį́ke okítte dé, iyá) - the old woman took her sewing bag and went to look for rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: ki-ba-hi a-taⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe o-ki-zhi maⁿ-niⁿ niⁿ, i-ya (kibáhi-attą́ wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰé okíži mą́nį nį́, iyá) - she walked around picking up the pieces, filling her sewing bag, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ wa-ba-tʰe o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ki-k’iⁿ kde, i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį wabátʰe óžiha nįkʰe kikʔį́ kdé, iyá) - the old woman carried her sewing bag upon her back and went homeward, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha niⁿ-kʰe ba-po a-kdaⁿ niⁿ (óžiha nįkʰé bapó akdą́ nį) - she emptied the bag/placed the cv. ob./the moving one [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi-ha (úzhiha) - bag, sack [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi-ha (úzhi ha) - bag, gunny sack, burlap bag [Omaha]; u-zhi-ha (újiha) - bag, pouch, sack [JOD-Omaha]; u-zhu-ha (ú-zhu-ha), o-zho-ha (ó-zho-ha) - a sack or bag [FL-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (óožuhaa) - bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather, literally, skin into which to put stuff [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (ozhuha) - pouch [Kaw]

pound

► ga-ko-ke (gákkoke) - pound

► ka-ko-ke (kakkóke) - beat a drum ► a-ko-ke (ákkoke) - I, da-ko-ke (dákkoke) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking; ba-ko-ke (bakkóke) - drum, thump as on a door; bi-ko-ke (bikkóke) - drum on something with palm; naⁿ-ko-ke (nąkkóke) - drum on ground or floor with feet; po-ko-ke (pókkoke) - rumbling from shooting against

► Dhegiha: ga-ku-ge (ga-k͓ú-ge) - to make a hollow sound by hitting a cube, box or some other hollow object or by striking wood or a floor [JOD-Omaha]; ga-ʰko-ge (ga-ḳó-ge) - a thud or heavy sound caused by dropping a stick [FL-Osage]; ga-ko-ge (gakóge) - hit, beat, as a drum, to beat on [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ku-ge (kúge) - box, drum [Omaha]; ʰku-ge (ḳu-gé) - sound of a drum when beaten [FL-Osage]; ko-ge (kogé) - hollow sound, like a drum; make a hollow sound [Kaw]

pound something in a mortar

► pʰe (pʰe) - pound something in a mortar ► a-pʰe (apʰé) - I, da-pʰe (dapʰé) - you, oⁿ-pʰa-we (ǫpʰáwe) - we

► cf. wa-pʰe (wapʰé) - pound or grind corn in a mortar

► ex: a-pʰe a-taⁿ wa-ske pa-xa-taⁿ bda-tʰe e-shoⁿ a-ni-he (ápʰe áttą wáske ppaγá-ttą bdatʰé ešǫ́ aníhe) - I pounded and made bread and I ate it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: he (he) - to pound [JOD-Omaha]; pshe (pshe) - to pound corn into fine meal [FL-Osage]; pshe (pšé) - pound [CQ-Osage]; phe (phé) - pound in a mortar, as corn or wheat [Kaw]

pound, lb

► i-ski-ke ka-xe (ískike káγe) - pound, lit. “makes weight”

► cf. i (i) - with which to; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ski-ke miⁿ-xti (skíke mįxti) - one pound, 1 lb; ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (skige) - heavy [Omaha]; ski-ge (skí-ge) - heavy [JOD-Omaha]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - be heavy [Kaw]

pound, 1/2 lb

► ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb

► cf. ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight; o-skaⁿ-ska (oskąská) - half (in length), middle; i-ski-ke ka-xe (ískike káγe) - pound, lit. “makes weight”; ski-ke miⁿ-xti (skíke mįxti) - one pound, 1 lb; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (skige) - heavy [Omaha]; ski-ge (skí-ge) - heavy [JOD-Omaha]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - be heavy [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: o-skoⁿ-ska (o-çkóⁿ çka), u-skoⁿ-ska (u-çkóⁿ-çka) - center, directly in the center of, in the middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkoⁿ-ska (o-ḳóⁿ-çka), u-ʰkoⁿ-ska (u-ḳóⁿ-çka) - the center, middle [FL-Osage]; o-ʰkaⁿ-ska (oʰką́ska) - in the center, middle, at the halfway point [CQ-Osage]; o-kaⁿ-ska (okáⁿska) - one half in length or quantity, the middle one, in the middle, a half dollar, fifty cents [Kaw]

pound, 1 lb

► ski-ke miⁿ-xti (skíke mįxti) - one pound, 1 lb

► cf. ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, heavy weight; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one; ski-ke o-skaⁿ-ska (skíke oską́ska) - one half pound, 1/2 lb; i-ski-ke ka-xe (ískike káγe) - pound, lit. “makes weight”; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load

