English to Quapaw Dictionary

A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources Dhegiha Sources

 

D

 

deer, meat

ta (tta) - deer, ruminant

ta (tta) - deer, meat [MS, MR, OM]

ta (tah) - deer, venison (chevreuil) [GI]

tʰa (t'a˙) - deer [FS]

cf. ta-ska (ttaská) - bighorn sheep; ta wa-ta-kde (tta wáttakde) - sheep, lit. “domestic deer”; ta chʰo-ke (ttačʰóke) - antelope; ta i-shta (tta ištá) - buckeye, “deer eye” [MS]

Dhegiha: ta-xti (táqti) - deer, “the true or real deer” [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xti (taxti) - deer [Omaha]; ta-xtsi (tàxcí) - deer, “the real deer” [Kaw]; ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind, deer, the flesh of this animal was used by the Osage and Omaha for food and the skin for clothing, the sinew was used for sewing [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

 

ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat

ta (tah) - meat (viande) [GI]

cf. ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat” [MS]; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; ta to-ka (ttatókka), ta do-ka (ttadókka) - fresh meat, “wet meat”; ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (ttanióhǫ), ta-niu-hoⁿ (ttanǘhǫ), ta-ni-o-hoⁿ-de (ttanióhǫde), ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanǘhǫde) - soup, beef soup, “meat cooked in water”

ex: ta to-ka niⁿ-kʰe (ttatókka-nįkʰé) - the meat

Dhegiha: ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind, deer, the flesh of this animal was used by the Osage and Omaha for food and the skin for clothing, the sinew was used for sewing [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

 

deer antler

ta he (ttahé) - antlers, deer

cf. ta (tta) - deer; he (he) - horn, antler; te-he (ttehé) - buffalo horns; te-he ti-ke (ttehé ttíke) - buffalo horn spoon; wa-po-ka he taⁿ (wappóka he ttą́) - great horned owl

Dhegiha: he (he) - horn [Omaha/Ponca]; he (he) - horn [FL-Osage]; he (hé) - horn, cow or buffalo [CQ-Osage]; he (he) - antlers, horn [Kaw]

 

deer bones

ta wa-hi (ttawáhi) - deer's bones

cf. ta (tta) - deer; wa-hi (wahí) - bone

Dhegiha: wa-hi (wahí) - bone [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-hiu (wa-hiú) - a bone [FL-Osage]; wa-hu (wahú) - bone [CQ-Osage]; wa-hu (wahú) - bone [Kaw]

 

deer fat

ta shiⁿ (ttašį́) - deer fat

cf. ta (tta) - deer; shiⁿ (šį) - fat, as a person or animal; shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - very fat, really fat; wa-shiⁿ (wašį́) - bacon, pork, fat meat [MS, AG, OM]

Dhegiha: shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, obese, plump, fleshy [Omaha/Ponca]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ) - fat, husky [Omaha]; shiⁿ (shíⁿ) - to be fat [FL-Osage]; shiⁿ (ší̜) - be fat [CQ-Osage]; shiⁿ (shiⁿ), shi (shi) - be fat [Kaw]

 

deer hair

ta hiⁿ (ttahį́) - deer's hair

cf. ta (tta) - deer; hiⁿ (hį) - hair of the body, down of bird; da-ka-hiⁿ (dakáhį) - whiskers, sideburns; di-ba-hiⁿ (dibáhį) - beard; ta-te-hiⁿ (ttattéhį) - hair on the sides of the head, hair on the temples

Dhegiha: hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair on body, fur [Omaha]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair or fur, hair of the human body, also the hair of an animal [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ (hį́į) - hair, whiskers, fur, fuzz as on a peach [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - fur, body hair, feathers [Kaw]

 

deer head, deer skull

ta pa-hi (tta ppáhi) - deer's head or skull

cf. ta (tta) - deer; pa-hi (ppahí) - head

Dhegiha: ta-pa (tapá) - Deer Head, the name of an Omaha gens [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-pa (ṭa-pá) - Deer Head, the Osage name for the Pleiades [FL-Osage]; ta-pa (tápá) - the Pleiades (the Seven Sisters), lit., “the deer’s head” [Kaw]

