English to Quapaw Dictionary

A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources Dhegiha Sources

 

P

pace - pelican pelt - pinch pine - pleased plentiful - pressing pressing - pulse pulverize - put two

 

pine

pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine

cf. pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree; pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

Dhegiha: ba-zoⁿ (bá-çoⁿ) - from the cedars; the north [FL-Osage]

 

Pine Bluff

pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

cf. pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine; pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree

Dhegiha: pa-zaⁿ ʰta hu (pázą ʰtá hu) - east wind, fall winds, lit. “comes from the pines” [CQ-Osage]; ba-zaⁿ-ta (bázaⁿta), pa-zo-ta (pázota) - east, east wind; deity of the east wind, power of east wind, lit: “toward the pines” [Kaw]; ba-zaⁿ-ta o-ga-xle (bázaⁿta ogáxle) - eastward, facing east [Kaw]

 

pine tree

pa-saⁿ hi (pasąhi) - pine tree

cf. pa-saⁿ (pásą) - pine; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg; pa-saⁿ-ta (pásątta) - pine bluff, Quapaw Agency, IT

Dhegiha: ba-zoⁿ hi (bá-çoⁿ hi) - pine tree, spruce tree, spruce or pine trees [FL-Osage]; ba-zaⁿ hu (bázaⁿhu) - pine tree [Kaw]

 

pink

zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink

zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM]

cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish, pale; saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; haⁿ-pa iⁿ-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”; ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora; siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sį́tte są́hą) - whitish tail [JOD]

Dhegiha: zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi-de (zhíde) - red [Omaha]; zhu-dse (zhú-dse) - red, scarlet, vermilion [FL-Osage]; zhu-tse (žúuce) - red [CQ-Osage]; zhu-je (zhúje) - red [Kaw]

Dhegiha: soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]

 

pinnated grouse

sho taⁿ-ka (šo ttą́ka) - prairie hen, pinnated grouse

Dhegiha: shu (shú) - prairie-hen, prairie chicken [Omaha/Ponca]; shu (shu) - prairie chicken; lesser chicken [Omaha]; shu taⁿga (shútaⁿga) - prairie chicken, quail [Kaw]

 

pipe

ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe

ta-ni-ba (ta nǐ bah) - pipe, stem said to be Quapaw made, the only one I could find, from John Crow [MH]

ta-ni-ba (taníba) - smoke [AG, OM]

cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; ta-ni-ba he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus); ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; ta-ni-ka-hi (taníkahi) - sumac, lit. “mix with tobacco”

Dhegiha: ni-ni-ba (niníba) - pipe [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿ-ni-oⁿ-ba) - a pipe [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-niⁿ-oⁿ-pa (nąnį́ǫpa) - pipe, smoke [CQ-Osage]; na-noⁿ-ba (nanóⁿba), naⁿ-noⁿ-ba (naⁿnóⁿba), noⁿ-noⁿ-ba (nóⁿnoⁿba), na-nu-oⁿ-ba (nánuóⁿba), noⁿ-nu-oⁿ-ba (nóⁿnuóⁿba) - pipe [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ni-ni (nini), ni-ni hi (nini hi) - any kind of tobacco, tobacco plant [Omaha]; ni-ni (niní) - tobacco [JOD-Omaha]; noⁿ-ni (noⁿ-ní), noⁿ-ni-hi (noⁿ-ní-hi) - tobacco [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-nu-hu (nąnúhu) - tobacco [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-nu (naⁿnú), noⁿ-nu (noⁿnú), naⁿ-ni (naⁿní), na-nu (nanú), na-no (nanó) - tobacco [Kaw]

 

pipe, sacred pipe

ta-ni-ba wa-xo-we (taníba waxówe) - the sacred pipe

cf. ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe; xo-we (xówe) - sacred, holy; di-xo-we (dixówe) - consecrate, make holy; ni-ka xo-we (níkka xówe) - shaman, Indian doctor, priest; ni xo-we (ni xówe) - mysterious water, holy/sacred water, the name for two sulpher springs, one on each side of Tar Creek, Indian Terr. [JOD]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka xo-we (wažį́ka xówe) - eagle, “holy bird”; zhoⁿ xo-we (žǫ xówe) - sassafras, S. albidum, lit. “holy wood”

Dhegiha: ni-ni-ba wa-xu-be (niníba waqúbe) - sacred pipe [JOD-Omaha]; na-nu-oⁿ-ba wa-xo-be  (nánuóⁿba waxóbe) - sacred pipe; pipe [Kaw]

Dhegiha: noⁿ-nu-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi (noⁿ-nú-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi) - a sacred pipe (mysterious) [FL-Osage]; na-nu-oⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (nanúoⁿba wakáⁿdagi) - mysterious (sacred) pipe [Kaw]; naⁿ-noⁿ-ba wa-kaⁿ-da-gi (naⁿnóⁿba wakáⁿdagi) - sacred pipe [Kaw]

Dhegiha: wa-xu-be (waqúbe) - mysterious, holy, sacred [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-be (waxube) - holy [Omaha]; wa-xo-be (wa-xó-be) - a talisman or something worn about the person to ward off evil, anything consecrated for ceremonial use [FL-Osage]; wa-xo-pe (waxópe) - medicine bundle, sacred object, things consecrated or honored [CQ-Osage]; wa-xo-we (waxówe), wa-xo-be (waxóbe) - sacred, holy, mysterious, any sacred or mysterious object, as a sacred bundle [Kaw]

Dhegiha: xu-be (xube) - hallowed, holy, wizard [Omaha]; xu-be (xúbe) - holy, supernatural power, sanctity [FL-Osage]; xo-pe (xópe) - sacred, consecrated, holy [CQ-Osage]

 

pipe, windpipe

to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (tótte oxǘxüwe) - windpipe, trachea

cf. to-te (tótte) - throat; ta-to-te-xi-xi-we (ttatóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

Dhegiha: nu-de xi-xi-be (núde qiqíbe) - trachea, windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de xi-xi-be (núde xixibe) - windpipe [Omaha]; do-dse xi-be (dó-dse xi-be), ʰto-dse xi-be (ṭó-dse xi-be) - windpipe [FL-Osage]; do-je xu-xu-be (dóje xuxúbe) - trachea, windpipe [Kaw]

Dhegiha: nu-de (núde) - throat; front part of the neck, including the trachea [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-de (nude) - throat [Omaha]; do-dse (dó-dse) - throat; gullet [FL-Osage]; to-tse (tóoce) - throat, gullet [CQ-Osage]; do-je (dóje), to-je (tóje) - throat; Adam’s apple
[Kaw]

 

ta-to-te-xi-xi-we (ttatóttexixíwe) - deer’s windpipe

cf. ta (tta) - deer; to-te (tótte) - throat; to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (tótte oxǘxüwe) - windpipe, trachea

 

pipestem

ta-ni-ba i-ba (taníba íba) - pipestem

cf. ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe; i-ba (íba) - stem, handle; ma-hiⁿ i-ba (máhį ibá) - knife handle

Dhegiha: na-noⁿ-ba i-ba (nanóⁿba iba) - pipestem [Kaw]

Dhegiha: i-ba (íba) - handle [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ba (í-ba) - a handle [JOD-Omaha]; i-ba (í-ba) - trope for pipestem; haft, the handle of a sharp weapon [FL-Osage]; i-ba (íba) - handle [Kaw]

 

pistol

ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol

cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife

Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

 

ma-ze shte-ka (mozeh-schtekkeh) - pistol (pistolet) [GI]

ma-ze shte-ka (mazé štéka) - pistol, “short gun”

cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; shte-ka (štéka), (šteká) - short; shte-ka hi (štéka hi), (šteká hi) - short [MS]; hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha shte-ka (hǫbį́tteáha štéka) - slippers, lit., “short moccasin flaps”; wa-tʰe shte-ka (watʰé šteká) - short dress [JOD]; di-ti wa-hi o-shte-ka (dítti wahi oštéka) - short rib

 

pit, seed, grain, kernal

si (si) - seed, pit, grain, kernel

ex: kaⁿ-te si (kką́tte sí) - apple seed [MS]

ex: pe-zhe xta si (ppéžexta si) - rice [OM]

ex: pe-zhe xta si zhi-ka (ppéžextá si žíka) - rice [JOD]

ex: wa-tʰaⁿ-zi si (wátʰązí si) - grains of corn

Dhegiha: si (si) - seed [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - pit [Omaha]; si (si) - seed, in general; a seed [JOD-Omaha]; si (çi), su (çu) - seed [FL-Osage]; su (súu) - seed, pit, kernel [CQ-Osage]

 

pitiable, miserable

da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable aⁿ-da-x’e ti-aⁿ (ądáxʔe tią́) - I

cf. da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; ti-aⁿ (tią́) - to feel like, somewhat

Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

 

pitiful, poor

wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - poor, pitiful aⁿ-wa-xpa-ni (ąwáxpaní) - I’m, di-wa-xpa-ni (diwáxpaní) - you are

wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - pity me [OM]

ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

ex: wa-xpa-ni-de (waxpánidé) - treated her miserably [JOD]

ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de (wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé) - (they) treated the orpan miserably [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then/so/the moving/orphan/the standing/treated her miserably/a great deal/the standing/past sign [JOD]

ex: wa-xpa-ni mi (waxpáni mí) - pity for myself [OM]

ex: wa-xpa-ni ska (waxpáni ská) - my pity for you, I’m pitying you, pity you [OM]

Dhegiha: wa-xpa-ni (waqpáni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpáthiⁿ) - poor, to be poor [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpathiⁿ) - poverty, poor [Omaha]; wa-xpa-ni (wa-qpá-ni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpá¢iⁿ) - to be poor [JOD-Omaha]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (wa-xpá-thiⁿ) - to suffer from exhaustion, in need, poverty-stricken, poor in spirit, in great grief, in sorrow, a mourner [FL-Osage]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpáðį), wa-xpaiⁿ (waxpáį), wa-xpeiⁿ (waxpéį) - poor, poverty stricken, pitiful, humble, long suffering as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune [CQ-Osage]; wa-xpa-yiⁿ (waxpáyiⁿ) - be humble, pitiful, be poor, to feel poorly, feel ill [Kaw]