► Dhegiha: ski-ge (skíge) - heavy [Omaha/Ponca]; ski-ge (skige) - heavy [Omaha]; ski-ge (skí-ge) - heavy [JOD-Omaha]; ski-ge (çkí-ge) - heavy [FL-Osage]; ski-ke (skíke) - heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden [CQ-Osage]; skiⁿ-ge (skíⁿge) - be heavy [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿáqchi) - exactly one; just one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿ-á-qtci) - just one; one [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wiⁿ́-xtsi) - one of a kind, a single piece [FL-Osage]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wį́xci) - one, a, an [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-xtsi (míⁿxci) - one, just one [Kaw]

pound, grind corn in a mortar

► wa-pʰe (wapʰé) - pound or grind corn in a mortar ► a-wa-pʰe (awápʰe) - I, wa-da-pʰe (wadápʰe) - you

► cf. pʰe (pʰe) - pound something in a mortar

► Dhegiha: wa-he (wahé) - to pound something, to pound corn or meat (pemmican) [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-pshe (waphé) - meal (as ground seed) [Kaw]

pound, pulverize

► ka-taⁿ-ha (kattą́ha) - pound, pulverize ► a-taⁿ-ha (áttąha) - I, da-taⁿ-ha (dáttąha) - you

► cf. ka (ka) - by striking, by action of wind or water; ba-taⁿ-ha (battą́ha) - pulverize; bi-taⁿ-ha (bittą́ha) - crush, pulverize; da-taⁿ-ha (dattą́ha) - chew very fine; di-taⁿ-ha (dittą́ha) - turn crank as on a handmill; wa-di-taⁿ-ha (wadíttąha) - cornmeal; wa-di-taⁿ-ha wa-ske (wadíttąha waské) - cornbread; naⁿ-taⁿ-ha (nąttą́ha) - crush with feet, trample to bits; pa-taⁿ-ha (páttąha) - cut up very fine, as tobacco; po-taⁿ-ha (póttąha) - pulverize by punching/shooting; ta-taⁿ-ha (táttąha) - burn to ashes, burn up

pounding, mortar for pounding corn

► ho-te (hótte), ho-de (hóde) - mortar for pounding corn

► cf. ho-te pʰa (hótte pʰá) - pestle

► Dhegiha: ho-we (hó-we), ho-e (hó-e) - morter, coffee mill, gristmill, the morter is made out of a piece of wood hollowed out by burning, the lower part is cut down and sharpened for thrusting into the ground to hold the mortar in place [FL-Osage]; ho-we (hówe) - mortar, grinder, mill [CQ-Osage]; ho-we (hówe) - mortar, grinder, usually made of elm or mulberry [Kaw]; ho-phe (hophé) - mortar of gouged out wood [Kaw]

pour out, empty something

► ka-xtaⁿ (kaxtą́) - pour out, empty something ► a-xtaⁿ (áxtą) - I, da-xtaⁿ (dáxtą) - you

► cf. a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize; di-xtaⁿ (dixtą́) - pull at, pull over, upset; naⁿ-xtaⁿ (nąxtą́) - kick over, spill

► ex: a-shi-ti a-niⁿ a-taⁿ ka-xtaⁿ (ášitti anį́ hi áttą kaxtą́) - she took it outside and poured it out [JOD]

► ex: wa-di-si, ka-xtaⁿ, a-shi-ti aniⁿ hi a-taⁿ ka-xtaⁿ (wadisí, kaxtą́, ašítti anį́ hi attą́ kaxtą́) - throw it away, pour it out, take it outside and pour it out! [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti ka-xta-i ke o-ki-te a-taⁿ i-de-ki-de naⁿ da-tʰe kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ášitti kaxtąi ke okítte áttą ídekidé ną datʰé ką́-nįkʰé) - the things (food) that were poured outside, she searched for them and she found/saw them, so she sat awhile eating [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pe ni a-ga-xtoⁿ (péni agaxtoⁿ) - baptize, anoint [Omaha]; xtoⁿ (qtoⁿ) - drip, pour [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xtoⁿ (thixtoⁿ) - drain [Omaha]; ni ga-xtoⁿ (ní-ga-xtoⁿ) - to pour water, to spill water [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-xtoⁿ (wagáxtoⁿ) - the act of pouring water [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xtaⁿ (okáxtą), o-ka-xta (okáxta) - pour or dump out [CQ-Osage]; thi-xtaⁿ (ðixtą́) - pour, draw water or run water [CQ-Osage]; ga-xtaⁿ (gaxtáⁿ) - pour out, empty out, throw out dirt [Kaw]; xtaⁿ (xtáⁿ) - leak in, drip out, empty out, spill [Kaw]

pour water on, baptize

► a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize ► a-a-ka-xtaⁿ (áakaxtą) - I, a-da-ka-xtaⁿ (ádakaxtą) - you, oⁿ-ka-ka-xtaⁿ-we (ǫkákaxtąwe) - we

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; ka-xtaⁿ (kaxtą́) - pour out, empty something; di-xtaⁿ (dixtą́) - pull at, pull over, upset; naⁿ-xtaⁿ (nąxtą́) - kick over, spill

