Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

dogwood

► maⁿ-sa (mą́sa) - dogwood, Cornus

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow; maⁿ-sa hi (mą́sa hí) - dogwood bush or tree, Cornus

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-sa hi (móⁿ-ça hi) - arrowwood, the Osage made their arrows out of a wood the call moⁿ-sa hi (móⁿ-ça hi) - arrow wood (Cornus asperifolia), when this wood is not obtainable they use ash [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-sa hu (mǫ́ǫsa hu) - dogwood [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-sa hu (máⁿsa hu) - dogwood, the arrow shaft bush [Kaw]

► maⁿ-sa hi (mą́sa hí) - dogwood bush or tree, Cornus

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow; maⁿ-sa (mą́sa) - dogwood, Cornus; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

► maⁿ-sa zhi-te (mása žítte) - dogwood, bark used for kinnikinnick

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow; maⁿ-sa (mą́sa) - dogwood, Cornus; maⁿ-sa hi (mą́sa hí) - dogwood bush or tree, Cornus; zhi-te (žítte) - red

doll

► shi-ka (šíka) - doll, (JOD illegible)

dollar

► ma-ze-ska miⁿ-xti (mázeska mį́xti) - dollar, one dollar [MS, OM]

► cf. ma-ze-ska (mazéska) - silver, money, a dollar; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ-a-xchi (wiⁿáqchi) - exactly one; just one [Omaha/Ponca]; wiⁿ-xtsi (wíⁿ-xtsi) - one of a kind, a single piece [FL-Osage]; wi-xtsi (wį́xci) - one, a, an [CQ-Osage]; miⁿ-xtsi (míⁿxci) - one, just one [Kaw]

► ma-ze-ska (mazéska) - silver, money, a dollar

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron; ska (ska) - white

► ex: mi-aⁿ-ba mi-xti-naⁿ ma-ze-ska kde-bnaⁿ taⁿ naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ aⁿ-naⁿ-ki-da (mią́ba míxtiną mazéska kdébnąttą́ nąpá aknį́ ąną́kidá) - he paid me twelve dollars a month

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze ska (moⁿçeçka) - money, silver, currency [Omaha]; maⁿ-ze ska(mą́zeska) - money, coin, silver, literally white metal [CQ-Osage]; moⁿ-ze ska (móⁿ-çe-çka) - white metal, money [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze ska (máⁿzeska) - money, esp. silver money [Kaw]

► de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, four bits

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali 'money', French escalin 'shilling'; to-wa (tówa) - four; de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents; de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá), de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits; de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - quarter, twenty-five cents; de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

► Dhegiha: du-ba (dúba) - four [Omaha/Ponca]; do-ba (dó-ba) - four [FL-Osage]; to-pa (tóopa) - four [CQ-Osage]; to-ba (tóba) - four [Kaw]

domestic cat

► iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe (įttą́dą kdéže) - cat, domestic cat "spotted"

► iⁿ-taⁿ kde-zhe (įttą́ kdéže) - cat, speckled cat [MS, AG]

► taⁿ-ke kde-she (DąGeGaDé˙še) - cat, domestic [FS]

► cf. iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ (įttą́dą), taⁿ-daⁿ (ttądą́) - panther, puma, mountain lion, similar terms are widespread in North America, Quapaw may represent a borrowing from Biloxi or Ofo; kde-zhe (kdežé) - spotted; iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe zhi-ka (įttą́dą kdéže žíka) - kitten; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ kde-zhe (įttanąkdéze) - bobcat; iⁿ-taⁿ kde-zhe (įttą́ kdéže) - cat, speckled cat [MS, AG]; taⁿ-daⁿ kde-zhe ma-zhaⁿ-a-ti (ttądą́ kdéže mažą́atti) - bobcat, spotted cat; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (įttáną ttą́ka) - mountain lion, panther, cougar, puma [MS]; taⁿ-daⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́dą ttą́ka) - mountain lion, puma; taⁿ-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (tonon-tunkah) - tiger or panther (tigre ou panthère) [GI]

► Dhegiha: gthe-zhe (gthezhé) - spotted, having spots in one place [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-zhe (gthezhe) - speckled [Omaha]; gthe-zhe (gthe-zhé) - spotted [FL-Osage]; le-zhe (léže) - spotted, speckled, stippled [CQ-Osage]; le-zhe (lezhé) - spotted [Kaw]

domestic cow, domestic cattle

► te-ska (tteská) - cow, domestic cattle, “bison + white”

► te ska (tteská) - cow [MS, AG, MR, OM]

► cf. te (tte) - buffalo; ska (ska) - white

► ex: te-ska a-shi-oⁿ-he tʰaⁿ a-niⁿ-ki (ttéska ášiǫhé tʰą anį́kí) - bring the ox standing outside (the fence) here

► Dhegiha: te-ska (téska) - cow, ox, cattle [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtse-ska (ṭsé-çka) - domesticated cattle [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ska (ʰcéeska) - beef, head of cattle, cow, not necessarily female [CQ-Osage]; tse-ska (ceská) - domestic cow, ox [Kaw]

domestic sheep

► ta wa-ta-kde (tta wáttakde) - sheep, lit., “domestic deer”

► ta wa-ta-kde (tahwantagheteh) - sheep (mouton) [GI]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer; wa-ta-kde (watákde) - domesticated animal or bird; di-ta wa-ta-kde (dittah-uantagheteh) - pigeon (pigeon) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wa-na-gthe (wanágthe) - pet, domesticated, tame [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-da-gthe (wa-dá-gthe) - a domesticated animal [FL-Osage]

domestic, domesticated

► wa-ta-kde (watákde) - domesticated animal or bird

► cf. ta wa-ta-kde (tta wáttakde) - sheep, lit. "domestic deer"; di-ta wa-ta-kde (dittah-uantagheteh) - pigeon (pigeon) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wa-na-gthe (wanágthe) - pet, domesticated, tame [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-da-gthe (wa-dá-gthe) - a domesticated animal [FL-Osage]

► wa-kda (wakdá) - tame ► aⁿ-wa-kda (ąwákda) - I, di-wa-kda (diwákda) - you

► cf. wa-kda ka-xe (wakdá káγe) - tame an animal

► wa-kda ka-xe (wakdá káγe) - tame an animal

► cf. wa-kda (wakdá) - tame; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

don’t do that

► ka-she-naⁿ na-ha (kašéną nahá) - don't do that!, that’s enough! [AB]

► cf. she-na (šéną) - enough; na-ha (nahá) - prohibitive, beware lest ….

