Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

habitual - handsome handy - haw hawk - hides high - honor hoof - husband

handy

► ki-zho-wa (kižówa) - quick, handy ► a-ki-zho-wa (akížowa) - I, da-ki-zho-wa (dakížowa) - you

► cf. a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]; a-zho-wa hi pa (ážowa hi ppá) - they were doing their best (to escape) [JOD]; a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all one’s might [JOD]

hang down evenly over an object, cover

► a-ka-bniⁿ (ákabnį) - cover, hang down evenly over an object

► cf. ti-ho-kaⁿ i-da-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką idákabnį) - smoke hole flaps

► ex: ti-ho-kaⁿ a-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką ákabnį) - to close the triangular ends of the tent skins forming the smoke-hole

► Dhegiha: a-ga-bliⁿ (ágabliⁿ) - fasten to cover on something [Kaw]

happened, what happened

► hoⁿ-e (hǫ́e), haⁿ-e (hą́e) - what happened? what’s the matter?

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; e (e) - question sign

► ex: “hoⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta,” i-ke-a-we, “aⁿ-t’e,” i-yi (“hǫ́e níkka dítta,” ikeáwe, “ątʔé,” iyí) - what is the matter/what happened with your man (husband), they said to her, dead to me (he died on me), she said [JOD]

happy

► ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like ► aⁿ-da-kni (ą́dakni) - I’m, di-da-kni (dídakni) - you’re

► cf. ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented; wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased; wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names; i-shta we-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéde daknį́ži) - be nearsighted

► ex: i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (íwíkide ą́dakní) - I’m glad to see you [AB, OM]

► ex: wi-ti-mi i-wi-ki-de aⁿ-da-kni (wittími íwíkide ą́dakní) - my aunt, I’m glad to see you [FR]

► ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

► ex: aⁿ-da-kni wi-tʰi-koⁿ (ą́dakni witʰíkǫ) - I’m glad it’s (my) grandpa [MS]

► ex: i-e ki-da-kni (ié kidákni) - he likes to talk [MS]

► ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

► Dhegiha: gi-tha-gthiⁿ (gí-tha-gthiⁿ) - happy, pleased [FL-Osage]; ki-tha-liⁿ (kiðálį) - be glad, feel good, also used as an equivalent of thank you, like, enjoy, be happy about, be pleased with [CQ-Osage]; gi-ya-le (gíyale) - be happy [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthiⁿ (¢á-g¢iⁿ) - good, this is the Ponka notation of the Osage tha-gthiⁿ (¢ak͓¢iⁿ) and the Kansas ya-liⁿ(yaliⁿ). Used primarily in Ponca names [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-gthiⁿ (thá-gthiⁿ) - good, fine, nice, pleasing in manner, exceedingly good, splendid, to be pleased [FL-Osage]; tha-liⁿ (ðáalį) - be good, feel good about something, be glad, thank you, fine, splendid, pretty, beautiful, handsome, good, well, finely, skillfully [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yáli), ya-liⁿ (yáliⁿ), ya-le (yále) - to be good, as a good oe well-behaved person, or good food [Kaw]

► wa-da-kni (wadákni) - be happy, be pleased

► cf. wa-da-kni-zhi (wadákniži) - be unhappy, be displeased; ki-da-kni (kidákni), ki-da-kniⁿ (kídaknį) - happy, pleased, to like; da-kni (dákni), da-kniⁿ (dáknį) - archaic word for good, used primarily in Quapaw personal names

► ki-wa-shoⁿ (kíwašǫ) - to be happy ► aⁿ-wa-shoⁿ (ą́wašǫ) - I’m, di-wa-shoⁿ (díwašǫ) - you’re

► cf. ki-shoⁿ-zhi (kíšǫži) - to be displeased

ex: aⁿ-ki-da-zhi hi tʰe aⁿ-shoⁿ-zhi a-ta-pa (ą́kidáži hí tʰe ąšǫ́ži áttappá) - I did not like it much that he did not tell me at all

hard, a hard knot

► a-di-k’a-se-de (ádikʔásede niké) - knot, a hard knot

► cf. a-di-k’a-se-de (ádikʔásede) - tie in a knot

hard, difficult, to be firm

► si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm

► cf. i-ye si-ze ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate; ti-zhe i-si-ze knaⁿ (ttižé isíze kną) - lock, lit. “holds door firm”

hard, firm

► sa-ki (sakí) - hard, firm

► cf. di-sa-ki (disáki) - hard, moulded with hands; o-we sa-ki (owé sakí) - [MS, JOD] - dried corn

► Dhegiha: sa-gi (sagí) - firm, hard, hard as sweet corn before it is boiled, tight, fast, difficult to untie or loosen [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-gi (çági) - solid, durable, hard, firm, tough [Omaha]; sa-gi (çá-gi) - firm, solid, durable, hard, lasting, tough, tough meat, strong, inflexible, not easily bent, to fasten firmly [FL-Osage]; sa-ki (saakí) - tight, tightly, firm, solid, hard, strong, muscular, difficult, hard to do things with [CQ-Osage]; sa-gi (sagí) - hard, firm, tight, tough, strong, muscular [Kaw]

hard, loud thunder

► ka-ni taⁿ-ka (kaní ttą́ka) - loud, hard thunder [FR, OM]

► ka-niⁿ taⁿ-ka (kanįttą́ka) - loud rolling thunder

► ka-ni taⁿ-ka (k͓ani tañ́k͓a) - masculine name, Chas Quapaw, son of xi-da ska taⁿ-ka (qid¢á ska tañ́k͓a); Charles Goodeagle’s name [JOD, FR]

► cf. ka-ni (kaní) - thunder [MS]; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large; ka-ni zhi-ka (kaní žika) - distant thunder, little thunder [OM]; ka-ni zhi-ka (k͓a-ní ji-k͓á) - masculine name, Little Thunder (not, Thunder-being), called Ambrose by the white people: a Kwapa man, living in 1877 [JOD]; ka-ni-ni (kaníni), ka-niⁿ-niⁿ (kanįnį́), ga-ni-ni (ganiní) - thunder

hard, moulded hard with hands

► di-sa-ki (disáki) - moulded hard with hands ► bdi-sa-ki (bdísaki) - I, ti-sa-ki (ttísaki) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling: inner instrumental prefix; sa-ki (sakí) - hard, firm

► Dhegiha: thi-sa-gi (thi çagi) - fortify [Omaha]

hard, pull hard on a rope

► di-kaⁿ-tiⁿ-tiⁿ (dikką́ttįttį́) - pull hard on a rope ► bdi-kaⁿ-tiⁿ-tiⁿ (bdíkkąttįttį) - I, ti-kaⁿ-tiⁿ-tiⁿ (ttíkkąttįttį) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant, sinew, string, line; di-kaⁿ-tiⁿ (dikką́ttį) - pull on a rope

hard, wind blowing hard, storm, bad wind

► ta-ti oⁿ-he shi-ke (ttátti ǫ́he šiké) - storm, “wind blowing hard, bad wind” [MS]

► cf. ta-ti oⁿ-he (ttáttiǫ́he), ta-ti aⁿ-he (ttáttią́he) - wind, ta-te (ttatte) + oⁿ-he (ǫhe); shi-ke (šíke) - bad

► Dhegiha: ta-de (tadé) - wind [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-de (tadé) - wind, air [Omaha]; ʰta-dse (ṭa-dsé) - the winds, the four quarters of the earth, air [FL-Osage]; ʰta-tse (ʰtaacé) - wind, air [CQ-Osage]

ta-je (tajé) - wind [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta-doⁿ-he (tadóⁿhe) - gust, whirlwind, sudden gust of wind [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-doⁿ-he (tadoⁿhe) - whirlwind [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: ʰta-dse ʰpi-zhi (ṭa-dse p̣í-zhi) - a bad wind, blustery [FL-Osage]; ʰta-tse ʰpi-zhi (ʰtaacé ʰpíiži) - tornado, tempest, windstorm [CQ-Osage]

hard, with great effort

► wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong, with an effort, all one’s might; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful

► ex: wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ a-kde maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (ttą́nį wášką akdé mątté kʰettí) - running with all my might, I started back to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde (ttą́nį wašką́ kdé) - running with all her might, she went home [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi toⁿ-we-ki-ki shoⁿ-niⁿ wa-shkaⁿ kde shoⁿ-niⁿ hi-pʰe i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą áši tǫ́wekikí šǫnį́ wašką́ kdé šǫnį́ hipʰé iyáwe) - then she looked back at him repeatedly as she tried with all her might to get home, she fell, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkaⁿ (wackáⁿ) - make an effort, attempt [JOD-Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one's best, make an effort [Kaw]

hare lipped

► i-ha shka (íha šká) - be hare lipped ► i-ha aⁿ-shka (íha ąšká) - I, i-ha di-shka (íha dišká) - you, i-ha wa-shka-we (íha waškáwe) - we

► cf. i-ha (íha) - mouth

► Dhegiha: i-ha se (íhaçe) - harelip [Omaha]; i-ha zha-ta (iha zhata) - harelip, split lip [Omaha]; i u-zne-ge (í uznége) - hare-lipped, cleft lip [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ha zha-ta (í-ha zha-ta) - harelip, broken lip [FL-Osage]; i-ha zha-ʰta (íhaa žáʰta) - broken or split lip, harelip [CQ-Osage]

hare, rabbit

► ma-shtiⁿ-ke (maštį́ke), (maštįké) - rabbit, hare

► ma-shtiⁿ-ke (maštį́ke) - rabbit [MS, MR, OM]

► ma-shtiⁿ-ke (mašt'įGe) - rabbit, cottontail [FS]

► cf. ma-shtiⁿ-ke hiⁿ (maštį́ke hį́) - rabbit fur; ma-shtiⁿ-ke taⁿ-ka (maštį́ke ttą́ka) - jack rabbit; ma-shtiⁿ-ke taⁿ-ka (maštį́ke ttą́ka), ma-shtiⁿ-ke toⁿ-ka (maštį́kettǫ́ka) - goat, lit. “big rabbit”

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (maštį́ke nį) - the rabbit, the singular moving animate rabbit

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (maštį́ke nįkʰé) - the rabbit, the singular sitting animate rabbit

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (maštį́ke tʰą) - the rabbit, the standing animate rabbit