► ex: a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - threw on [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pe ni a-ga-xtoⁿ (péni agaxtoⁿ) - baptize, anoint [Omaha]; xtoⁿ (qtoⁿ) - drip, pour [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xtoⁿ (thixtoⁿ) - drain [Omaha]; ni ga-xtoⁿ (ní-ga-xtoⁿ) - to pour water, to spill water [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-xtoⁿ (wagáxtoⁿ) - the act of pouring water [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xtaⁿ (okáxtą), o-ka-xta (okáxta) - pour or dump out [CQ-Osage]; thi-xtaⁿ (ðixtą́) - pour, draw water or run water [CQ-Osage]; ga-xtaⁿ (gaxtáⁿ) - pour out, empty out, throw out dirt [Kaw]; xtaⁿ (xtáⁿ) - leak in, drip out, empty out, spill [Kaw]

powder, baby powder

► shi-zhi-ka a-ka-kaⁿ (šižíka ákakką) - baby powder [MS]

► cf. shi-zhi-ka (šižíka) - baby, infant, child; a-ka-kaⁿ (ákakką) - sprinkle powder on

powder, gunpowder

► si-di (sidí) - gunpowder

► cf. si-di i-bi-xtaⁿ (sidí íbixtą) - tattoo marks, rubbed in with gunpowder

powder, sprinkle powder on

► a-ka-kaⁿ (ákakką) - sprinkle powder on

► cf. a-ka-ch’e-ch’e (ákačʔéčʔe) - drip onto an object, drop by drop; a-ka-sti (ákasti) - sprinkle once on; a-ka-ta (ákatta) - splash; make spray fall on one accidentally by hitting the water; a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize; a-ka-xtaⁿ-xtaⁿ (ákaxtąxtą) - sprinkle repeatedly

► ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ka-kaⁿ (šižíka ákakką) - baby powder [MS]

power of winter

► sni-wa-te (sniwátte) - power of winter (male)

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north, winter

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - north [MS]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - cold, cold weather [MS, AG]

► sni-wa-te (sníwatte) - winter [FR, OM]

► cf. sni (sni) - cold, to be cold; sni-tʰe (snítʰe) - cold; ka-sni-sni (kasnísni) - autumn, “blows cold on and off”; ni-sni (nisní) - spring, lit. “cold water”; sni-tʰe zho-ka-te (snítʰe žókkatte) - to have chills and fever

► ex: sni-wa-te hi (sníwatte hi) - very cold [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi pa-de taⁿ (sníwatte hi páde ttą) - cold, winter time [MS]

► ex: a-shi sni-wa-te (áši sníwatté) - cold outside [AG]

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta (sníwatte kdi tta) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te kdi ta tʰe (sníwatte kdi tta tʰe) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]

► ex: sni-wa-te o-skaⁿ-ska (sniwáte oską́ska) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, early Winter, precedes pa-de o-skaⁿ-ska (páde oską́ska)

► Dhegiha: hni-wa-ʰtse (hní-wa-ṭse), ni-wa-tse (ní-wa-tse) - to be cold, cold weather, a cold day, it is cold [FL-Osage]; ni-wa-ʰtse (níwaʰce) - (be) cold (an impersonal weather expression, not used for people [CQ-Osage]; hni-wa-tse (hníwace) - cold, as the weather; winter, the cold months [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: sni-te (s͓níte) - to be cold: said of persons, feeling cold [JOD-Omaha]; zni-tʰe (znítʰe) - to be cold (said of humans) [Omaha/Ponca]; hni-ʰtse (hní-ṭse) - cold [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰtse (níʰce) - be cold, feel cold [CQ-Osage]; hni-tse (hníce) - to be cold, as a person or animal [Kaw]

power, will power

► wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi (wažį́ dédaži) - to lose patience; wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wa-jĭ́ⁿ-skă) - masculine name “White Disposition, Wise” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wa-jíⁿ) - disposition, temper, mind [JOD-Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]

powerfull, all powerful

► wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all powerful ► a-wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (awáškąttąka) - I, da-wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (dawáškąttąka) - you

► wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wa-ckáⁿ táñ-k͓a) - All Powerfull; a nickname of te zhi-ka (tejik͓a) of the Buffalo gens [JOD]

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong, with an effort, all one’s might; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large; wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong

► Dhegiha: wa-shkoⁿ toⁿ-ga (washkoⁿ toⁿga) - strong, stout, brawn, mighty [Omaha]; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ga (wa-ckáⁿ t͓añ-ga) - to be strong [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ ʰtoⁿ-ga (wa-shkóⁿ ṭoⁿ-ga) - great strength [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ ʰtaⁿ-ka (waašką́ʰtąka) - strong, having great strength [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkaⁿ (wa-ckaⁿ) - to make an effort or attempt; to persevere; an effort, attempt [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one’s best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one’s best, make an effort [Kaw]

prairie

► te-xe (ttéγe) - prairie

► te-xe (tteγé) - prairie - hollow [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te-xe (t͓e-xĕ́) - a marshy place on high land, an upland marsh; the K. meaning is somewhat different: any level, whether highland or lowland, destitute of timber [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-xe (ṭsexé) - the open prairie [FL-Osage]; tse-ghe (ceghé) - flood plain, level ground without trees [Kaw]

prairie hen

► sho taⁿ-ka (šo ttą́ka) - prairie hen, pinnated grouse

► Dhegiha: shu (shú) - prairie-hen, prairie chicken [Omaha/Ponca]; shu (shu) - prairie chicken; lesser chicken [Omaha]; shu taⁿga (shútaⁿga) - prairie chicken, quail [Kaw]

prance, make a horse prance

► zha-koi-naⁿ-na ka-xe (žakkóinąną́ kaγé) - make a horse prance

► cf. zha-ka i-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakká iną́ną), zha-koi-naⁿ-naⁿ (žakkoinąną) - jump, make sudden leaps; i-naⁿ-naⁿ (iną́ną) - unsteady, ungainly; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; zha-koi-de (žakkóide), (žakoide) - jump; zha-ka i-de (žákka íde), zha-koi-de (žakóide) - jump a rope

