Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

pace - pelican pelt - pinch pine - pleased plentiful - pressing pressing - pulse pulverize - put two

pine

► pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine

► cf. pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree; pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

► Dhegiha: ba-zoⁿ (bá-çoⁿ) - from the cedars; the north [FL-Osage]

Pine Bluff

► pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

► cf. pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine; pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree

► Dhegiha: pa-zaⁿ ʰta hu (pázą ʰtá hu) - east wind, fall winds, lit. “comes from the pines” [CQ-Osage]; ba-zaⁿ-ta (bázaⁿta), pa-zo-ta (pázota) - east, east wind; deity of the east wind, power of east wind, lit: “toward the pines” [Kaw]; ba-zaⁿ-ta o-ga-xle (bázaⁿta ogáxle) - eastward, facing east [Kaw]

pine tree

► pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree

► cf. pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg; pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

► Dhegiha: ba-zoⁿ hi (bá-çoⁿ hi) - pine tree, spruce tree, spruce or pine trees [FL-Osage]; ba-zaⁿ hu (bázaⁿhu) - pine tree [Kaw]

pink

► zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink

► zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM]

► cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish, pale; saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; haⁿ-pa iⁿ-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”; ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora; siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sį́tte są́hą) - whitish tail [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha]; zhu-dse (zhú-dse) - red, scarlet, vermilion [FL-Osage]; zhu-tse (žúuce) - red [CQ-Osage]; zhu-je (zhúje) - red [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]

pinnated grouse

► sho taⁿ-ka (šo ttą́ka) - prairie hen, pinnated grouse

► Dhegiha: shu (shú) - prairie-hen, prairie chicken [Omaha/Ponca]; shu (shu) - prairie chicken; lesser chicken [Omaha]; shu taⁿga (shútaⁿga) - prairie chicken, quail [Kaw]

pipe

► ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe

► ta-ni-ba (ta nǐ bah) - pipe, stem said to be Quapaw made, the only one I could find, from John Crow [MH]

► ta-ni-ba (taníba) - smoke [AG, OM]

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; ta-ni-ba he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus); ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - sumac, lit. “mix with tobacco”

► Dhegiha: ni-ni-ba (niníba) - pipe [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba) - a pipe [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-niⁿ-oⁿ-pa (nąnį́ǫpa) - pipe, smoke [CQ-Osage]; na-noⁿ-ba (nanóⁿba), naⁿ-noⁿ-ba (naⁿnóⁿba), noⁿ-noⁿ-ba (nóⁿnoⁿba), na-nu-oⁿ-ba (nánuóⁿba), noⁿ-nu-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿnuóⁿba) - pipe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ni (nini), ni-ni hi (nini hi) - any kind of tobacco, tobacco plant [Omaha]; ni-ni (niní) - tobacco [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ni (noⁿ-ní), noⁿ-ni-hi (noⁿ-ní-hi) - tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu (nąnúhu) - tobacco [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-nu (naⁿnú), noⁿ-nu (noⁿnú), naⁿ-ni (naⁿní), na-nu (nanú), na-no (nanó) - tobacco [Kaw]

pipe, sacred pipe

► ta-ni-ba wa-xo-we (taníba waxówe) - the sacred pipe

► cf. ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy; di-xo-we (dixówe) - consecrate, make holy; ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - shaman, Indian doctor, priest; ni xo-we (ni xówe) - mysterious water, holy/sacred water, the name for two sulpher springs, one on each side of Tar Creek, Indian Terr. [JOD]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka xo-we (wažį́ka xówe) - eagle, “holy bird”; zhoⁿ xo-we (žǫ xówe) - sassafras, S. albidum, lit. “holy wood”

► Dhegiha: ni-ni-ba wa-xu-be (niníba waqúbe) - sacred pipe [JOD-Omaha]; na-nu-oⁿ-ba wa-xo-be (nánuóⁿba waxóbe) - sacred pipe; pipe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-nu-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi (noⁿ-nú-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi) - a sacred pipe (mysterious) [FL-Osage]; na-nu-oⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (nanúoⁿba wakáⁿdagi) - mysterious (sacred) pipe [Kaw]; naⁿ-noⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (naⁿnóⁿba wakáⁿdagi) - sacred pipe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-xu-be (waqúbe) - mysterious, holy, sacred [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-be (waxube) - holy [Omaha]; wa-xo-be (wa-xó-be) - a talisman or something worn about the person to ward off evil, anything consecrated for ceremonial use [FL-Osage]; wa-xo-pe (waxópe) - medicine bundle, sacred object, things consecrated or honored [CQ-Osage]; wa-xo-we (waxówe), wa-xo-be (waxóbe) - sacred, holy, mysterious, any sacred or mysterious object, as a sacred bundle [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xu-be (xube) - hallowed, holy, wizard [Omaha]; xu-be (xúbe) - holy, supernatural power, sanctity [FL-Osage]; xo-pe (xópe) - sacred, consecrated, holy [CQ-Osage]

pipe, windpipe

► to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (tótte oxǘxüwe) - windpipe, trachea

► cf. to-te (tótte) - throat; ta-to-te-xi-xi-we (ttatóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

► Dhegiha: nu-de xi-xi-be (núde qiqíbe) - trachea, windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de xi-xi-be (núde xixibe) - windpipe [Omaha]; do-dse xi-be (dó-dse xi-be), ʰto-dse xi-be (ṭó-dse xi-be) - windpipe [FL-Osage]; do-je xu-xu-be (dóje xuxúbe) - trachea, windpipe [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: nu-de (núde) - throat; front part of the neck, including the trachea [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de (nude) - throat [Omaha]; do-dse (dó-dse) - throat; gullet [FL-Osage]; to-tse (tóoce) - throat, gullet [CQ-Osage]; do-je (dóje), to-je (tóje) - throat; Adam’s apple [Kaw]

► ta-to-te-xi-xi-we (ttatóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; to-te (tótte) - throat; to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (tótte oxǘxüwe) - windpipe, trachea

pipestem

► ta-ni-ba i-ba (taníba íba) - pipestem

► cf. ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe; i-ba (íba) - stem, handle; ma-hiⁿ i-ba (máhį ibá) - knife handle

► Dhegiha: na-noⁿ-ba i-ba (nanóⁿba iba) - pipestem [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ba (íba) - handle [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ba (í-ba) - a handle [JOD-Omaha]; i-ba (í-ba) - trope for pipestem; haft, the handle of a sharp weapon [FL-Osage]; i-ba (íba) - handle [Kaw]

pistol

► ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

► ma-ze shte-ka (mozeh-schtekkeh) - pistol (pistolet) [GI]

► ma-ze shte-ka (mazé štéka) - pistol, “short gun”

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; shte-ka (štéka), (šteká) - short; shte-ka hi (štéka hi), (šteká hi) - short [MS]; hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha shte-ka (hǫbį́tteáha štéka) - slippers, lit., “short moccasin flaps”; wa-tʰe shte-ka (watʰé šteká) - short dress [JOD]; di-ti wa-hi o-shte-ka (dítti wahi oštéka) - short rib

pit, seed, grain, kernal

► si (si) - seed, pit, grain, kernel

► ex: kaⁿ-te si (kką́tte sí) - apple seed [MS]

► ex: pe-zhe xta si (ppéžexta si) - rice [OM]

► ex: pe-zhe xta si zhi-ka (ppéžextá si žíka) - rice [JOD]

► ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zi si (wátʰązí si) - grains of corn

► Dhegiha: si (si) - seed [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - pit [Omaha]; si (si) - seed, in general; a seed [JOD-Omaha]; si (çi), su (çu) - seed [FL-Osage]; su (súu) - seed, pit, kernel [CQ-Osage]

pitiable, miserable

► da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable ► aⁿ-da-x’e ti-aⁿ (ądáxʔe tią́) - I