 

pitiless, mericless

wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless wa-da-x’e-a-da-zhi (wadáxʔeadáži) - I, wa-da-x’e-da-da-zhi (wadáxʔedadáži) - you, wa-da-x’e-oⁿ-da-wa-zhi (wadáxʔeǫ́dawaži) -we

cf. wa (wa) - them, things, stuff; da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone; zhi (ži) - negative, not, negation; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one’s own; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable

Dhegiha: wa-tha-ʰk’e-tha-zhi (wa-thá-ḳ’e-tha-zhi) - merciless, unkind, uncharitable, pitiless, cruel, selfish, ruthless [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: wa-tha-’e-the (wa-¢á-’e-¢e) - to be kind or merciful to them, to be kind, show pity [JOD-Omaha]; wa-tha-’e-the (watha ethe) - fair-minded, sympathy, accommodate, take care of, pity, be comforted, charity [Omaha]; wa-tha-ʰk’e-the (wa-thá-ḳ’e-the) - sympathy, sympathetic, easily moved to sympathy and pity for those who suffer, tender-hearted, a man of kindly spirit, compassion [FL-Osage]; wa-tha-k’e-the (waðákʔeðe) - be a kind or generous person [CQ-Osage]

Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

 

pity, be kind to someone

da-x’e-de (daxʔéde) - pity, be kind to someone da-x’e-a-de (daxʔéade) - I, da-x’e-da-de (daxʔédade) - you

cf. da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔekíde) - care for one's own; da-x’e-ki-de (daxʔékkide) - care for one for someone else; da-x’e ti-aⁿ (daxʔé tią́) - pitiable, miserable; wa-da-x’e-da-zhi (wadáxʔedáži) - mericless, pitiless

Dhegiha: tha-’e-the (tha ethe) - pity, befriend [Omaha]; tha-ʰk’e-the (tha-ḳ’e-the) - to be tender, gentle, and sympathetic to one who suffers with grief or is in great trouble, tenderness, kind-heartedness [FL-Osage]; tha-k’e-the (ðakʔéðe) - feel sorry for, pity, be good to, be merciful to, take care of, bless [CQ-Osage]; ya-k’e-ye (yak’éye) - pity or love, bless [Kaw]

 

plural shall

ta-i-tʰe (taitʰé) - shall (plural), they shall [JOD]

ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, and mind [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-da wi-te-ke e-ta-we di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá wítteke ettáwe dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

Dhegiha: ta-i-te (ta íte) - shall [Omaha]; ta-i-te (taité) - will surely, shall, shall surely [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i-tʰe (ta-i-tʰe) - shall [Omaha]; ʰta-i-tse (ṭa-í-tse) - they shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta-i-te (ṭa i te) - they will [FL-Osage]

 

plural, continuative plural

wi-ke (wiké) - continuative plural

cf. ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in

ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) -younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]

ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

 

plural, lying, animate objects

iⁿ-ke (įké) - lying objects, plural/lying/animate; collocations of lying objects take the sitting art. as a bundle

cf. ke (ke) - the pl/st/an or pl/st/in

ex: ha-na iⁿ-ke (haná įké) - some

ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

ex: aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (ąkanį́ įké) - we have [MS]

ex: wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we got some good (stomp dance) leaders here [MS]

ex: o-zha wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (óža wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we have good (stomp dance) leaders [MS]

ex: ke-ha-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (kehá anaɣáda hóttą ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]

 

plural, only we, only us

oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

cf. oⁿ-ko (ǫkó), aⁿ-ko (ąkó) - we, pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, I alone; wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

Dhegiha: aⁿgu-hnaⁿ (añgú-hnaⁿ) - we alone [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną), aⁿ-ko-na (ąkóna) - we only, it is only we [CQ-Osage]

 

plural, our, ours

aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe), oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable); di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual)

ex: “ka-hi-ke oⁿ-ko-ta-we, t’e-wa-ki-da-we i-ya,” i-ya-we, i-ya wa-sa ke (“kahíke ǫkóttawe, tʔéwakidáwe iyá,” iyáwe, iyá wasá ke) - “our chief, they have killed our relation, he (rabbit) said,” the black bears said, it is said (they say) [JOD]

Dhegiha: aⁿ-gu-ta-i (añgúʇai) - our [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-ʰta-pi (ąkóʰtapi) - ours; our (belonging to two or more of us) [CQ-Osage]

 

plural, them, they, things, stuff

wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff

ex: o-wa-hoⁿ (ówahǫ) - boil plural/animate/objects, from o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil

ex: wa-koⁿ-da (wákkǫda) - attack plural/animate beings, from koⁿ-da (kǫ́da) - to chase, to attack, to rush upon a foe, to run after

ex: wa-ka-de (wakáde) - give objects to someone not kin, from ka-de (kadé) - give away one thing

ex: wa-knoⁿ-ke (wáknǫké) - marry more than one wife, from knoⁿ-ke (knǫké) - marry a woman

Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - things; a thing which [FL-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

 

plural, they, 3rd person plural

we (-we), a-we (-awe) - they, 3rd person plural, pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: i-ya-we (iyáwĕ), i-a-we (i-a-we) - they say, from i-ye (iyé), i-e (ié) - say + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs, from i-ta (ittá), e-ta (ettá) - his, hers, its + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: iⁿ-da, wi-te-ke, e-ta-we, di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá, wittéke, ettáwe, dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

ex: xa-ka-we (γakáwe) - they cry, weep, from xa-ke (γaké) - cry, weep + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi xa-ka-we (wasá béniži γakáwe) - everyone of the black bears cried [JOD]

ex: ka-xa-we (káγawe) - they make, they made, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: zho-hi ka-xa-we (žohí hi káγawe) - they made many [JOD]

ex: ki-maⁿ-da-we (kímądawe) - they steal, they stole, from ki-maⁿ-da (kímąda) - steal something from someone + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: sho-ke-a-kniⁿ ki-maⁿ-da-we (šǫkeáknį kímądawe) - they stole his horse

ex: da-we (dáwe) - they go, they went, from de (de) - go + we (-we), a-we (-awe) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases

ex: haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka wa-x’o i-da-kda-niⁿ ta-bde da-we (hą́tʰąhí níkka waxʔó idákdanį́ tábde dáwe) - once upon a time, a man and his woman went hunting [JOD]

ex: shi-naⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ki-ha naⁿ, to k’e da-we (šiną́ waną́bde kihá ną, tó kʔe dáwe) - when they finished eating, they went to dig potatoes again [JOD]

ex: e-ti da-tʰe shoⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-niⁿ da-we (étti datʰé šǫ́-nįkʰé ttą́nį dáwe) - he sat there eating (the puppy) while they ran away’ (JOD)]

Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1st or 2nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í
[Kaw]

 

wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - they, 3rd person plural, pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: da-wi (dáwi) - they go, they went, from de (de) - go + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

ex: ta-taⁿ za-ni hi ki-k’iⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ da-wi (táttą zaní hi kikʔį́ ą́tą dáwi) - she carried everything on her back when they went [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-zha a-ka-sa-ni taⁿ o-zha da-wi (kóišǫ́ttą ną́ža ákasáni tą óža dáwi) - and then the next morning they went to the dance [JOD]

ex: ha-za-wi (házawí) - they fled, from ha-ze (háze) - run away, flee + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: o-zha-wi (óžawi) - they dance, from o-zha (óža) - dance + a-wi (-awi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance)' (MS)]

ex: aⁿ-baⁿ-wi (ąbą́wi) - they called me, from baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo + wi (-wi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: ho-ho-wi (hohówi) - they barking, from ho-ho (hohó) - barking + wi (-wi) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: o-xda-ti ho-ho-wi da-wi (oxdátti hohówi dawi) - they went into the brush barking [JOD]

ex: da-i (daí) - they went, from de (de) - go + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ da-i ke o-wa-di-bnaⁿ de (ešą́ttą daí ke ówadíbną dé) - then he smelled where they went

ex: aⁿ-di-za-i (ądizaí) - they get it for me, from di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: da-ta-i (dataí) - they called, from da-te (date) - read aloud, call or name something + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: to-wa-i (tówaí) - they were four, from to-wa (tówa) - four + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

ex: da-ta-i ke (da-ta-í ké) - they stood eating, from da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses

ex: kda-i (kdái) - they started home, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward + a-i (-ai) - pluralizer in relative clauses [JOD]

ex: e-taⁿ-iⁿ kda-i (ettą́nį kdá-i) - they started home first [JOD]

Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1st or 2nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í
[Kaw]

 

plural, they, 3rd person plural continuative sitting

ni-kʰa (nikʰa) - they, 3rd person plural continuative sitting

ni-kʰa (nikʰá) - they were (plural classifier) [JOD]

ex: ni-ti ki naⁿ zha-we to-ka naⁿ-pa sa-ki-a ni-kʰa (nítti kí ną žáwe tóka nąpá sákiá nikʰa) - when he arrived at the water, there were two male beavers side by side [JOD]

ex: da-tʰe ni-kʰa (datʰé nikʰá) - they were eating it [JOD]

ex: wa-naⁿ-bde ni-kʰa (waną́bde nikʰá) - they were eating [JOD]

ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówaną, iyá) - the rabbit took hold of the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-kye, i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąpá nikʰá ówakye, iyá) - the rabbit spoke to the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-kaⁿ naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ, i-ya (maštį́ke eką́ ną́pa ttikdé nikʰa ną, iyá) - rabbit and his grandmother, the both of them lived together, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: e sh’a-ke niⁿ-kʰe ki-ta-ni taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-ta taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (e šʔáke nįkʰé kitáni tą ežą́ke ettá tą ką-tʰą́) - he, the old man sat smoking, while his daughter stood [JOD]

ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

ex: mi-ka ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-naⁿ-pa ti-kde ni-kʰa (mikká maštį́ke enąpa ttíkde nikʰá) - raccoon and rabbit both lived together [JOD]

ex: ka-xnaⁿ hi ni-kʰa (kaxną́ hí nikʰá) - they were camping while hunting, they were on a hunting expedition [JOD]

ex: de-ni-kʰa (dénikʰá) - these sitting or lying/animate

ex: ka-ni-kʰa (kánikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/invisiblev/animate

ex: kaⁿ-ni-kʰa (ką́-nikʰá) - so they were awhile, so they had been awhile, so they were [JOD]

ex: koi-ni-kʰa (kóinikʰá) - those remote sitting or lying/visible

ex: ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those plural/sitting or lying, yonder

ex: she-ni-kʰa (šénikʰa) - those plural/sitting or lying/visible

ex: shoⁿ-ni-kʰa (šǫ-nikʰá) - after they had been so awhile [JOD]

ex: to-wa-ni-kʰa (tówanikʰá) - those plural/sitting or lying objects on this side