 

deer liver

ta pi (ttappí) - deer's liver

cf. ta (tta) - deer; pi (ppi), piu (ppü) - liver; ho pi (hoppí) - fish liver; pi zi (ppizí) - gall

Dhegiha: pi (pi) - liver [Omaha]; te pi (tepi) - animal’s liver [Omaha/Ponca]; pi (p̣i), ʰtse-ʰpi (ṭse-p̣í) - liver [FL-Osage]; ʰtse-ʰpu (ʰceʰpú) - liver [CQ-Osage]; tse-pu (cepú) - liver [Kaw]

 

deer shoes, moccasins

ta hoⁿ-be (tta hǫbé) - moccasin, “deer shoes”

ta hoⁿ-be (tta hǫbé) - moccasin [MS, AB, OM]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; hoⁿ-be (hǫbé), hoⁿ-pe (hǫpé) - shoe, moccasins; hoⁿ-pe xti (hǫbé xti) - moccasins; hoⁿ-pe ste-te (hǫbé stétte) - boots

Dhegiha: hiⁿ-be (hiⁿ-bé) - moccasins [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-be (hoⁿ-bé) - moccasins [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-pe (hǫǫpé) - moccasins, shoes [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-be (haⁿbé), hoⁿ-be (hoⁿbé) - shoes, moccasins [Kaw]

 

ta ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - shirt, coat, man’s tunic, made of buckskin

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; o-ki-kdi-xda (okkíkdixda), o-ki-kda-xda (okkíkdaxda) - shirt; o-ki-kdi-o-xda (okkíkdióxda), o-ki-kdi-o-kda (okkíkdiókda) - shirt [MS]

Dhegiha: o-ʰku-laⁿ (oʰkúlą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílaⁿ) - clothes, literally, that which one puts oneself into [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰku-laⁿ (óʰkulą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílą), o-ʰ-ki-o-laⁿ (óʰkioolą́) - put on oneself or dress in a shirt or dress, dress oneself, put on clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-lo-xla (ókiloxla), o-ki-laⁿ-xla (ókilaⁿxla) - clothes, coat, shirt, tunic [Kaw]

 

deer sinew, thread

ta kaⁿ (ttakką́) - deer's sinew, thread

cf. ta (tta) - deer; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - sinew, string, line, root of a plant; hoⁿ-be koⁿ (hǫbékkǫ) - shoelaces, moccasin strings; maⁿ-te kaⁿ (mą́ttekką́) - bow string; wa-hi ko-ke kaⁿ (wahí kkóke kką́) - fishing line

Dhegiha: ta-koⁿ (takóⁿ) - sinew, sinew taken from the backs of deer and buffalo and used for thread, bows, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-ʰkoⁿ (ṭa-ḳóⁿ) - sinew, the sinew made from deerskin was used for sewing [FL-Osage]; ta-kaⁿ (tákáⁿ) - deer sinew used for sewing [Kaw]

 

deer stomach

ta ni-xa (ttaníγa) - deer's stomach

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ni-xa (níγa) - belly; ni-xa-ha (niγáha) - belly, stomach

Dhegiha: ni-xa (níxa) - stomach, umbilical region, belly, abdomen [Omaha]; ni-gha (nígha) - stomach of an animal [Kaw]

 

deer tail

ta siⁿ-te (ttasį́tte) - deer's tail

cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; ta-siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte ákną) - roach (headress) [MS]; ta-siⁿ-te wa-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte wákną) - roach made of a deer's tail; ta siⁿ-te sha (tta sįtté šá) - black tailed deer; ta siⁿ-te ska (tta sįtté ska) - white tailed deer

Dhegiha: siⁿ-de (síⁿde) - tail, tail of an animal [Omaha/Ponca]; siⁿ-dse (çiⁿ´-dse) - tail [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-tse (sį́įce) - tail, animal's tail, part of the Osage costume, tail dancer at Osage War Dances, last part of a dance song [CQ-Osage]; siⁿ-je (síⁿje) - tail [Kaw]