► Dhegiha: ka-she-naⁿ (kaašéną) - be ended, finished, that's all, something is finished, closing of a prayer, amen [CQ-Osage]; ga-she-hnaⁿ (gashéhnaⁿ) - that's all, just this much, that is enough [Kaw]

done

► di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete ► bdi-shtaⁿ (bdíštą) - I, ti-shtaⁿ (ttíštą) - you

► cf. a-da-shtaⁿ (ádaštą) - stop activity with the mouth, talking, drinking, eating, etc.; a-di-shtaⁿ (ádištą) - stop work (for the day), cease an activity

► ex: bdi-shtaⁿ (bdíštą) - that's all (I'm done, I'm finished) [MS]

► Dhegiha: thi-shtoⁿ (thishtoⁿ) - finish, complete, release, past [Omaha]; thi-shtoⁿ (thi-shtóⁿ) - to stop, to finish [FL-Osage]; thi-shtaⁿ (ðiištą́) - finish, stop, already did something, be just finished doing something, be finished, be through [CQ-Osage]; yu-shtaⁿ (yushtáⁿ) - stop, be finished, let go [Kaw]

► e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ), e-ki-‘oⁿ (ékiʔǫ) - do as someone has said or done ► e-ki-moⁿ (ékimǫ) - I, e-ki-zhoⁿ (ékižǫ) - you

► cf. ‘oⁿ (ʔǫ) - do; pi-‘oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity; e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-‘oⁿ (eką́ži waʔǫ́) - to do wrong, injure, sin

► Dhegiha: e-gi-oⁿ (é-gí-oⁿ) - to do so [FL-Osage]; e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ) - do something, proceed or go ahead with something, can, be able to [CQ-Osage]; e-gi-‘oⁿ (égi’oⁿ) - do so, do that to another, do something [Kaw]

► ka-xe-ye (káγeye) - to have made, to have done, to have caused ► pa-xe-ye (ppáγeye) - I, shka-xe-ye (škáγeye) - you

► cf. ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ye (-ye), e (-e) - past suffix, perfective aspect; ye (-ye) - past, incl. all motion verbs

done, boiled until done

► wa-ti-te (watítte) - mush, “boiled until done”

► cf. ti-te (títte) - ripe, cooked; ti-te-de (títtede) - cook something

► Dhegiha: wa-niⁿ-de (waníⁿde) - mush [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-dsu-dse (wa-dsú-dse) - corn gruel [FL-Osage]; wa-ju-je (wajúje) - mush, corn mush [Kaw]

donkey

► naⁿ-ta taⁿ-ka (nąttá ttą́ka) - donkey [MS]

► naⁿ-ta taⁿ-ka (nąttá ttą́ka) - mule, lit. “big ears”

► naⁿ-ta taⁿ-ka (nottah-tunkah) - mule (mulet) [GI]

► cf. naⁿ-ta (nąttá) - ear, the external ear; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► Dhegiha: ni-ta toⁿ-ga (nita toⁿga) - mule [Omaha]; ni-ta toⁿ-ga nu-ga (nita toⁿga nuga) - jackass [Omaha]; ni-ta toⁿ-ga nu-shi-a-ha (nita toⁿga nushiaha) - donkey [Omaha]; noⁿ-ʰta ʰtoⁿ-ga (noⁿ-ṭá ṭoⁿ-ga) - a mule [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-ʰtaⁿ ʰtaⁿ (nąąʰtą́ ʰtąą) - mule, jack mule, donkey, burro, ass, literally big ears [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-ta taⁿ-ga (naⁿtá tàⁿga) - mule [Kaw]

door

► ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge

► ti-zhe (ttižé) - door [MS]

► ti-zhe (tigeh) - door (porte) [GI]

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-da (ttižé ákaspe jíka itʰedá) - shut the door a little!

► Dhegiha: ti-zhe-be (tizhébe) - door, doorway, entrance to a tent, lodge, or house [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-zhe (ṭsí-zhe), ʰtsi-zhe-be (ṭsí-zhe-be) - the door of a house or tipi [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-zhe (ʰcižé) - door [CQ-Osage]; ʰtsi-zhe-pe (ʰcižépe) - doorway, threshold, formal, used especially for God's doorway at funerals [CQ-Osage]; tsi-zhe-be (cizhébe) - door, doorway [Kaw]

► ti-zhe ba-si (ttíže basí) - door frame

cf. ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge

► ti-zhe i-da-kdaⁿ (ttíže idákdą) - door flap

cf. ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge

► ti-zhe i-si-ze knaⁿ (ttižé isíze kną) - lock, lit. “holds door firm”

► cf. ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge; si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put si/in

door knob

► o-naⁿ-taⁿ di-shi-we (oną́ttą díšiwe) - door knob

► cf. di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open

► Dhegiha: thi-shi-be (thishibe) - open, unlock, uncap, unhitch [Omaha]; thi-shi-be (thi-shí-be) - to open anything that has a lid or a door [FL-Osage]; thi-shu-be (thi-shú-be) - to open or unfasten a door [FL-Osage]; thi-shu-pe (ðiišúpe) - open, unlock and open [CQ-Osage]; yu-shu-be (yushúbe), yu-shu-we (yushúwe) - open, as a door or a sacred bundle, unlock [Kaw]

door, close as sliding doors

► a-ki-pa-t’o ka-xe (ákkippatʔo káγe) - close, as sliding doors

► cf. a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam; a-ki-pa (ákkippa) - meet a person or animal; a-ki-pai-naⁿ (ákkippainą́) - collide, run into, to butt; a-ki-pa-xta-na (ákkippáxtana) - roll up, turn over; a-ki-pa-tʰe (ákkipatʰé) - sew two things together, sew across