► cf. da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; ti-aⁿ (tią́) - to feel like, somewhat

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

pitiful, poor

► wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - poor, pitiful ► aⁿ-wa-xpa-ni (ąwáxpaní) - I’m, di-wa-xpa-ni (diwáxpaní) - you are

► wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - pity me [OM]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni-de (waxpánidé) - treated her miserably [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de (wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé) - (they) treated the orpan miserably [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then/so/the moving/orphan/the standing/treated her miserably/a great deal/the standing/past sign [JOD]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni mi (waxpáni mí) - pity for myself [OM]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni ska (waxpáni ská) - my pity for you, I’m pitying you, pity you [OM]

► Dhegiha: wa-xpa-ni (waqpáni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpáthiⁿ) - poor, to be poor [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpathiⁿ) - poverty, poor [Omaha]; wa-xpa-ni (wa-qpá-ni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpá¢iⁿ) - to be poor [JOD-Omaha]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (wa-xpá-thiⁿ) - to suffer from exhaustion, in need, poverty-stricken, poor in spirit, in great grief, in sorrow, a mourner [FL-Osage]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpáðį), wa-xpaiⁿ (waxpáį), wa-xpeiⁿ (waxpéį) - poor, poverty stricken, pitiful, humble, long suffering as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune [CQ-Osage]; wa-xpa-yiⁿ (waxpáyiⁿ) - be humble, pitiful, be poor, to feel poorly, feel ill [Kaw]

pitiless, mericless

► wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless ► wa-da-x’e-a-da-zhi (wadáxʔeadáži) - I, wa-da-x’e-da-da-zhi (wadáxʔedadáži) - you, wa-da-x’e-oⁿ-da-wa-zhi (wadáxʔeǫ́dawaži) -we

► cf. wa (wa) - them, things, stuff; da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one’s own; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-ʰk’e-tha-zhi (wa-thá-ḳ’e-tha-zhi) - merciless, unkind, uncharitable, pitiless, cruel, selfish, ruthless [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-’e-the (wa-¢á-’e-¢e) - to be kind or merciful to them, to be kind, show pity [JOD-Omaha]; wa-tha-’e-the (watha ethe) - fair-minded, sympathy, accommodate, take care of, pity, be comforted, charity [Omaha]; wa-tha-ʰk’e-the (wa-thá-ḳ’e-the) - sympathy, sympathetic, easily moved to sympathy and pity for those who suffer, tender-hearted, a man of kindly spirit, compassion [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-k’e-the (waðákʔeðe) - be a kind or generous person [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

pity, be kind to someone

► da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone ► da-x’e-a-de (daxʔéade) - I, da-x’e-da-de (daxʔédade) - you

► cf. da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one's own; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable; wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless

► Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

plural shall

► ta-i-tʰe (taitʰé) - shall (plural), they shall [JOD]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, and mind [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-da wi-te-ke e-ta-we di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá wítteke ettáwe dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i-te (ta íte) - shall [Omaha]; ta-i-te (taité) - will surely, shall, shall surely [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i-tʰe (ta-i-tʰe) - shall [Omaha]; ʰta-i-tse (ṭa-í-tse) - they shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta-i-te (ṭa i te) - they will [FL-Osage]

plural, continuative plural

► wi-ke (wiké) - continuative plural

► cf. ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) -younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]

► ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

plural, lying, animate objects

► iⁿ-ke (įké) - lying objects, plural/lying/animate; collocations of lying objects take the sitting art. as a bundle

► cf. ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in

► ex: ha-na iⁿ-ke (haná įké) - some

► ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

► ex: aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (ąkanį́ įké) - we have [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we got some good (stomp dance) leaders here [MS]

► ex: o-zha wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (óža wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we have good (stomp dance) leaders [MS]

► ex: ke-ha-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (kehá anaɣáda hóttą ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]

plural, only we, only us

► oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

► cf. oⁿ-ko (ǫkó), aⁿ-ko (ąkó) - we, pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, I alone; wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

► Dhegiha: aⁿgu-hnaⁿ (añgú-hnaⁿ) - we alone [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną), aⁿ-ko-na (ąkóna) - we only, it is only we [CQ-Osage]

plural, our, ours

► aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe), oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

► cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable); di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual)

► ex: “ka-hi-ke oⁿ-ko-ta-we, t’e-wa-ki-da-we i-ya,” i-ya-we, i-ya wa-sa ke (“kahíke ǫkóttawe, tʔéwakidáwe iyá,” iyáwe, iyá wasá ke) - “our chief, they have killed our relation, he (rabbit) said,” the black bears said, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-gu-ta-i (añgúʇai) - our [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-ʰta-pi (ąkóʰtapi) - ours; our (belonging to two or more of us) [CQ-Osage]

plural, them, they, things, stuff

► wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff

► ex: o-wa-hoⁿ (ówahǫ) - boil plural/animate/objects, from o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

► ex: wa-koⁿ-da (wákkǫda) - attack plural/animate beings, from koⁿ-da (kǫ́da) - to chase, to attack, to rush upon a foe, to run after

► ex: wa-ka-de (wakáde) - give objects to someone not kin, from ka-de (kadé) - give away one thing

► ex: wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife, from knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman

► Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3^rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1^st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - things; a thing which [FL-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

plural, they, 3^rd person plural

► we (-we), a-we (-awe) - they, 3^rd person plural, pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: i-ya-we (iyáwĕ), i-a-we (i-a-we) - they say, from i-ye (iyé), i-e (ié) - say + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs, from i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: iⁿ-da, wi-te-ke, e-ta-we, di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá, wittéke, ettáwe, dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: xa-ka-we (γakáwe) - they cry, weep, from xa-ke (γaké) - cry, weep + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi xa-ka-we (wasá béniži γakáwe) - everyone of the black bears cried [JOD]

► ex: ka-xa-we (káγawe) - they make, they made, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: zho-hi ka-xa-we (žohí hi káγawe) - they made many [JOD]

► ex: ki-maⁿ-da-we (kímądawe) - they steal, they stole, from ki-maⁿ-da (kímąda) - steal something from someone + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: sho-ke-a-kniⁿ ki-maⁿ-da-we (šǫkeáknį kímądawe) - they stole his horse

► ex: da-we (dáwe) - they go, they went, from de (de) - go + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

► ex: haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka wa-x’o i-da-kda-niⁿ ta-bde da-we (hą́tʰąhí níkka waxʔó idákdanį́ tábde dáwe) - once upon a time, a man and his woman went hunting [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ki-ha naⁿ, to k’e da-we (šiną́ waną́bde kihá ną, tó kʔe dáwe) - when they finished eating, they went to dig potatoes again [JOD]

► ex: e-ti da-tʰe shoⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-niⁿ da-we (étti datʰé šǫ́-nįkʰé ttą́nį dáwe) - he sat there eating (the puppy) while they ran away’ (JOD)]

► Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1^st or 2^nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3^rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3^rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í [Kaw]

► wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - they, 3^rd person plural, pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: da-wi (dáwi) - they go, they went, from de (de) - go + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi kikʔį́ ą́tą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back when they went [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ o-zha da-wi (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža ákasáni tą óža dáwi) - and then the next morning they went to the dance [JOD]

► ex: ha-za-wi (házawí) - they fled, from ha-ze (háze) - run away, flee + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: o-zha-wi (óžawi) - they dance, from o-zha (óža) - dance + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance)' (MS)]

► ex: aⁿ-baⁿ-wi (ąbą́wi) - they called me, from baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo + wi (-wi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: ho-ho-wi (hohówi) - they barking, from ho-ho (hohó) - barking + wi (-wi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