 

deer tail headdress, roach

ta siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte ákną) - roach (headress) [MS]

ta siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ta sīⁿte ága na), (ta sīⁿ tē aga na) - head dress of deer hair and turkey beard, with bone standard and tube, from George Red Eagle and John Quapaw [MH]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put, put on, put a singular, sitting, inanimate or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface

Dhegiha: ʰta siⁿ-dse a-gthoⁿ (ṭa-çíⁿ-dse a-gthoⁿ) - deer’s tail headdress. a warrior’s decoration [FL-Osage]; ʰta siⁿ-tse (ʰtaasį́įce) - headdress, lit., “deer tail” [CQ-Osage];

 

ta siⁿ-te wa-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte wákną) - roach made of a deer's tail

cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put, put on, put a singular, sitting, inanimate or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface

Dhegiha: ta siⁿ-je wa-laⁿ (tasíⁿje waláⁿ) - roach, deer tail headdress [Kaw]

 

deer teeth

ta hi (ttahí) - deer's teeth

cf. ta (tta) - deer; hi (hi) - tooth

Dhegiha: hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Omaha/Ponca]; hi (hi) - tooth or teeth [FL-Osage]; hi (híi) - tooth, teeth [CQ-Osage]; hi (hi) - tooth, teeth [Kaw]

 

deer windpipe

ta to-te-xi-xi-we (ttatóttexixíwe) - deer's windpipe

cf. ta (tta) - deer; to-te o-xi-xi-we (tótte oxíxiwe), to-te o-xiu-xiu-we (tótte oxü´xüwe) - windpipe, trachea; to-te (tótte) - throat

Dhegiha: nu-de xi-xi-be (núde xixibe) - windpipe [Omaha]; nu-de xi-xi-be (núde qiqíbe) - trachea, windpipe [Omaha/Ponca]; do-je xu-xu-be (dóje xuxúbe) - trachea, windpipe [Kaw]

 

deer womb, doe’s womb

ta shi-o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha) - doe's womb

cf. ta (tta) - deer; shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus; o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket

Dhegiha: zhiⁿ-u-zhi-ha (zhiⁿúzhiha) - placenta, uterus, “sack of baby” [Omaha/Ponca]

 

deer, black tailed deer

ta siⁿ-te sha (tta sįtté šá) - black tailed deer

cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

Dhegiha: ta-xti siⁿ-de sa-be (táqti síⁿde sábe) - black-tailed deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xti siⁿ-de sa-be (taxti çiⁿde çabe) - black tail deer [Omaha]; ʰta siⁿ-dse sa-be (ṭa-çiⁿ-dse ça-be) - black-tailed deer [FL-Osage]

 

deer, buck deer, male deer

ta ni-ka (tta níkka) - male deer, a buck

ta ni-ka (tah-nikkah) - male deer, buck deer (daim) [GI]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ni-ka (níkka) - man, male animal

Dhegiha: ta-xti nu-ga (táqti núga) - buck, male deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xti nu-ga (taxti nuga) - buck deer [Omaha]

 

ta wa-sh’a-ke hi (tta wašʔáke hi) - buck deer [MS]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; wa-sh’a-ke (wašʔáke), (wášʔaké) - large, be large; hi (hi) - very; wa-sha-ke hi (wášaké hi) - big [AG]; ni-wa-sh’a-ke hi (ní wašʔáke hí) - bay, large body of water; wa-tʰi-shka wa-sh’a-ke hi (watʰíška wašʔáke hi) - big river [MS]; pe-te wa-sh’a-ke hi (ppétte wašʔáke hi) - big fire [MS]; si-po-za wa-sh’a-ke hi (sippóza wašʔáke hi) - big toe [MS]; ni wa-sh’a-ke (ní wašʔáke) - river; ma-xpi wa-sh’a-ke (maxpí wašʔáke) - large clouds

Dhegiha: ʰta ʰtoⁿ-ga (ṭa ṭóⁿ-ga) - big deer, a buck deer [FL-Osage]; ʰta ʰtaⁿ-ka (ʰtáa ʰtą́ka) - buck, male deer, lit., “large deer” [CQ-Osage]; ta taⁿ-ga (tátáⁿga) - elk, buck elk [Kaw]