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-pa-ʰts’u (á-ḳi-pa-ṭs’u) - the blocking of a narrow passage by men or animals [FL-Osage]

door, open lift off as a door or plank

► di-ki-kda (dikkíkda) - open, lift off as a door/plank ► bdi-ki-kda (bdíkkikda) - I, ti-ki-kda (ttíkkikda) - you

doorway of a house

► ti o-ba-he (tti óbahe) - doorway of a house

► cf. ti (tti) - house, tent, dwelling

► Dhegiha: ti (ti) - house, lodge, tent, tipi, dwelling [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi (ṭsi) - house, dwelling, hovel [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi (ʰcí) - house, nest, camp, make camp [CQ-Osage]; tsi (ci) - tent, lodge, house [Kaw]

double

► hi naⁿ-pa a-ki-kde (hí nąpá ákkikdé) - double, twofold; hi (hi) + numeral + a-ki-kde (ákkikde) = times, fold

► cf. naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two [MS, MR, FR, AB, AG, OM]; ki-kde (kikdé) - join together; i-ha ki-kde (íha kikdé) - kiss [MS]

dove

► di-ta (dítta) - dove

► cf. di-ta pa-ta-ho (dittá ppattáho) - turtle dove [MS]; di-ta wa-ta-kde (dittá wattákde) - pigeon

► Dhegiha: thi-tʰa (thítʰa) - pigeon, dove [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ʰta (thi-ṭa) - pigeon [FL-Osage]; thiu-ʰta (thiú-ṭa) - mourning dove [FL-Osage]; yu-ta (yúta) - pigeon, dove [Kaw]

dove, turtle dove

► di-ta pa-ta-ho (dittá ppattáho) - turtle dove, “bluish green head dove” [MS]

► di-ta pa-ta-ho (dittá ppattáho) - dove, species lives in the forest

► cf. di-ta (dítta) - dove; pa (ppa) - head; to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue; di-ta wa-ta-kde (dittá wattákde) - pigeon

► Dhegiha: mi-xa pa-ʰto-ho (mí-xa-pa-ṭo-ho) - mallard duck [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-gha pa to-ho (míⁿgha pa tóho) - mallard [Kaw]

down into

► maⁿ-tʰa-ha (mątʰáha) - into, down into (as water)

► cf. maⁿ-tʰe (mą́tʰe) - inside, in, within, under; ni maⁿ-tʰe (ní mątʰé) - under the water; ni-xi-te maⁿ-tʰe tiⁿiⁿ (niγítte mą́tʰe ttį́į́) - ringing in the ear [MS]; maⁿ-tʰe da-tʰi hne (mą́tʰe datʰí hné) - come back inside [MS]; maⁿ-tʰe wa-tʰe (mą́tʰe watʰé) - slip, undergarment [OM]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-tse-ʰta-ha (moⁿ-tsé-ṭa-ha) - inward, toward the center [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-tsʰe-ʰta-ha (mącʰéʰtaha) - inward, toward the center [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-che-ha (maⁿchéha) - under, motion into or inward [Kaw]

down of a bird

► hiⁿ (hį) - hair of the body, down of bird

► cf. i-be-hiⁿ (íbehį) - tail feathers; wa-zhiⁿ-ka hiⁿ (wažįkáhį) - bird feathers; ta hiⁿ (ttahį́) - deer's hair; da-ka hiⁿ (dakáhį) - whiskers, sideburns; di-ba hiⁿ (dibáhį) - beard; i-shta i-di-hiⁿ (ištá idihį́) - eyelash; (íhahį́) - mustache; ta-ta hiⁿ (ttattéhį) - hair on the sides of the head, hair on the temples

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair on body, fur [Omaha]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair or fur, hair of the human body, also the hair of an animal [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ (hí̜į) - hair, whiskers, fur, fuzz as on a peach, slivers or small strips of anything [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - fur, body hair, feathers [Kaw]

down on bottom, bottom land near a river

► o-zo ti-o-hi (ozó ttióhi) - bottom land near a river, down on bottom, same as o-zo-ti-o-we (ozóttiowé), name of a Quapaw town in Arkansas

► cf. o-zaⁿ-te (ozątté) - broad, as a field, a low level

► Dhegiha: o-zu (o-çú) - a lowland forest [FL-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - lowland, low wooded level [CQ-Osage]; o-zo (ozó) - wooded area, bottom land with timber, o-zo-liⁿ (ozóliⁿ) - village in the bottom land with timber (the name of the village) [Kaw]

► o-zo-ti-o-we (ozó ttiowé) - bottom land with trees, name of one of the original Quapaw towns

► cf. o-zaⁿ-te (ozątté) - broad, as a field, a low level

down, be lying down

► zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - be lying down ► a-zhoⁿ i-he (ažǫ́ ihé) - I, da-zhoⁿ i-he (dažǫ́ ihé) - you, oⁿ-zhoⁿ i-ha-we (ǫžǫ́ ihawe) - we

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - recline, lie, lie down, to sleep [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - day, night, sleep, day, night, 24-hour period, “a sleep” [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - to sleep [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ (žą́ą) - sleep, go to sleep, lie down to sleep, go to bed, sleep over, stay all night, sleep, night's rest, overnight stay [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - lie down, sleep, recline [Kaw]; zhaⁿ (zhaⁿ) - day, a sleep [Kaw]

down, bear down washing, scrub

► bi-sh’e (bišʔé) - scrub, bear down washing ► pi-sh’e (ppíšʔe) - I, shpi-sh’e (špíšʔe) - you

► cf. di-sh’e (dišʔé) - wring dry

down, bend down

► wa-kda-zhi (wákdaží) - bend down, stoop, bow the head ► aⁿ-wa-kda-zhi (ąwákdaží) - I, di-wa-kda-zhi (diwákdaží) - you

► ba-x’i (baxʔí) - stooped, stooped over

► ba-x’i (baxʔí) - stooped over [MS]