 

plural, they, 3rd person plural, continuative moving aspect marker

a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - continuative aspect marker, 3rd person plural of niⁿ (nį) - continuative moving

a-pa (apa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects

ex: ni-ka-shi-ka-pa (níkkašikapa) - the (moving) people

ex: ka-ki ke mi-zhi-ka ke xa-ke a-pa (kakí ke mižiká ke γaké ápa) - those girls were crying [JOD]

ex: wa-sa-pa za-ni hi t’e-wa-de, i-ya (wasá-ppa zaní hi tʔéwade, iyá) - all of the black bears were killed, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha haⁿ da-taⁿ-wa-zhi, e-niⁿ-te iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ da-taⁿ pa (makką́ša hą dattą́waží, énįtté į́čʰǫ tą dattą́ ppa) - they didn’t drink coffee, though now they do [JOD]

ex: pa naⁿ (ppá ną) - 3pl-past; 3d.pl. ending (classifier)-past sign' [JOD]

ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą kibą obíγǫ pá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was blown [JOD]

ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

ex: koⁿ pa (kǫ ppá) - so-3d.pl. classifier, “so they were so” [JOD]

ex: datʰe pa naⁿ (datʰé ppa ną) - they were eating-past sign [JOD]

ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

ex: de-pa (dépa) - these moving/animate

ex: ka-pa (kápa), (káppa) - those plural/moving/invisible/animate

ex: koi-pa (kóipa) - those remote plural/moving/visible/animate

ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those plural/moving/animate, yonder

ex: she-pa (šépa), (šéppa) - those moving/visible/animate

ex: to-wa-pa (tówapa) - those plural/moving/animate objects on this side

Dhegiha: a-ma (amá) - the plural moving [JOD-Omaha]; a-pa (apa) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person sg. or pl. moving or absent subject [CQ-Osage]; a-ba (abá) - continuative he/she/it (animate), while moving or not within sight [Kaw]

 

plural, we

oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we

oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we [OM]

cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; di-e (díe) - you; e (e) - he, she, it, that

Dhegiha: oⁿ-ku (oⁿku) - we [Omaha]; aⁿ-gu (añgú) - we, us [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-e (oⁿ-gú-e) - we [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko (ąkó), aⁿ-ko-e (ąkóe), aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkóta) - we, us CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ge (aⁿgé) - we, us [Kaw]

 

plural, we (contrastive)

oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we (contrastive), “we, on the one hand”

cf. wi-e-zha (wíeža) - I, but I, whereas I; di-e-zha (díeža) - you, contrastive

Dhegiha: wi-e-zha (wíezha) - I, in contrast to others, marks a contrast between the speaker and someone else [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-e-zha (thíezha) - you on the one hand, you on the other [Omaha/Ponca]

 

plural, we (rather than others)

oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we (rather than others)

cf. oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ niⁿkʰe, e-haⁿ-ko-we-tʰaⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ nįkʰé, ehą́ ǫkówettą) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

cf. wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ-ko-we-tʰaⁿ, Mary a-niⁿ niⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ ǫkówettą, Mary anį́ nį) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

 

plural, we dual, I and one other, 1st person dual continuative auxiliary standing

oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ǫ́katʰą), aⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́katʰą) - we dual, I and one other, 1st person dual continuative auxiliary standing

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

ex: mi o-xpe-ta-de-de-do-shi oⁿ-kniⁿ oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ naⁿ (mióxpettadédedóši ǫknį́ ǫ́katʰą́ ną) - west on that side, we dwelt

ex: e oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (e-ong-go-toⁿ) - we did [LH]

Dhegiha: oⁿ-ga-tʰoⁿ (oⁿgatʰoⁿ) - we [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-ʰtoⁿ (óⁿ-ga-ṭoⁿ) - we who are here [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-txaⁿ (ąkatxą́) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for standing (sometimes lying down) 1st pl. subject [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-kha (aⁿgakhá), aⁿ-ga-khaⁿ (aⁿgákhaⁿ) - continuative we, while standing [Kaw]

 

plural, we dual, I and one other, 1st person dual continuative sitting

oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe) - we dual, I and one other, 1st person dual continuative sitting

Dhegiha: aⁿ-thiⁿ-kshe (ąðįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for sitting or lying down 1st dual subject, “we two” [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-niⁿ-khe (aⁿniⁿkhé) - continuative, we while sitting [Kaw]

 

plural, we dual, I and one other, the two of us

aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

ex: aⁿ-ka-xe (ąkáγe) - we, I and one other make, from ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sat, we camped, from kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting; sit, be in a place, camp

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then after awhile we (the two of us) camped [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da (ąkǫ́da) - we, I and one other want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

ex: aⁿ-k’iⁿ (ąkʔį) - we, I and one other carry, from k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back

ex: oⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ǫ́nįkʰe), aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ąnį́kʰe) - we, I and one other continuative sitting, from niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative sitting

ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

ex: kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ką-ąnį́kʰe) - we (the two of us) sit awhile [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-ta-te, toⁿ ha-ki e-hi-te e-ti niⁿ-kʰa-zhi hi taⁿ kaⁿ-aⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe e-te te (įttátte, ttǫ́ hakí ehitté ettí nįkʰaží hi tą́ ką-ąnį́kʰe étte tté) - father, is there not a village anywhere, I wonder if we are alone [JOD]

ex: t’e-aⁿ-de (tʔeą́de) - we, I and one other kill, from t’e-de (tʔéde) - kill

ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we (the two of us) have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

ex: a-zhaⁿ (ąžą́) - we, I and one other sleep, from zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; sleep

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw]


 

aⁿ-k (ąk), oⁿ-k (ǫk) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

ex: oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-de (ǫ́kahiǫdé) - we, I and one other lay down an object, from a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a singular/lying/inanimate object

ex: oⁿ-ka-kdaⁿ oⁿ-niⁿ (ǫ́kakdą ǫnį́) - we, I and one other forget, from a-kdaⁿ-niⁿ (ákdąnį́) - forget

ex: oⁿ-ka-kʰaⁿ hi-oⁿ-zhoⁿ  (ǫ́kakʰą híǫžǫ) - we, I and one other lean on one and cause to fall, from a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

ex: aⁿ-kiⁿ (ąkį́) - we, I and one other wear, from ’iⁿ (ʔį) - wear

ex: aⁿ-koⁿ (ąkǫ́) - we, I and one other do, from ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - do, be; use, have (as a disease)

ex: aⁿ-ko-ka-shke (ąkókašké) - we, I and one other tie up/fasten, from o-ka-shke (ókaške) - to tie or tether; fasten

ex: aⁿ-ko-ka-shke (ąkókašké) - we fastened it [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke ke a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké ke áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw]


 

aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

ex: aⁿ-ka-de (ąkáde) - we, I and one other go, from de (de) - go

ex: aⁿ-ka-de te (ąkáde tté) - let us go thither; let us (two) go [JOD]

ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-kna, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikná, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

ex: ta-bde aⁿ-ka-de, ni u-ha naⁿ-hi aⁿ-de aⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ, koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti shi-a-pe aⁿ-ka-de (tábde ąkáde, ní ohá nąhí ą́de ą́nį ną, kóišǫ́ttą étti šiápe ąkáde) - we went hunting, we were following along the course of the stream/water, then we went ashore there [JOD]

ex: toⁿ ta aⁿ-ka-de taⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (ttǫ tta ąkáde tt[a]ąnįkʰe) - we are going to town [AG]

ex: oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other arrive, from hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

ex: aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi) - we, I and one other come, from hi (hi) - come, be coming here, not own

ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔó žiká ikkíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-ka-kde (ą́kakdé) - we, I and one other go home, from kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward

ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

ex: aⁿ-ka-kde (ąkákde tteá) - let us go homeward, let’s go home [JOD]

ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we (the two of us) have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te, i-ke tʰaⁿ (įkną́, ąkákde tté, iké tʰą) - first son, let’s go home, he said to him [JOD]

ex: oⁿ-ka-kdi (ǫkákdi), aⁿ-ka-kdi (ąkákdi) - we, I and one other have come back here, from kdi (kdi) - to have come back here

ex: e-ti haⁿ-pa naⁿ-pa pa-ze de haⁿ-ke aⁿ-ka-kdi (étti hąp͓á nąp͓á ppáze dé hąké ąkákdi) - there/day/two/dark/became/almost/we have come home (I and one other) [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-ka-ki (ąkáki) - we, I and one other be returning here, from ki (ki) - be returning to here

ex: aⁿ-ka-ki (ąkáki) - we (I and one other) were coming back (or home) [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti a-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppáze dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then/we were coming back (or home)/after night/when/we camped/when(where)/we slept [JOD]

ex: taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tt[a]ąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫ́katʰą) - we, I and one other will be, from ta (tta) - future tense + tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-taⁿ oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tt[a]ąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tt[a]ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

Dhegiha: aⁿ (aⁿ) - 1st. pl. nom [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ (ą) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject), this is the form taken by this prefix before consonants, it contracts with verb-initial i to form aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-k (ąk) - 1st person dual or plural agent pronominal (‘we’, subject or regular or syncopating verbs), before a, ą, o, ǫ [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ (aⁿ), aⁿ-g (aⁿg) - the pronoun “we” in all conjugations except <S>; the ‘g’ is only is used if the letter following the pronoun particle is a vowel, when the following letter is a consonant, the ‘g’ does not occur [Kaw]


 

wa (wá) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

ex: wa-shi-ke (wášike) - we, I and one other bad, from shi-ke (šíke) - bad

Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

 

plural, we dual, the two of ours

aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkótta), oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual)

cf. wi-ta (wítta) - my, mine (alienable); di-ta (dítta) - your, yours, (alienable); di-ta-we (díttawe) - your plural, yours, you all’s (alienable); i-ta (ittá) - his, hers, its (alienable); i-ta-we (ittáwe), e-ta-we (ettáwe) - their, theirs; aⁿ-ko-ta-we (ąkóttawe), oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural)

ex: shoⁿ-ke aⁿ-ko-ta (šǫ́ke ąkótta) - our dog

Dhegiha: aⁿ-gu-ta (añgúʇa) - our own [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-ʰta (oⁿ-gu-ṭa) - our [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko-ʰta (ąkóʰta) - ours; our (belonging to two or more of us; we ourselves (emphatic) [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-go-ta (aⁿgóta) - our, ours, be ours [Kaw]