 

deer, fawn, little deer

ta zhi-ka (ttažíka) - fawn

ta zhi-ka (tta žíka) - little deer [MS]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

Dhegiha: ta-xti zhiⁿ-ga (táqti zhíⁿga) - fawn, baby deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-xti zhiⁿ-ga (taxti zhiⁿga) - fawn [Omaha]; ʰta gthe-zhe zhiⁿ-ga (ṭa-gthé-zhe zhiⁿ-ga) - a young spotted deer, a fawn [FL-Osage]

 

deer, female deer, doe

ta wa-x’o (ttawáxʔo) - doe, female deer

cf. ta (tta) - deer; wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman, also female animal

Dhegiha: ta-qti miⁿ-ga (táqti míⁿga) - doe, female deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta mi-ga (ṭa-mí-ga) - a female deer, a doe [FL-Osage]; ʰta miⁿ-ka (ʰtáa mį́įka) - doe, female deer [CQ-Osage]; ta miⁿ-ga (tá míⁿga) - doe [Kaw]

 

deer, white tailed deer

ta siⁿ-te ska (tta sįtté ska) - white tailed deer

cf. ta (tta) - deer; siⁿ-te (sį́tté), (sįtté) - tail; ska (ska) - white

Dhegiha: ta-xti siⁿ-de ska (táqti síⁿde skǎ) - white-tailed deer [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta siⁿ-dse ska (ṭa-çíⁿ-dse çka) - white-tailed deer [FL-Osage]; ta siⁿ-je ska (tá síⁿjeska) - white tail deer [Kaw]

 

deerskin, deer hide, buckskin

ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin

ta ha (tah-hah) - deer hide (peau de chevreuil) [GI]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta ha hoⁿ-pe (ttahá hǫpé) - moccasins made of deerskin; ta ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - shirt, coat, man’s tunic, made of buckskin; ta ha wa-ka-xe (ttahá wakáγe) - to tan deerskin

Dhegiha: ta-xti ha (táqtiha) - deer hide, deer skin [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta ha (ṭa-ha) - deer skin [FL-Osage]; ʰta ha (ʰtaaháa) - buckskin, deerskin [CQ-Osage]; ta ha (tahá) - deerskin [Kaw]

 

ta ha hoⁿ-pe (ttahá hǫpé) - moccasins made of deerskin

ta ha hoⁿ-pe (ta ha hūᵐ pa), (ta ha huᵐ pa), (ta ha hūⁿ pa), (ta ha hūᵐpa) - moccasins [MH]

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; hoⁿ-be (hǫbé), hoⁿ-pe (hǫpé) - shoes, moccasins; ta ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - shirt, coat, man’s tunic, made of buckskin; ta ha wa-ka-xe (ttahá wakáγe) - to tan deerskin

Dhegiha: ʰta ha hoⁿ-be (ṭa-há hoⁿ-be) - deerskin moccasins [FL-Osage]

 

ta ha o-ki-kdi-xda (ttahá okkíkdixdá) - shirt, coat, man’s tunic, made of buckskin

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; o-ki-kdi-xda (okkíkdixda), o-ki-kda-xda (okkíkdaxda) - shirt; o-ki-kdi-o-xda (okkíkdióxda), o-ki-kdi-o-kda (okkíkdiókda) - shirt [MS]

Dhegiha: o-ʰku-laⁿ (oʰkúlą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílaⁿ) - clothes, literally, that which one puts oneself into [CQ-Osage]; o-ʰku-laⁿ (óʰkulą), o-ʰki-laⁿ (oʰkílą), o-ʰ-ki-o-laⁿ (óʰkioolą́) - put on oneself or dress in a shirt or dress, dress oneself, put on clothes [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-lo-xla (ókiloxla), o-ki-laⁿ-xla (ókilaⁿxla) - clothes, coat, shirt, tunic [Kaw]

 

ta ha wa-ka-xe (ttahá wakáγe) - to tan deerskin

cf. ta (tta) - deer; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; ta ha (ttahá) - deerskin; wa-ka-xe (wakáγe) - tan a hide