► Dhegiha: ba-s’iⁿ (bas’íⁿ) - upside-down, head over heels [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-ts’iⁿ (ba-ts’iⁿ´) - head down and feet up, headlong, head foremost [FL-Osage]; pa-ts’iⁿ (paacʔį́) - stoop over, as to touch one's toes, bend down, be crooked [CQ-Osage]; ba-ts’iⁿ (bats’íⁿ) - stoop over, headlong, head first [Kaw]

down, bend down, pull down

► di-be-x’iⁿ (díbexʔį́) - bend down, pull down ► bdi-be-x’iⁿ (bdíbexʔį) - I, ti-be-x’iⁿ (ttíbexʔį) - you

► cf. a-di-be-xiⁿ (ádibexį́) - fold down; hoⁿ-biⁿ-ta-a-ha a-di-be-xiⁿ (hǫbį́tteáha ádibexį́) - turn down the flaps of moccasins

down, burn down, topple by burning

► ta-xa-da (táxadá) - topple by burning, burn down

► cf. bi-xa-da (bixáda) - cause to fall of own weight; di-xa-da (dixáda) - pull over, topple, flip; naⁿ-xa-da (nąxadá) - kick over, topple with the foot; po-xa-da (póxada) - knock over punching, topple; ta-xa-da-de (táxadadé) - topple by burning away base

down, cut down, knock down

► ka-xa-da (kaxáda) - fell, cut down, knock down ► a-xa-da (áxada) - I, da-xa-da (dáxada) - you

down, feel like laying down

► a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I want to lay down (I feel like lying down) [MS]

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; ti-aⁿ (tią́) - to feel like, somewhat; he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (héšį tią́) - feel a sneeze coming on; a-ki-zhi ti-aⁿ (ákkiži tią́) - feel like farting

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I'm going to bed (I feel like lying down) [OM]

► ex: da-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažǫ́ tią́) - sleepy (you feel like laying down) [MS]

down, fold down

► a-di-be-xiⁿ (ádibexį́) - fold down

► cf. hoⁿ-biⁿ-ta-a-ha a-di-be-xiⁿ (hǫbį́tteáha ádibexį́) - turn down the flaps of moccasins; di-be-x’iⁿ (díbexʔį́) - bend down, pull down

down, hang down evenly over an object

► a-ka-bniⁿ (ákabnį) - cover, hang down evenly over an object

► cf. ti-ho-kaⁿ a-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką ákabnį) - to close the triangular ends of the tent skins forming the smoke-hole; ti-ho-kaⁿ i-da-ka-bniⁿ (ttíhokką idákabnį) - smoke hole flaps

► Dhegiha: a-ga-bliⁿ (ágabliⁿ) - fasten to cover on something [Kaw]

down, hold down

► a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something ► a-pi-saⁿ-te (áppisątte) - I, a-shpi-saⁿ-te (ášpisątte) - you, oⁿ-ka-pi-saⁿ-ta-we (ǫkápisąttawe) - we

► cf. o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects; a-bisaⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on; a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down

► ex: maⁿ-da a-bi-saⁿ-te naⁿ i-ya (mą́da ábisątte ną iyá) - he held him down on his back, it is said

► ex: ka-ki-kda-ti-zhe aⁿ-bi-saⁿ-te (kakkíkdattiže ą́bisątté) - he tumbled over and lay on me

► ex: wa-bi-saⁿ-ta-we (wábisąttawe) - he or they lay on us

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

► Dhegiha: a-ba-soⁿ-de (ábasoⁿde) - to push with the hand against something which is on something else [Omaha/Ponca]; a-bi-soⁿ-dse (á-bi-çoⁿ-dse) - to press to the ground [FL-Osage]; a-pi-saⁿ (ápisą) - hold down a lid or a person, mash, push down on, shut, close, one’s eyes [CQ-Osage]; a-bi-saⁿ-je (ábisaⁿje), a-bu-saⁿ-je (ábusaⁿje) - press down on, wrestle [Kaw]

► a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down ► a-bi-saⁿ-te a-zhi (ábisątte aži) - I, a-bi-saⁿ-te da-zhi (ábisątte daži) - you, a-bi-saⁿ-te oⁿ-zhi-we (ábisątte ǫžíwe) - we

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something; a-zhi (áži) - put small scattered, inanimate objects onto something; o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects; a-bisaⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on

► a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight ► a-ka-spi-he-a-de (ákaspihéade) - I, a-ka-spi-he-da-de (ákaspihédade) - you

► cf. a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!; a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat, curvilinear object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone; maⁿ-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does; ti-ze a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► Dhegiha: a-ga-spe (á-ga-çpe) - to cover up an object, the falling of something heavy on a person or a thing [FL-Osage]; a-ka-spe (akáaspe) - shade, blind, covering [CQ-Osage]; a-ka-spe (ákaaspe) - put over, put upon, cover as with cloth or blanket, cover with dirt as a grave, cover over, cover up [CQ-Osage]; a-ga-spe (ágaspe) - cover completely, concealing every part [Kaw]

► a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat, curvilinear object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone ► a-ka-spi-aⁿ-a-de (ákaspiną́ade) - I, a-ka-spi-naⁿ-da-de (ákaspiną́dade) - you

► cf. a-ka-spe (ákaspe) - close, shut; cave in; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put sg/si/in or cloth/paper; a-ka-spa (ákaspá) - shut it!; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight; maⁿ-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does; ti-ze a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

down, kick something down

► o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down ► o-a-naⁿ-xpa-de (oánąxpade) - I, o-da-naⁿ-xpa-de (odánąxpade) - you

► cf. naⁿ (naⁿ) - by action of the foot; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, “falling”; o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - fall, cause by pressure/weight; o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something

► Dhegiha: u-xpa-the (uxpathe) - fell, fall [Omaha]; u-xpa-the (u-xpá-the) - to fall, thrown (from a horse), to become lost [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians, throw off (suddenly severing or moving something or someone from something) [CQ-Osage]; o-xpa-ye (oxpáye) - fall from a height, fall off, get lost, become lost [Kaw]

down, lay down a object

► a-i-he-de (áihedé) - lay down a sg/ly/in object ► a-i-ha-de (áiháde) - I, a-i-he-da-de (áihedáde) - you, oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-de (ǫ́kahiǫdé) - we dual, I and one other, oⁿ-ka-hi-oⁿ-da-we (ǫ́kahíǫdawé) - we