► Dhegiha: ma-shtiⁿ-ge (mashtíⁿge), ma-shchiⁿ-ge (mashchíⁿge) - rabbit [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shtiⁿ-ga (moⁿshtíⁿga) - rabbit [Omaha]; moⁿ-shtiⁿ-ge (moⁿ-shtíⁿ-ge) - the cottontail rabbit, this little animal figures in the myths of the Osage [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shtsiⁿ-ka (mąšcį́ka) - rabbit, hare [CQ-Osage]; ma-shtsiⁿ-ge (mashcíⁿge) - rabbit [Kaw]

harm

► i-o (io), i-yo (íyo) - wound someone or something ► i-do (idó) - I, i-do (ído) - you

► i-o-wi (i-ŭ-wih) - wound, injure, hurt, harm (blesser) [GI]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-yo-wi taⁿ aⁿ-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ąną́yowi-ttą ą́kdanį kdiwé) - when I was shot they brought me back hither

► ex: i-di-yo-wi taⁿ a-di-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ídiyowi-ttą adíkdanį kdiwé) - when you were shot they brought you back hither

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ a-kda-niⁿ kdi kʰe (íyowi-ttą akdánį kdí kʰe) - when he was wounded they (his relations) brought him (or his body) home

► ex: we-yo-wi taⁿ wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wéyowi-ttą wákdanį kdiwé) - when we were shot they brought us back hither

► Dhegiha: i-u (í-u) - to wound with a weapon, to wound with an arrow or other weapon [FL-Osage]; i-o (ió) - wound with something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u (ú) - wound [Omaha/Ponca]; u (ú), ’u (’u) - wound [JOD-Omaha]; u (u) - wound, to hurt, wound from a cut [FL-Osage]; o (o) - wound [Kaw]

harvest corn

► di-se (disé) - pick, harvest corn ► bdi-se (bdíse) - I, ti-se (ttíse) - you

► cf. pa-se (páse) - cut off with a knife

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-se (wathiçe) - harvest [Omaha]; thi-se (thí-çe) - to pick flowers or berries, to cut as with scissors [FL-Osage]; yu-se (yusé) - to pick, as beans, can also refer to guitar or banjo picking; break, as bread, with the hands [Kaw]

hasten

► o-ti-ti (óttitti) - hurry in doing something, quickly ► o-a-ti-ti (óattittí) - I, o-da-ti-ti (ódattittí) - you

► o-chi-chi (óčiči) - hurry [OM]

► ex: wa-kda-tiⁿ-tiⁿ (wákdattį́ttį) - he told them to hasten to do it [JOD]

hat

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną), pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną) - hat, cap, “head is put inside”

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat [MS, OM]

► pa-ho-knaⁿ (pah-hughĕnah) - hat, hood (chapeau) [GI]

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; o-knaⁿ (okną́), o-kdaⁿ (okdą́) - put into; wa-x’o pa-hi o-knaⁿ (waxʔó ppáhiókną) - bonnet; iⁿ-te o-kdaⁿ (į́tte ókdą) - mask, lit. "put the face in it"

► ex: pa-hi oknaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi okną-nįkʰe) - the hat

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tta mįkʰé) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: pa-hi o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-ki-knaⁿ tʰaⁿ (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši ákikną tʰą) - he is putting his hat on the table

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ pa-gthoⁿ (máshoⁿpágthoⁿ) - headdress, feather bonnet, eagle feathers [Omaha/Ponca]; te-he pa-gthoⁿ (tehépagthóⁿ) - buffalo horn headdress [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-pa-gthoⁿ(wáqupágthoⁿ) - hat, cap “white man’s head covering” [Omaha/Ponca]

► o-kdaⁿ-ke (ókdąke), o-knaⁿ-ke (okną́ke) - hat or cap

► cf. xi-da o-knaⁿ-ke (xidá okną́ke) - headdress made of eagle skins

► Dhegiha: u-gthoⁿ-ge (u-gthoⁿ-ge) - hat [FL-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ke (oolą́ke) - wear on the head, put on the head, don as a hat [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ke (óoląke) - hat, head cover, item worn on the head [CQ-Osage]; o-laⁿ-ge (ólaⁿge) - hat, cap [Kaw]

► pa-ho-di-shiⁿ (pah-hŭ-odischih) - bonnet (bonnet) [GI]

► pa-hi o-di-shiⁿ (ppáhi odíšį), pa-ho-di-shiⁿ (ppahódíšį) - bonnet

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle; niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants, trousers; wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron; we-do-di-shiⁿ (wédodíšį) - pie

► Dhegiha: pa u-thi-shiⁿ (pa uthishiⁿ) - scarf [Omaha]; iⁿde u-thi-shiⁿ (íⁿdeúthíshiⁿ) - face cover [Omaha/Ponca]

► wa-x’o pa-hi-o-knaⁿ (waxʔó ppáhiókną) - bonnet, “woman’s hat”

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman; pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną), pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat, cap, "head is put inside"; pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną) - hat [MS, OM]; pa-ho-knaⁿ (pah-hughĕnah) - hat, hood (chapeau) [GI]

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ pa-gthoⁿ (máshoⁿpágthoⁿ) - headdress, feather bonnet, eagle feathers [Omaha/Ponca]; te-he pa-gthoⁿ (tehépagthóⁿ) - buffalo horn headdress [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xu-pa-gthoⁿ(wáqupágthoⁿ) - hat, cap “white man’s head covering” [Omaha/Ponca]

hatchet

► iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet

► iⁿ-spe zhi-ka (į́spe žíka) - hatchet, tomahawk [MS]

► mi-spe zhi-ka (mĭspeh jinkah) - war club, head broker (casse tête) [GI]

► cf. iⁿ-spe (į́spe), (įspé) - axe; zhi-ka (žíka) small, little; iⁿ-spe xa-taⁿ (į́spe xáttą) - adze made of iron

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-xe i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze pe zhiⁿ-ga (moⁿçe pe zhiⁿga) - hatchet, tomahawk [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ spe zhiⁿ-ga (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çpe zhiⁿ-ga) - tomahawk [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe zhiⁿ (mą́ąhįspežį) - hatchet [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze pe (moⁿçe pe) - ax [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ spe (móⁿ-hiⁿ-çpe) - ax [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (mą́ąhįspe) - axe [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ spe (máⁿhiⁿspe) - axe [Kaw]

hate

► o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká), o-koⁿ-shi-ka (okkǫ́šika) - hate

► cf. o-kaⁿ-shi-ka-wa-de (okką́šikáwade) - hateful, abominable; o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► ex: o-wi-kaⁿ-shi-ka (owíkkąšiká) - I hate you

► ex: wa-jhi-ni aⁿ-ka-shi-ka (waǰíni ąkką́šiká) - white man didn't like me [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-shi-ka wi-e-hoⁿ o-wa-kaⁿ-shi-ka, wa-jhi-ni (ąkką́šiká wíehǫ owákką́šiká waǰíni) - he (white man) don’t like me and I don't like him either [MS]

hateful

► o-kaⁿ-shi-ka-wa-de (okką́šikáwade) - hateful, abominable

► cf. o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká), o-koⁿ-shi-ka (okkǫ́šika) - hate; wa-de (wade) - cause them, make them, to make one, cause someone; o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► cf. o-kaⁿ-shi-ka (okką́šiká), o-koⁿ-shi-ka (okkǫ́šika) - hate; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - do, be, use, have; o-kaⁿ-shi-ka-wa-de (okką́šikáwade) - hateful, abominable

► wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean, bad thoughts, hateful, spiteful

► wa-zhiⁿ shi-ke (wažį́ šíke) - mean [MS]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - disposition, will power, will, mind, idea, volition; shi-ke (šíke) - bad; wa-zhiⁿ de-da-zhi (wažį́ dédaži) - to lose patience; wa-zhiⁿ ska (wa-jĭⁿ́-skă) - masculine name “White Disposition, Wise.” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ ʰpi-zhi (wa-zhíⁿ-p̣i-zhi) - to be very angry [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ ʰpi-zhi (wažį́ ʰpíiži) - enraged, mad, angry [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ pi-zhi (wazhíⁿpizhi) - being hateful, spiteful, literally “bad thoughts” [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - will power [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - own will, volition [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - will, mind, idea [CQ-Osage]

► wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-de (wážǫį́ níwade) - hateful ► wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-a-wa-de (wážǫį́ níawáde) - I, wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-wa-da-de (wážǫį́ níwadáde) - you, wa-zhoⁿ-iⁿ ni-oⁿ-wa-da-we (wážǫį́ niǫ́wadáwe) - we

► cf. ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none”

have an arm or body cramp

► di-ti-ke (dittíke) - have an arm or body cramp ► aⁿ-di-ti-ke (ądíttike) - I, di-di-ti-ke (didíttike) - you

have been, reach there, arrive

► hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been ► pʰi (pʰi) - I, shi (ši) - you, hi (hí) - he/she/it, hi-we (híwe) - they, aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi), oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other, aⁿ-ka-hi-we (ąkáhiwe) - we

► hi (hi) - come, be coming here (not own)

► cf. a-kda-niⁿ hi (akdánį hi) - to come hither with one’s own; a-ki-hi (akihí) - he went thither for it [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-niⁿ hi (anį́ hi) - take it thither [JOD]; e-ta-koiⁿ-xe hi (ettákoįγe hi) - he came around to him; i-hi (ihí) - arrive, reach the place; hi-kʰi-de (híkʰide) - send, cause to arrive there; ko-wa-hi-niⁿ (kówahinį) - that arrived sg/mv/an, the one who has reached; o-hi-kniⁿ (ohíknį) - to come to and sit, to reach/arrive and sit, to get into and sit [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - to have been there, to have reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - to arrive [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahi) - approach, arrive there [Omaha]; hi (hi) - to arrive at a place [FL-Osage]; hi (hí), a-hi (ahí) - go there (motion accomplished), come here, arrive there, be there, be in attendance, stop in, go by, come by, get (e.g., “get old”), become, begin to, start to, suddenlt start to; initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hu) - to be coming to this place [FL-Osage]; hu (hú), a-hu (ahú) - come here (motion underway); initial a is often omitted, regularly so with 1^st singular and second person subject [CQ-Osage]; hu (hu) - come to a place that is not one’s own, be coming here [Kaw]