► ex: o-za taⁿ maⁿ-shi zha-koi-de taⁿ (óža tą mą́ši žakóide tą) - when he danced, he leaped high [JOD]

pray

► maⁿ-shi o-ki niⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši okkí nįkʰé) - pray (he/she is praying) [MS]

► cf. maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, heaven; o-ki (okkí), o-ki-e (okkie), o-ke (okké), o-kye (okye) - speak, talk with one; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative aux sitting

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí), mo-sho-ki (móšokki) - Christian, lit. “talks on high”

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above”

► Dhegiha: maⁿ-shi (máⁿ-ci) - above; high in the air (with no connection between the object and the ground) [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-goⁿ-ze wa-koⁿ-du-kʰi-e (wagóⁿze wakóⁿdukʰíe) - minister, missionary, “teacher who talks to God” [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ki-e (u-kí-e) - to speak or talk with [JOD-Omaha]; u-ki-ye (ukiye) - talk with, talk to [Omaha]; u-ʰki-e (u-ḳí-e) - to speak or to talk to one another, to hold an interview [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe) - get together, meeting of a group of people to converse [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰki-e (oʰkíe), o-ʰki (oʰkí) - call on the phone, converse with, interview, talk with or to [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-e (okíe) - speak to, talk to [Kaw]

► wa-ta (wattá) - pray ► a-wa-ta (awattá) - I, da-wa-ta (dawattá) - you

► wa-ta (wattá) - pray [MS, OM]

► ex: da-wa-ta maⁿ-shi (dawattá mąší) - pray for up (you pray to heaven) [MS]

► ex: “ni-kshi-ka za-ni hi taⁿ-we-ni-he,” i-ki-wa-ta-ta tʰaⁿ, i-ya-we, wa-kda-ti-ti tʰą́, i-ya-we (“níkkašíka zaní hi tą́we-nihe,” íkiwattátta tʰą́, iyáwe, wákdattítti tʰą́, iyáwe) - “everyone, you’ll look at him!” he cried aloud often, they say, he told them often, to look at him, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-na (waná) - begging [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-na (wána) - beg [Omaha]; wa-na (wa-ná) - begging [JOD-Omaha]; wa-da (wa-dá) - speaking; to solicit; to petition [FL-Osage]; wa-ta (waatá) - pray, pray for someone or something; ask a favor, request something, solicit, petition, or beg for something from someone; grace (as said at mealtime), prayer of any kind [CQ-Osage]; wa-da (wadá) - beg, ask for something, to pray, to petition someone [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: na (na) - ask, beg demand [Omaha/Ponca]; na (na) - to ask or beg for any object; to demand [JOD-Omaha]; da (da) - to ask for; beg; request; solicit [FL-Osage]; ta (tá) - ask for, request [CQ-Osage]; da (da) - ask for, beg, demand, request [Kaw]

precedes, think what precedes

► i-niⁿ-aⁿ (ínįą́) - think (what precedes) ► i-bniⁿ-aⁿ (íbnįą́) - I, i-tiⁿ-aⁿ (íttįą́) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan; thoughtfully, deliberately

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ a-ni a-shi tʰaⁿ, i-bniⁿ-aⁿ (šǫ́keaknį áni áši tʰą́, íbnįą́) - I think the horse is standing on the hill

► ex: i-tiⁿ-aⁿ (íttįą́) - you think [JOD]

► ex: i-niⁿ-aⁿ (inįą́) - he thought it [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe, “bde ta miⁿ-kʰe,” i-niⁿ-aⁿ i-ya (maštį́ke nįkʰé, “bdé tta mįkʰé,” inįą́ iyá) - the rabbit thought, “I will go,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: i-we-niⁿ-aⁿ (iwénįą́) - he thought about them [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-we i-we-niⁿ-aⁿ taⁿ-ha, i-ya (níkkašíka-we iwénįą́ tą́ha, iyá) - because he thought it was the people, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: i-niⁿ-aⁿ-we (inįą́we) - they thought [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke ha kʰe o-di-shto-te o-ba-haⁿ a-taⁿ ma-xi-wa-de tʰaⁿ i-ya-we, haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke i-niⁿ-aⁿ-we ke i-ya-we, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-tʰaⁿ i-ya-we (hą́ka ežį́ke há kʰe odíštotte obáhą attą́ maγíwadé tʰą́ iyáwe, hą́ka ežį́ke etʰą́ inįą́we ké iyáwé, maštį́ke etʰą́ iyáwe) - he skinned Haⁿ-ka’s son, put on his skin and tricked them, they thought that rabbit was Haⁿ-ka’s son, they say [JOD]

preceding, to have said the preceding to one or one another

► i-ke-ye (ikéye) - to have said something to someone ► i-da-a-ki-he-ye (idáakihéye) - I, i-da-da-ki-she-ye (idádakišéye) - you, i-ke-ya-we (íkeyáwe) - they