 

plural, we will, we shall

ta-i (taí) - we shall, let’s [JOD]

ta-i (taí) - will (plural) [JOD]

ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi tʔeą́wade taí) - let us (let’s) kill all the black bears [JOD]

ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o-zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔóžiká ikíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

ex: “hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe”, i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé”, iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

 

plural, we, 1st person continuative moving

oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ǫ́kanį) - we, 1pl continuative moving

ex: oⁿ-ko-we oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (uⁿ-go-we e-ân-ga-ni) - we were [LH]

Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-thiⁿ (añ́ga¢iⁿ) - we who move [JOD-Omaha]

 

plural, we, 1st person plural

oⁿ….we (ǫ….we), aⁿ….we (ą….we)

ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da-we (ąkǫ́dawe) - we want, from koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish

ex: oⁿ-maⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫmą́nįwe) - we walk, from maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

ex: oⁿ-na-zhiⁿ-we (ǫnážįwe) - we stand, from na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

ex: oⁿ-noⁿ-ba-haⁿ-we (ǫnǫbahąwe) - we know, from i-ba-haⁿ (íbahą), i-ba-hoⁿ (íbahǫ) - know how, recognize

ex: oⁿ-noⁿ-da-we (ǫnǫ́dawe) - we see, from i-de (íde) - see, find

ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-we (ąną́we) - we say, from i-ye (iyé), i-e (ié) - say

ex: oⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫnį́we) - we buy from someone, from ki-niⁿ (kinį́) - buy something from someone

ex: oⁿ-ki-sto-we (ǫkístowe) - we assemble, we gather, from ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather

 

wa….we (wa….we)

ex: wa-t’a-we (watʔáwe) - we die, from t’e (tʔe) - die

ex: wa-wa-hoⁿ-ka-we (wawáhǫkáwe) - we well behaved, from wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved

ex: wa-wa-si-si-ka-we (wawásisikawe) - we brave, from wa-si-si-ke (wasísike) - brave

ex: wa-wa-sha-we (wawášawe) - we rich, from wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich

ex: wa-taⁿ-we (wattą́we) - we possess, we have from taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

 

plural, you’all, 2nd person plural

2nd person singular + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

ex: di-ta-we (díttawe) - you all’s, from di-ta (dítta) - your, yours + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

ex: i-shpa-haⁿ-we (íšpahąwé) - you’all know, from i-shpa-haⁿ (íšpahą) - you know + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

ex: di-shi-ka-we (díšikáwe) - you’all are bad, from di-shi-ke (dišíke) - you’re bad + we (we), a-we (awe) - pluralizer

ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

 

plural, you’all, 2nd person plural continuative auxiliary standing

da-ke-she (dakéše) - you all, 2nd person plural continuative auxiliary standing

 

plural, you’all, 2nd person plural continuative moving

a-pa-she (apáše) - you all, 2nd person plural continuative moving

Dhegiha: pa-she (paašé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd pl. sitting/moving/lying down subject, you are characterized by the preceding expression, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; pa-she (pashé), ba-she (baashé) - continuative you (plural), while moving [Kaw]

 

plural, you’all, 2nd person plural continuative sitting

ni-kʰa-she (nikʰáše) - you all, 2nd person plural continuative sitting

ex: ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka t’e-di-ki-de ni-kʰa-she shoⁿ-te niⁿ-kʰe she iⁿ (kahíke ttą́ka tʔédikidé nikʰáše šǫté nįkʰe šé į) - you’all whose principal chief has been killed, here are the testicles [JOD]

ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand [AG]

Dhegiha: naⁿ-kxa-she (nąkxáše) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd pl. sitting object, often heard in the greeting to the participants and the audience at the war dance gathering as most are seated [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ-kha-she (hnaⁿkháshe) - you plural, while sitting, while standing, positional continuative [Kaw]

 

plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

ke (ke) - the plural/standing/animate or plural/standing/inanimate

ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) - girl/other/the plural [JOD]

ex: mi-zhi-ka e-zhi ke (mižíka éži ke) - the other girls

ex: she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - girl/the plural/I play with them/so I move awhile/I wish [JOD]

ex: ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

ex: ti ke (tti ke) - lodge/the plural inanimate objects [JOD]

ex: i-naⁿ-paⁿ te na-ha ti ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we i-yi iya (ínąpą́ tté nahá tti ke niγítte nikáwe iyí iyá) - a second time she said, “do not go to those lodges, they are disobedient,” they say [JOD]

ex: ni-ka-shi-ka ke (níkkašíka ke) - people/the standing animate objects [JOD]

ex: za-ni hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya ni-ka-shi-ka ke (zaní hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá níkkašíka ke) - all of the people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: di-shpa-shpa ke (dišpášpa ke) - pulled to pieces/the plural inanimate obects [JOD]

ex: e-ti hi naⁿ di-shpa-shpa ke (étti hi ną dišpášpa ke) - when she arrived there, the torn pieces were scattered about [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežį́ke ákkidá-i ké tą hí) - then-to dance-there-they went-the pl.-chief-large-his son-they took part with (=danced)-the pl. when-she arrived [JOD]

ex: ka-ke (káke) - those plural/standing/invisible/animate

ex: to-wa-ke (tówaké) - those plural/standing/animate objects on this side

ex: ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those plural/standing/animate, yonder

ex: ke-ta (kettá) - to the many [JOD]

ex: “wa-sa ti-kde ke ta e-ti te na-ha,” i-ke i-ya e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (“wasá ttikdé ke tta étti tté nahá,” iké iyá eką́ nįkʰe) - “do not go to the village of the black bears,” his grandmother said to him, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: ke-ti (kettí) - at the plural [JOD]

ex: ti-kde ke-ti (ttikdé ke-tti) - lodges/at the plural [JOD]

ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

ex: koi-ke (kóike) - those remote plural/standing/visible/animate

ex: koi-ke (kóike) - lodge/yonder ones [JOD]

ex: ti koi-ke ni-xi-te ni-ka-we (ttí kóike niγítte nikáwe) - those lodges over there, those people are disobedient [JOD]

 

place a number of objects so that they cross one another

a-ki-di-te-te i-tʰe-de (ákkidittette itʰéde) - to place a number of objects so that they cross one another

cf. a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed; interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - cross roads; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish, male personal name [MS, JOD]; ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream

Dhegiha: a-ki-thi-te (á-ki-¢í-t͓e) - to cross each other, crossing each other, to lie across one another; to cross a stream together [JOD-Omaha]; a-kʰi-thi-te u-ga-doⁿ (ákʰithíte ugádoⁿ) - to nail on crosswise, to crucify [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰki-thi-tse (á-ḳi-thi-tse) - that which lies across [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: thi-te (¢it͓é) - to cross, as a stream [JOD-Omaha]; ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

 

place on

a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing or perpendicular object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it, as in pitching a tent, placing a candle on a table, etc. a-a-kde (áakdé) - I, a-da-kde (ádakdé) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda-we (ǫkákdawe) - we

cf. o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

ex: ma-shoⁿ a-a-kde (mášǫ áakde) - I stick a feather upright (in my hair)

ex: a-shi a-kde (aši akde) - to set an object on top of something else

ex: siⁿ-te a-kde (sį́tte ákde) - to wear a tail in the belt, ballplayers evidently did this

ex: wa-kde sa i-niⁿ-ha a-kde pa naⁿ (wákde sá inįhá ákde pa ną́) - they wore (a) black feather on the head too [JOD]

Dhegiha: a-gthe (á-g¢e) - place upright on [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthe (á-gthe) - to place on top of another in an upright position [FL-Osage]; a-le (ále), a-dle (ádle) - place an item upright on another item, set on [CQ-Osage]; a-le (ále) - stand a perpendicular object, such as a candlestick, on a surface [Kaw]

 

place plural objects in scattered heaps

sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps sto-a-de a-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stoáde aknąkną) - I, sto-da-de da-knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stódade daknąkną) - you

cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]

 

place plural/animate objects in one place

sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place sto-de-a-wa-zhi (stodéawaži) - I, sto-de-wa-da-zhi (stodéwádaží) - you, sto-de-oⁿ-wa-zhi-we (stodéǫwažíwe) - we

cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff; a-zhi (áži) - put onto something; o-zhi (oží) - put into something; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

Dhegiha: ni-ka stu-wa-the (níkastuwathe) - the gatherer, personal name [JOD-Omaha]; thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; sto-the shu (çto-thé shu) - gathered them together [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka stu-e (ní-ḳa-çtu-e) - gathering of men, personal name [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]

 

place several objects together

di-miⁿ-taⁿ (dimįtą́) - place several objects together bdi-miⁿ-taⁿ (bdímįtą) - I, ti-miⁿ-taⁿ (ttímįtą) - you

cf. miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

 

place something in order to make it stick

a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick a-ta-ska i-naⁿ-da-de (áttaska iną́dade) - you

cf. a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere, as pitch, mud or snow; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put singular/sitting/inanimate or cloth/paper

Dhegiha: u-tha-ska-be (utháskabe) - stick, adhere [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ska-be (u-¢á-ska-be) to stick, as any flat object that is glued to another [JOD-Omaha]

Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: i-thaⁿ-the (i¢aⁿ¢ĕ) - to put down [JOD-Omaha]; i-thoⁿ-the (i-thóⁿ-the) - to put something away that is round [FL-Osage]; i-yaⁿ-ye (iyáⁿye) - put, place a sitting/inanimate object anywhere [Kaw]

 

place, a smooth place

o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]

cf. o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

ex: pe o-shta (ppé oštá) - forehead

ex: o-shta-ti (oštátti) - at a smooth place [JOD]

ex: o-shta wa-sh’a-ke (oštá wašʔaké) - very large smooth place [JOD]

ex: o-shta-tʰi, o-shta wa-sh’a-ke, o-shta taⁿ o-ka-ki-xe hi a-taⁿ-we ki-we (oštátʰi, oštá wašʔaké, oštá tą okákixe hí átąwe kíwe) - they arrived at the large smooth place forming a circle to watch him [JOD]

Dhegiha: zhna (zhna) - bald, bare, smooth, hairless [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; shna (c͓na) - bald, bare, smooth [JOD-Omaha]; shta (shta) - hairless; destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (štá), shta-ha (štáha) - shiny and smooth, slick, bald, hairless, cleared [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

 

place, arrive here to this place to get one’s own object

a-kda tʰi (ákda tʰí) - arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not one’s home) to get one’s own object (horse, child, gun, etc.) a-kda a-tʰi (ákda atʰí) - I, a-da-kda da-tʰi (adákda datʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda oⁿ-ka-tʰi-we (ǫkákda ǫkátʰiwe) - we

cf. a-kda de (ákda dé) - go after, fetch one's own; a-kda kde (ákda kdé) - go homeward for one's own; tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here

ex: a-wi-kda a-tʰi, iⁿ-kaⁿ, i-ke (awíkda atʰí, įkką́, iké) - he said to her, I have come for you (my own), grandmother [JOD]

 

place, at or to that place

she-ta (šétta) - there, at/to that place

cf. she (šé) - that [JOD]; ta (tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

ex: she-ta da-kʰi-kniⁿ naⁿ (šétta dakʰíknį ną́) - return thither and take your seat!

ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá! ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first! I will join you later on

ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi tta ǫkatʰą́), a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

Dhegiha: she (she) - that way, that course or direction; that [Omaha/Ponca]; she (ce) - that way or course; that: refers to an object in sight of or near the speaker and the one addressed [JOD-Omaha]; she (she) - there; that one [FL-Osage]; she (še) - that (near you) [CQ-Osage]; she (šée) - that, that one near you; here near you; there near you, there (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); him/her/it (closer to the hearer than to the speaker); she (she) - that (visible) [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ta (-ta) - at, to [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (-ta) - suffix of position or of motion to a place; at; to [JOD-Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - in that direction [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - toward, in the direction of, from, into [CQ-Osage]; ta (-ta) - in, at, towards: locative added to nouns or adverbs to create an adverb [Kaw]

 

place, be in a place

kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be in a place, camp; be sitting a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - I, da-kniⁿ (daknį́) - you, kniⁿ (knį) - he/she, aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ąknį́we), oⁿ-kniⁿ-we (ǫknį́we) - we, kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they

cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a-hi-kniⁿ (áhiknį́) - to get on and sit, to come to and sit upon, to reach/arrive and sit on [JOD]; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíknį) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to get into and sit, to come to and sit in, to reach/arrive and sit in [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okiknį) - to sit in one’s own [JOD]; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village

ex: kniⁿ (knį) - sit down! (command) [MS, AB, OM]

ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi íkaxátta kóitta knį́ iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, sit over there on the other side of the lodge, they said [JOD]

ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ a-ni-he (kkóžihi aknį́ ánihé) - I live way off [MS]

ex: ko-zhi hi a-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (kkóžihi aknį́ tta mįkʰé) - I going to live far away [MS]

ex: a-wi-bda-ska a-kniⁿ (áwibdaska áknį́) - I sit close to you

ex: pʰi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ (pʰí aníhe ną́ ppáze dé tą aknį́) - I was coming-I who move-when-after dark-when-I camped [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ mi-aⁿ-ba miⁿ a-ki-haⁿ a-kniⁿ (į́čʰǫ mią́ba mį́ ákkihą aknį́) - I have now been (here) over a month

ex: aⁿ-ta-ska da-kniⁿ (ą́ttaska daknį́) - you sit close to me

ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

ex: kaⁿ-hiⁿ kniⁿ (kąhį́ knį) - so she sat awhile [JOD]

ex: ádidaska knį́) - he sits close to you

ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-ti kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi maštį́ke étti knį́ niⁿkʰe iyá) - then the rabbit sat there, it is said (they say) [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ naⁿ kniⁿ i-wa-we (koíšǫ́ttą ppáze dé tą ną knį́ iyáwe) - then, when it became night she camped, they say [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-kniⁿ (ąknį́) - we sat, we camped, I and one other [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-kniⁿ (koíšǫ́ttą ešǫhí ąknį́) - then after awhile we camped [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-ki pa-ze de taⁿ aⁿ-kniⁿ-ti aⁿ-zhaⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ąkáki ppázĕ dé tą ąknį́-tti ąžą́) - then-we were coming back (or home)-after night-when-we camped-when(where)-we slept [JOD]

ex: kniⁿ-wi (knį́wi) - they camp [JOD]

ex: pa-ze de taⁿ kniⁿ-wi (ppazé dé tą knį́wi) - after dark they camped [JOD]

Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g¢iⁿ́) - sit, dwell [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; liⁿ (liⁿ), gliⁿ (glíⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside, continue [Kaw]

 

place, from this place

de-she-tʰaⁿ (dešetʰą́) - from this place [JOD]

ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetą́ kákidéde) - from this place/going in that direction [JOD]

ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ aⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-te-a (déšetʰą́-ąkíde ątteá) - we have been here long enough [JOD]

 

place, from whatever place

ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

cf. ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place; ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté) - anywhere, (where+soever) [JOD]; ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

 

place, from whatever place, where from

ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go? [MS]

 

place, in one place together

miⁿ-taⁿ (mį́tą) - together, in one place

cf. di-miⁿ-taⁿ dimįtą́) - place several objects together

ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

Dhegiha: wiⁿ-daⁿ (wíⁿ-daⁿ) - in one place together, refers to two things [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-daⁿ-the (wíⁿ-daⁿ-¢ĕ) - to put things together in one place [JOD-Omaha]; wiⁿ-doⁿ (wiⁿdoⁿ) - unite, both together [Omaha]; gi-wiⁿ-doⁿ (gi-wíⁿ-doⁿ) - to reconcile, to come together, to reunite as a family or friends, reconciliation [FL-Osage]

 

place, in that place, there

koi-ta (kóitta) - there, in that place

cf. koi (kói) - there, that; ta (-tta) - to, at, toward, in that direction

ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhi, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá niⁿkʰe) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

Dhegiha: gu-da (gú-da) - on that side of; beyond a person or place [JOD-Omaha]; go-da (gó-da) - ahead [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kootá) - farther over there, beyond, on the other side of something [CQ-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that (person or thing) over there (beyond speaker and hearer) [CQ-Osage]; go-da (góda) - yonder [Kaw]

 

place, in that place, yonder

ka-ki (kakí) - in that place, “down below”, yonder, in that direction [JOD]

ex: ka-ki o-zha da-i (káki óža dá-i) - there-to dance-they went [JOD]

ex: ka-ki niⁿ (kaki nį) - yonder-the moving [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kda-i ke-ni-te ka-ki niⁿ e-taⁿ-niⁿ kʰi a-taⁿ we-da-niⁿ shi-ke he-naⁿ i-da-ki-kda-niⁿ a-taⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ taⁿ ki-we (kóišǫ́ttą ettą́nį kdá-i kenitté kaki nį ettą́nį kʰí áttą wédanį šíke héną idákikdánį áttą ką-tʰą́ tą kíwe) - then they (her step-sisters) started home first, although she arrived home first, before them (her step-sisters), and she put on her bad clothes and was there awhile when they (her step-sisters) reached home [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežį́ke ákkidá-i ké tą hí) - then/to dance/there/they went/the plural/chief/large/his son/they took part with (=danced)/the plural/when/she arrived [JOD]

ex: ka-ki-de-de (kákidéde) - in that direction [JOD]

wi-e ka-ki-de-de bde te (wíe kákidéde bde tte) - I will go in this direction [JOD]

ex: di-e ka-ki-de-de da ni-he (díe kákidéde dá nihé) - you go in that direction! [JOD]

ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetʰą́ kákidéde) - from this place-going in that direction [JOD]

ex: ka-ki de-da (káki dedá) - send (throw) it in that direction!

ex: e-ti ka-ki de-da (étti káki dedá) - throw it (send it) there, in that direction! [JOD]

ex: “iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye) - “throw the club yonder!” she said to me [JOD]

ex: “e-ti shi-naⁿ iⁿ-tʰiⁿ ka-ki de-da,” aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-ye (“étti šiną́ į́tʰį káki dedá,” ąną́kiye ) - “throw the club there, yonder again!” she said to me [JOD]

 

place, on this side of a place

to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰe) - the singular/sitting/animate or inanimate; continuative sitting; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side; to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (¢iñké) - sitting one, animate sitting [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ-kshe (thiⁿ-kshe) - the (one) sitting [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-kshe (įkšé), thiⁿ-kshe (ðįkšé) - 3rd person sitting continuative aspect marker; sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article; lying down or horizontal inanimate plural positional article [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-khe (yiⁿkhé) - the sitting animate object [Kaw]

 

to-hi-tʰoⁿ (tóhitʰǫ) - that singular/standing/animate object on this side of a place he has reached

cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; come, be coming here, not own; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the standing/animate; continuative auxiliary, singular/standing/animate; to-hi-niⁿ (tóhinį) - that singular/moving/animate object that arrived on this side; to-hi-niⁿ-kʰe (tóhinįkʰé) - that singular/sitting/animate nearby object on this side of a place

Dhegiha: do (do) - in this direction, toward here; that one, the one over there; this one, the one over here [Kaw]

Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - the standing animate; the, animate, obviative, standing; the animate standing, proximate [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - the; the one standing; he who is standing; to stand as a man, woman, or horse [FL-Osage]; txaⁿ (txą), kxaⁿ (kxą) - positional article for singular animate standing entity [CQ-Osage]; kha (kha), khaⁿ (khaⁿ) - “the”; definite article for standing/animate objects; positional continuative [Kaw]

 

place, reach the place

i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place

cf. hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; hi (hi) - come, be coming here (not own)

ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, to have reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - to arrive [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; hi (hi) - to arrive at a place [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there (motion accomplished), come here, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, get (e.g., “get old”), become, begin to, start to, suddenlt start to; initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

Dhegiha: hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

 

place, stand in a place

o-na-zhiⁿ (ónažį) - stand in a place o-a-na-zhiⁿ (oánažį) - I, o-da-na-zhiⁿ (odánažį) - you, oⁿ-ko-na-zhiⁿ (ǫkónažį́we) - we

cf. na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon; iⁿ-ka-bde a-na-zhiⁿ (įkábde anážį) - Lovers Leap near Quapaw, OK; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - floor; a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (ákinážį) - stand on one’s own; ki-na-zhiⁿ (kínažį) - stand with reference to another; ni-a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (niákinážį) - have duty of fetching water; i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone

Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge u-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (shoⁿge unoⁿzhiⁿ) - stable [Omaha]; u-noⁿ-zhi (u-noⁿ-zhi) - standing in [FL-Osage]; o-naⁿ-zhiⁿ (oną́ąžį) - stand in there, get in or stay in there, as in a room or place, attend, wear or put on [CQ-Osage]; o-na-zhiⁿ (onázhiⁿ), o-naⁿ-zhi (onáⁿzhi) - to stand in or inside [Kaw]

 

place, take away something for someone and come back to this place

a-ki-niⁿ kdi (ákinį kdi) - take away something for someone and come back to this place [JOD]

cf. a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone; kdi (kdi) - to have come back here; a-ki-niⁿ de (ákinį de) - take away something for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property; a-ki-niⁿ kde (ákinį kdé) - to take from someone and go back [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own [JOD]; ni-zhi a-ki-niⁿ (níži ákinį) - owe something to someone; wa-di-ze a-ki-niⁿ (wadíze ákinį) - owe something to someone

ex: a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákibnį akdí) - I brought it back to him [JOD]

ex: a-ki-niⁿ kda-i taⁿ, a-ki-de aⁿ-ka-zhiⁿ naⁿ, a-ki-pʰi, a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákinį́ kdái tą, akíde ą́kažį ną, akípʰi, ákibnį akdí) - they took it from him, he told me to go get it, I went there for it, I brought it back to him [JOD]

ex: a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back your (or for you) [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her) for me and return here I will give you this lodge [JOD]

ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her (my own) back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

Dhegiha: gthi (g¢í) - to have come back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (ag¢í) - came back [JOD-Omaha]; gthi (gthi) - to come home, to return home [FL-Osage]; a-gthi (a-gthí) - returning, this expression is found frequently when referring to the return of one who has been searching for some particular thing [FL-Osage]; li (lí), a-li (alí) - arrive back here, arrive home here, return here, come back, get back, motion accomplished; initial a is often omitted in 3rd person [CQ-Osage]; li (li) - to have come home, to have come back [Kaw]

 

place, this place

de-do (de-do) - here, this place, right here [AG, OM]

de-do (dédo) - here

de-to (dettó), de-do (dedó) - native, translates JOD’s “Dhegiha”

cf. she-do (šédo) - yonder, there

ex: “de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ, she-mi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ,” i-ke niⁿ (“dédo áška ettítʰą, šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą,” iké nį́) - “near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls,” he said to her [JOD]

ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe moⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́ mįkʰé mǫ́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

ex: “wi-ti-kaⁿ, wa-x’o miⁿ de-do i-hi naⁿ i-da-de hoⁿ-zhi ae,” i-ke (“wittiką́, waxʔó mį dédo íhi ną ídade hǫži ae,” iké) - “my grandfather, did you not see a woman that arrived here?” he said to him [JOD]

ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé) - I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]

Dhegiha: the-thu (¢é¢u) - here [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-zhoⁿ the-thu-a-di (moⁿzhoⁿ théthuadi) - here [Omaha]; the-thu-di a-toⁿ (thethudi atoⁿ) - from here [Omaha]; the-tho (thé-tho) - here at this place [FL-Osage]; ye-yo (yèyó) - here, right here [Kaw]

 

places, red in spots or places

zhi-zhi-te (žižítte) - red in spots or places

cf. zhi-te (žítte) - red

Dhegiha: zhu-zhu-dse (zhú-zhu-dse) - splotches of red on the body, measles [FL-Osage]; zhu-zhu-je (zhúzhuje) - red here and there, in spots [Kaw]

 

plain, visible

wa-di-shta (wadíšta) - visible, plain aⁿ-wa-di-shta (ąwádištá) - I, di-wa-di-shta (diwádištá) - you, wa-wa-di-shta-we (wawádištawe) - we

cf. ba-wa-di-shta (bawádišta) - knock into view; ka-wa-di-shta (kawádišta) - uncover, open up; naⁿ-wa-di-shta (nąwádišta) - uncover with the feet; po-wa-di-shta (pówadišta) - punch, shoot into view; ta-wa-di-shta (táwadíšta) - burn off, clear by burning

Dhegiha: wa-thi-shna (wa-¢í-c͓na) - to be visible, clear, plain [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-shna (wathíshna) - bold, visible [Omaha]; shi-wa-thi-shna (shíwathishna) - appear [Omaha]; thi wa-thi-shna (thi wathishna) - reveal, show, bring it out [Omaha]; wa-yu-shta (wayúshta) - visible, to be in sight [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ba-wa-thi-shna (ba-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to punch at an object under the surface of the water, etc., making it appear [JOD-Omaha]; ga-wa-thi-shna (ga-wá-¢i-c͓na) - to make visible by digging, as something buried under ground, snow, etc.; to blow off the sand or snow, causing what was covered to appear [JOD-Omaha]

 

plainly, clearly

da-wa-ska (dawáska) - clearly, plainly

cf. i-ye wa-ska (iyéwaska) - interpreter, lit. “talk clear”; i-shta wa-sko-knaⁿ (ištá waskókną) - glasses, eyeglasses, “eye+clear, intelligible+put on”; wa-ska-ha (waskáha) - whitened, white; haⁿ-ba wa-ska-de  (hąbá waskáde) - daylight

Dhegiha: tha-wa-ska (tha-wá-çka) - to make a clear statement [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: wa-ska (wa-çká) - intelligible; clear to the understanding; lucid [FL-Osage]; wa-ska (waská) - clear, as weather, water, writing, or speaking [Kaw]

 

plait a lariat in two strands

a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ (ákkidibébnį) - braid, plait a lariat in two strands

cf. be-bniⁿ (bébnį), be-bni (bébni) - twisted, curled, spiral; be-bniⁿ-bniⁿ (bébnįbnį) - twisted round and round; bi-be-bni (bibébni) - twist, roll with the palms; di-be-bniⁿ (dibébnį) - twist with the hands; ta-ni di-be-bni (taní dibébni) - cigar, lit. “twisted tobacco”; o-di-bdi (ódibdí) - spiral motion; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de di-be-bni (wašǫ́ke skíde dibébni) - candy, spiral stick candy

ex: a-ki-di-be-bniⁿ ka-xa (ákkidibénį kaγá) - plait it in two strands!

ex: ni-zhi-ha di-be-bniⁿ (nižíha dibébnį) - braid hair [MS]

Dhegiha: be-bthiⁿ (bébthiⁿ) - warped, twisted, crooked [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ni thi-be-bthiⁿ (zhoⁿní thibébthiⁿ) - twisted or plaited candy, twisted sugar, striped stick candy, candy cane, candy of any type [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-be-bthiⁿ (thi-bé-bthiⁿ) - to twist [FL-Osage]; be-bliⁿ (bébliⁿ) - twisted, course [Kaw]

 

plaited scalp lock

no-x’e-saⁿ (noxʔésą), na-x’e-saⁿ (naxʔésą) - plaited scalp lock

Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - to braid [FL-Osage]; saⁿ (saⁿ) - plaited, braided [Kaw]

 

plan, decide

di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - to plan, to decide [JOD]

di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide bdi-knaⁿ (bdíkną) - I, ti-knaⁿ (ttíkną) - you

cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately; think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wábdikną́) - I am planning something [JOD]

ex: da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-ki-ho-shi (datʰé dikną́ tą ík͓ihoší) - she decided to eat it, he (her man/husband) forbid her (from eating it) [JOD]

ex: ta-bde kaⁿ-a-tʰaⁿ-he si-ka i-ta da-tʰe di-knaⁿ taⁿ i-da-ki-ho-shi (tábde ką́-atʰą́he síkka ittá datʰé dikną́ tą idákihoší) - while I was hunting, she decided to eat a chicken egg, which I had forbidden her to do [JOD]

ex: shiⁿ-wa-de di-knaⁿ niⁿ (šįwáde dikną́ nį) - he planned/decided to fatten them [JOD]

ex: a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ (anį́ kde dikną́) - he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikną́, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

ex: pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (ppíkiži dikną́) - she planned/decided to put it away [JOD]

ex: da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi naⁿ pi-ki-zhi di-knaⁿ (dasnį́waží ną ppíkiži dikną́) - they had not devoured it all, she decided to put her scraps away [JOD]

ex: maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xe di-knaⁿ (mątté iǫ́ dixé dikną́) - (they) planned to chase/pursue him by using a canoe [JOD]

ex: a-ko-e a-niⁿ kde di-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ákoe anį́ kde dikną́ tʰą) - quickly he decided/planned to take it home [JOD]

ex: a-toⁿ-we-ki-de di-knaⁿ (atǫ́wekidé díkną)- he planned/tried to make me look at him [JOD]

Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain, mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (wa¢íg¢aⁿ) - plan; to rule; one who prophesies [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; mind [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about; mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; mind [Kaw]

 

plan, think, decide, form an opinion

i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately

cf. di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort; to decide, to plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense; miⁿ di-kdaⁿ (mį díkdą) - consider marriage to a woman

ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (íttikną) - you plan, you decide [JOD]

ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-ka (íd¢ik͓naⁿ́ niká) - they were deciding [JOD]

ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-kʰa (ídikną́ nikʰá) - they were deciding [JOD]

ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

Dhegiha: i-thi-gthoⁿ (íthigthoⁿ) - slowly, deliberately, slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthaⁿ (í¢ig¢aⁿ) - decide [JOD-Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate, in his thoughts; slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about; have on one’s mind; want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wathigthoⁿ) - brain, mind [Omaha]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (wa¢íg¢aⁿ) - plan; to rule; one who prophesies [JOD-Omaha]; wa-thi-gthoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ) - intellect; sense; sound judgment; mind [FL-Osage]; wa-thi-gthaⁿ (waðílą) - think things; think about, think on, ponder, muse about; mind, brain, thought, soul, thinking [CQ-Osage]; wa-yu-laⁿ (wayúlaⁿ) - think about something, plan, judge; a plan, thoughts, ideas; mind [Kaw]

 

plane, smoothe, sand

ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane pa-shta (ppášta) - I, shpa-shta (špášta) - you

cf. ba (ba) - by pushing; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

Dhegiha: ba-shta (ba-shtá) - coneflower; a hair cut [FL-Osage]; ba-shta (bashtá) - scrape hair from a hide [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ba-shta-ha (ba-shtá-ha) - to polish, wood or stone [FL-Osage]; ba-shta-ha (bashtáha) - plane or stretch something smooth; to be swollen till free from wrinkles, till smooth [Kaw]