Dhegiha: wa-ga-xe (wa-gá-xe) - to make, to cause to be, a picture of, a symbol of, also used in expressing the idea of making things [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-ghe (wagághe) - to make them [Kaw]

 

defecate

zhe-ki-de (žékide) - defecate, bowel movement

zhe-ki-de (žekíde) - bowel movement [OM]

zhe-ki-de (gek-kideh) - defecate, bowel movement (lacher l'autre) [GI]

cf. zhe (že) - to have a bowel movement; ki-de (kkíde), ki-de (kíde) - cause oneself; te-zhe-ki-de (téžekíde) - urinate; te-zhe-ni (téženi) - urine

ex: zhe-ki-de niⁿ-kʰe, shoⁿ-ke (žekíde nįkʰé, šǫ́ke) - dog doo (he is defecating, the dog [MS]

Dhegiha: zhe (zhe) - bowel movement, excrement, to have a bowel movement [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe (žé) - defecate, have a bowl movement, be excreted, ooze, be emitted, excrete, emit, penis, male organ [CQ-Osage]; zhe (zhe) - to have a bowel movement [Kaw]

 

zhe (že) - to have a bowel movement a-zhe (ažé) - I, da-zhe (dažé) - you, oⁿ-zha-we (ǫžáwe) - we

cf. zhe-ki-de (žékide) - defecate, bowel movement; te-zhe-ni (téženi) - urine; te-zhe-ki-de (téžekíde) - urinate

Dhegiha: zhe (zhe) - bowel movement, excrement, to have a bowel movement [Omaha/Ponca]; zhe (žé) - defecate, have a bowl movement, be excreted, ooze, be emitted, excrete, emit, penis, male organ [CQ-Osage]; zhe (zhe) - to have a bowel movement [Kaw]

 

defend

o-do-ki-zhi (odókkiži) - talk against, (not defend) o-do-a-ki-zhi (odóakkíži) - I, o-do-da-ki-zhi (odódakkíži) - you

cf. zhi (zhi) - negative, negation, not

Dhegiha: u-thu-ki (u-thú-ki) - to defend, to defend a friend or relative in a fight or altercation, to uphold in an argument  [FL-Osage]

 

Delaware Indians

            wa-paⁿ-da-kya (wá-paⁿ-d¢a-kyǎ) - Kwapa name for the Delaware Indians [JOD]

Dhegiha: wa-ba-ni-ʰki (wá-ba-ni-ḳi) - the Osage name for the Delaware Tribe [FL-Osage]; wa-ba-ni-ʰka ga-xa (wá-ba-ni-ḳa ga-xa) - the name given Delaware Creek, Okla., by the Osage [FL-Osage]; wa-pa ni-ʰka (wápa níʰka) - Delaware tribe or tribal member [CQ-Osage]

 

delay

o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow, be late, to delay oⁿ-sti-te (ǫ́stitte) - I, o-di-sti-te (ódistítte) - you

o-sti-te (óstitte) - slow [AG]

ex: si-ke gi-ta …. o-sti-te niⁿ-kʰe (síke gítta …. óstítte nikʰé) - (oldest daughter) get up, your slow [AG]

Dhegiha: skoⁿ wa-zniⁿ-de (shkóⁿ wazníⁿde) - slow, movement, to be slow and deliberate in one's movements, to work slowly or take a long time to do something [Omaha/Ponca]; we-sni-de (weçnide) - slow [Omaha]; wa-sni-de (waçnide) - tardy, late [Omaha]; wa-stu-dse (wa-çtú-dse) - slow movements, slow walking or moving [FL-Osage]; o-shtsu-tse (ošcúuce) - slowpoke, slow person, pokey one [CQ-Osage]

 

 

deliberately

i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately

i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

cf. i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - be wise, have sense

ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea (Omaha); i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one's mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

 

a-ka-zhi-kde (ákažikdé) - work deliberately a-a-zhi-kde (áažikdé) - I, a-da-zhi-kde (ádažikdé) - you, oⁿ-ka-ka-zhi-kda-we (ǫ́kakážikdáwe) - we