► pʰi (pʰi) - I arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (pʰi anihé iyí iyá maštį́ke) - so I have been coming here, replied the rabbit, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: pʰi a-ni-he naⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ a-kniⁿ (pʰí aníhe ną́ ppazé dé tą aknį́) - I was coming-I who move-when-after dark-when-I camped [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pʰí a-ni-he, so-te a-ni-he, aⁿ-xda te a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (ažowá hi pʰí aníhe, sótte aníhe, ą́xde tte ažąmį́) - I was coming as fast as possible, I was moving fast, I thought he was going to overtake me [JOD]

► ex: she-mi-zhi-ka a-kda-bniⁿ pʰi (šémižíka akdábnį pʰí) - I came here with my little girl [JOD]

► ex: wa-shkaⁿ pʰi maⁿ-te kʰe-ti (wášką pʰí mątté kʰettí) - I was trying with all my effort to reach there, to the canoe [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ pʰi-a-ki-de (hǫnį́ttą pʰi-ákidé) - how can I get myself there (cause myself to reach there) [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-pʰi (akípʰi) - I reached there, having gone for it; I went there for it [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pi (pí) - I arrive, I have been coming [JOD-Omaha]; pshi (pshi) pshi e (pshi e) - I went, I have been [FL-Osage]; pshi (pší), pshi-e (pšíe) - I went, I be there [CQ-Osage]

phi (phi) - I arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: pshu (pšú) - I come [CQ-Osage]; phu (phu) - I come to a place that is not my own, be coming here [Kaw]

► shi (ši) - you arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: ha-ki shi e (háki ši e) - where have you been?' [MS]

► ex: “e-shoⁿ shi e-koⁿ t’e-di-da-we” i-ye niⁿ i-ya (“ešǫ́ ši ekǫ́ tʔédidawĕ” iyé nį iyá) - “then, you went and thus, like that, they killed you,” she was saying, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shi (shi) - you have been there, you reached there [Omaha/Ponca]; shi (shi) - you went [FL-Osage]; shi (ši), shi-e (šíe) - you went, you come, you arrive [CQ-Osage]; shi (shi) - you [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shu (šú), tha-shiu (ðahǘ) - you come [CQ-Osage]; shu (shu) - you come to a place that is your own, be coming here [Kaw]

► hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - you come (imperative)

► ex: hi ni-he (hí-nihé) - come thou!; you come! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hí), hi (híi), a-hi (ahí) - you come (imperative) [CQ-Osage]

► hi (hí) - he/she/it arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: a-shi-ti hi (ášitti hi) - he/she arrived outside, he/she went outside

► ex: ka-sa-ni-a-ti e zhiⁿ-ka tʰaⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya-we (kásaniáti e žįká tʰą ášitti hí iyáwe) - the next morning, that little/young one went outside, they said [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi te-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi téti ttíže okákixe-xti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke t’e-de i-ya wa-sa (ášitti hi otąka hi tą maštį́ke tʔede iyá wasá) - just as soon as the black bear went outside, the rabbit shot the black bear, giving him a fatal wound, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ a-shi-ti hi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ (kóišǫttą ášitti hi iyá wasá nį) iyá - thus, the black bear went outside, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: e-ti hi (étti hí) - he/she arrived there, he went there

► ex: e-ti hi naⁿ di-shpa-shpa ke (étti hi ną dišpášpa ke) - when she arrived there, the torn pieces were scattered about [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ zho-kde e-ti hi naⁿ i-ya (waxʔóžiká nį žokdé étti hi ną iyá) - the old woman accompanied him as he went there, it is said (they say) [JOD)]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ (hą́ba otą́ka hi tą) - as soon as day arrived, as soon as the day broke [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi taⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi tą) - when he arrived to the black bear lodges [JOD]

► ex: she-mi e-zhi ke hi taⁿ wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ kʰe za-ni di-za-i taⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ e-naⁿ kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šémi éži ke hí tą wahį́ska hóttą kʰe zaní dizá-i tą wahą́nįké tą eną́ ką-tʰą) - when the other girls arrived, they took all the good calico, the orphan just stood there [JOD]

► ex: e she-mi i-ta-de taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka hi taⁿ ka-i-she-taⁿ hi taⁿ e-hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe t’e (é šémi íttadé tą nąhą́ žiká hí tą ká-išétą hí tą ehǫ́ nįkʰé tʔe) - when the girl that was born reached puberty her mother died [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ti-kde ke-ti hi naⁿ (wasá ttikdé ke-tti hi ną) - when he arrived to the black bear village [JOD]

► ex: hi naⁿ naⁿ-zha haⁿ-ka e-zhiⁿ-ke o-te naⁿ i-ya-we (hí ną ną́ža hą́ka ežį́ke otté ną iyáwe) - then when he arrived he looked for (sought) Haⁿ-ka’s son, they said [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: de niⁿ e-shoⁿ-hi haⁿ-ka toⁿ niⁿkʰe-ti hi (de nį́ ešǫhí hą́ka ttǫ nįkʰétti hí) - after he was going for some time, he arrived at the Haⁿ-ka village [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ miⁿ-xti o-shte tʰaⁿ sh’a-taⁿ-ka do-taⁿ-ti hi (ešǫ́ mį́xti ošté tʰą šʔattą́ka dottą́tti hí) - then the one that remained went straight to the devil [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ o-zha ka-ki da-i ke ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka e-zhi-ke a-ki-da-i ke taⁿ hi (kóišǫ́ttą óža káki dá-i ke kahíke ttąka ežíke ákidá-i ké tą hí) - then-to dance-there-they went-the pl.-chief-large-his son-they took part with (=danced)-the pl. when-she arrived [JOD]

► ex: hi-pʰe kʰe taⁿ hi i-ya-we (hipʰé kʰé tą hí iyáwe) - she had fallen when he arrived, they say [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke o-zhoⁿ-ke e-ki-zhi o-ha hi (wahą́nįke ožǫ́ke ekíži ohá hí) - the orphan arrived following along a different road [JOD]

► ex: zhoⁿ di-ze hi i-ya-we (žǫ́ díze hí iyáwe) - she went to get wood, they said [JOD]

► ex: e-ti mi-ka niⁿ maⁿ-shka da-tʰe hi niⁿ naⁿ (ettí mikká nį mą́ška dátʰe hi nį́ ną) - raccoon arrived there and ate crawfish [JOD]

► ex: ti-zhe ti hi na-zhiⁿ a-taⁿ xa-ke koⁿ-ze tʰaⁿ naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ttíže-ttí-hi nažį́-attą́ γaké kǫzé tʰą ną́ iyá maštįke) - the rabbit arrived to the entrance of the lodge and stood there, pretending cry, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - he/she arrived, he reach there [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi (ahí) - he/she arrive there [JOD-Omaha]; hi (hi) - he arrive [FL-Osage]; hi-pe (hípe) - it’s arrived [CQ-Osage]; a-hi-pe (ahípe) - he came [CQ-Osage]; a-hi-be (ahíbe) - he/she/it arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hu (hú) - it’s coming [CQ-Osage]; a-hu-be (ahube) - he/she/it come to a place that is not it’s own [Kaw]

► hi-we (híwe) - they arrive, reach there, have been

► ex: “hi-we o-da,” i-ya-we i-ya (“hiwé odá,” iyáwe iyá) - they (black bears) said, “they’ve arrived, tell it!” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa za-ni hi a-shi-ti hi-we i-ya (wasá zaní hi ášitti híwe iyá) - all of the black bears came outside, (of their lodges), it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa be-ni-zhi e-ti hi-we i-ya (wasá béniji ĕ́ti híwĕ iyá) - everyone of the black bears went there, (to the lodge were the rabbit was), it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰe níkkašíka žóhi hi étti híwi ną́ tʔédawé iyá iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰe) - they say that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief, the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-hi-bi (ahí-bi) - they reached the place, the yarrived there [JOD-Omaha]; a-hi-be (ahibe) - they arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-hu a-pa (ahú apa), a-hu a-pai (ahú apaí) - they come [CQ-Osage]; a-hu-be (ahube) - they come to a place that is not their own, be coming here [Kaw]

► aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi), oⁿ-ka-hi (ǫkáhi) - we, I and one other

► ex: “aⁿ-ka-hi tai,” wa-x’o zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (“ąkáhi taí,” waxʔó-žiká ikíé nį) - “we will arrive there/we will go,” the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-hi (añgáhi) - we reach, we arrive [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ka-hi (ąkáhi) - we (I and one other) went, we’ve been there [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-hi-be (aⁿgáhibe) - we arrive, reach there [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-hu-be (aⁿgahube) - we come to a place that is not our own, be coming here [Kaw]

have duty of fetching water

► ni-a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (niákinážį) - have duty of fetching water ► a-ni-a-ki-a-na-zhiⁿ (ániákianážį) - I, da-ni-a-ki-da-na-zhiⁿ (dániákidanažį) - you

► cf. ni (ni) - water; i-na-zhiⁿ (ínažį) - stand by, support or aid someone; a-ki-na-zhiⁿ (ákinážį) - stand on one’s own

► Dhegiha: i-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (í-gi-noⁿ-zhiⁿ) - to depend on someone [FL-Osage]; i-ki-na-zhi (íkinaaži) - depend on, count on, rely on [CQ-Osage]

have none

► ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking ► aⁿ-ni-ke (ąníke) - I, di-ni-ke (diníke) - you

► niⁿ-ke (niñk͓é) - none [JOD]

► ex: o-wi-ki ta miⁿ-kʰe she-to da-bniⁿ aⁿ-ki-shte, she-mi she-to aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (owikki tta mįkʰé šétto dábnį ą́kišté, semi šétto ąníke) - I’m going to tell you something, I only have three boys still alive, I have already lost a boy and a girl [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-te-iⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-niⁿ-ke (mątté-įkʰe ąnį́ke) - I do not have a paddle [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-hi-te kniⁿ di-ni-ke (ákkihitte knį́ diníke) - you have no one to attend to you regularly

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, mind [JOD]

► ex: ta-taⁿ da-tʰe tʰe niⁿ-ke-hi-wi (táttą datʰé tʰe nįkéhiwí) - they had nothing to eat, “something to eat, they were lacking” [JOD]

► ex: wa-niⁿ-ke-hi-we (wanį́kehiwé) - we have none at all [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-we (nikáwe) - they are not, there are none [JOD]