 

di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand bdi-shta (bdíšta) - I, ti-shta (ttíšta) - you

cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; siⁿ-te shta (sįtté šta) - hog, pig, lit. “smooth tail”; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum, lit. “gray smooth tail”; a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded; a-ni shta-ha (áni štáha) - hill with round top; a-ni shta-shta-ha (áni štaštáha) - round topped hills in series

Dhegiha: thi-shna (thishna) - pluck [Omaha]; thu-shta (thu-shtá) - to pluck, as a fowl [FL-Osage]; thu-shta (ðuuštá) - make bald or bare, jerk someone’s hair out; dunude [CQ-Osage]; thu-shta-ha (ðuuštáha) - iron [CQ-Osage]; yu-shta (yushtá) - pull out, as weeds; pluck out, as whiskers [Kaw]

 

plank

zhoⁿ di-shte (žǫ díšte), zhaⁿ di-shte (žą díšte) - plank, “split wood”

cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ́), zhaⁿ (žą) wood, tree; o-di-shte (odíšte) - saw, split by sawing; o-di-shte (odíšte) - half (number or quantity)

Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - wood, tree [Omaha]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - a tree, wood, fuel [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - tree, log, wood, lumber, stick, pole, woods, forest [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - wood, a tree or log [Kaw]

Dhegiha: u-thi-stse-ge (u-thi-stse-ge) - split [FL-Osage]; o-yu-stse-ge (oyúscege) - pull apart, split by pulling [Kaw]

 

plank, lift off as a door or plank

di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank bdi-ki-kda (bdíkkikda) - I, ti-ki-kda (ttíkkikda) - you

 

planks, noise of planks

di-xa-xa-da (dixáxada) - clatter, noise of planks bdi-xa-xa-da (bdíxaxada) - I, ti-xa-xa-da (ttíxaxada) - you

cf. ka-xa-xa-da (kaxáxada) - thump, make a dull sound; ka-ha a-na-xa-da (kkehá anaxáda) - shell shaker, stomp dance shells [MS]

 

plant a post in the ground

po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground po-a-za (póaza) - I, po-da-za (pódaza) - you, po-oⁿ-za-we (póǫzawe) - we

cf. zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza) - post, fence post

Dhegiha: mu-za (mú-za) - to stick a stake or stick in the ground; to plant a post or posts [JOD-Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground; to place a pole in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - plant a post or stick in the ground; to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely or perpendicularly, as a fence post; post, fence; marker, monument [Kaw]

 

plant, cactus plant

ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó) - cactus plant

ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó)  - cactus [MS]

cf. ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto), wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear

Dhegiha: ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xthu (ba-q¢ú) - to punch a hole, to pierce, to punch through [JOD-Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

 

plant, fill, put into

o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill o-a-zhi (oáži) - I, o-da-zhi (odáži) - you, oⁿko-zhi-we (ǫkóžiwe) - we

cf. o-zhi (oží) - filled [JOD]; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill one’s own; o-ki-zhi (ókiži) - fill something for someone; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk, box, wooden box; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]; e-ti-zhi (ettíži) - put them on [JOD]; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; mi-zhi (míži) - put pl/s¢in under belt, tuck in; a-zhi (áži) - put small s¢in objects onto something that serves as a platform; koi-shoⁿ-zhi (koišǫ́ži) - piling up the pieces in that manner [JOD]

ex: maⁿ o-zhi (mą́oží) - quiver for arrows

ex: zi-hi o-zhi (zíhi óži) - jug

ex: ma-ze o-zhi (máze óži) - tin plate

ex: zhoⁿ o-zhi (žǫ́ oží) - dipper or cup of wood

ex: o-zhi ska wa-noⁿ-bde (óži ska wanǫ́bde) - bowl [MS]

ex: ni shi-ke o-zhi (ni šíke oží) - whiskey bottle [MS]

ex: ma-ze ni o-zhi (mazé ni oží) - milk bottle [MS]

ex: o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket

ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka o-zhi-ha (wažį́ka ožíha) - bird’s nest

ex: te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder

ex: shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ ta-taⁿ ho-taⁿ hi zhoⁿ-pi-zhi o-zhi taⁿ ki-k’i (kóišǫ́ttą ką́į kdá-i tą táttą hottą́ hi žǫppíži oží tą kikʔí) - so then when they went back (the other girls), he gave his own (his daughter) a wooden box filled with something very good [JOD]

ex: pe-zhe-xta zhaⁿ-a-be-tʰaⁿ o-zhi o-ki-kde-kde (ppežéxta žą́abetʰą́ oží ókikdékde) - flour-barrel-filled-set up in a row [JOD]

ex: o-zhi-ha zhi-ka e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ (óžiha žiká étti ówaži ną) - he put them in there, in the little bag [JOD]

ex: to-wa o-zhi-ha zhi-ka o-wa-ki-zhi (tówa óžiha žíka ówakiží) - he put the four of them (his own) into the little bag [JOD]

Dhegiha: u-zhi (uzhí) - to fill with water, grain, or any bulky substance, to fill with any quantity of small objects, to plant or sow grain, seed, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (úzhi) - a pocket [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi (uzhi) - luggage, packet, suitcase, load, gardener, container, contain [Omaha]; u-zhi (úzhi) - cabinet, bin, baggage [Omaha]; u-zhi (ú-zhi) - to plant [FL-Osage]; u-zhi (u-zhi), o-zhi (ó-zhi) - a hollow receptacle [FL-Osage]; u-zhu (ú-zhu) - a pocket, a receptacle [FL-Osage]; o-zhu (óožu) - put stuff in, plant stuff, pocket, bottle, container, vessel [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (oožú) - pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans, pour for someone, put in, plant or sow, put in, receptacle, container, bottle, cup, bowl, jar, shaker, holder, for pourable dry or liquid substances [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu (ózhu) - bottle [Kaw]; o-zhu (ozhú) - put or pour something into something, put many small objects in something, fill, plant [Kaw]

 

plant, root of plant

koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line

cf. ma-kaⁿ (makką́) - medicine “ relating to the earth or ground + root”; ta-kaⁿ (ttakką́) - thread, deer’s sinew; maⁿ-te-kaⁿ (mą́ttekką́) - bow string; wa-hi ko-ke kaⁿ (wahí kkóke kką́) - fishing line; hoⁿ-be-koⁿ (hǫbékkǫ) - shoelaces, moccasin strings; maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de (mąté-kkąde) - canoe string/rope [JOD]; maⁿ-te kaⁿ (mąté-kką) - canoe string/rope [JOD]; zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; wa-pa-iⁿ kaⁿ (wappaį́ kką) - vein, artery; i-ki-kaⁿ-de (íkikką́de) - string one’s bow; i-kaⁿ-de (íkkąde) - lariat

ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe a-ba-xe (mątté-kką nįkʰe ábaγé) - I cut the canoe string/rope (with the hatchet) [JOD)]

Dhegiha: koⁿ (koⁿ) - sinew, root, string [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ (koⁿ) - blood vessel, veins, artery, root, string [Omaha]; ʰkoⁿ (ʰkoⁿ) - a vein or blood vessel, roots of trees or plants, sinew [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ (ʰką́), ʰkoⁿ (ʰkǫ́) - vein, artery, blood vessel [CQ-Osage]; k’aⁿ (kʔą) - root [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ (kaⁿ) - vein, artery, root, sinew, string [Kaw]

 

plant, uproot a plant

di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up bdi-ta-t’e (bdíttatʔe) - I, ti-ta-t’e (ttíttatʔe) - you

cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

Dhegiha: thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

Dhegiha: tha-na-t’e-ga (thanát’ega) - kill, bite, to kill plants by biting around the roots, as rabbits do [Omaha/Ponca]; da-ʰts’e-ga (dá-ṭs’e-ga) - wilted, withered [FL-Osage]; ya-da-ts’e-ga (yadáts’ega) - kill plants by gnawing on them, as rabbits, to make vegetation wither by gnawing on the bark or at the roots, as rabbits do in winter [Kaw]

Dhegiha: ba-da-ts’e-ga (bádats’ega) - cause a tree or bush to wilt by cutting [Kaw]; ba-da-ts’e-ga (badáts’ega) - cause vegetation to wilt punching or by rooting up the ground [Kaw]; da-ts’e-ga (dáts’ega) - be withered, killed, or injured by heat [Kaw]; ga-da-ts’e-ga (gadáts’ega) - wind to dry something a little, especially fresh meat which is hung up, by blowing on it [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ga (naⁿdáts’ega) - trample, make vegetation wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; naⁿ-da-ts’e-ye (naⁿdáts’èye) - trample, make wither by treading on, as grass [Kaw]; ya-ts’e-ga (yats’éga) - wither from being gnawed on, as a plant [Kaw]

 

planting time

ma-bnaⁿ (mábną) - planting time

 

plaster a house

a-bi-shta (ábišta) - plaster a house a-pi-shta (áppišta) - I, a-shpi-shta (ášpišta) - you

cf. a (a) on, upon; bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ba-shta (baštá) - smoothe, sand, plane; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand

Dhegiha: a-bi-zhna-be (ábizhnábe) - spread, plaster, spread as plaster on a wall [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi a-bi-shta-be (ṭsi-á-bi-shta-be) - plaster for the coating of the walls of a house, the work of plastering a house [FL-Osage]

 

Platanus occidental, sycamore

zhoⁿ saⁿ (žǫ́ są), zhaⁿ saⁿ (žą są) - sycamore, Platanus occidental

cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ́), zhaⁿ (žą) wood, tree; saⁿ (są) - whitish, pale, white in the distance

Dhegiha: zhoⁿ soⁿ (zhoⁿsóⁿ) - sycamore tree [Omaha/Ponca]; zhaⁿ saⁿ (jaⁿ-sáⁿ) - the sycamore tree [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ soⁿ hi (zhoⁿ çóⁿ hi) - white tree, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ saⁿ (zháⁿ saⁿ) - sycamore tree
[Kaw]

Dhegiha: saⁿ (saⁿ) - whitish [JOD-Omaha]; soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

 

plate

ma-ze o-zhi (máze óži) - tin plate

cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron, metal; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-zhi (oží) - put collection into something, plant, fill