► ex: da-i (daí) - they went, from de (de) - go + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ da-i ke o-wa-di-bnaⁿ de (ešą́ttą daí ke ówadíbną dé) - then he smelled where they went

► ex: aⁿ-di-za-i (ądizaí) - they get it for me, from di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: da-ta-i (dataí) - they called, from da-te (date) - read aloud, call or name something + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: to-wa-i (tówaí) - they were four, from to-wa (tówa) - four + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► ex: da-ta-i ke (da-ta-í ké) - they stood eating, from da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: kda-i (kdái) - they started home, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses [JOD]

► ex: e-taⁿ-iⁿ kda-i (ettą́nį kdá-i) - they started home first [JOD]

► Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1^st or 2^nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3^rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3^rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í [Kaw]

plural, they, 3^rd person plural continuative sitting

► ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - they, 3^rd person plural continuative sitting

► ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - they were (plural classifier) [JOD]

► ex: ni-ti ki naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąpá sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

► ex: da-tʰe ni-kʰa (datʰé nikʰá) - they were eating it [JOD]

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde ni-kʰa (waną́bde nikʰá) - they were eating [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówaną, iyá) - the rabbit took hold of the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-kye, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówakye, iyá) - the rabbit spoke to the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

► ex: ka-xnaⁿ hi ni-kʰa (kaxną́ hí nikʰá) - they were camping while hunting, they were on a hunting expedition [JOD]

► ex: de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying/animate

► ex: ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/invisiblev/animate

► ex: kaⁿ-ni-kʰa (ką́-nikʰá) - so they were awhile, so they had been awhile, so they were [JOD]

► ex: koi-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying/visible

► ex: ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural/sitting or lying, yonder

► ex: she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/visible

► ex: shoⁿ-ni-kʰa (šǫ-nikʰá) - after they had been so awhile [JOD]

► ex: to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural/sitting or lying objects on this side

plural, they, 3^rd person plural, continuative moving aspect marker

► a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - continuative aspect marker, 3^rd person plural of niⁿ (nį) - continuative moving

► a-pa (apa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the (moving) people

► ex: ka-ki ke mi-zhi-ka ke xa-ke a-pa (kakí ke mižiká ke γaké ápa) - those girls were crying [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa-pa za-ni hi t’e-wa-de, i-ya (wasá-ppa zaní hi tʔéwade, iyá) - all of the black bears were killed, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha haⁿ da-taⁿ-wa-zhi, e-niⁿ-te iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ da-taⁿ pa (makką́ša hą dattą́waží, énįtté į́čʰǫ tą dattą́ ppa) - they didn’t drink coffee, though now they do [JOD]

► ex: pa naⁿ (ppá ną) - 3pl-past; 3d.pl. ending (classifier)-past sign' [JOD]

► ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą kibą obíγǫ pá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was blown [JOD]

► ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

► ex: koⁿ pa (kǫ ppá) - so-3d.pl. classifier, “so they were so” [JOD]

► ex: datʰe pa naⁿ (datʰé ppa ną) - they were eating-past sign [JOD]

► ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

► ex: de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate

► ex: ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural/moving/invisible/animate

► ex: koi-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural/moving/visible/animate

► ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder

► ex: she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving/visible/animate

► ex: to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

► Dhegiha: a-ma (amá) - the plural moving [JOD-Omaha]; a-pa (apa) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3^rd person sg. or pl. moving or absent subject [CQ-Osage]; a-ba (abá) - continuative he/she/it (animate), while moving or not within sight [Kaw]

plural, we

► oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we

► oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we [OM]

► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; di-e (díe) - you; e (e) - he, she, it, that

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ku (oⁿku) - we [Omaha]; aⁿ-gu (añgú) - we, us [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-e (oⁿ-gú-e) - we [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko (ąkó), aⁿ-ko-e (ąkóe), aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkóta) - we, us CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ge (aⁿgé) - we, us [Kaw]

plural, we (contrastive)

► oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we (contrastive), “we, on the one hand”

► cf. wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I; di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive

► Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - I, in contrast to others, marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e-zha (thíezha) - you on the one hand, you on the other [Omaha/Ponca]

plural, we (rather than others)

► oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we (rather than others)

► cf. oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ niⁿkʰe, e-haⁿ-ko-we-tʰaⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ nįkʰé, ehą́ ǫkówettą) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

► cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ-ko-we-tʰaⁿ, Mary a-niⁿ niⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ ǫkówettą, Mary anį́ nį) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

plural, we dual, I and one other, 1^st person dual continuative auxiliary standing

► oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ǫ́katʰą), aⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́katʰą) - we dual, I and one other, 1^st person dual continuative auxiliary standing

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi oⁿ-kniⁿ oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (mióxpettadédedóši ǫknį́ ǫ́katʰą́ ną) - west on that side, we dwelt

► ex: e oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (e-ong-go-toⁿ) - we did [LH]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ga-tʰoⁿ (oⁿgatʰoⁿ) - we [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-ʰtoⁿ (óⁿ-ga-ṭoⁿ) - we who are here [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-txaⁿ (ąkatxą́) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing (sometimes lying down) 1^st pl. subject [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-kha (aⁿgakhá), aⁿ-ga-khaⁿ (aⁿgákhaⁿ) - continuative we, while standing [Kaw]

plural, we dual, I and one other, 1^st person dual continuative sitting

► oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe) - we dual, I and one other, 1^st person dual continuative sitting

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-thiⁿ-kshe (ąðįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for sitting or lying down 1^st dual subject, “we two” [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-niⁿ-khe (aⁿniⁿkhé) - continuative, we while sitting [Kaw]

plural, we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► ex: aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáγe) - we, I and one other make, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sat, we camped, from kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting; sit, be in a place, camp

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then after awhile we (the two of us) camped [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da (ąkǫ́da) - we, I and one other want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

► ex: aⁿ-k’iⁿ (ąkʔį) - we, I and one other carry, from k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

► ex: oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe), aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ąnį́kʰe) - we, I and one other continuative sitting, from niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative sitting

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ką-ąnį́kʰe) - we (the two of us) sit awhile [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

► ex: t’e-aⁿ-de (tʔeą́de) - we, I and one other kill, from t’e-de (tʔéde) - kill

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we (the two of us) have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: a-zhaⁿ (ąžą́) - we, I and one other sleep, from zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; sleep

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1^st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw] 

► aⁿ-k (ąk), oⁿ-k (ǫk) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► ex: oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-de (ǫ́kahiǫdé) - we, I and one other lay down an object, from a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object

► ex: oⁿ-ka-kdaⁿ oⁿ-niⁿ (ǫ́kakdą ǫnį́) - we, I and one other forget, from a-kdaⁿ-niⁿ (ákdąnį́) - forget

► ex: oⁿ-ka-kʰaⁿ hi-oⁿ-zhoⁿ (ǫ́kakʰą híǫžǫ) - we, I and one other lean on one and cause to fall, from a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► ex: aⁿ-kiⁿ (ąkį́) - we, I and one other wear, from ’iⁿ (ʔį) - wear

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ (ąkǫ́) - we, I and one other do, from ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - do, be; use, have (as a disease)

► ex: aⁿ-ko-ka-shke (ąkókašké) - we, I and one other tie up/fasten, from o-ka-shke (ókaške) - to tie or tether; fasten

► ex: aⁿ-ko-ka-shke (ąkókašké) - we fastened it [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke ke a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké ke áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1^st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw] 

► aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► ex: aⁿ-ka-de (ąkáde) - we, I and one other go, from de (de) - go

► ex: aⁿ-ka-de te (ąkáde tté) - let us go thither; let us (two) go [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-kna, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikná, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde aⁿ-ka-de, ni u-ha naⁿ-hi aⁿ-de aⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti shi-a-pe aⁿ-ka-de (tábde ąkáde, ní ohá nąhí ą́de ą́nį ną, kóišǫ́ttą étti šiápe ąkáde) - we went hunting, we were following along the course of the stream/water, then we went ashore there [JOD]

► ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

► ex: oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other arrive, from hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi) - we, I and one other come, from hi (hi) - come, be coming here, not own

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔó žiká ikkíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde (ą́kakdé) - we, I and one other go home, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde (ąkákde tteá) - let us go homeward, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we (the two of us) have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te, i-ke tʰaⁿ (įkną́, ąkákde tté, iké tʰą) - first son, let’s go home, he said to him [JOD]

► ex: oⁿ-ka-kdi (ǫkákdi), aⁿ-ka-kdi (ąkákdi) - we, I and one other have come back here, from kdi (kdi) - to have come back here

► ex: e-ti haⁿ-pa naⁿ-pa pa-ze de haⁿ-ke aⁿ-ka-kdi (étti hąp͓á nąp͓á ppáze dé hąké ąkákdi) - there/day/two/dark/became/almost/we have come home (I and one other) [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-ki (ąkáki) - we, I and one other be returning here, from ki (ki) - be returning to here

► ex: aⁿ-ka-ki (ąkáki) - we (I and one other) were coming back (or home) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tt[a]ąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫ́katʰą) - we, I and one other will be, from ta (tta) - future tense + tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1^st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1^st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw] 

► wa (wá) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► ex: wa-shi-ke (wášike) - we, I and one other bad, from shi-ke (šíke) - bad

► Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3^rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1^st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

plural, we dual, the two of ours

► aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual)

► cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable); di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe), oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

► ex: shoⁿ-ke aⁿ-ko-ta (šǫ́ke ąkótta) - our dog

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-gu-ta (añgúʇa) - our own [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-ʰta (oⁿ-gu-ṭa) - our [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko-ʰta (ąkóʰta) - ours; our (belonging to two or more of us; we ourselves (emphatic) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-go-ta (aⁿgóta) - our, ours, be ours [Kaw]

plural, we will, we shall

► ta-i (taí) - we shall, let’s [JOD]

► ta-i (taí) - will (plural) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi tʔeą́wade taí) - let us (let’s) kill all the black bears [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o-zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔóžiká ikíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe”, i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé”, iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

plural, we, 1^st person continuative moving

► oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ǫ́kanį) - we, 1pl continuative moving

► ex: oⁿ-ko-we oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (uⁿ-go-we e-ân-ga-ni) - we were [LH]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-thiⁿ (añ́ga¢iⁿ) - we who move [JOD-Omaha]

plural, we, 1^st person plural

► oⁿ….we (ǫ….we), aⁿ….we (ą….we)

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da-we (ąkǫ́dawe) - we want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

► ex: oⁿ-maⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫmą́nįwe) - we walk, from maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► ex: oⁿ-na-zhiⁿ-we (ǫnážįwe) - we stand, from na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► ex: oⁿ-noⁿ-ba-haⁿ-we (ǫnǫbahąwe) - we know, from i-ba-haⁿ (íbahą), i-ba-hoⁿ (íbahǫ) - know how, recognize

► ex: oⁿ-noⁿ-da-we (ǫnǫ́dawe) - we see, from i-de (íde) - see, find

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-we (ąną́we) - we say, from i-ye (iyé), i-e (ié) - say

► ex: oⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫnį́we) - we buy from someone, from ki-niⁿ (kinį́) - buy something from someone

► ex: oⁿ-ki-sto-we (ǫkístowe) - we assemble, we gather, from ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather

► wa….we (wa….we)

► ex: wa-t’a-we (watʔáwe) - we die, from t’e (tʔe) - die

► ex: wa-wa-hoⁿ-ka-we (wawáhǫkáwe) - we well behaved, from wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved

► ex: wa-wa-si-si-ka-we (wawásisikawe) - we brave, from wa-si-si-ke (wasísike) - brave

► ex: wa-wa-sha-we (wawášawe) - we rich, from wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich

► ex: wa-taⁿ-we (wattą́we) - we possess, we have from taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

plural, you’all, 2^nd person plural

► 2^nd person singular + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-ta-we (díttawe) - you all’s, from di-ta (dítta) - your, yours + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we (íšpahąwé) - you’all know, from i-shpa-haⁿ (íšpahą) - you know + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-shi-ka-we (díšikáwe) - you’all are bad, from di-shi-ke (dišíke) - you’re bad + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

plural, you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative auxiliary standing

► da-ke-she (dakéše) - you all, 2^nd person plural continuative auxiliary standing

plural, you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative moving

► a-pa-she (apáše) - you all, 2^nd person plural continuative moving

► Dhegiha: pa-she (paašé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd pl. sitting/moving/lying down subject, you are characterized by the preceding expression, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; pa-she (pashé), ba-she (baashé) - continuative you (plural), while moving [Kaw]

plural, you’all, 2^nd person plural continuative sitting

► ni-kʰa-she (nikʰáše) - you all, 2^nd person plural continuative sitting

► ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles [JOD]

► ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand [AG]

► Dhegiha: naⁿ-kxa-she (nąkxáše) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd pl. sitting object, often heard in the greeting to the participants and the audience at the war dance gathering as most are seated [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ-kha-she (hnaⁿkháshe) - you plural, while sitting, while standing, positional continuative [Kaw]

plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

► ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) - girl/other/the plural [JOD]

► ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) - the other girls

► ex: she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - girl/the plural/I play with them/so I move awhile/I wish [JOD]

► ex: ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

► ex: ti ke (tti ke) - lodge/the plural inanimate objects [JOD]

► ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya (ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ke (níkkašíka ke) - people/the standing animate objects [JOD]

► ex: za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya ni-ka-shi-ka ke (zaní hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá níkkašíka ke) - all of the people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: di-shpa-shpa ke (dišpášpa ke) - pulled to pieces/the plural inanimate obects [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi naⁿ di-shpa-shpa ke (étti hi ną dišpášpa ke) - when she arrived there, the torn pieces were scattered about [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežį́ke ákkidá-i ké tą hí) - then-to dance-there-they went-the pl.-chief-large-his son-they took part with (=danced)-the pl. when-she arrived [JOD]

► ex: ka-ke (káke) - those plural/standing/invisible/animate

► ex: to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural/standing/animate objects on this side

► ex: ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural/standing/animate, yonder

► ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural [JOD]

► ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the plural [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► ex: koi-ke (kóike) - those remote plural/standing/visible/animate

► ex: koi-ke (kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]

► ex: ti koi-ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (ttí kóike niγítte nikáwe) - those lodges over there, those people are disobedient [JOD]

place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

► cf. a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish, male personal name [MS, JOD]; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream

► Dhegiha: a-ki-thi-te (á-ki-¢í-t͓e) - to cross each other, crossing each other, to lie across one another; to cross a stream together [JOD-Omaha]; a-kʰi-thi-te u-ga-doⁿ (ákʰithíte ugádoⁿ) - to nail on crosswise, to crucify [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: thi-te (¢it͓é) - to cross, as a stream [JOD-Omaha]; ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

place on

► a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing or perpendicular object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it, as in pitching a tent, placing a candle on a table, etc. ► a-a-kde (áakdé) - I, a-da-kde (ádakdé) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda-we (ǫkákdawe) - we

► cf. o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► ex: ma-shoⁿ a-a-kde (mášǫ áakde) - I stick a feather upright (in my hair)

► ex: a-shi a-kde (aši akde) - to set an object on top of something else

► ex: siⁿ-te a-kde (sį́tte ákde) - to wear a tail in the belt, ballplayers evidently did this