► ex: ni niⁿ-ke (ni nįké) - no water [JOD]

► ex: ni-ke hi (niké hí) - there is none [OM]

► ex: ni-ge hi (ni-ge-i) - there is none [LH]

► ex: ma-ze-ni ni-ke (mazéni niké) - there ain’t no milk' (MS)]

► ex: she-to zhi-ka ma-ze-ni ni-ke niⁿ (šétto žíka mazéni niké nį) - little boy ain’t got no milk [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke naⁿ-ta ni-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke nąttá niké nįkʰé) - the dog didn’t have no ear [MS]

► ex: wa-x’o ni-ke hi niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó niké hi nįkʰé) - he’s no good, “he has no woman/wife” [AG]

► ex: ha-t’e ni-ke (hátʔe niké) - healthy, to be in good health, “without sickness”

► ex: wa-haⁿ-ni-ke (wahą́niké) - orphan, “without family/relation”

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha ni-ke (hǫbį́tteáha niké) - slippers, lit. “without moccasin flaps”

► ex: te-ska shoⁿ-te ni-ke (tteská šǫté niké) - ox, lit. “cow without balls”

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► ex: ni-xi-te ni-ke (niγítte níke) - to be deaf, to be disobedient, “lack hearing”

► ex: o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, lit. “without joints”

► ex: o-ni-aⁿ niⁿ-ke hi (onią́ nįké hi) - no noise, “not even breathing” [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿgé) - lack, to lack, to not have, there is none [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ-ge (thiⁿ́-ge) - to have none, nothing [FL-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįįké), iⁿ-ke (įįké) - lack a thing, be devoid of, be lacking, not have something any longer, have nothing [CQ-Osage]; thiⁿ-ke (ðįké), iⁿ-ke (įké) - be none, be gone, absent, extinct, nonexistent, lacking, pass away, vanish, not, not at all [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ge (yíⁿgé) - lack, none, be none, be without [Kaw]

have one for a kinsman

► o-do-ta-ki-de (odottákide) - have one for a kinsman ► o-do-ta-a-ki-de (odottaákide) - I, o-do-ta-da-ki-de (odottadákide) - you

► cf. o-do-ta-ki-de (ódottákide) - kinsman, relative

► Dhegiha: u-thu-da-ʰki-the (u-thú-da ḳi-the) - genealogy, lineage [FL-Osage]; u-tho-da-ʰki-the (ú-tho-da-ḳi-the) - relative, kindred, natural ties of kin [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-ʰki-the (ðótaʰkiðe) - take or regard each other as relatives, be related, become acquainted with each other, make friends with each other, regard each other as friends, hold each other dear [CQ-Osage]

have or keep for someone

► a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone ► a-ki-bniⁿ (akíbnį) - I, a-da-ki-tiⁿ (adákittį) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-niⁿ-we (ǫkákinįwe) - we

► cf. a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep; a-ki-niⁿ de (ákinį de) - take away something for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property; a-ki-niⁿ kde (ákinį kdé) - to take from someone and go back [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ kdi (ákinį kdi) - take away something for someone and come back to this place [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own [JOD]; ni-zhi a-ki-niⁿ (níži ákinį) - owe something to someone; wa-di-ze a-ki-niⁿ (wadíze ákinį) - owe something to someone

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ (ądákittį́) - you have it for me [JOD]

have sense, be wise

► wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense ► wa-di-kdaⁿ aⁿ-toⁿ (wadikdą ąttǫ) - I’m, wa-di-kdaⁿ di-toⁿ (wadikdą ditto) - you’re

► cf. taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have; wa-di-knaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan, thoughtfully, deliberately; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; di-knaⁿ (dikną́) - try, make effort, decide

► Dhegiha: wa-thi-gthoⁿ ʰtoⁿ (wa-thí-gthoⁿ ṭoⁿ) - having plenty of sence, wits, very sensible [FL-Osage]

have, as a disease

► ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - have (as a disease), be, do, use ► moⁿ (mǫ) - I, zhoⁿ (žǫ) - you, ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - he/she/it, aⁿ-koⁿ (ąkǫ́) - we, I and one other, aⁿ-koⁿ-we (ąkǫ́we), oⁿ-koⁿ-we (ǫkǫ́we) - we

► ex: bnaⁿ-se ’oⁿ (bną́se ʔǫ) - to have smallpox

► ex: o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► ex: e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-’oⁿ (eką́ži waʔǫ́) - to do wrong, injure, sin

► ex: e-ki-’oⁿ (ékiʔǫ) - do as someone has said or done

► ex: hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ (hínįhá ʔǫ́) - to do one’s utmost, to the limit

► ex: pi-’oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) - younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-kdaⁿ, ha-zhoⁿ ni-kʰe, i-ke (įkdą́, hažǫ́ nikʰé, iké) - first son-what you do?-you who sit-she said [JOD]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (hážǫ nišé) - how are you? (how are you doing?) [AG]

► ex: jhi-e ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (ǰíe hážǫ níšé) - how are you? (how are you doing?) [AG]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ (ǫ́ǫ) - suffer from, have as an illness, be sick from, perhaps more literally “be enveloped by (sickness)”, “(sickness) lies upon someone”, wear, use [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do [Kaw]

have, keep

► a-niⁿ (anį́) - have, keep ► a-bniⁿ (abnį́) - I, a-tiⁿ (attį́) - you, a-niⁿ (anį́) - he/she/it

► cf. a-niⁿ de (anį́ dé) - take away; a-niⁿ hi (anį́ hi) - take it thither [JOD]; a-niⁿ kde (anį́ kde) - to take homeward [JOD]; a-niⁿ kdi (anį́ kdi) - to bring home [JOD]; a-niⁿ ki (anį́ kí) - bring back here; a-niⁿ tʰi (anį́ tʰí) - brought here [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone; a-kda-niⁿ (akdánį) - keep one’s own (relation, property, etc.)

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (áthiⁿ) - have, keep [Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (a-thíⁿ) - to have [FL-Osage]; a-thiⁿ (aðį́) - have, own, possess [CQ-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (ayíⁿ) - have, keep, get, hold [Kaw]

► a-bniⁿ (abnį́) - I have, keep

► Dhegiha: a-bthiⁿ (abthíⁿ) - I have [Omaha]; a-bthiⁿ (abthíⁿ) - I have [FL-Osage]; a-briⁿ (abrį́) - I have [CQ-Osage]; a-bliⁿ (ablíⁿ) - I have [Kaw]

► a-tiⁿ (attį́) - you have, keep

► ex: ta-taⁿ zha-zhe a-tiⁿ (táttą žáže attį́) - what’s your name? [MS]

► ex: jhi-e shi-zhi-ka a-tiⁿ ni-she (jhíe šižíkka attį́ nišé) - do you have any children [AG]

► ex: jhi-e shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ a-tiⁿ ni-she (ǰíe šǫ́keáknį attį́ nišé) - have you got a horse? [AG]

► Dhegiha: a-niⁿ (a-níⁿ), a-hniⁿ (ahníⁿ) - you have [JOD-Omaha]; a-ni (a-ní), a-shni (a-shní), a-stiⁿ (a-stiⁿ) - you have [FL-Osage]; a-shtsiⁿ (ašcį́) - you have [CQ-Osage]; a-ʰniⁿ (aʰníⁿ) - you have [Kaw]

► a-niⁿ (anį́) - he/she/it have, keep

► ex: kʰi taⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ wa-sa shoⁿ-te a-niⁿ a-taⁿ de i-ya (kʰi tą maštį́ke nį wasá šǫté anį́ attą dé iyá) - upon returning home, the rabbit had the black bear’s scrotum and left, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ke taⁿ-ha shoⁿ-zhi-ka miⁿ-xti-naⁿ-naⁿ a-niⁿ aⁿ-taⁿ ha-ze da-we (waxʔó tówa ke tą́ha šǫ́žika mį́xtiną́ną ánį ą́tą háze dáwe) - the four women, each took a pup when they fled [JOD]

► ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ (anį́ nį) - a-niⁿ (anį́) - he/she/it has + niⁿ (nį) - 3sg continuative aux moving

► ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ (anį́ nį) - he was keeping it [JOD]

► ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ naⁿ (anį́ nį-ną́) - he is the one who has (had) her [JOD]

► ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich people (he/she has a lot of money) [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ta-kde-ska a-niⁿ niⁿ (šǫ́ke takdéska anį́ nį) - dog got fleas [MS]

► ex: wa-kaⁿ-ta e-haⁿ-ko-we-tʰaⁿ, Mary a-niⁿ niⁿ (wakką́tta ehą́ ǫkówettą, Mary anį́ nį) - Jesus’s mother, Mary [MS]

► ex: shpoⁿ a-niⁿ ni (špǫ anį́ nį) - when a baby is wet (he/she has a soaked diaper) [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-thiⁿ (athiⁿ) - he/she/it has/had [JOD-Omaha]; a-thiⁿ (a-thiⁿ) - he has [FL-Osage]; a-thiⁿ (aðį́) - he has/have [CQ-Osage]; a-yiⁿ (ayíⁿ) - he/she/it have keep [Kaw]

► a-niⁿ pa (anį́ pa) - they had it [JOD]

► cf. a-niⁿ (anį́) - he/she/it have, keep; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - continuative aspect marker, plural of niⁿ (nį)

► wa-niⁿ (wánį) - he/she/it have them

► ex: de-do a-shka e-ti-tʰaⁿ she-mi wa-niⁿ e-ti-tʰaⁿ, i-ke niⁿ (dédo áška ettítʰą šémi eną́hí wánį ettítʰą, iké nį́) - near here one stands (a lodge), it only has girls, he said to her [JOD]

► ex: to-wa wa-niⁿ naⁿ i-ya-we, o-zhi-ha zhi-ka e-ti o-wa-zhi naⁿ i-ya-we (tówa wánį ną iyáwe, óžiha žiká étti ówaži ną iyáwe) - he had four of them, he put them in he little bag, they say [JOD]

ex: shoⁿ-ke o-do-tʰe wa-niⁿ tʰaⁿ, i-ya-we (šǫ́ke ódotʰe wánį tʰą, iyáwe) - the man-eater had the dogs, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-thiⁿ (wáthiⁿ) - he/she have them [Omaha]; wa-yiⁿ (wáyiⁿ) - he/she/it have or keep things [Kaw]

► aⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ąkanį́) - we have, keep

► ex: aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (ąkanį́ įké) - we have [MS]

► ex: wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we got some good leaders here [MS]

► ex: o-zha wa-zho-kte hotaiⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (óža wažokte hóttą hi ąkanį́ įké) - we have good leaders [MS]

► ex: ke-ha-na-xa-da ho-taⁿ aⁿ-ka-niⁿ-ke (kehá anaɣáda hóttą ąkanį́ įké) - we have some good shell shakers [MS]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-thiⁿ (añgá¢iⁿ) - we have [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-thiⁿ (oⁿ-ga-thiⁿ), oⁿ-ga-thiⁿ bi (oⁿ-ga-thiⁿ bi), oⁿ-ga-thiⁿ i (oⁿ-gá-thiⁿ i) - we have [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-thiⁿ pe (ąkáðį́ pe) - we have [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-yiⁿ (aⁿgáyiⁿ) - we keep [Kaw]; aⁿ-ga-yiⁿ-be (aⁿgáyimbe) - we have [Kaw]

have, possess

► taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have ► aⁿ-taⁿ (ąttą́) - I, di-taⁿ (dittą́) - you, wa-taⁿ-we (waTą́we) - we

► cf. o-toⁿ (ottǫ́), o-taⁿ (ottą́) - abound; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest; xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T., lit. “cedars abound in it”, near Quapaw, OK

► ex: wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense

► ex: zhe-ka taⁿ (žeká ttą) - pot, lit. “it has legs” [MS]

► ex: taⁿ (ttą) - it had [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ zho bdo-ka hi we-s’a o-do-hi i-ya-we, we-s’a-xti kde-zhe pe-xe ttaⁿ e-koⁿ o-do-hi i-ya-we (kóišǫ́ttą žo bdóka hi wésʔa odóhi iyáwe, wésʔaxti kdežé ppéγe ttą ekǫ́ odóhi iyáwe) - then her entire flesh/body turned into a snake, they say, turned into a rattlesnake (spotted real snake) with a rattle, like that, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tʰoⁿ (tʰoⁿ) - exist, abound, have, possess, to exist, there is/there are; to abound, to have or possess [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ (ṭoⁿ) - to possess [FL-Osage]; toⁿ (toⁿ) - have, possess [Kaw]

have, to have a fever

► zho-ka-te (žókkatte) - fever, to have a fever ► zho-aⁿ-ka-te (žóąkkátte) - I, zho-di-ka-te (žódikkátte) - you

► cf. zho (žo) - flesh, meat; ka-te (kkátte) - hot, to be hot; sni-tʰe zho-ka-te (snítʰe žókkatte) - to have chills and fever

► ex: e-ti-taⁿ ti-aⁿ-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítą ttią́ži hí hátʔe žókkatte áttaha) - then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhu-na-kʰa-de (zhunákʰade) - fever, to have a fever [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-na-ka-de (zhunakade) - fever [Omaha]; zho-da-ʰka-de (zhó-da-ḳa-de) - bodies hot or feverish [FL-Osage]; zhu-da-ʰka-dse (zhú da-ḳa-dse) - fever, to have a fever [FL-Osage]

have, to have a pain or ache

► iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - to have a pain, ache, hurt ► aⁿ-te (ąté) - I, di-iⁿ-te (díįte) - you, waⁿ-te-a-we (wą́teáwe) - we

► iⁿ-de (įdé) - hurt [AG]

► ex: aⁿ-te (ąté) - hurt me, I'm hurting [MS]

► hi iⁿ-te (hi įté) - toothache, have a toothache ► hi aⁿ-te (hi ąté) - I, hi di-iⁿ-te (hi díįté) - you, waⁿ-te-a-we (wą́[t]teáwe) - we

► cf. hi (hi) - tooth; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, to have a pain

► Dhegiha: hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tooth or teeth [FL-Osage]; hi (híi) - tooth, teeth [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Kaw]

► mo-iⁿ-ke iⁿ-te (moį́ke įté) - angina, chest pain ► mo-iⁿ-ke aⁿ-te (moį́ke ąté) - I, mo-iⁿ-ke di-iⁿ-te (moį́ke díįté) - you

► cf. maⁿ-ke (mą́ke), maⁿ-iⁿ-ke (mąį́ke), mo-iⁿ-ke (moį́ke) - chest, chest of a male; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - to have a pain, ache, hurt

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ge (móⁿge) - chest [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ge (moⁿge) - human chest, breast [Omaha]; moⁿ-ge (móⁿ-ge) - breast or chest of a human being [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ke (mą́ąke), moⁿ-ke (mǫ́ǫke) - chest [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ge (máⁿge) - chest of a man, breast of an animal [Kaw]

► o-ki-te iⁿ-te (okkítte įté) - to have rheumatism, “joint pain” ► o-ki-te aⁿ-te (okkítte ąté) - I, o-ki-te di-iⁿ-te (okkítte díįté) - you

► cf. o-ki-te (okkítte) - joint; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, to have a pain

► Dhegiha: u-kʰi-tʰe (ukʰítʰe) - joint [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ki-te (úkite) - joint [Omaha]; u-ʰke-tse (u-ḳí-tse) - a joint [FL-Osage]; o-ki-che (okíche), o-ku-che (okúche) - joint, the place where two bones are joined [Kaw]

► pa-hiⁿ-te (ppahį́te) - to have a headache ► pa-hi aⁿ-te (ppahí ąté) - I, pa-hi di-iⁿ-te (ppahí diįté) - you, pa-hi waⁿ-te-a-we (ppahí wą́teáwe) - we

► pa-hi iⁿ-te (ppahí įté), pa-hi iⁿ-de (ppahí įdé) - headache [MS, AG]

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, to have a pain

► ex: pa-hi aⁿ-de miⁿ-kʰe (ppahí ądé mįkʰé) - I've got a headache [AG]

► ex: pa-hi iⁿ-de (ppahí įdé) - I have a headache (to have a headache, he/she has a headache) [OM]

► ta iⁿ-te (tta į́te) - diarrhea, to have diarrhea, “belly pain” ► ta i-aⁿ-te (ttá íąté) - I, ta i-di-iⁿ-te (ttá ídiį́te) - you

► cf. ta-iⁿ (ttaį́) - belly below navel; iⁿ-te (įté), iⁿ-de (įdé) - ache, hurt, to have a pain

► zho iⁿ-de (jŭ-indeh) - pain (douleur), “body/flesh pain” [GI]

have, to have arrived here to get someone’s

► a-ki tʰi (akí tʰi) - to have arrived here to get someone’s ► a-ki a-tʰi (áki átʰi) - I, a-shki da-tʰi (aškí datʰí) - you

► cf. tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here; a-ki de (akí de) - go for something not one’s own; fetch; a-ki hi (akihí) - he went thither for it [JOD]; a-ki kdi (áki kdí) - bring back, brought back [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gi ti (a-gí-ti) - to have come to this place, not his home or for the first time, for what is not his [JOD-Omaha]; a-gu chi (águ chi) - to have come here, either to a place not one’s own or for the first time, to get something (which is not one’s own) [Kaw]

have, to have arrived to/for someone

► ki-tʰi (kítʰi) - to have arrived to/for someone ► aⁿ-tʰi (ą́tʰi) - I, di-tʰi (dítʰi) - you

► cf. tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here; a-ki tʰi (akí tʰi) - to have arrived here to get someone’s; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákkinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own; ki-toⁿ-we tʰi (kkittǫ́we tʰi) - visit, go/come to see someone; a-kda tʰi (ákda tʰí) - arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not one’s home) to get one’s own object (horse, child, gun, etc.)

► Dhegiha: gi-ti (gíti) - to have come hither for the first time for or instead of another [JOD-Omaha]; a-ti (atí) - arrive here, came [Omaha]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - to come, has come [FL-Osage]; tsʰi (cʰí), a-tsʰi (acʰí) - arrive here, come here, motion accomplished, reach as a location or place, initial a is sometimes omitted in 3^rd person forms and normally omitted in imperatives [CQ-Osage]; chi (chi) - arrive here, arrive over there, arrive at a place not his home for first time [Kaw]

have, to have bowel movement

► zhe (že) - to have a bowel movement ► a-zhe (ažé) - I, da-zhe (daze) - you, zhe (zhé) - he/she, oⁿ-zha-we (ǫžáwe) - we

► cf. zhe-ki-de (žekíde) - bowel movement, defecate; te-zhe (téže) - urinate; te-zhe ki-de (téže kíde) - urinate

► ex: hoⁿ tʰe-ti ti-kde ke o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya (hǫ tʰetti ttikdé ke okákixe-xti že iyá) - that very night he dunged all around the lodges, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: a-shi-ti hi te-ti ti-zhe o-ka-ki-xe-xti zhe i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ (ášitti hi téti ttíže okákixe-xti že iyá maštį́ke nį) - the rabbit went outside, he defecated all around the entrance of the lodge, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: zhe (zhe) - bowel movement, excrement, to have a bowel movement [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe (žé) - defecate, have a bowl movement, be excreted, ooze, be emitted, excrete, emit, penis, male organ [CQ-Osage]; zhe (zhe) - to have a bowel movement [Kaw]

► zhe-ki-de (žékide) - defecate, bowel movement

► zhe-ki-de (žekíde) - defecate, bowel movement [MS]

► zhe-ki-de (žekíde) - bowel movement [OM]

► zhe-ki-de (gek-kideh) - defecate, bowel movement (lacher l'autre) [GI]

► cf. zhe (že) - to have a bowel movement; ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself; te-zhe (téže) - urinate; te-zhe ki-de (téže kíde) - urinate

► ex: zhe-ki-de niⁿ-kʰe, shoⁿ-ke (žekíde nįkʰé, šǫ́ke) - dog doo, “he is defecating, the dog” [MS]

► Dhegiha: zhe (zhe) - bowel movement, excrement, to have a bowel movement [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe (žé) - defecate, have a bowl movement, be excreted, ooze, be emitted, excrete, emit, penis, male organ [CQ-Osage]; zhe (zhe) - to have a bowel movement [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ki-the (kithe) - to cause oneself [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰki-the (ḳi-the) - to cause, to cause one, to cause oneself; to cause another, to cause themselves [FL-Osage]; ki-the (kíðe) - make or have someone engage voluntarily in some act, let or allow someone to do something [CQ-Osage]; ʰki-the (ʰkíðe) - cause, make oneself to be or do [CQ-Osage]

have, to have brought back one’s own

► a-kda-niⁿ kdi (akdánį kdí) - to have brought back one’s own ► a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi (akdábnį akdí) - I