 

o-ka-ze (okáze) - plate [MS, OM]

 

Platte river, NE

ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Platte river, NE

ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Nebraska, “flat water” [OM]

cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid, stream, lake; bda-ska (bdáska) - flat

Dhegiha: ni-btha-ska (ni-b¢á-ska) - “flat water”; the Platte River, Neb., hence the name of the state, Nebraska [JOD-Omaha]; ni-btha-ska (ni-bthá-çka) - flat river, Platte River, Nebraska [FL-Osage]

Dhegiha: ni (ní) - water [Omaha/Ponca]; ni (ni) - water, liquid, river [Omaha]; ni (ni) - water, river, rivulet, creek [FL-Osage]; ni (níi) - water, any fluid, liquid [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - water, river, any liquid [Kaw]

Dhegiha: bda-ska (bdáska) - flat [RR-Quapaw]; btha-ska (btháska) - flat [Omaha/Ponca]; btha-ska (bthá-çka) - flatten [FL-Osage]; bra-ska (bráaska) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-ska (bláska) - flat, as the edges, not the surfaces, of something [Kaw]

 

play

shka-te (škátte) - play a-shka-te (aškátte) - I, da-shka-te (daškátte) - you, aⁿ-shka-ta-we (ą́škáttawe) - we

cf. shka-te haⁿ-ba (škátte hą́ba) - Thursday, lit. “play day”

ex: a-wa-ki-shka-te (awákiškátte) - I want to play with them [JOD]

ex: iⁿ-ta-te, da-knoⁿ-ke koⁿ-bda, she-mi ke a-wa-ki-shka-te kaⁿ-a-ni-he koⁿ-bda (įttatté, dáknǫké kkǫbdá, šémi ke awákiškátte ką́-anihé kkǫbdá) - father, I want you to marry her, I want to play with the girls [JOD]

ex: wa-ki-shka-te (wákiškátte) - played with them [JOD]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ she-mi ke wa-ki-shka-te haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi wa-saⁿ-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šemí ke wákiškátte hą́eąží wasą́de tʰą́ ną) - then-girl-the plural-played with them-a great deal-she liked (prized) them-the standing-past sign [JOD]

ex: shi-naⁿ shka-te de (šíną škátte dé) - again he went to play [JOD]

ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ, shi-naⁿ shka-te bde ta-ni-he de,” i-ke (“į́kką́, šíną škátte bde ttaníhe dé,” iké) - “grandmother, again I will surely go play,” he said to her [JOD]

ex: “i-di-bnaⁿ hi e-koⁿ, shka-te da ni-he, pi-za-ti shka-te da ni-he,” i-ke niⁿ (“ídibną́ hi ekǫ́, škátte dá-nihé, ppizátti škátte dá-nihé,” iké nį) - “you’ve had enough, go play, go play on the sand!” she said to him [JOD]

ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másanítą níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

ex: ni wa-sh’a-ke pi-za-ti shka-te niⁿ (ní wašʔaké ppizátti škátte nį́) - he was playing on the sand of the large body of water (river?) [JOD]

Dhegiha: shka-de (shkáde) - play, to play [Omaha/Ponca]; shka-de (shkade) - play [Omaha]; shka-de (cká-de) - to play [JOD-Omaha]; shka-dse (shká-dse) - to play; to sport; to frolic [FL-Osage]; shka-tse (shkáce) - play [CQ-Osage]; shka-je (shkáje) - play [Kaw]

 

play accordion or violin

ba-kiⁿ-te (bakį́tte) - play, accordion or violin pa-kiⁿ-te (ppákįtte) - I, shpa-kiⁿ-te (špákįtte) - you

cf. ba-kiⁿ-to-zha (bakį́ttoža), ba-giⁿ-to-zha (bagįttoža) - fiddle dance, whiteman’s dance; di-kiⁿ-te (dikįtté) - to make creak by pulling; wa-kiⁿ-te (wakį́tte) - accordion

Dhegiha: ba-gi-ze (bagíze) - fiddle, creak, squeak, to play the fiddle, to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-gi-ze (ba-gí-ze) - to make a creaking or squeaking sound by pushing hence, to play a fiddle [JOD-Omaha]; ba-gi-dse (ba-gí-dse) - ba (ba), an act of pushing; gi-dse (gi-dse), squeak; a fiddle, violin [FL-Osage]; pa-ki-tse (paakíce) - play music on an instrument, musical instrument, piano, music [CQ-Osage]; ba-gi-je (bagíje) - fiddle, play the fiddle, music, play the guitar [Kaw]

Dhegiha: gi-ze (gíze) - creak, to creak [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-ze (gí-ze) - to creak [JOD-Omaha]; gi-dse (gi-dse) - squeak [FL-Osage]; ki-tse (kice) - squeak [CQ-Osage]

 

play ball

ka-ta-pa-we (kkattappáwe) - play ball [MS]

oⁿ-ka-kdi ka-ta-pa (ǫkákdi kkattappá) - come on, play ball [AG]

cf. ka-ta-pa (kkattappá) - football, possibly derived from ka (ka) + ta-pe (ttapé)

Dhegiha: ta-be (tabé) - ball [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-be (tabe) - ball, baseball, basketball [Omaha]; ʰta-be (ṭa-bé) - ball [FL-Osage]; ʰta-pe (ʰtaapé) - ball [CQ-Osage]; ta-be (tabé) - ball [Kaw]

 

play the flute

ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ (kibą obíγǫ) - flute-blowing on [JOD]

cf. ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”; o-bi-xoⁿ (obíγǫ) - blow into, inflate

ex: o-zha a-di-shtaⁿ ki-baⁿ o-bi-xoⁿ pa naⁿ (óža ádištą kibą obíγǫ pá ną) - they quit dancing when a flute was blown [JOD]

Dhegiha: ki-boⁿ (kiboⁿ) - invite [Omaha]; gi-boⁿ (gí-boⁿ) - to call from a distance, to summon, to call to appear [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰpaⁿ (kíʰpą) - call, invite one’s relative(s) [CQ-Osage]; ki-paⁿ (kípą) - call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others, invite someone, not a relative [CQ-Osage]; gi-baⁿ (gibáⁿ) - call to one’s own children, etc. [Kaw]; gi-baⁿ (gíbaⁿ) - call to someone, call to another, call to another’s child, etc. [Kaw]

Dhegiha: u-bi-xoⁿ (ubíxoⁿ) - blow [Omaha]; u-bi-xoⁿ (u-bí-xoⁿ) - any kind of wind instrument, as a flute or horn [FL-Osage]; o-pi-xaⁿ (opíɣą) - blow into or on, blow inside, play a horn or other wind instrument [CQ-Osage]

 

ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - flute of cane, used by a lover to signal to his sweetheart, or to play when one “feels lonesome”, from Geroge Red Eagle [MH]

ki-baⁿ (kibą) - flute, “to call to”

ki-baⁿ (gī boⁿ) - flute of cedar, from Harrison Quapaw [MH]

cf. baⁿ (bą) - call, to halloo; wa-te-baⁿ (wattébą́) - to give the attacking cry [JOD]; wa-paⁿ (wappą́) - I call to them; wa-te wa-baⁿ (watté wabą́) - to give the attack signal

ex: kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ, i-she koⁿ-bda zhi, kdaⁿ-ni-ke ki-baⁿ ta (kdąníke kibą, išé kkǫbdá ži, kdąníke kibą ta) - I don’t want you to say, when I’m drinking around here [MS]

ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža másaníttą níkkašíka mį́ kibą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

Dhegiha: ki-boⁿ (kiboⁿ) - invite [Omaha]; gi-boⁿ (gí-boⁿ) - to call from a distance, to summon, to call to appear [FL-Osage]; ki-ʰpaⁿ (kíʰpą) - call, invite one’s relative(s) [CQ-Osage]; ki-paⁿ (kípą) - call or visit to ask or summon someone to attend or appear before others, invite someone, not a relative [CQ-Osage]; gi-baⁿ (gibáⁿ) - call to one’s own children, etc. [Kaw]; gi-baⁿ (gíbaⁿ) - call to someone, call to another, call to another’s child, etc. [Kaw]

 

play, play seesaw

ki-pi-za-za (kkíppizáza) - to play seesaw

ex: aⁿ-ki-pi-za-za (ąkkíppizaza) - let’s seesaw each other, let’s play seesaw

playing cards, deck of cards

i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (i-kah-zŭzŭ-ikan) - cards, playing cards, “paper with which to gamble or bet” (cartes á jouer) [GI]

cf. i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet; kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]

Dhegiha: ʰta-noⁿ-ʰk’a ʰkoⁿ (ṭa-nóⁿ-ḳ’a-ḳoⁿ) - a deck of cards, playing cards, “paper - gamble or a game” [FL-Osage]; ʰta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (ʰtaną́kʔa kʔǫ́) - deck of cards, card game, play cards, lit., “play/gamble with paper” [CQ-Osage]; ta-naⁿ-k’a k’oⁿ (tanáⁿk’a k’oⁿ) - to play cards, gamble at cards [Kaw]

 

pleased, happy

ki-da-kni  (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like aⁿ-da-kni  (ą́dakni) - I’m, di-da-kni  (dídakni) - you’re

cf. ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased; wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names; i-shta we-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéde daknį́ži) - be nearsighted

ex: i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (íwíkide ą́dakní) - I’m glad to see you [AB, OM]

ex: aⁿ-da-kni wi-tʰi-koⁿ (ą́dakni witʰíkǫ) - I’m glad it’s (my) grandpa [MS]

ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I’m glad to see you [FR]

ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

ex: i-e ki-da-kni (ié kidákni) - he likes to talk [MS]

ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

Dhegiha: gi-tha-gthiⁿ (gí-tha-gthiⁿ) - happy, pleased [FL-Osage]; ki-tha-liⁿ (kiðálį) - be glad, feel good, also used as an equivalent of thank you, like, enjoy, be happy about, be pleased with [CQ-Osage]; gi-ya-le (gíyale) - be happy [Kaw]

Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (¢á-g¢iⁿ) - good, this is the Ponka notation of the Osage tha-gthiⁿ (¢ak͓¢iⁿ) and the Kansas ya-liⁿ(yaliⁿ). Used primarily in Ponca names [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid, to be pleased [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį) - be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, good, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good oe well-behaved person, or good food [Kaw]

 

wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased

cf. wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; ki-da-kni  (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like; ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names

 

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