► ex: wa-kde sa i-niⁿ-ha a-kde pa naⁿ (wákde sá inįhá ákde pa ną́) - they wore (a) black feather on the head too [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gthe (á-g¢e) - place upright on [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthe (á-gthe) - to place on top of another in an upright position [FL-Osage]; a-le (ále), a-dle (ádle) - place an item upright on another item, set on [CQ-Osage]; a-le (ále) - stand a perpendicular object, such as a candlestick, on a surface [Kaw]

place plural objects in scattered heaps

► sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps ► sto-a-de a-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stoáde aknąkną) - I, sto-da-de da-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stódade daknąkną) - you

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

► Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]

place plural/animate objects in one place

► sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place ► sto-de-a-wa-zhi (stodéawaži) - I, sto-de-wa-da-zhi (stodéwádaží) - you, sto-de-oⁿ-wa-zhi-we (stodéǫwažíwe) - we

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff; a-zhi (áži) - put onto something; o-zhi (oží) - put into something; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

► Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]

place several objects together

► di-miⁿ-taⁿ (dimįtą́) - place several objects together ► bdi-miⁿ-taⁿ (bdímįtą) - I, ti-miⁿ-taⁿ (ttímįtą) - you

► cf. miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

place something in order to make it stick

► a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick ► a-ta-ska i-naⁿ-da-de (áttaska iną́dade) - you

► cf. a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate or cloth/paper

► Dhegiha: u-tha-ska-be (utháskabe) - stick, adhere [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ska-be (u-¢á-ska-be) to stick, as any flat object that is glued to another [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-thaⁿ-the (i¢aⁿ¢ĕ) - to put down [JOD-Omaha]; i-thoⁿ-the (i-thóⁿ-the) - to put something away that is round [FL-Osage]; i-yaⁿ-ye (iyáⁿye) - put, place a sitting/inanimate object anywhere [Kaw]

place, a smooth place

► o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]

► cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► ex: pe o-shta (ppé oštá) - forehead

► ex: o-shta-ti (oštátti) - at a smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta wa-sh’a-ke (oštá wašʔaké) - very large smooth place [JOD]

► ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth [JOD-Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless; destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

place, arrive here to this place to get one’s own object

► a-kda tʰi (ákda tʰí) - arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not one’s home) to get one’s own object (horse, child, gun, etc.) ► a-kda a-tʰi (ákda atʰí) - I, a-da-kda da-tʰi (adákda datʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda oⁿ-ka-tʰi-we (ǫkákda ǫkátʰiwe) - we

► cf. a-kda de (ákda dé) - go after, fetch one's own; a-kda kde (ákda kdé) - go homeward for one's own; tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here

► ex: a-wi-kda a-tʰi, iⁿ-kaⁿ, i-ke (awíkda atʰí, įkką́, iké) - he said to her, I have come for you (my own), grandmother [JOD]

place, at or to that place

► she-ta (šétta) - there, at/to that place

► cf. she (šé) - that [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

► ex: she-ta da-kʰi-kniⁿ naⁿ (šétta dakʰíknį ną́) - return thither and take your seat!

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá! ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first! I will join you later on

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tta ǫkatʰą́), a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► Dhegiha: she (she) - that way, that course or direction; that [Omaha/Ponca]; she (ce) - that way or course; that: refers to an object in sight of or near the speaker and the one addressed [JOD-Omaha]; she (she) - there; that one [FL-Osage]; she (še) - that (near you) [CQ-Osage]; she (šée) - that, that one near you; here near you; there near you, there (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); him/her/it (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); she (she) - that (visible) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

place, be in a place

► kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp; be sitting ► a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - I, da-kniⁿ (daknį́) - you, kniⁿ (knį) - he/she, aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ąknį́we), oⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ǫknį́we) - we, kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-hi-kniⁿ (áhiknį́) - to get on and sit, to come to and sit upon, to reach/arrive and sit on [JOD]; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit, to come to and sit in, to reach/arrive and sit in [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

► ex: kniⁿ (knį) - sit down! (command) [MS, AB, OM]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi íkaxátta kóitta knį́ iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, sit over there on the other side of the lodge, they said [JOD]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

► ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

► ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ (pʰí aníhe ną́ ppáze dé tą aknį́) - I was coming-I who move-when-after dark-when-I camped [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ mi-aⁿ-ba miⁿ a-ki-haⁿ a-kniⁿ (į́čʰǫ mią́ba mį́ ákkihą aknį́) - I have now been (here) over a month

► ex: aⁿ-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (ą́ttaska daknį́) - you sit close to me

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

► ex: kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ (kąhį́ knį) - so she sat awhile [JOD]

► ex: ádidaska knį́) - he sits close to you

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi maštį́ke étti knį́ niⁿkʰe iyá) - then the rabbit sat there, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ naⁿ kniⁿ i-wa-we (koíšǫ́ttą ppáze dé tą ną knį́ iyáwe) - then, when it became night she camped, they say [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sat, we camped, I and one other [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (koíšǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then after awhile we camped [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti aⁿ-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppázĕ dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then-we were coming back (or home)-after night-when-we camped-when(where)-we slept [JOD]

► ex: kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they camp [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de taⁿ kniⁿ-wi (ppazé dé tą knį́wi) - after dark they camped [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢iⁿ́) - sit, dwell [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ), gliⁿ (glíⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside, continue [Kaw]

place, from this place

► de-she-tʰaⁿ (dešetʰą́) - from this place [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetą́ kákidéde) - from this place/going in that direction [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ aⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-te-a (déšetʰą́-ąkíde ątteá) - we have been here long enough [JOD]

place, from whatever place

► ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place; ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté) - anywhere, (where+soever) [JOD]; ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

place, from whatever place, where from

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

► ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go? [MS]

place, in one place together

► miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

► cf. di-miⁿ-taⁿ dimįtą́) - place several objects together

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

place, in that place, there

► koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

► cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ta (-tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gu-da (gú-da) - on that side of; beyond a person or place [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker and hearer) [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

place, in that place, yonder

► ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, “down below”, yonder, in that direction [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki o-zha da-i (káki óža dá-i) - there-to dance-they went [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder-the moving [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kda-i ke-ni-te ka-ki niⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kʰi a-taⁿ we-da-niⁿ shi-ke he-naⁿ i-da-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ taⁿ ki-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettą́nį kdá-i kenitté kaki nį ettą́nį kʰí áttą wédanį šíke héną idákikdánį áttą ką-tʰą́ tą kíwe) - then they (her step-sisters) started home first, although she arrived home first, before them (her step-sisters), and she put on her bad clothes and was there awhile when they (her step-sisters) reached home [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežį́ke ákkidá-i ké tą hí) - then/to dance/there/they went/the plural/chief/large/his son/they took part with (=danced)/the plural/when/she arrived [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki-de-de (kákidéde) - in that direction [JOD]

wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I will go in this direction [JOD]

► ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidéde dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetʰą́ kákidéde) - from this place-going in that direction [JOD]

► ex: ka-ki de-da (káki dedá) - send (throw) it in that direction!