► cf. a-kda-niⁿ (akdánį) - keep one’s own (relation, property, etc.); kdi (kdi) - to have come back here; a-kda-niⁿ de (akdánį de) - take one’s own with one; to go with one’s own (relatives, etc.); a-kda-niⁿ hi (akdánį hi) - to come hither with one’s own [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka de naⁿ-hi a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi (ešą́ttą šémižíka dé nąhí akdábnį akdí) - and then I returned here, keeping this little girl [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-yo-wi taⁿ aⁿ-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ąną́yowi-ttą ą́kdanį kdiwé) - when I was shot they brought me back hither

► ex: i-di-yo-wi taⁿ a-di-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ídiyowi-ttą adíkdanį kdiwé) - when you were shot they brought you back hither

► ex: i-yo-wi taⁿ a-kda-niⁿ kdi kʰe (íyowi-ttą akdánį kdí kʰe) - when he was wounded they (his relations) brought him (or his body) home

► ex: we-yo-wi taⁿ wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wéyowi-ttą wákdanį kdiwé) - when we were shot they brought us back hither

► Dhegiha: a-gtha-bthiⁿ a-gthi (agthábthiⁿ agthi) - bring one’s own home [Omaha]; a-la-yiⁿ li (aláyiⁿ lí) - brought one’s own back (home) [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-gtha-thiⁿ (agtháthiⁿ) - to have or keep one’s own [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gtha-thiⁿ (a-gthá-thiⁿ) - keep as one’s own, to inherit, inheritance [FL-Osage]; a-la-thiⁿ (aláðį) - carry one’s items, carry along one’s items, carry or take one’s own, have or take as one’s own, inherit [CQ-Osage]; a-la-yiⁿ (aláyiⁿ) - have or keep one’s own [Kaw]

have, to have chills and fever

► sni-tʰe zho-ka-te (snítʰe žókkatte) - to have chills and fever ► sni-tʰe zho-aⁿ-ka-te (snítʰe žóąkkátte) - I, sni-tʰe zho-di-ka-te (snítʰe žódikkátte) - you

► cf. sni (sni) - cold; sni-tʰe (snítʰe) - to be cold; zho (žo) - flesh, meat; ka-te (kkátte) - hot, to be hot; zho-ka-te (žókkatte) - fever, to have a fever

► Dhegiha: zni-tʰe (znítʰe) - to be cold, said of humans [Omaha/Ponca]; zni-te (çní-te) - chill [Omaha]; ʰni-ʰtse (hní-ṭse) - cold [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰtse (níʰce) - be cold, feel cold, animate subject [CQ-Osage]; ʰni-tse (hníce) - to be cold, as a person [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhu-na-kʰa-de (zhunákʰade) - fever, to have a fever [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-na-ka-de (zhunakade) - fever [Omaha]; zho-da-ʰka-de (zhó-da-ḳa-de) - bodies hot or feverish [FL-Osage]; zhu-da-ʰka-dse (zhú da-ḳa-dse) - fever, to have a fever [FL-Osage]

have, to have come back here

► kdi (kdi) - to have come back here ► a-kdi (akdí) - I, da-kdi (dakdí) - you, oⁿ-ka-kdi (ǫkákdi) - we, I and one other, kdi-we (kdiwé) - they

► a-kdi (akdí) - to come back [JOD]

► cf. a-kda-niⁿ kdi (akdánį kdí) - to have brought back one’s own; a-ki-kdi (ákikdí) - bring back, brought back [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ kdi (ákinį kdi) - take away something for someone and come back to this place [JOD]; a-niⁿ kdi (anį́ kdi) - to bring home [JOD]; kdi ki-de (kdí kidé) - to cause oneself to get back here [JOD]; sni-wa-te kdi tta (sníwatte kdi tta) - fall season (winter going to come) [MS]; pe-taⁿ kdi (pétaⁿ kt^çí) - masculine name, Summer has come back, Has-come-back in-summer, real father of Mrs. S [JOD]; pe-taⁿ kdi (Patongdi) - Approaching Summer, Treaty of St. Louis with the Quapaw (1818)

► Dhegiha: gthi (g¢í) - to have come back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (ag¢í) - came back [JOD-Omaha]; gthi (gthi) - to come home, to return home [FL-Osage]; a-gthi (a-gthí) - returning, this expression is found frequently when referring to the return of one who has been searching for some particular thing [FL-Osage]; li (lí), a-li (alí) - arrive back here, arrive home here, return here, come back, get back, motion accomplished; initial a is often omitted in 3rd person [CQ-Osage]; li (li) - to have come home, to have come back [Kaw]

► a-kdi (akdí) - I have come back here

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I’ll come back tomorrow [MS]

ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-ka-shke kʰe a-shka hi a-kdi (kóišǫ́ttą mątté ąkókašké kʰe áška hí akdí) - then I had come back, very close to where we tied the canoe [JOD]

► ex: kde taⁿ ki-ha a-kdi (kdé tą kihá akdí) - when he started homeward, I came back down (from the tree) [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ ta-bde bde a-kdi naⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-x’oⁿ-zhi hi da-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka xa-ke niⁿ-kʰe (šíną tábde bdé akdí ną ą́nąxʔǫ́ži hí datʰé nįkʰé tą šémižíka γaké nįkʰé) - I went hunting again, when I came back, she had not listened to me, she was eating it and the little girl was crying [JOD]

► ex: a-kdi a-ki-de (akdíakidé) - I caused myself to get back here [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (ákibnį akdí) - I brought it back to him [JOD]

► ex: a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back yours for you [JOD]

► ex: we-da-niⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi (wédanį áwikíbnį akdí) - I have brought back for you (my relation) clothing [JOD]

► ex: wa-hiⁿ-ska ta-taⁿ hi-te ho-taⁿ iⁿ a-wi-ki-bniⁿ a-kdi te a (wahį́ska táttą hitté hóttą į́ áwikíbnį akdí tte á) - I will bring you (his own daughter) back some kind of really good calico cloth [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ-taⁿ she-mi zhi-ka de naⁿ-hi a-kda-bniⁿ a-kdi (ešą́ttą šémižíka dé nąhí akdábnį akdí) - and then I returned here, keeping this little girl [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gthi (ag¢í) - I have came back, I come back, I came back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (a-gthí) - I come home [FL-Osage]; a-li (alí) - I come back [CQ-Osage]; a-li (alí) - I have come back [Kaw]

► da-kdi (dakdí) - you have come back here

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį́ dakdí ną tti dé wikʔí tte) - when you have taken her (have her) for me and you return here, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-ki-tiⁿ da-kdi te koi-shoⁿ naⁿ ti de wi-k’i te (ądákittį dakdí tté kóišǫ́ ną ttí dé wikʔí tte) - when you bring her, my own, back to me, I will give you this lodge [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, da-kdi a-e (įkną́, dakdí ae) - first son, you have come home? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: tha-gthi (¢ag¢íi) - you have come back/home [JOD-Omaha]; tha-gthi (tha-gthí) - you come home [FL-Osage]; tha-li (ðalí) - you come back [CQ-Osage]; ya-li (yalí) - you have come back [Kaw]

► kdi hne (kdi hné), kdi ni-he (kdí nihé) - to come back here (imperative)

► ex: kdi ni-he (ktçí-nihĕ́) - come back! [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-zhaⁿ-ke e-zhi pa, “wa-hiⁿ-ska ho-taⁿ hi aⁿki-niⁿ kdi ni-he,” i-ye pa (kóišǫ́ttą ežą́ke éži pá, “wahį́ska hóttą hi ą́kinį kdí-nihé,” iyé pa) - then his step-daughters said, “bring back some really good calico cloth” [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ kdi hne (šíną kdi hné) - come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-noⁿ kjhi (šínǫ kǰi) - comeback again [AG]

► ex: jhi-taⁿ-ke wi-ta kjhi ta niⁿ-kʰe (ǰíttą́ke wítta kǰi tta nįkʰé) - my sister is coming pretty soon; should be wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my sister [AG]

► ex: jhi-e shi-noⁿ kjhi (ǰíe šínǫ kǰí) - you come back again [AG]

► Dhegiha: li (líi) - come back [CQ-Osage]

► kdi (kdí) - he/she/it has come back here

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke niⁿ wa-taⁿ a-ki-de tʰe kdi (kóišǫ́ttą šʔáke nį wattą́ akíde tʰé kdí) - then the old man returned with the goods that he went after [JOD]

► ex: e-ti-tʰaⁿ ta-bde kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ ni-ka wi-ta, pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰaⁿ naⁿ, e-ti-tʰaⁿ ti-a-zhi hi ha-t’e zho-ka-te a-ta-ha (ettítʰą tábde ką-tʰą́ ną níkka wittá, ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną, ettítʰą ttiąži hí hatʔé žókkatte attahá) - then my husband had been hunting, he returned after dark, then shortly after that he became sick with a severe fever [JOD]

► ex: pa-ze de naⁿ kdi (ppáze dé ną kdí) - after dark, he came back [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ pa-ze de taⁿ kdi kaⁿ-tʰa naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ppáze dé tą kdí ką-tʰą́ ną) - then-a little after dark-when-had come back-he was std. so awhile-past sign [JOD]

► ex: kdi-zhi (kdíži) - he had not come back [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ kdi-zhi (hǫnį́ttą kdíži) - why hasn’t he come back? [JOD]

► ex: ki-toⁿ-we a-kdi (kkitǫ́we akdí) - she returned, came back to look at her own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gthi (g¢í) - he has come back, he has come, it has come [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi (ag¢í) - he came home [JOD-Omaha]; li (líi) - he/she get back, he/she come back [CQ-Osage]; a-gthi (a-gthi) - he/she has come [FL-Osage]; li (lí) - he came back [Kaw]; a-li-be (alíbe) - he/she/it has come home, has come back [Kaw]