 

den, cave

wa-ma-shoⁿ-te (wamášǫtte) - cave, den

Dhegiha: moⁿ-shoⁿ-de (moⁿshoⁿde) - deep hole, abyss, pit, deep beyond thinking, den, burrow [Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ-dse (moⁿ-shóⁿ-dse) - a hole in the ground, as a gopher, badger, or squirrel makes [FL-Osage]; ma-sho-je (mashóje) - hole in the ground, pit, den, cave [Kaw]

 

denial, expresses denial

oⁿ-te (ǫtté) - expresses denial, sentence final modal particle, uninflected

 

dense

a-ki-sho-ka (ákkišóka) - crowded, thick, dense, plentiful

cf. sho-ka (šoká) - thick; di-sho-ka (dišoká) - roughen, to callous

ex: wa-jhi-ni a-ki-sho-ka ma-zhaⁿ-ti o-kniⁿ wi-ke (waǰíni ákkišoka mažą́tti oknį́ wiké) - the Americans are very plentiful

Dhegiha: a-ki-shu-ga (aki shuga) - dense [Omaha]; a-kʰi-sh’u-ga (ákʰish’úga) - thick, dense, crowded, plentiful, as leaves on the ground or houses close together [Omaha/Ponca]; a-kʰi-sho-ga (á-ḳi-sho-ga) - dense, density, dense crowd, a dense forest [FL-Osage]

 

dent

di-ski-ta (diskítta) - dent, tie tightly leaving mark bdi-ski-ta (bdískitta) - I, ti-ski-ta (ttískitta) - you

Dhegiha: thi-sku-da (thiskúda) - mark by tying or drawing rope over, to mark across the grain by tying or drawing a rope over the surface [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ski-da (thi-çkí-da) - to tie something tightly, to make an indention [FL-Osage]; yu-ski-da (yuskída) - mark, make a mark with the hands, to make a groove or depression in a bag, or a mark on the leg of a person or animal by tying it very tightly [Kaw]

 

departed

ko-ta-de-de-niⁿ (kótadédenį́) - that departed singular/moving/animate, yon

cf. ko-ta-niⁿ (kótanį) - that sg/mv/an over there; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; ko-ta-niⁿ-kʰe (kótanįkʰe) - that sg/si/an, yon

Dhegiha: ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that person or thing over there beyond the speaker and hearer, the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]

 

ko-ta-de-de-tʰaⁿ (kótadédetʰą́) - that departed singular/standing/animate, yon

cf. ko-ta-tʰaⁿ (kótatʰą) - that sg/st/an, yon; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

Dhegiha: go-da toⁿ (gó-da toⁿ) - that person standing yonder [FL-Osage]; ko-ta (kóota) - that yonder, that person or thing over there beyond the speaker and hearer, the farther one in space or time [CQ-Osage]

 

depend on someone

o-ki-toⁿ-we (ókittǫ́we) - depend on someone o-a-toⁿ-we (óattǫ́we) - I, o-da-toⁿ-we (ódattǫ́we) - you

cf. a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of, take great care of, refrain from; toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), (áttąwe) - look upon; o-toⁿ-we (otǫ́we) - look at singular/animate/object; o-toⁿ-we (ótǫwe) - look at plural/animate/objects; wa-ki-toⁿ-we (wakíttǫwe) - scout for someone; wa-toⁿ-we (watǫ́we) - scout, reconnoiter; wa-toⁿ-we de (watǫ́we dé) - go as a scout, reconnoitre

ex: a-ki-toⁿ-wa (ákkittǫwá) - take care!

ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take great care of the infant!

Dhegiha: a-gi-doⁿ-be (á-gi-doⁿ-be) - watches over whatever is his own [FL-Osage]; a-ⁿki-ʰtoⁿ-be (á-ḳi-ṭoⁿ-be) - discreet, to guard one’s self against trouble [FL-Osage]; a-ki-toⁿ-pe (ákitǫpe) - watch over, tend someone who is not a family member or not close [CQ-Osage]; a-ki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (ákiʰtǫpe) - watch over, look after, look at one’s own things or people, watch over, look after, look at one’s own [CQ-Osage]; a-ʰki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (áʰkiʰtǫpe) - watch over oneself, watch oneself, look at oneself, look after oneself, watch over each other, watch over things for oneself, watch over one’s own things [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-doⁿ-be (ágidoⁿbe) - look at something, examine something, watchover [Kaw]; a-ki-toⁿ-be (ákitoⁿbe) - see for oneself, look at an object closely to understand for oneself, to scrutinize [Kaw]