► cf. i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-toⁿ-wi-he-de (áttǫwihéde) - put horizontal object down carefully; gaⁿ i-he-de (gą ihéde) - prone

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object, to put a thing down [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

down, lay something down, to lay out

► k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out

► cf. a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; o-k’oⁿ-he (okʔǫ́he) - put a long object in something; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile

► Dhegiha: k’oⁿ-he (kʔǫ́he) - lay into [CQ-Osage]; k’o-he (k’óhe) - lay down an inanimate object [Kaw]

down, lie down to sleep

► zhoⁿ-ki-de (žǫ́kkidé) - lie down to sleep ► zhoⁿ-a-ki-de (žǫ́akkidé) - I, zhoⁿ-da-ki-de (žǫ́dakkidé) - you

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself; zhaⁿ i-de (žą́ idé) - sleep; zhoⁿ i-he (žǫ́ ihé) - be lying down; zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (žą́ įké) - reclining

► ex: zhoⁿ-ki-de ta miⁿ-kʰe (žǫ́kkidé tta mįkʰé) - I want to lay down (I am going to lie down to sleep) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de aⁿ-ki-wi-taⁿ (ąžǫ́kkidé ąkiwittą́) - let's go to bed [MS]

down, lower as water

► da-xo (daγó) - down, lower as water

► cf. da-xo de (daγó dé) - decrease, lower

down, press down, rub down

► bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down ► pi-te-shka (ppítteška) - I, shpi-te-shka (špítteška) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]

down, pull down

► di-shka (dišká) - pull down, as a fence ► bdi-shka (bdíška) - I, ti-shka (ttíška) - you

► cf. di-shke (dišké) - untie, loosen, open

down, pull down something

► di-to-shi (dittóši) - pull down something as a window ► bdi-to-shi (bdíttoši) - I, ti-to-shi (ttíttoši) - you

► cf. to-shi (toší) - low, lower; i-ha-zho to-shi (íhažó toší) - lower lip; i-shta-ha to-shi (ištáha toší) - lower eyelid; to-shi-hi-ta (tóšihítta) - at the bottom of something

► Dhegiha: thi-nu-shi (thi nushi) - dim [Omaha]; nu-shi (núshi) - low [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-shi-a-ha (núshiáha) - low, short, below, down below [Omaha/Ponca]

down, put down

► a-toⁿ-wi-naⁿ-de (áttǫwiną́de) - put down a si/in or cloth object

► cf. i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put sg/si/in or cloth/paper; na-xnaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (naxną́ iną́de) - hide a sg/si/in object; shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (šǫ́ iną́de) - bequeath sg/si/in/ob or cloth; a-da-ska i-naⁿ-de (ádaska iną́de) - place something, e.g. paper, in order to make it stick; a-ka-spi-naⁿ-de (ákaspiną́de) - put a squat, curvilinear object on another to hold it down, e.g., a stone; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting, curvilinear objects so their edges touch; be-soⁿ-soⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold

► Dhegiha: i-noⁿ-the (inoⁿthe) - put away, put it down [Omaha]; i-noⁿ-the (i-nóⁿ-the) - to put upon the ground [FL-Osage]

down, put down carefully

► a-toⁿ-wi-tʰe-de (áttǫwitʰéde) - put st/in object down carefully

► cf. i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; na-xnaⁿ i-tʰe-de (naxną́ itʰéde) - hide sg/st/in or collection; a-ki-k’oⁿ-he i-tʰe-de (ákkikʔǫ́he itʰéde) - put horizontal (lying) things in a pile, here the first verb denotes the horizontality of the objects and the second the perpendicularity of the pile; sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group; a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a sg/st/in object, make an upright object lean by pulling it; a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; a-ki-ze-ze i-tʰe-de (ákkizéze itʰéde) - pile up many flat objects one on another, such as books

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (ite the) - set something down, store, deposit [Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe-keeping [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

down, put horizontal object down carefully

► a-toⁿ-wi-he-de (áttǫwihéde) - put horizontal object down carefully

► cf. i-he-de (ihéde) - put a horizontal object; i-he (íhe) - horizontal, in a lying position; na-xnaⁿ i-he-de (naxną́ ihéde) - hide someone's sg/ly/in object; di-ko-wiⁿ-xe i-he-de (dikkówįγe ihéde) - turn something long; gaⁿ i-he-de (gą ihéde) - prone; so i-he-de (só ihéde) - cut lengthwise; shoⁿ i-he-de (šǫ́ ihéde) - bequeath, will, leave something; a-ka-spe i-he-de (ákaspe ihéde) - put a horizontal object on another to hold it down, e.g., a paper-weight; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-pa-t’o i-he-de (ákkippatʔo ihéde) - close off, stop up, clog, as in a traffic jam

► Dhegiha: i-he-the (í-hé-the) - to lay down a long object [FL-Osage]; i-he-the (i-hé-the) - to put a thing down, made to lie in death [FL-Osage]; i-he-ye (ihéye) - put down a singular, lying, inanimate object [Kaw]

down, shoot down

► o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down ► o-a-po-xpa-de (oápoxpade) - I, o-da-po-xpa-de (odápoxpade) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing, punching; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, “falling”; o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - fall, cause by pressure/weight; o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw; o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something

down, Sit Down!