► ex: e-ti ka-ki de-da (étti káki dedá) - throw it (send it) there, in that direction! [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club yonder!” she said to me [JOD]

► ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye ) - “throw the club there, yonder again!” she said to me [JOD]

place, on this side of a place

► to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; continuative sitting; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side; to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (¢iñké) - sitting one, animate sitting [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the (one) sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé) - 3^rd person sitting continuative aspect marker; sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) - the sitting animate object [Kaw]

► to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side; to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

► Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - the standing animate; the, animate, obviative, standing; the animate standing, proximate [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - the; the one standing; he who is standing; to stand as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage]; txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for singular animate standing entity [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ) - “the”; definite article for standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]

place, reach the place

► i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place

► cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; hi (hi) - come, be coming here (not own)

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, to have reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - to arrive [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; hi (hi) - to arrive at a place [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there (motion accomplished), come here, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, get (e.g., “get old”), become, begin to, start to, suddenlt start to; initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

place, stand in a place

► o-na-zhiⁿ (ónažį) - stand in a place ► o-a-na-zhiⁿ (oánažį) - I, o-da-na-zhiⁿ (odánažį) - you, oⁿ-ko-na-zhiⁿ (ǫkónažį́we) - we

► cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon; iⁿ-ka-bde a-na-zhiⁿ (įkábde anážį) - Lovers Leap near Quapaw, OK; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - floor; a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (ákinážį) - stand on one’s own; ki-na-zhiⁿ (kínažį) - stand with reference to another; ni-a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (niákinážį) - have duty of fetching water; i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge u-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (shoⁿge unoⁿzhiⁿ) - stable [Omaha]; u-noⁿ-zhi (u-noⁿ-zhi) - standing in [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-zhiⁿ (oną́ąžį) - stand in there, get in or stay in there, as in a room or place, attend, wear or put on [CQ-Osage]; o-na-zhiⁿ (onázhiⁿ), o-naⁿ-zhi (onáⁿzhi) - to stand in or inside [Kaw]

place, take away something for someone and come back to this place

► a-ki-niⁿ kdi (ákinį kdi) - take away something for someone and come back to this place [JOD]

► cf. a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone; kdi (kdi) - to have come back here; a-ki-niⁿ de (ákinį de) - take away something for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property; a-ki-niⁿ kde (ákinį kdé) - to take from someone and go back [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own [JOD]; ni-zhi a-ki-niⁿ (níži ákinį) - owe something to someone; wa-di-ze a-ki-niⁿ (wadíze ákinį) - owe something to someone

► ex: a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákibnį akdí) - I brought it back to him [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-niⁿ kda-i taⁿ, a-ki-de aⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ naⁿ, a-ki-pʰi, a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákinį́ kdái tą, akíde ą́kažį ną, akípʰi, ákibnį akdí) - they took it from him, he told me to go get it, I went there for it, I brought it back to him [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back your (or for you) [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her) for me and return here I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her (my own) back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi (g¢í) - to have come back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (ag¢í) - came back [JOD-Omaha]; gthi (gthi) - to come home, to return home [FL-Osage]; a-gthi (a-gthí) - returning, this expression is found frequently when referring to the return of one who has been searching for some particular thing [FL-Osage]; li (lí), a-li (alí) - arrive back here, arrive home here, return here, come back, get back, motion accomplished; initial a is often omitted in 3rd person [CQ-Osage]; li (li) - to have come home, to have come back [Kaw]

place, this place

► de-do (de-do) - here, this place, right here [AG, OM]

► de-do (dédo) - here

► de-to (dettó), de-do (dedó) - native, translates JOD’s “Dhegiha”

► cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there

► ex: “de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ, she-mi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ,” i-ke niⁿ (“dédo áška ettítʰą, šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą,” iké nį́) - “near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls,” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe moⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́ mįkʰé mǫ́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

► ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

► ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé) - I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]

► Dhegiha: the-thu (¢é¢u) - here [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ the-thu-a-di (moⁿzhoⁿ théthuadi) - here [Omaha]; the-thu-di a-toⁿ (thethudi atoⁿ) - from here [Omaha]; the-tho (thé-tho) - here at this place [FL-Osage]; ye-yo (yèyó) - here, right here [Kaw]

places, red in spots or places

► zhi-zhi-te (žižítte) - red in spots or places

► cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red

► Dhegiha: zhu-zhu-dse (zhú-zhu-dse) - splotches of red on the body, measles [FL-Osage]; zhu-zhu-je (zhúzhuje) - red here and there, in spots [Kaw]

plain, visible

► wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain ► aⁿ-wa-di-shta (ąwádištá) - I, di-wa-di-shta (diwádištá) - you, wa-wa-di-shta-we (wawádištawe) - we

► cf. ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet; po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view; ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-shna (wathíshna) - bold, visible [Omaha]; shi-wa-thi-shna (shíwathishna) - appear [Omaha]; thi wa-thi-shna (thi wathishna) - reveal, show, bring it out [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-wa-thi-shna (ba-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to punch at an object under the surface of the water, etc., making it appear [JOD-Omaha]; ga-wa-thi-shna (ga-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to make visible by digging, as something buried under ground, snow, etc.; to blow off the sand or snow, causing what was covered to appear [JOD-Omaha]

plainly, clearly

► da-wa-ska (dawáska) - clearly, plainly

► cf. i-ye wa-ska (iyéwaska) - interpreter, lit. “talk clear”; i-shta wa-sko-knaⁿ (ištá waskókną) - glasses, eyeglasses, “eye+clear, intelligible+put on”; wa-ska-ha (waskáha) - whitened, white; haⁿ-ba wa-ska-de (hąbá waskáde) - daylight

► Dhegiha: tha-wa-ska (tha-wá-çka) - to make a clear statement [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: wa-ska (wa-çká) - intelligible; clear to the understanding; lucid [FL-Osage]; wa-ska (waská) - clear, as weather, water, writing, or speaking [Kaw]

plait a lariat in two strands

► a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands

► cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

► ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

► ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

► Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ni thi-be-bthiⁿ (zhoⁿní thibébthiⁿ) - twisted or plaited candy, twisted sugar, striped stick candy, candy cane, candy of any type [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

plaited scalp lock

► no-x’e-saⁿ (noxʔésą), na-x’e-saⁿ (naxʔésą) - plaited scalp lock

► Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - to braid [FL-Osage]; saⁿ (saⁿ) - plaited, braided [Kaw]

plan, decide

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - to plan, to decide [JOD]

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide ► bdi-knaⁿ (bdíkną) - I, ti-knaⁿ (ttíkną) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately; think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wábdikną́) - I am planning something [JOD]

► ex: da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-ki-ho-shi (datʰé dikną́ tą ík͓ihoší) - she decided to eat it, he (her man/husband) forbid her (from eating it) [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

► ex: shiⁿ-wa-de di-knaⁿ niⁿ (šįwáde dikną́ nį) - he planned/decided to fatten them [JOD]

► ex: a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ (anį́ kde dikną́) - he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikną́, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (ppíkiži dikną́) - she planned/decided to put it away [JOD]

► ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi naⁿ pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (dasnį́waží ną ppíkiži dikną́) - they had not devoured it all, she decided to put her scraps away [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xe di-knaⁿ (mątté iǫ́ dixé dikną́) - (they) planned to chase/pursue him by using a canoe [JOD]

► ex: a-ko-e a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ákoe anį́ kde dikną́ tʰą) - quickly he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

► ex: a-toⁿ-we-ki-de di-knaⁿ (atǫ́wekidé díkną)- he planned/tried to make me look at him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain, mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (wa¢íg¢aⁿ) - plan; to rule; one who prophesies [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; mind [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about; mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; mind [Kaw]

plan, think, decide, form an opinion

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan ► i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately

► cf. di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort; to decide, to plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (íttikną) - you plan, you decide [JOD]

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-ka (íd^¢ik͓naⁿ́ niká) - they were deciding [JOD]

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-kʰa (ídikną́ nikʰá) - they were deciding [JOD]

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain, mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (wa¢íg¢aⁿ) - plan; to rule; one who prophesies [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; mind [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about; mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; mind [Kaw]

plane, smoothe, sand

► ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane ► pa-shta (ppášta) - I, shpa-shta (špášta) - you

► cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► Dhegiha: ba-shta (ba-shtá) - coneflower; a hair cut [FL-Osage]; ba-shta (bashtá) - scrape hair from a hide [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-shta-ha (ba-shtá-ha) - to polish, wood or stone [FL-Osage]; ba-shta-ha (bashtáha) - plane or stretch something smooth; to be swollen till free from wrinkles, till smooth [Kaw]