► oⁿ-ka-kdi (ǫkákdi) - we, I and one other have come back here

► ex: e-ti haⁿ-pa naⁿ-pa pa-ze de haⁿ-ke aⁿ-ka-kdi (étti hąp͓á nąp͓á ppáze dé hąké ąkákdi) - there-day-two-dark-became-almost-we have come home (I and one other) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-gthi i (añgág¢ii) - we came back/home [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-gthi i (oⁿ-gá-gthi i) - we come home [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-li (ąkáli) - we come back [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-li-pe (ąkálipe) - we came home [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-li-pe (aⁿgálibe) - we have come home, have come back [Kaw]

► kdi-we (kdiwé) - they have come back here

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-yo-wi taⁿ aⁿ-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ąną́yowi-ttą ą́kdanį kdiwé) - when I was shot they brought me back hither

► ex: i-di-yo-wi taⁿ a-di-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (ídiyowi-ttą adíkdanį kdiwé) - when you were shot they brought you back hither

► ex: we-yo-wi taⁿ wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wéyowi-ttą wákdanį kdiwé) - when we were shot they brought us back hither

► Dhegiha: gthi-i (g¢íi), a-gthi-i (ag¢íi) - they have come back, they came back [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthi bi (a-gthi bi) - them come home [FL-Osage]; li-pi (lípi) - they come here [CQ-Osage]; a-li-pe (alípe) - they came back [CQ-Osage]; a-li-be (alíbe) - they have come home, they have come back [Kaw]

have, to have come here, arrive

► tʰi (tʰi) - arrive, to have come here ► a-tʰi (atʰí) - I, da-tʰi (datʰí) - you, oⁿ-ka-tʰi-we (ǫkáTiwe) - we

► cf. a-kda tʰi (ákda tʰí) - arrive here (for the first time) to this place (not one’s home) to get one’s own object (horse, child, gun, etc.); a-ki tʰi (akí tʰi) - to have arrived here to get someone’s; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákkinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own; a-niⁿ tʰi (anį́ tʰí) - brought here [JOD]; ki-tʰi (kítʰi) - to have arrived to/for someone; ki-toⁿ-we tʰi (kkittǫ́we tʰi) - visit, go/come to see someone

► Dhegiha: ti (tí) - to have come hither, had come [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - to come, has come [FL-Osage]; tsʰi (cʰí), a-tsʰi (acʰí) - arrive here, come here, motion accomplished, reach as a location or place, initial a is sometimes omitted in 3^rd person forms and normally omitted in imoeratives [CQ-Osage]; chi (chi) - arrive over here; arrive at a place not one’s home for the first time [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-ti (atí) - has come [JOD-Omaha]; a-ti (atí) - arrive here, came [Omaha]; a-tsʰi (acʰí), tsʰi (cʰí) - arrive here, come here, motion accomplished, reach as a location or place, initial a is sometimes omitted in 3^rd person forms and normally omitted in imoeratives [CQ-Osage]

► a-tʰi (atʰí) - I have come here, arrive

► ex: a-tʰi (atʰí) - I came [MR]

► ex: a-tʰi (atʰí) - I’m coming, I come [MR]

► ex: a-tʰi miⁿ-kʰe aⁿ-da-kni hoⁿ-ba-de, de-ho-taⁿ xti, ho-taⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (atʰí mįkʰé ą́dakni hǫ́bade, dehóttą xti, hóttą mįkʰé) - today was a nice day, and I am glad to be here [MR]

► ex: wi-e de-do a-tʰi ta miⁿ-kʰe (wíe dédo atʰí ta mįkʰé) - I’m sitting right here (I will be arriving here) [AG]

► Dhegiha: a-ti (atí) - I have come hither, I have come [JOD-Omaha]; a-ʰtsi (a-ṭsi) - I have come [FL-Osage]; a-tsʰi (acʰí) - I arrive here, come here, motion accomplished [CQ-Osage]; a-chi (achí) - I arrive over here [Kaw]

► da-tʰi (datʰí) - you have come here, arrive

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-ti da-tʰi e (hatʰą́tti datʰí e) - when did you come? [MS]

► ex: da-tʰi ta (datʰí tta) - when you come [MS]

► ex: ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - I don’t want you coming around my house [MS]

► ex: hi-bde taⁿ, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tą, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I’m gone, don’t you come around my house [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ o-ho zhi da-tʰi taⁿ (hǫní̜ttą óho ži datʰí tą) - how come he (dog) doesn't bark when you come around? [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi hne (mą́tʰe datʰí hné) - come back inside [MS]

► Dhegiha: tha-ti (¢atí) - you have come hither, you have come [JOD-Omaha]; tha-ʰtsi (tha-ṭsi) - you have come [FL-Osage]; tha-tsʰi (ðacʰí) - you arrive here, come here, motion accomplished [CQ-Osage]; ya-chi (yachi) - you arrive over here [Kaw]

► tʰi hne (tʰi hné), tʰi ni-he (tʰi nihé) - you come, imperative

► ex: aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come see me (request) [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (shi-naⁿ aⁿ-ki-toiⁿ tʰi hne (šíną ąkitoį tʰi hné) - come back and see me again (request) [MS]

► tʰi (tʰi) - he/she/it has come here, arrive

► ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

► ex: “hau ma-shtiⁿ-ke o-da-ke tʰi i-ye” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ i-ya (“hau maštį́ke odáke tʰí iyé” íkeyáwe nį́ iyá) - “ho, the rabbit says that he has come to tell us something,” they (black bears) said to one another, they say [JOD]

► ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰi e-de,” i-ke-ya-we niⁿ i-ya (“maštį́ke tʰi edé maštį́ke tʰi edé,” íkeyáwe nį́ iyá) - “the rabbit has come! the rabbit has come!” they (black bears) said to one another, they say [JOD]

► ex: tʰi naⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze shkoⁿ-zhi hi a-zhaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (tʰi ną tʔe ppą́ze škǫ́ži hi ažą́ mįkʰé) - when he arrived, I pretended to be dead, I lay there motionless [JOD]

► ex: tʰi niⁿ i-ba-haⁿ-wi (tʰi nį́ íbahąwí) - they knew he was coming [JOD]

► ex: ta-bde de tʰe taⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ tʰi (tábde de tʰé tą níkkašíka mį tʰí) - when you went hunting a person came [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-zha a-shi o-a-te naⁿ taⁿ-iⁿ tʰi (ną́ža áši oatté ną ttą́į́ tʰi) - then when I looked back (searching), he appeared in sight, he had come [JOD]

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke taⁿ o-pi-zhi kʰe kdi-a-ze naⁿ shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ kde-zhe hi naⁿ-ta-ta-xe ka-xe tʰi na-zhiⁿ ka-xe (wahą́nįké tą óppiži kʰe kdiáze ną šǫ́keáknį kdežé hi nątatáxe káγe tʰí nažį́ káγe) - when the orphan opened her box a spotted horse came (was made to come, appear), standing there making noises with his feet [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ti (tí) - he/she has come [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - she come [FL-Osage]; tsʰi (cʰí) - he come [CQ-Osage]; chi (chí), a-chi (achí), a-chi-be (achíbe) - he/she/it arrive over here [Kaw]

► tʰi-we (tʰíwe) - he/she/it has come here, arrive

► ex: tʰi-we (tʰíwe) - they came, they had come [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da zhi-ka o-kniⁿ a-taⁿ tʰi-we (žą́dittą́da žiká oknį áttą tʰíwe) - when they arrived they were riding in small wagon [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ti toⁿ ko-zhi taⁿ o-zha i-ki-pʰe tʰi-we (kóišǫ́ttą étti ttǫ́ kkoží tą óža íkipʰe tʰíwe) - then from a distant village they came to invite them to dance [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finished inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ti-i (atíi) - they have come [JOD-Omaha]; tsi-pi (cʰípi) - they come [CQ-Osage]; a-tsi-pe (acʰípe) - they came [CQ-Osage]; a-chi-be (achibe) - they arrive over here [Kaw]

have, to have for/to regard as

► de (de) - causative suffix, added to nouns it adds the meaning to have for, to regard as, added to verbs, it adds the meaning to cause or make ► a-de (ade) - I, da-de (dade) - you