► kniⁿ (knį) - sit down! [MS, AB, OM]

► cf. kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place, camp; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair [MS, AB, OM]; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (šǫ́ke áknį) - horse, “dog to sit upon” [MS, AB, AG, OM]; a-kʰi-kniⁿ (akʰíknį) - return home there and stay; ki-kniⁿ (kíknį) - sit with reference to another; o-ki-kniⁿ (okkíknį) - sit together, with one another; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) - sit in, dwell in, live in; o-ti-kdiⁿ (óttikdį) - village; ki-sto kniⁿ (kistó knį) - to sit in council; i-ka-zo ka-xe kniⁿ (íkazózo káγe knį) - clerk, he who sits writing; a-da-ska kniⁿ (ádaska knį́) - sit close together

► Dhegiha: gthiⁿ (g^¢íⁿ) - sit [JOD-Omaha]; gthiⁿ (gthiⁿ) - to sit [FL-Osage]; liⁿ (lį́į) - sit [CQ-Osage]; gliⁿ (glíⁿ), liⁿ (liⁿ) - sit, stay, remain, dwell, live, reside [Kaw]

down, strike down, knock senseless

► ka-xdi (kaxdí) - strike down, knock senseless ► aⁿ-xdi (ą́xdi) - I, di-a-xdi (diáxdi) - you

► Dhegiha: wa-ga-xthi (wa-gá-xthi) - to strike [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ-ga-xthi (zhóⁿ-ga-xthi) - Tree Killer, personal name, refers to the lightning that strikes and kills the tree [FL-Osage]; wa-hiu ga-xthi (wá-hiu ga-xthi) - Strikes the Bone, personal name [FL-Osage]; ka-liⁿ (kaalį́) - lightning strike [CQ-Osage]; ga-xli (gaxlí) - slay, strike down and stun; kill by striking with an instrument such as a club or ax, lightning to strike and kill [Kaw]

down, throw oneself down on

► a-bisaⁿ-te zhaⁿ (ábisątte žą́) - roll over on something; throw oneself down on

► cf. a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline; o-bi-saⁿ-te (obísątte) - pull something between two objects; a-bi-saⁿ-te-zhi (ábisąttéži) - press down on, weight, hold down

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke a-bi-saⁿ-te zhaⁿ (maštį́ke ábisątte žą́) - to throw himself down on a rabbit to catch it

down, throw something down from above

► i-ka-sa de-de (íkasa dedé) - throw something down from above ► i-da-ka-sa de-a-de (idákasa déade) - I, i-da-ka-sa de-da-de (ídakasa dedade) - you

down, turn upside down

► ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down

► cf. di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over; ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one's stomach

► Dhegiha: thi a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thi akigthashoⁿ) - turn over [Omaha]; yu-kuu-la-shaⁿ (yukúlashaⁿ) - roll over, turn upside down [Kaw]

► di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over ► bdi-ki-kda-shoⁿ (bdíkkikdašǫ) - I, ti-ki-kda-shoⁿ (ttíkkikdašǫ) - you

► cf. ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down; ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one's stomach

► Dhegiha: thi a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thi akigthashoⁿ) - turn over [Omaha]; yu-ku-la-shaⁿ (yukúlashaⁿ) - roll over, turn upside down [Kaw]

down, wear down by striking

► ka-to-ke (kattóke) - wear down by striking, to dull ► a-to-ke (áttoke) - I, da-to-ke (dáttoke) - you

► cf. ba-to-ke (battóke) - wear away, wear out; bi-to-ke (bittóke) - wear away by rubbing or file; da-to-ke (dattóke) - dull, wear the teeth, blunt; di-to-ke (dittóke) - dull, blunt a tool; naⁿ-to-ke (nąttóke) - wear down by walking, as shoes; pa-to-ke (páttoke) - wear away a knife blade; po-to-ke (póttoke) - dull by punching, as a spear

down, wear down by walking

► naⁿ-to-ke (nąttóke) - wear down by walking, as shoes ► a-naⁿ-to-ke (aną́ttoke) - I, da-naⁿ-to-ke (daną́ttoke) - you

► cf. ba-to-ke (battóke) - wear away, wear out; bi-to-ke (bittóke) - wear away by rubbing or file; da-to-ke (dattóke) - dull, wear the teeth, blunt; di-to-ke (dittóke) - dull, blunt a tool; ka-to-ke (kattóke) - wear down by striking, to dull; pa-to-ke (páttoke) - wear away a knife blade; po-to-ke (póttoke) - dull by punching, as a spear

downhill

► a-da-x’a-ti (ádaxʔatti) - downhill

► a-pa-po (áppapo) - downhill

► Dhegiha: pa-mu (pamu) - downhill [Omaha]; a-pa-bo (á-pa-bo) - a slope [FL-Osage]; pa-bu (pa-bú) - down hill, a steep incline, incline, a steep hill [FL-Osage]; pa-po (papó) - sink, lower, go down [CQ-Osage]; pa-bo (pabó) - downhill, over the edge of a bluff [Kaw]

downstream

► o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw, people who went downstream

► o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw [MS, AB]

► o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw [OM]

► o-ka-xpa (o˙GáxBa) - Quapaw person or tribe [FS]

► o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw gens (clan) of the same tribe, dwelt on right side of tribal circle [JOD]

► cf. o-ka-xpa-ki-de (okáxpakkíde) - be adopted as a Quapaw; o-ka-xpa xti (okáxpaxti) - town name, “Real Quapaws”, one of the 5 villages spelled Kappa, Cappa, Cappaha, etc.; o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream; ka-xpa (káxpa) - south wind; o-ka-xpa-de (okáxpade) - knock off, cause to fall off; o-ki-xpa-de (okíxpade) - lose something; o-xpa-de (oxpáde) - fall from a height; ni o-xpa-de (ní oxpáde) - waterfall; mi-ka-x’e o-xpa-de (mikkáxʔe oxpáde) - meteor, shooting star, “falling”; o-ba-xpa-de (obáxpade) - push off and cause to fall; o-bi-xpa-de (obíxpade) - fall, cause by pressure/weight; o-di-xpa-de (odíxpade) - pull off and cause to fall; o-naⁿ-xpa-de (oną́xpade) - kick something down; o-po-xpa-de (opóxpade) - shoot down