► cf. i-ke (iké) - say (the preceding) to someone; ye (ye), e (e) - past suffix

► ex: i-ke-ya-we (íkeyáwe) - they said the preceding to one, one another [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ, “hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she,” i-ke-ya-we, i-ya (ešǫ́, “hǫ́ datʰą́še,” íkeyáwe, iyá) - then, the others said to him, “what is the matter with you?” it is said [JOD]

► ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ, i-ya (“maštį́ke tʰi edé maštį́ke tʰi edé,” íkeyáwe nį́, iyá) - “the rabbit has come! the rabbit has come!” they (black bears) said to one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hau ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ, i-ya (“hau maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé,” íkeyáwe nį́, iyá) - “ho, the rabbit says that he has come to tell us news,” they (black bears) said to one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

preceding, to say the preceding to someone

► i-ke (iké) - say (the preceding) to someone ► i-da-a-ki-he (idáakihé) - I, i-da-da-ki-she (idádakišé) - you

► i-ke (iké) - said the preceding [JOD]

► ex: i-da-a-ki-he (idáakihé) - I said it to him [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-da-ki-she (ąną́dakišé) - you say it to me [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-da-ki-sha (ąną́dakiša!) - you say it to me! [JOD]

► ex: i-ke niⁿ (iké nį) - he/she was saying it to her/him [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears!” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ha-ki i-da-we,” i-ke (“waxʔó tówa ttíkde hakí idáwe,” iké) - “where have the four women that live together gone too?” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: “ha-ki i-da-we i-ba-haⁿ miⁿ-kʰe,” shi-naⁿ i-ke (“hakí idáwe íbahąží mįkʰé,” šíną iké) - “I don’t know where they went,” she said to him again [JOD]

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ na-xnaⁿ ki-knaⁿ,” i-ke (“wittiką naxną́ kíkną́,” iké) - my grandfather hide me (your relation), she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “na-xnaⁿ da-ki-knaⁿ koⁿ-bda wi-ti-kaⁿ,” i-ke (“naxną́ dakikną kkǫbdá wittiką́,” iké) - my grandfather, I want you to hide me (your relation), she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “o-do-tʰe aⁿ-di-xe niⁿ e-de, wi-ti-kaⁿ,” i-ke (“ódotʰe ądíxe nį edé, wittiką́,” iké) - my grandfather, the man eater is chasing me, she said to him [JOD]

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-ke (ąną́ke) - he said it to me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-ge (egé) - to say something to one, against another; to say it to one, in addressing him; used as a strong assertion, either in affimation or in denial [JOD-Omaha]; e-ge (ége) - to say so, to say that [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: e-ʰki-ge (e-ḳí-ge) - to say to one another [FL-Osage]; e-gi-ge (égige), e-gi-gi-he (égigihe) - say anything to another [Kaw]

preceding, to say the preceding to them

► i-we-ki (iwéki), i-we-ke (iwéke) - to say the preceding to them [JOD]

► ex: i-we-a-ki-he (iwéakihé atʰąhé) - I tell the preceding to them, I am standing here telling this [JOD]

► ex: i-we-ki (iwéki) - he said the preceding to them [JOD]

► ex: “ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ,” i-we-ki taⁿ we-kda-sa, i-ya (“kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į,” iwéki tą wékdasá, iyá) - “you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles,” he (rabbit) said to them (black bears), when he (rabbit) whipped them with it (their chief’s testicles), it is said (they say)

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-kaⁿ-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštotá-i nihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then/just as they started home/when/shoe/other one/on one side/pull ye it off from her/he was saying it to them/it is said/police [JOD]

► ex: i-we-ke (iwéke) - said the preceding to them; he said it to them [JOD]

► ex: “haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell,” rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, a-tʰi o-wi-ki-bda-ke a-tʰi,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, atʰí ówikibdáke atʰí,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - “yes, I have come, I have come to tell you something,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ, o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ, ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - “they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “di-xa a-taⁿ t’e-da-we,” i-we-ke i-ya (“dixá attą tʔédawé,” iwéke iyá) - “chase him and kill him!” he said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“ettítʰą okdáxʔaxʔá-we ká,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

precious, The Only Precious or Difficult One

► e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - female personal name, The Only Precious, Difficult One [OM]

► cf. e-naⁿ (éną) - only that, him, her, it; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

► Dhegiha: e-hnaⁿ (e-hnáⁿ), e-naⁿ (é-naⁿ), e-na (ená) - that only, he only, only he, alone, that alone, it alone, he alone [JOD-Omaha]; e-noⁿ (é-noⁿ) - that only, only one, alone, sole, exclusive, special [FL-Osage]; e-naⁿ (éeną), e-na (éena), e-ʰna (éʰna) - he/she/it only, it is only he/she/it [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-te-xi (wiⁿtexi) - Sacred Female, female name [Omaha]; miⁿ-ʰtse-xi (mįįʰcéxi) - precious female, difficult female, stout daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-tse-xi (mícexi) - Female Precious, Difficult to Obtain, female name [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - a part of female names, signifying “female” [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ (wiⁿ) - woman, female, in names [FL-Osage]; miⁿ (mí̜į) - female [CQ-Osage]; mi (mi) - woman, female [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te-xi (téxi) - difficult, hard do [Omaha]; te-xi (téqi) - difficult [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-xi (ʰcéxi) - sacred, precious, difficult [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]

wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

precipitate

► hi-de (híde) - precipitate, as rain or snow

► hi-de (híde) - cause it to come [JOD]