► di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand ► bdi-shta (bdíšta) - I, ti-shta (ttíšta) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

► Dhegiha: thi-shna (thishna) - pluck [Omaha]; thu-shta (thu-shtá) - to pluck, as a fowl [FL-Osage]; thu-shta (ðuuštá) - make bald or bare, jerk someone’s hair out; dunude [CQ-Osage]; thu-shta-ha (ðuuštáha) - iron [CQ-Osage]; yu-shta (yushtá) - pull out, as weeds; pluck out, as whiskers [Kaw]

plank

► zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte), zhaⁿ di-shte (žą díšte) - plank, “split wood”

► cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ́), zhaⁿ (žą) wood, tree; o-di-shte (odíšte) - saw, split by sawing; o-di-shte (odíšte) - half (number or quantity)

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree, wood, fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber, stick, pole, woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-stse-ge (u-thi-stse-ge) - split [FL-Osage]; o-yu-stse-ge (oyúscege) - pull apart, split by pulling [Kaw]

plank, lift off as a door or plank

► di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank ► bdi-ki-kda (bdíkkikda) - I, ti-ki-kda (ttíkkikda) - you

planks, noise of planks

► di-xa-xa-da (dixáxada) - clatter, noise of planks ► bdi-xa-xa-da (bdíxaxada) - I, ti-xa-xa-da (ttíxaxada) - you

► cf. ka-xa-xa-da (kaxáxada) - thump, make a dull sound; ka-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

plant a post in the ground

► po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground ► po-a-za (póaza) - I, po-da-za (pódaza) - you, po-oⁿ-za-we (póǫzawe) - we

► cf. zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza) - post, fence post

► Dhegiha: mu-za (mú-za) - to stick a stake or stick in the ground; to plant a post or posts [JOD-Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground; to place a pole in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - plant a post or stick in the ground; to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely or perpendicularly, as a fence post; post, fence; marker, monument [Kaw]

plant, cactus plant

► ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó) - cactus plant

► ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus [MS]

► cf. ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto), wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xthu (ba-q¢ú) - to punch a hole, to pierce, to punch through [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

plant, fill, put into

► o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill ► o-a-zhi (oáži) - I, o-da-zhi (odáži) - you, oⁿko-zhi-we (ǫkóžiwe) - we

► cf. o-zhi (oží) - filled [JOD]; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill one’s own; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill something for someone; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box, wooden box; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]; e-ti-zhi (ettíži) - put them on [JOD]; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in; a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objects onto something that serves as a platform; koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ o-zhi (mą́oží) - quiver for arrows

► ex: zi-hi o-zhi (zíhi óži) - jug

► ex: ma-ze o-zhi (máze óži) - tin plate

► ex: zhoⁿ o-zhi (žǫ́ oží) - dipper or cup of wood

► ex: o-zhi ska wa-noⁿ-bde (óži ska wanǫ́bde) - bowl [MS]

► ex: ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle [MS]

► ex: ma-ze ni o-zhi (mazé ni oží) - milk bottle [MS]

► ex: o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka o-zhi-ha (wažį́ka ožíha) - bird’s nest

► ex: te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder

► ex: shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhoⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žǫppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they went back (the other girls), he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

► ex: pe-zhe-xta zhaⁿ-a-be-tʰaⁿ o-zhi o-ki-kde-kde (ppežéxta žą́abetʰą́ oží ókikdékde) - flour-barrel-filled-set up in a row [JOD]

► ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ (óžiha žiká étti ówaži ną) - he put them in there, in the little bag [JOD]

► ex: to-wa o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-wa-ki-zhi (tówa óžiha žíka ówakiží) - he put the four of them (his own) into the little bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]; u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

plant, root of plant

► koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line

► cf. ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine “ relating to the earth or ground + root”; ta-kaⁿ (ttakką́) - thread, deer’s sinew; maⁿ-te-kaⁿ (mą́ttekką́) - bow string; wa-hi ko-ke kaⁿ (wahí kkóke kką́) - fishing line; hoⁿ-be-koⁿ (hǫbékkǫ) - shoelaces, moccasin strings; maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de (mąté-kkąde) - canoe string/rope [JOD]; maⁿ-te kaⁿ (mąté-kką) - canoe string/rope [JOD]; zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; wa-pa-iⁿ kaⁿ (wappaį́ kką) - vein, artery; i-ki-kaⁿ-de (íkikką́de) - string one’s bow; i-kaⁿ-de (íkkąde) - lariat

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe a-ba-xe (mątté-kką nįkʰe ábaγé) - I cut the canoe string/rope (with the hatchet) [JOD)]

► Dhegiha: koⁿ (koⁿ) - sinew, root, string [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ (koⁿ) - blood vessel, veins, artery, root, string [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ʰkoⁿ) - a vein or blood vessel, roots of trees or plants, sinew [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ (ʰką́), ʰkoⁿ (ʰkǫ́) - vein, artery, blood vessel [CQ-Osage]; k’aⁿ (kʔą) - root [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ (kaⁿ) - vein, artery, root, sinew, string [Kaw]

plant, uproot a plant

► di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up ► bdi-ta-t’e (bdíttatʔe) - I, ti-ta-t’e (ttíttatʔe) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► Dhegiha: thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-na-t’e-ga (thanát’ega) - kill, bite, to kill plants by biting around the roots, as rabbits do [Omaha/Ponca]; da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]; ya-da-ts’e-ga (yadáts’ega) - kill plants by gnawing on them, as rabbits, to make vegetation wither by gnawing on the bark or at the roots, as rabbits do in winter [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ba-da-ts’e-ga (bádats’ega) - cause a tree or bush to wilt by cutting [Kaw]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (badáts’ega) - cause vegetation to wilt punching or by rooting up the ground [Kaw]; da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]; ga-da-ts’e-ga (gadáts’ega) - wind to dry something a little, especially fresh meat which is hung up, by blowing on it [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ga (naⁿdáts’ega) - trample, make vegetation wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ye (naⁿdáts’èye) - trample, make wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; ya-ts’e-ga (yats’éga) - wither from being gnawed on, as a plant [Kaw]

planting time

► ma-bnaⁿ (mábną) - planting time

plaster a house

► a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house ► a-pi-shta (áppišta) - I, a-shpi-shta (ášpišta) - you

► cf. a (a) on, upon; bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand

► Dhegiha: a-bi-zhna-be (ábizhnábe) - spread, plaster, spread as plaster on a wall [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi a-bi-shta-be (ṭsi-á-bi-shta-be) - plaster for the coating of the walls of a house, the work of plastering a house [FL-Osage]

Platanus occidental, sycamore

► zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są), zhaⁿ saⁿ (žą są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental

► cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ́), zhaⁿ (žą) wood, tree; saⁿ (są) - whitish, pale, white in the distance

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ soⁿ (zhoⁿsóⁿ) - sycamore tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhaⁿ saⁿ (jaⁿ-sáⁿ) - the sycamore tree [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ soⁿ hi (zhoⁿ çóⁿ hi) - white tree, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ saⁿ (zháⁿ saⁿ) - sycamore tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

plate

► ma-ze o-zhi (máze óži) - tin plate

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron, metal; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill

► o-ka-ze (okáze) - plate [MS, OM]

Platte river, NE

► ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Platte river, NE

► ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Nebraska, “flat water” [OM]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; bda-ska (bdáska) - flat