► Dhegiha: u-ga-xpa (ugaxpa) - Quapaw Tribe [Omaha]; u-ga-xpa ga-xa (u-gá-xpa ga-xa) - Quapaw Creek, Okla [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw Indians [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xpa (ogáxpa) - Quapaw tribe or people, "The down-stream people," so called because their ancestors went down the Mississippi, while the Omahas, Ponca, Osages, and Kansa, went up that stream, after leaving the mouth of the Ohio (River). The Ogáxpa or Kwapas have been called Shappas, Shapahas, Kapahas, Quappas, Quapaws, etc. They were also known in early colonial days as the Akansa or Arkansa [Kaw]

► o-ka-xpa i-de (okáxpa idé) - south, wind or quarter, conveys idea of going downstream

► cf. o-ka-xpa (okáxpa) - Quapaw, people who went downstream

downstream, downwind, with the wind or current

► a-ka-hi-da (ákahída) - downstream, downwind, with the wind or current

► cf. a-ka-hi-da o-ka-xde (ákahída okáxde) - facing downstream, with his back to the wind; a-k’a i-de (ákʔa idé) - south [MS]; a-ka-hi-de (akahidah) - New Orleans (Nouvelle Orléans) [GI]

► Dhegiha: a’a (á’a) - south wind, an archaic word, still used in the name a’a wiⁿ (á’awíⁿ) - South Wind Woman [Omaha/Ponca]; a-ʰka (á-ḳ’a) - south, the south wind [FL-Osage]; a-k’a-dsi (á-ḳ’a-dsi) - archaic name for south [FL-Osage]; a-k’a-hu-e (ákʔahúe) - south wind [CQ-Osage]; a-k’a (ák’a) - south, south wind, deity of the south wind, power of the south wind [Kaw]

downstream, facing downstream

► a-ka-hi-da o-ka-xde (ákahída okáxde) - facing downstream, with his back to the wind ► a-ka-hi-da o-a-ka-xde (ákahída oákaxde) - I, a-ka-hi-da o-da-ka-xde ( (ákahída odákaxde) - you

► cf. a-ka-hi-da (ákahída) - downstream, downwind, with the wind or current; to-to-ka-xde (tótokáxde) - facing this way; ta-ti-o-kda-kʰaⁿ o-ka-xde (ttáttiókdakʰą́ okáxde) - facing at right angles toward the wind; a-shi-to-ka-xde (ašíttokáxde) - face the back of the lodge; e-ta de-de o-ka-xde (ettá déde okáxde) - face the other way; e-to-ka-xde (ettókaxde) - facing in that direction; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind; ko-to-ka-xde (kótokáxde) - facing the other way; o-i-naⁿ-be o-ka-xde (óinąbé okáxde) - facing uphill

► Dhegiha: hi-de u-ga-xthe (hide úgaqthe) - facing downward, downstream, facing the bottom or lower part, facing the mouth of a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; e-ʰta u-ga-xthe (e-ṭá u-ga-xthe) - facing in that direction [FL-Osage]; o-ka-le (okále) - face a certain direction [CQ-Osage]; o-ga-xle (ogáxle) - facing, face a direction [Kaw]

downward, hold gun muzzle downward

► di-ba-s’iⁿ (díbasʔį́) - hold gun muzzle downward ► bdi-ba-s’iⁿ (bdíbasʔį) - I, ti-ba-s’iⁿ (ttíbasʔį) - you

drag

► da-xo-we (daxówe) - drag with teeth, draw into mouth ► bda-xo-we (bdáxowe) - I, ta-xo-we (ttáxowe) - you

► cf. di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along; o-di-xo-we (odíxowe) - rut, groove, make by pulling

► Dhegiha: tha-xu-e (tha-xú-e) - dragged with his teeth [FL-Osage]

► di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along ► bdi-xo-we (bdíγowe) - I, ti-xo-we (ttíγowe) - you

► cf. di-xo (diγó) - mark, scratch, draw line; o-di-xo-we (odíxowe) - rut, groove, make by pulling; da-xo-we (daxówe) - drag with teeth, draw into mouth

► Dhegiha: thi-xu-e (thi-xú-e) - to drag something on the ground [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-we (thi-xú-we) - to drag some dead animal by rope, to lead a horse to water [FL-Osage]; ti-xo-we (ðiiɣówe), ti-xo-e (ðiiɣóe), thi-xo (ðiiɣó) - drag [CQ-Osage]; yu-gho-we (yughówe) - drag, pull behind [Kaw]

dragonfly

► ti-te-ska (ttittéska) - dragonfly

draw blood

► da-wa-paiⁿ (dawappaį́) - bite and draw blood ► bda-wa-paiⁿ (bdáwappaį) - I, ta-wa-paiⁿ (ttáwappaį) - you

► cf. da (da) - by mouth; wa-paiⁿ (wappaį) - blood; ba-wa-paiⁿ (bawappaį́) - prick and cause to bleed; di-wa-paiⁿ (diwappaį́) - scratch and draw blood, as a cat; ka-wa-paiⁿ (kawappaį́) - cut, slash and cause to bleed; naⁿ-wa-paiⁿ (nąwappaį́) - bleed, cause by kicking; pa-wa-paiⁿ (páwappaį) - bleed someone with a knife; po-wa-paiⁿ (pówappaį́) - bleed from a thrust, cause to

► Dhegiha: wa-mi (wamí) - bleed, bloody [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-biⁿ (wa-biⁿ́) - blood, bleeding [FL-Osage]; wa-piⁿ (wa-pį́), wa-peiⁿ (wapéį) - bleed, blood [CQ-Osage]; wa-biⁿ (wa-bíⁿ) - blood [Kaw]

► di-wa-paiⁿ (diwappaį́) - scratch and draw blood, as a cat

► cf. di (di) - by hand; wa-paiⁿ (wappaį) - blood; ba-wa-paiⁿ (bawappaį́) - prick and cause to bleed; da-wa-paiⁿ (dawappaį́) - bite and draw blood; ka-wa-paiⁿ (kawappaį́) - cut, slash and cause to bleed; naⁿ-wa-paiⁿ (nąwappaį́) - bleed, cause by kicking; pa-wa-paiⁿ (páwappaį) - bleed someone with a knife; po-wa-paiⁿ (pówappaį́) - bleed from a thrust, cause to

draw line

► di-xo (diγó) - mark, scratch, draw line ► bdi-xo (bdíγo) - I, ti-xo (ttíγo) - you