► ex: po-i-de (poíde) - snowing; po (po) - snow + hi-de (híde) - precipitate

► ex: ni-zhi hi-de (niži hide) - raining; ni-zhi (niží) - rain + hi-de (híde) - precipitate

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de (téže žíka híde) - urinating/a little/caused it to come [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we, o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe a-te-zhe naⁿ, i-ya-we (téže žíka híde ką́-nįkʰé iyáwe, ódotʰe nįkʰé áteže ną, iyáwe) - as she sat awhile, she urinated a little, they say, she urinated upon the man eater, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hiu-the (hiu-the) - coming; to cause to come [FL-Osage]; hu-the (húðe) - coming down, falling; cause to come here, send here; come here; hand over, hand to, pass to by hand or other means (e.g., food at the table) [CQ-Osage]; hu-ye (húye) - relating to weather: blowing, precipitating [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba hiu-the (ba hiú-the) - ba, snow; hiu-the, coming: snowstorm [FL-Osage]; pa hu-the (pá húðe) - snow, snowfall, snow coming down, falling snow [CQ-Osage]; ba hu-ye (bahúye) - to snow, be snowing [Kaw]

precociously, precocity

► pi-’oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity ► pi-moⁿ (ppímǫ) - I, shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you

► pi-aⁿ (ppią́) - know how, knew how [JOD]

► pi-naⁿ (ppíną) - do well at something precociously

► Dhegiha: ʰpi-oⁿ (p̣i-óⁿ) - expert, skillful [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-oⁿ (ʰpíǫ) - know how to do something; learn; be skilled at or expert in [CQ-Osage]; i-e pi-oⁿ (íe píoⁿ) - talk well, correctly [Kaw]

pregnant

► wa-te-zo-knaⁿ (wattézokną), wa-te-ze o-knaⁿ (wattéze okną) - pregnant ► wa-te-zo-a-knaⁿ (wattézoákną) - I, wa-te-zo-da-knaⁿ (wattézodakną) - you

► wa-te-zo-knaⁿ (wattézokną́) - enceinte, pregnant [JOD]

► cf. wa (wa) - them, things, stuff; te-ze (ttéze) - abdomen, belly, stomach, womb; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe wa-te-zo-knaⁿ taⁿ kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé wattézokną́ tą ką́ nįkʰé) - the woman was pregnant [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-te-zu-gthaⁿ (wa-té-zu-g¢áⁿ) - pregnant; to be pregnant [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰtse-ze u-thiⁿ-ge (wa-ṭsé-çe u-thiⁿ-ge) - pregnancy [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse-ze (ṭsé-çe) - abdomen; the belly [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ze (ʰcéze) - stomach, abdomen, belly [CQ-Osage]; tse-ze (céze) - belly; womb [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-gthaⁿ (ug¢áⁿ) - put in [JOD-Omaha]; u-gthoⁿ (u-gthoⁿ) - to put in, putting in, a place of deposit, to inclose, in which to put, to thrust in, to put a stake in a pile when gambling [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oolą́) - put into, place inside of, pour round items into, add items to cooking, pour liquid into [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ (oláⁿ) - put a sitting/inanimate object into something, to put a curvilinear (wide rather than tall) object such as paper, a book, a bandage, cloth, etc. within a receptacle [Kaw]

presently, in a while

► e-koⁿ-te (ékǫtté) - in a while, presently; wait, imperative

► cf. gaⁿ (gą), kaⁿ (ką) - so; while; awhile

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ-te (gáⁿte), (gáⁿ-tĕ) - for a while; a long while; awhile, for some time [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ (gaⁿ) - as, having, being; as, so; still, nevertheless, at any rate; and, and then [JOD-Omaha]

► e-koⁿ-te-he (ékǫttehé) - in a while, presently; wait, imperative

► e-koⁿ-te zhi-ka (ekǫ́tte žiká) - in a little while, presently

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ-te zhiⁿ-ka (gáⁿte-jiñ́ga) - a little while; in or for a little while, for a short time [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: gaⁿ (gaⁿ) - as, having, being; as, so; still, nevertheless, at any rate; and, and then [JOD-Omaha]

President of the U.S.