► ex: i-da-te-de (idáttede) - have/regard someone as father; i-da-te (idátte) - father + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-haⁿ-de (ihą́de), e-haⁿ-de (ehą́de) - to have as a mother; i-haⁿ (ihą́), i-hoⁿ (ihǫ́), e-haⁿ (ehą́) - someone’s mother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-haⁿ-ka-de (ihą́kade), e-haⁿ-ka-de (ehą́kade) - to have as a sister-in-law; i-haⁿ-ka (ihą́ka), i-hoⁿ-ka (ihǫ́ka), e-haⁿ-ka (ehą́ka) - a man’s sister-in-law + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-kaⁿ-de (ikką́de), e-kaⁿ-de (eką́de) - to have as a grandmother; i-kaⁿ (ikką́), e-kaⁿ (eką́) - grandmother, mother-in-law + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-knaⁿ-ke-de (ikną́kede), e-knaⁿ-ke-de (ekną́kede) - to have as a husband; i-knaⁿ-ke (ikną́ke), i-kdaⁿ-ke (ikdą́ke), i-knoⁿ-ke (iknǫ́ke), e-knaⁿ-ke (ekną́ke) - woman’s husband + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-saⁿ-ka-de (isą́kade), e-saⁿ-ka-de (esą́kade) - have as a younger brother; i-saⁿ-ka (isą́ka), i-soⁿ-ka (isǫ́ka), e-saⁿ-ka (esą́ka) - someone’s younger brother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-shi-kʰaⁿ-de (išíkʰąde) - she/her to have as a sister-in-law; i-shi-kʰaⁿ (išíkʰą), e-shi-kʰaⁿ (ešíKą) - a woman’s sister-in-law + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-shi-k’e-de (išíkʔede), e-shi-k’e-de (ešíkʔede) - she/her to have as brother-in-law; i-shi-k’e (išíkʔe), shi-k’e (šikʔé) - a woman’s husband’s brother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ta-haⁿ-de (ittáhąde) - to have as brother-in-law; i-ta-haⁿ (ittáhą), e-ta-haⁿ (eTáhą) - brother-in-law + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-taⁿ-ke-de (ittą́kede) - to have as an elder sister; i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke), e-taⁿ-ke (eTą́ke) - a man’s elder sister + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-taⁿ-shka-de (ittą́škade), i-toⁿ-shka-de (ittǫ́škade) - to have as a nephew/cousin; i-taⁿ-shka (ittą́ška), i-toⁿ-shka (ittǫ́ška), e-taⁿ-shka (eTą́ška) - nephew, son of womans brother or man’s sister + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-te-ke-de (ittékede) - to have as an uncle; i-te-ke (ittéke), e-te-ke (eTéke) - uncle, a man’s mother’s brother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ti-kaⁿ-de (ittíkąde) - to have as a grandfather; i-ti-kaⁿ (ittíką), e-ti-kaⁿ (eTíką) - his/her grandfather + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ti-mi-de (ittímide) - to have as an aunt; i-ti-mi (ittími) - a man’s aunt, a man’s father’s sister, older or younger + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ti-ni-de (ittínide) - to have as a daughter-in-law; i-ti-ni (ittíni), e-ti-ni (eTíni) - a man’s daughter-in-law, etc. + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ti-to-de (ittíttode) - to have as an elder brother; i-ti-to (ittítto), e-ti-to (eTiTo) - a woman’s elder brother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-ti-zhoⁿ-de (ittížǫde), e-ti-zhoⁿ-de (eTížǫde) - to have as a niece; i-ti-zhoⁿ (ittížǫ), e-ti-zhoⁿ (eTížǫ) - a niece, a man’s sister’s daughter + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-to-shpa-de (ittóšpade) - to have as a grandchild; i-to-shpa (ittóšpa), e-to-shpa (eTóšpa) - grandchild + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-to-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ittóžąkede) - to have as a niece; i-to-zhaⁿ-ke (ittóžąke), e-to-zhaⁿ-ke (eTóžąke) - niece, woman’s elder brother’s daughter + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-toⁿ-te-de (ittǫ́ttede), e-toⁿ-te-de (eTǫ́Tede) - to have as a son-in-law; i-toⁿ-te (ittǫ́tte), e-toⁿ-te (eTǫ́Te) - a man’s son-in-law + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ižą́kede), e-zhaⁿ-ke-de (ežąkede) - to have as a daughter; i-zhaⁿ-ke (ižą́ke), e-zhaⁿ-ke (ežą́ke) - daughter, someone’s daughter + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-zhiⁿ-de-de (ižį́dede), e-zhiⁿ-de-de (ežį́dede) - to have as an elder brother; i-zhiⁿ-de (ižį́de), e-zhiⁿ-de (ežį́de) - a man’s elder brother + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-zhiⁿ-ke-de (ižį́kede), e-zhiⁿ-ke-de (ežį́kede) - to have as a son; i-zhiⁿ-ke (ižį́ke), e-zhiⁿ-ke (ežį́ke) - someone’s son + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► ex: i-zhoⁿ-de-de (ižǫ́dede), e-zhoⁿ-de-de (ežǫ́dede) - to have someone as elder sister; i-zhoⁿ-de (ižǫ́de), e-zhoⁿ-de (ežǫ́de) - a woman’s elder sister + de (de) - to have for, to regard as

► Dhegiha: the (the) - causative suffix, suffixed to nouns it adds meaning to have for, to regard as, added to verbs, it adds the meaning to cause or make; the (the) - cause [FL-Osage]; the (ðe) - make, have or make someone do something, cause something to happen to someone or something [CQ-Osage]; ye (ye) - “causative”; make happen [Kaw]

have, to have gone from one’s own

► ki-hi-de (kíhide) - to have gone from one’s own

► cf. hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hi-thé) - to have gone, to have departed, to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there, literally, cause to arrive there [CQ-Osage]; hi-ye (hiyé), i-ye (iyé) - to have gone to a particular place, to have set as the sun, to have gone (somewhere), send [Kaw]

have, to have gone somewhere

► hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere ► hi-bde (hibdé) - I, hi-te (hitté) - you, oⁿ-hi-oⁿ-da-we (ǫhíǫdawé) - we

► hi-de (hidé) - he sent it hither, he sends it hither [JOD]

► cf. a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property

► ex: hi-bde taⁿ, ti wi-ta ti da-tʰi koⁿ-bda zhi (hibdé tą, tti wítta tti datʰí kkǫbdá ži) - when I’m gone, don’t you come around my house [MS]

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hi-thé) - to have gone, to have departed, to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there, literally, cause to arrive there [CQ-Osage]; hi-ye (hiyé), i-ye (iyé) - to have gone to a particular place, to have set as the sun, to have gone (somewhere), send [Kaw]

have, to have or bear twins

► naⁿ-pa-ta i-ta-de (nąpátta ittáde) - to have or bear twins ► naⁿ-pa-ta i-ta-a-de (nąpátta íttaáde) - I, naⁿ-pa-ta i-ta-da-de (nąpátta ittadáde) - you

► cf. naⁿ-pa-ta (nąpátta) - twins; i-ta-de (íttade) - give birth to a child, bear a child

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ba i-da (noⁿba ida) - twin [Omaha]; thoⁿ-ba-da (thoⁿ-bá-da), noⁿ-ba-da (noⁿ-bá-da) - twins, “two born” [FL-Osage]; thoⁿ-pa-taⁿ (ðǫǫpátą) - twin, twins [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: i-da-the (ídathe) - give birth to [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ta-the (í-da-the) - to bear a child, to give birth to an offspring [FL-Osage]; i-ta-the (iitáðe) - give birth to [CQ-Osage]; i-da-ye (ídaye) - bear a child, have a baby [Kaw]

have, to have passed by in sight

► taⁿ-hi-de (ttąhíde) - to have passed by in sight

► cf. taⁿ-iⁿ (ttą́į) - visible, in sight; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; hi-de (hidé) - to send here [JOD]; hi-da-zhi (hidáži) - went not [JOD]

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-iⁿ-the (tóⁿiⁿthe) - to make something visible or clear, to explain [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtoⁿ-iⁿ (ṭoⁿ́iⁿ), ʰtiⁿ (ṭiⁿ) - visible, readily seen [FL-Osage]; toiⁿ (tǫ́į), toⁿ-pe (tǫ́pe) - see, observe, watch, look, look at, on, or upon [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hi-thé) - to have gone, to have departed, (2) to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there, literally, cause to arrive there [CQ-Osage]; hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone somewhere; send, lit. “cause to arrive there” [Kaw]

have, to have taken someone’s property

► a-ki-niⁿ hi-de (ákinį hidé) - to have taken someone’s property ► a-ki-bniⁿ hi-bde (akíbnį hibdé) - I, a-da-ki-tiⁿ hi-te (adákittį hitte) - you

► cf. a-ki-niⁿ (ákinį) - have or keep for someone; hi-de (hidé) - go, to have gone somewhere; a-ki-niⁿ de (ákinį de) - take away something for someone; a-ki-niⁿ hi (ákinį hi) - take something there for someone; a-ki-niⁿ kde (ákinį kdé) - to take from someone and go back [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ kdi (ákinį kdi) - take away something for someone and come back to this place [JOD]; a-ki-niⁿ tʰi (ákinį tʰi) - to take/come after them, one’s own [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-the (hi-thé) - to have gone, to have departed, (2) to cause to reach there, to send thither [FL-Osage]; hi-the (híðe) - send there, literally, cause to arrive there [CQ-Osage]; hi-ye (hiyé) - to have gone somewhere, (2) send, lit. “cause to arrive there” [Kaw]

have, to have, past tense

► ye (ye), e (e) - past suffix, perfective aspect, past, including all motion verbs

► ex: ki-ho-taⁿ ye wa-x’o koi (kíhottą ye waxʔó kói) - she liked it [MS]

► ex: da-tʰe-ye (datʰéye) - to have eaten; da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-ka-zo-ye (íkazóye) - to have written; i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-ke-ye (ikéye) - to have said something to someone; i-ke (iké) - say (the preceding) to someone + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-ki-tʰiⁿ-ye (íkitʰį́ye) - to have hit one’s own; i-ki-tʰiⁿ (íkitʰį) - hit one’s own + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-tʰiⁿ-ye (ítʰįye) - to have hit; i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-ye-ye (iyéye) - to have spoken, yesterday or before; i-ye (íye), i-e (íe) - talk, speak + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: i-yi-ya (iyíya) - to have said; i-e (ié), i-ye (iyé) - say + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: ka-xe-ye (káγeye) - to have made, done, caused; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: ka-ste-ste-ye (kastésteye) - to have cut to shreds; ka-ste-ste (kastéste) - cut or beat to shreds/slivers + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: ka-za-za-te-ye (kazázatteyé) - to have cut to shreds; ka-za-za-te (kazázatte) - chop to pieces, slivers + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: kniⁿ-ye (knį́ye) - to have sat, have dwelt; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: o-ki-ke-ye (okíkkeye) - to have talked to a relation; o-ki-ki-e (okíkkie) - talk to a relation + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: o-tʰiⁿ-ye (otʰį́-ye) - to have struck; o-tʰiⁿ (otʰį́) - strike, slap, hit + ye (-ye) - past suffix

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ-ye (ttąnį́ye) - to have run; taⁿ-niⁿ (ttą́nį) - run, as a person not an animal + ye (-ye) - past suffix

haw, hawthorn

► po (po) - black haws, hawthorn

► po (po) - black haw [MS]

► Dhegiha: bo (bo) - black hawthorn [Kaw]

► po-hi (póhi) - black hawthorn bush

► cf. po (po) - black haws, hawthorn; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: bo-hu (bohú) - black hawthorn tree, it is gray, it resembles the staⁿyiⁿgehu (the persimmon tree) [Kaw]

► ti-o-spaⁿ (ttióspą) - red haw

► Dhegiha: ta-spoⁿ (taspóⁿ) - red haw, thorn apple [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-spoⁿ (ṭa-çpóⁿ) - the red haw, thorn apple [FL-Osage]; ta-spaⁿ (taspáⁿ) - haws, red hawthorn [Kaw]

► ti-o-spaⁿ-hi (ttióspąhi) - red hawthorn bush or tree

► cf. ti-o-spaⁿ (ttióspą) - red haw; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► Dhegiha: ta-spoⁿ-hi (taspóⁿhi) - red hawthorn, thorn-apple tree [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-spoⁿ hi (taçpoⁿ hi) - red haw tree, torn apple tree [Omaha]; ta-spaⁿ hu (taspáⁿ hu) - the red hawthorn tree [Kaw]

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