► cf. di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along

► Dhegiha: thi-xu (thixú) - to draw, to make marks on paper, to make marks such as are made on arrows [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xu (thixu) - sketch, mark [Omaha]; thi-xu (thi-xú) - to scratch marks on rocks or draw lines on paper [FL-Osage]; yu-gho (yughó) - make scratch marks [Kaw]

draw, write

► i-ka-zo (íkazo) - write, draw ► i-da-ka-zo (idákazó) - I, i-da-ka-zo (ídakazó) - you

► cf. i-ka-zo i-ka-xe (íkazo ikáγe) - pencil, writing instrument; i-ka-zo-ye (íkazóye) - to have written; i-ka-zo-zo (íkazózo) - book, paper, letter; i-ka-zo-zo i-ka-xe (íkazózo ikáγe) - pen, writing instrument; i-ka-zo-zo ka-xe kniⁿ (íkazózo káγe knį) - clerk, he who sits writing; i-ka-zo-zo o-ti (íkazózo káγe ottí) - school, school house; i-ka-zo-zo ni (íkazózo ní) - ink

drawer

► o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer

► cf. zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži) - trunk; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest, “cedar-wood-to put away/fill-container” [MS]; o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container; o-zhi (óži) - bowl, dish; o-zhi (oží) - put cl into something, plant, fill; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away si/in/, a part/cloth

dream

► hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́bde) - dream ► a-hoⁿ-bde (ahǫ́bde) - I, da-hoⁿ-bde (dahǫ́bde) - you

► hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́bde) - dream [MS]

► ex: da-zhaⁿ i-te da-hoⁿ-bde (dažą́ itté dahǫ́bde) - when you go to sleep, you dream [MS]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ-bthe (hoⁿbthe) - dreaming, dream [Omaha]; hoⁿ-bthe (hóⁿ-bthe) - to dream [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-bre (hǫ́bre) - dream, have a dream, dreaming [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ble (haⁿblé) - dream [Kaw]; zhaⁿ haⁿ-ble (zhaⁿ háⁿble) - dream [Kaw]

dress

► wa-tʰe (watʰé) - skirt, long skirt, dress

► wa-tʰe (watʰé) - dress [MS, OM]

► cf. maⁿ-tʰe wa-tʰe (mą́tʰe watʰé) - slip, undergarment; wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron [OM]

► ex: she-mi wa-tʰe (šémi watʰé) - girl's dress [OM]

► ex: wa-tʰe koⁿ-bda (watʰé kkǫbdá) - I want a dress [OM]

► ex: wa-tʰe shkoⁿ-ta (watʰé škǫttá) - do you want a dress? [OM]

► ex: wa-tʰe a-bi-saⁿ-te koi-tʰe di-ha-knaⁿ da (watʰé ábisątte kóitʰe dihákną dá) - go iron your dress! [AG]

► Dhegiha: wa-te (waté) - skirt, woman's dress [Omaha]; wa-tse (wa-tsé) - skirt, dress [FL-Osage]; wa-tsʰe (wáacʰe) - skirt with ribbon work or other decorations [CQ-Osage]; wa-che (waché) - dress, woman's skirt [Kaw]

dribbling

► da-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi (dašną́šnąži) - eat without dribbling ► bda-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi (bdášnąšnąži) - I, ta-shnaⁿ-shnaⁿ-zhi (ttášnąšnąži) - you

dried

► pa-hi xe-ka (ppahí xéka) - skull, lit. “dried head”

► cf. pa-hi (ppahí) - head; xe-ka (xéka) - dry, without sap; di-xe-ka (dixéka) - dry out from breaking (limbs)

► Dhegiha: xe-ga (qéga) - dried, dead, as a branch or tree [Omaha/Ponca]; xe-ga (xé-ga) - dead, as tall grass or tree [FL-Osage]; xe-ka (xéka) - dead from drying up, e.g., a vegetable, dried [CQ-Osage]

► xe-ka taⁿ (qek͓á taⁿ) - masculine name, father of wa-ti-zhi (watíji) [JOD]

► xe-ka taⁿ (Krakaton) - Dry Man, Treaty of St. Louis with the Quapaw (1818)

► xe-ka taⁿ (Hackatton) - Chief, Treaty with the Quapaw (1833)

► xe-ka taⁿ (Hackehton) - Treaty with the Quapaw (1824)

► cf. xe-ka (xéka) - dry, without sap

dried up

► ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold

► cf. ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut, as corn; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching; ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

dried meat

► ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat

► ta (tah) - meat (viande) [GI]

► ta (tah) - deer, venison (chevreuil) [GI]

► ta (tta) - deer, meat [MS, MR, OM]

► cf. ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat” [MS]; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; ta to-ka (ttatókka), ta do-ka (ttadókka) - fresh meat, “wet meat”; ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (ttanióhǫ), ta-niu-hoⁿ (ttanǘhǫ), ta-ni-o-hoⁿ-de (ttanióhǫde), ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanǘhǫde) - soup, beef soup, “meat cooked in water”

► ex: ta to-ka niⁿ-kʰe (ttatókka-nįkʰé) - the meat

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind, deer, the flesh of this animal was used by the Osage and Omaha for food and the skin for clothing, the sinew was used for sewing [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

drill

► zhoⁿ i-di-x’o-te taⁿ-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte ttą́ka) - drill, auger

► zhoⁿ i-di-x’o-te zhi-ka (žǫ́ idídixʔotte žíka) - gimlet

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-di-x’o-te (odíxʔotte) - bore a hole; o-x’o-te (oxʔótte) - hole, natural opening

► Dhegiha: u-thi-u-de (uthíude) - bore, pierce, to break through, to bore through [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-ʰk’u-dse (u-thí-ḳ’u-dse) - to drill (a hole), to bore, as a hole [FL-Osage]; o-yu-k’o-je (oyúk’oje) - break a hole through a solid, to bore a hole with a brace and bit [Kaw]