► i-ti-kaⁿ-da-we (ittíkądáwe) - President of the U.S., lit. “they have him as a grandfather”

► i-ti-kaⁿ-da-we (ittíkądáwe) - Preseident [MS]

► cf. i-ti-kaⁿ-de (ittíkąde) - to have as a grandfather; a-we (-awe), we (-we) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases; i-ti-kaⁿ (ittíką), e-ti-kaⁿ (eTíką) - grandfather, his or her grandfather

► Dhegiha: i-ti-gaⁿ-tha-i (i-t͓í-gaⁿ-¢aí) - he whom they have for a grandfather, the President of the U.S. [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi-go a-bi wa-ʰtoⁿ-ga (ṭsí-go a-bi wa-ṭoⁿ-ga) - grandfather to all, this is the Osage term for President of the United States [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-ko-a-pi (iʰcíkoapí) - President of the United States, lit., “grandfather of all” [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-go-ya-be (icígoyábe) - Washington, the President, wi-tsi-go-ya-be (wicígoyábe) - possessive form, lit., “we have him as our grandfather” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ti-gaⁿ-the (i-t͓í-gaⁿ-¢ĕ) - to have one for an i-ti-gaⁿ (i-t͓í-gaⁿ) [JOD-Omaha]; i-tsi-go-ye (icígoye) - to have for a grandfather, to call someone i-tsi-go (icígo) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ti-gaⁿ (i-t͓í-gaⁿ) - his or her grandfather or father-in-law [JOD-Omaha]; i-ʰtsi-go (i-ṭsí-go) - grandfather, the term ʰtsi-go (ṭsi-go) is applied to a father’s father, to his father, to a mother’s father, to his brother, to a father-in-law, and to a wife’s maternal uncle, it is also used as a term of reverence for God and for natural objects, such as the sun, the morning star, the dipper, Orion's belt, the pole star, and living objects whose mysterious habits inspire in the Osage mind a feeling of reverence for the Creator [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsi-ko (iʰcíko) - his/her grandfather, his/her father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-go (icígo) - his or her grandfather, grandfather's father; great grandfather [Kaw]

► wa-jhi-ni ka-hi-ke (waǰíni kahike) - President; Indian agent

► wa-jhi-ni ga-hi-ge (waǰíni gahíge) - President, Indian Agent [OM]

► cf. wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - white people, white man, white race [MS, MR, OM]; wa-jhi-ni (waǰíni) - American; derived from “Virginia”; ka-hi-ke (kahíke), ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief

► Dhegiha: wa-dsi-ni (wá-dsi-ni) - a disease, a malady [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini), wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) - probably from “Virginia” which may have been used to mean “white man,” perhaps venereal disease was later associated with wa-tsʰu (wacʰú) ‘copulate’ and thus may have substituted tsʰ (ch) for ts (c), giving the variants wa-tsʰi-ni (wácʰini) and wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie), Robert Rankin, personal communication. Additionally, wa-tsi-ni-e (wácinie) may contain or be influenced by ni-e (níe) ‘hurt’ [CQ-Osage]; wa-ji-ne (wáji ne) - disease, a malady [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - Chief, male name [JOD-Omaha]; ga-hi-ge (ga-hí-ge) - the great one, the chief [FL-Osage]; ka-hi-ke (ka-hí-ke) - chief [CQ-Osage]; ga-hi-ge (gahíge) - chief, leader, ruler, be chief, rule over; JOD (reflecting his times): to rule over, as a chief or U.S. agent does [Kaw]

press down on

► a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down ► a-bi-saⁿ-te a-zhi (ábisątte aži) - I, a-bi-saⁿ-te da-zhi (ábisątte daži) - you, a-bi-saⁿ-te oⁿ-zhi-we (ábisątte ǫžíwe) - we

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something; a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on; o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects

► Dhegiha: a-bi-soⁿ-dse (á-bi-çoⁿ-dse) - to press to the ground [FL-Osage]; a-pi-saⁿ (ápisą) - mash, push down on, shut, close, hold down [CQ-Osage]; a-bu-saⁿ-je (ábusaⁿje) - press down on with the hands, as in catching a bird or rabbit; to press or bear hard on, as with a chair leg; to run and jump on something, wrestle [Kaw]; a-ki-bu-saⁿ-je (ákíbusaⁿje) - to wrestle each other [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-soⁿ-de (ábasoⁿde) - push, to push together with the hand against something which is on something else, as a pen on paper [Omaha/Ponca]; i-bi-soⁿ-de (íbisóⁿde) - narrow, a narrow place, as a ledge at the base of a cliff above a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-soⁿ-de (baçoⁿde) - crease, press together [Omaha]; u-bi-soⁿ-de (ubiçoⁿde) - compact, crowded [Omaha]; moⁿ-ze a-noⁿ-soⁿ-de (moⁿçe anoⁿçoⁿde) - brassiere [Omaha]; soⁿ-soⁿ-de (çoⁿçoⁿde) - close together [Omaha]; a-ba-soⁿ-dse (á-ba-çoⁿ-dse) - to push one against a tree or a door, to lace up a shoe [FL-Osage]; a-thi-soⁿ-dse (á-thi-çoⁿ-dse) - to hold firmly between the hands or fingers, to squeeze; to clasp one’s legs around a horse when riding bareback, [FL-Osage]; i-noⁿ-soⁿ-dse (í-noⁿ-çoⁿ-dse) - to take shelter behind someth, as protection [FL-Osage]; a-ba-saⁿ-je (ábasaⁿje) - push against something, as a door to keep it closed; have sex with [Kaw]; a-ga-saⁿ-je (ágasaⁿje) - to make tight by nailing on, as tarred paper on the inside of a house; nail down tight [Kaw]; a-naⁿ-saⁿ-je (ánaⁿsáⁿje) - stamp on something (to anchor it), to bring down the feet suddenly on a paper, etc., to keep it from being blown away [Kaw]; a-ya-saⁿ-je (áyasaⁿje) - hold firmly with the teeth [Kaw]; a-yu-saⁿ-je (áyusaⁿje) - clamp something, hold firmly [Kaw]; iⁿ-yaⁿ-o-bu-saⁿ-je (iⁿyáⁿobusáⁿje) - gorge, narrow defile with stream [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-zhi (á-ji) - to spread a number of small objects on [JOD-Omaha]; a-zhu (á-zhu) - to put a number of articles on a rack [FL-Osage]; a-zhu (ážu) - put out, set out multiple items, place, array, display multiple items on top of something else; pour something on or over another surface; put a portable substance on something else [CQ-Osage]; a-zhu (ázhu) - put many objects on a surface of any thing [Kaw]