► Dhegiha: ni-btha-ska (ni-b¢á-ska) - “flat water”; the Platte River, Neb., hence the name of the state, Nebraska [JOD-Omaha]; ni-btha-ska (ni-bthá-çka) - flat river, Platte River, Nebraska [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ni (ní) - water [Omaha/Ponca]; ni (ni) - water, liquid, river [Omaha]; ni (ni) - water, river, rivulet, creek [FL-Osage]; ni (níi) - water, any fluid, liquid [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - water, river, any liquid [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bda-ska (bdáska) - flat [RR-Quapaw]; btha-ska (btháska) - flat [Omaha/Ponca]; btha-ska (bthá-çka) - flatten [FL-Osage]; bra-ska (bráaska) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-ska (bláska) - flat, as the edges, not the surfaces, of something [Kaw]

play

► shka-te (škátte) - play ► a-shka-te (aškátte) - I, da-shka-te (daškátte) - you, aⁿ-shka-ta-we (ą́škáttawe) - we

► cf. shka-te haⁿ-ba (škátte hą́ba) - Thursday, lit. “play day”

► ex: a-wa-ki-shka-te (awákiškátte) - I want to play with them [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

► ex: wa-ki-shka-te (wákiškátte) - played with them [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ she-mi ke wa-ki-shka-te haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi wa-saⁿ-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šemí ke wákiškátte hą́eąží wasą́de tʰą́ ną) - then-girl-the plural-played with them-a great deal-she liked (prized) them-the standing-past sign [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ shka-te de (šíną škátte dé) - again he went to play [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ, shi-naⁿ shka-te bde ta-ni-he de,” i-ke (“į́kką́, šíną škátte bde ttaníhe dé,” iké) - “grandmother, again I will surely go play,” he said to her [JOD]

► ex: “i-di-bnaⁿ hi e-koⁿ, shka-te da ni-he, pi-za-ti shka-te da ni-he,” i-ke niⁿ (“ídibną́ hi ekǫ́, škátte dá-nihé, ppizátti škátte dá-nihé,” iké nį) - “you’ve had enough, go play, go play on the sand!” she said to him [JOD]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ní wašʔaké ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing on the sand of the large body of water (river?) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shka-de (shkáde) - play, to play [Omaha/Ponca]; shka-de (shkade) - play [Omaha]; shka-de (cká-de) - to play [JOD-Omaha]; shka-dse (shká-dse) - to play; to sport; to frolic [FL-Osage]; shka-tse (shkáce) - play [CQ-Osage]; shka-je (shkáje) - play [Kaw]

play accordion or violin

► ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin ► pa-kiⁿ-te (ppákįtte) - I, shpa-kiⁿ-te (špákįtte) - you

► cf. ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža), ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman’s dance; di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - to make creak by pulling; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion

► Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak, to play the fiddle, to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-ze (ba-gí-ze) - to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing hence, to play a fiddle [JOD-Omaha]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - ba (ba), an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse), squeak; a fiddle, violin [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle, music, play the guitar [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gi-ze (gíze) - creak, to creak [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-ze (gí-ze) - to creak [JOD-Omaha]; gi-dse (gi-dse) - squeak [FL-Osage]; ki-tse (kice) - squeak [CQ-Osage]

play ball

► ka-ta-pa-we (kkattappáwe) - play ball [MS]

► oⁿ-ka-kdi ka-ta-pa (ǫkákdi kkattappá) - come on, play ball [AG]

► cf. ka-ta-pa (kkattappá) - football, possibly derived from ka (ka) + ta-pe (ttapé)

► Dhegiha: ta-be (tabé) - ball [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-be (tabe) - ball, baseball, basketball [Omaha]; ʰta-be (ṭa-bé) - ball [FL-Osage]; ʰta-pe (ʰtaapé) - ball [CQ-Osage]; ta-be (tabé) - ball [Kaw]

play the flute

► ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ (kibą obíγǫ) - flute-blowing on [JOD]

► cf. ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”; o-bi-xoⁿ (obíγǫ) - blow into, inflate

► ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą kibą obíγǫ pá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was blown [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-boⁿ (kiboⁿ) - invite [Omaha]; gi-boⁿ (gí-boⁿ) - to call from a distance, to summon, to call to appear [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰpaⁿ (kíʰpą) - call, invite one’s relative(s) [CQ-Osage]; ki-paⁿ (kípą) - call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others, invite someone, not a relative [CQ-Osage]; gi-baⁿ (gibáⁿ) - call to one’s own children, etc. [Kaw]; gi-baⁿ (gíbaⁿ) - call to someone, call to another, call to another’s child, etc. [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-bi-xoⁿ (ubíxoⁿ) - blow [Omaha]; u-bi-xoⁿ (u-bí-xoⁿ) - any kind of wind instrument, as a flute or horn [FL-Osage]; o-pi-xaⁿ (opíɣą) - blow into or on, blow inside, play a horn or other wind instrument [CQ-Osage]

► ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - flute of cane, used by a lover to signal to his sweetheart, or to play when one “feels lonesome”, from Geroge Red Eagle [MH]

► ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”

► ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - flute of cedar, from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

► cf. baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo; wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - to give the attacking cry [JOD]; wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I call to them; wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal

► ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ ta (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą ta) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másaníttą níkkašíka mį́ kibą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-boⁿ (kiboⁿ) - invite [Omaha]; gi-boⁿ (gí-boⁿ) - to call from a distance, to summon, to call to appear [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰpaⁿ (kíʰpą) - call, invite one’s relative(s) [CQ-Osage]; ki-paⁿ (kípą) - call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others, invite someone, not a relative [CQ-Osage]; gi-baⁿ (gibáⁿ) - call to one’s own children, etc. [Kaw]; gi-baⁿ (gíbaⁿ) - call to someone, call to another, call to another’s child, etc. [Kaw]

play, play seesaw

► ki-pi-za-za (kkíppizáza) - to play seesaw

► ex: aⁿ-ki-pi-za-za (ąkkíppizaza) - let’s seesaw each other, let’s play seesaw

playing cards, deck of cards

► i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (i-kah-zŭzŭ-ikan) - cards, playing cards, “paper with which to gamble or bet” (cartes á jouer) [GI]

► cf. i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet; kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]

► Dhegiha: ʰta-noⁿ-ʰk’a ʰkoⁿ (ṭa-nóⁿ-ḳ’a-ḳoⁿ) - a deck of cards, playing cards, “paper - gamble or a game” [FL-Osage]; ʰta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (ʰtaną́kʔa kʔǫ́) - deck of cards, card game, play cards, lit., “play/gamble with paper” [CQ-Osage]; ta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (tanáⁿk’a k’oⁿ) - to play cards, gamble at cards [Kaw]

pleased, happy

► ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like ► aⁿ-da-kni (ą́dakni) - I’m, di-da-kni (dídakni) - you’re

► cf. ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased; wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names; i-shta we-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéde daknį́ži) - be nearsighted

► ex: i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (íwíkide ą́dakní) - I’m glad to see you [AB, OM]

► ex: aⁿ-da-kni wi-tʰi-koⁿ (ą́dakni witʰíkǫ) - I’m glad it’s (my) grandpa [MS]

► ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I’m glad to see you [FR]

► ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

► ex: i-e ki-da-kni (ié kidákni) - he likes to talk [MS]

► ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

► Dhegiha: gi-tha-gthiⁿ (gí-tha-gthiⁿ) - happy, pleased [FL-Osage]; ki-tha-liⁿ (kiðálį) - be glad, feel good, also used as an equivalent of thank you, like, enjoy, be happy about, be pleased with [CQ-Osage]; gi-ya-le (gíyale) - be happy [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (¢á-g¢iⁿ) - good, this is the Ponka notation of the Osage tha-gthiⁿ (¢ak͓¢iⁿ) and the Kansas ya-liⁿ(yaliⁿ). Used primarily in Ponca names [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid, to be pleased [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį) - be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, good, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good oe well-behaved person, or good food [Kaw]

► wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased

► cf. wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like; ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names

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