press down, rub down

► bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down ► pi-te-shka (ppítteška) - I, shpi-te-shka (špítteška) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping off; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife; po-te-shka (pótteška) - shorten by shooting/punching; ta-te-shka (tátteška) - shorten by burning, burn off; ta-te-shka-a-de (tátteškade) - shorten by burning, burn off

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka), che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; te-shka (té-cka), tshe-shka (tcé-cka) - short [JOD-Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

press dry

► bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry ► pi-ta-xe (ppíttaxe) - I, shpi-ta-xe (špíttaxe) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold, used with almost all instrumental prefixes; ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut, as corn; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching; ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

press on end

► bi-ha-ta de-de (bihátta déde) - lever, weight, press on end ► pi-ha-ta de-a-de (ppíhatta déade) - I, shpi-ha-ta de-da-de (špíhatta dédade) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing; ba-ha-ta (bahattá) - pick up with pointed object; ba-ha-ta de-de (bahátta déde) - brush aside; di-ha-ta (díhattá) - lift something; di-ha-ta de-de (dihátta déde) - lift, pull up suddenly; ka-ha-ta de-de (kahátta déde) - knock aside, turn aside; naⁿ-ha-ta de-de (nąhátta déde) - lift with the foot; po-ha-ta de-de (póhatta déde) - poke something in order to lift it

press out

► bi-kda (bikdá) - press out, push/blow loose ► pi-kda (ppíkda) - I, shpi-kda (špíkda) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; da-kda (dakdá) - undo with the mouth, teeth; di-kda (dikdá) - undo, untie, pull loose; ka-kda (kakdá) - sway; naⁿ-kda (nąkdá) - loosen, come undone, as a shoelace

► Dhegiha: gtha (gtha) - unbraided, unwoven [Omaha/Ponca]; gtha-tha (gthátha) - unbraided, unwoven, unraveled [Omaha/Ponca]; gtha-tha (gthá-tha) - to unbraid or untie [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ba-gtha (bagthá) - to undo braided hair, plaited rope, etc.[Omaha/Ponca]; ga-la-ya (galáya) - comb out, cause hair to come undone by running a comb through, such as braids; cause to uncoil by throwing or striking, as a spool of thread or wire [Kaw]; naⁿ-la-ya (naⁿláya) - straighten with the foot, as a crooked stick; to come undone, as a moccasin string [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-gtha (thigtha) - unroll, untie [Omaha]; thi-gtha-tha (thi-gthá-tha) - to unravel, unbraid [FL-Osage]; yu-la-ya (yuláya) - unravel, unbraid, separate with the hand; straighten coiled wire by pulling; pull open or separate, as the leaves of a book, by turning with the hand; open out, spread out, as the hand [Kaw]

press to death

► bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death ► pi-ta-t’e (ppíttatʔe) - I, shpi-ta-t’e (špíttatʔe) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► Dhegiha: na-t’e-ga (ná-t’e-ga) - withered, dead, dried up, as leaves by the sun [JOD-Omaha]

da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]

da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-na-t’e-ga (thanát’ega) - kill, bite, to kill plants by biting around the roots, as rabbits do [Omaha/Ponca]; ya-da-ts’e-ga (yadáts’ega) - kill plants by gnawing on them, as rabbits, to make vegetation wither by gnawing on the bark or at the roots, as rabbits do in winter [Kaw]; ya-ts’e-ga (yats’éga) - wither from being gnawed on, as a plant [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-da-ts’e-ga (bádats’ega) - cause a tree or bush to wilt by cutting [Kaw]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (badáts’ega) - cause vegetation to wilt punching or by rooting up the ground [Kaw]; ga-da-ts’e-ga (gadáts’ega) - wind to dry something a little, especially fresh meat which is hung up, by blowing on it [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ga (naⁿdáts’ega) - trample, make vegetation wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ye (naⁿdáts’èye) - trample, make wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]

pressing, by pressing or rubbing

► bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing: inner instrumental prefix

► Dhegiha: bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing [Omaha/Ponca]; bi (bi) - a prefix denoting that the action is performed by blowing with the mouth, by rubbing, or by weight or pressure, i.e. by pressing down on, bearing down on, sitting or lying on [JOD-Omaha]; pu (pu) - by pressing down on with movement back and forth, by smoothing [CQ-Osage]; bu (bu) - instrumental prefix: by generalized pressure, by pushing or rubbing [Kaw]

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