 

depression at base of sternum

ka-xe i-pe (kkáγe ipé) - depression at base of sternum

 

depth, a certain depth

she-tʰaⁿ-ha (šetʰą́ha) - deep enough, a certain depth

cf. she-tʰaⁿ (šetʰą) - long enough, a certain length; she-tʰaⁿ-ka (šetʰąkká), she-taⁿ-ka (šettąká) - tall enough, a certain height; a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep; de-tʰaⁿ-ha (detʰą́ha) - deep, this much; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - depth, equal or like; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

 

depth, equal or like

kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - depth, equal or like

cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ (kką́ze átʰą) - of equal length; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ka (kką́ze atʰąkká) - of equal height; kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - equal in quantity, number; kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - of equal or like size; koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ-kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze ákąkʰíde) - treat the same, get even with; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ekǫ), koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze áką) - similar, alike; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - copy, write over again; she-tʰaⁿ-ha (šetʰą́ha) - deep enough, a certain depth; a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep; de-tʰaⁿ-ha (detʰą́ha) - deep, this much; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

 

depth, half that depth

miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

cf. miⁿ-de (mįdé-) - half (of that measure); miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size; miⁿ-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many, quantity; miⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (mįdétʰǫ), miⁿ-de-toⁿ (mįdéttǫ) - half that length; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ka (mįdétʰąká) - half that height; she-tʰaⁿ-ha (šetʰą́ha) - deep enough, a certain depth; a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep; de-tʰaⁿ-ha (detʰą́ha) - deep, this much; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - depth, equal or like

 

desert

pi-za (ppíza) - desert, dust [MS]

pi-za (ppíza) - sand

Dhegiha: pi-za (pizá) - sand [Omaha/Ponca]; pi-za ba-he (píça bahe) - desert [Omaha]; ʰpi-za (p̣i-çá) - sand, silt [FL-Osage]; ʰpu-za (ʰpuzá) - sand [CQ-Osage]; pu-za (puzá) - sand [Kaw]

 

desiderative particle

e-ska (éska) - desiderative particle, sentence initial

 

kaⁿ (kką) - desiderative particle, sentence final

 

desirable

o-xta (óxta) - good, desirable oⁿ-xta (ǫ́xta), o-aⁿ-xta (oąxta) - I, o-di-xta (ódixta) - you

cf. o-xta-de (óxtade) - like, love; o-xta-xti (óxtaxti) - honor someone, treat with respect; xta-de (xtadé) - love; xta-ki-de (xtákkide) - love one's own (relative, kin); xta-wi-de (xtawidé) - I love you;

Dhegiha: xta-the (xtáthe) - like, adore [Omaha]; xta-the (qtáthe) - love, like, to love a person or thing, to like, to think well of [Omaha/Ponca]; u-xta (ú-xta) - marvelous, pleasing, mysterious, lovable, to prize highly, to hold a thing as precious or valuable [FL-Osage]; o-xta (óxta) - be precious, dear or beloved, valuable, marvelous, important, special, right, respectable [CQ-Osage]; o-xta (óxta) - pleasing [Kaw]

 

desire

koⁿ-da (kǫdá) - want, desire, wish koⁿ-bda (kkǫ́bda) - I, shkoⁿ-ta (škǫ́tta) - you, koⁿ-da (kǫ́da) - he/she, aⁿ-koⁿ-da (ąkǫ́da) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-koⁿ-da-we (ąkǫ́dawe) - we

cf. koⁿ-da zhi (kǫdá ži) - to not want, not like

ex: koⁿ-bda (kkǫbdá) - I want [OM]

ex: bda-taⁿ koⁿ-bda (bdattą́ kkǫbdá) - I want a drink [MS]

ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde koⁿ-bda (awánąbdé kkǫbdá) - I want to eat [MS]

ex: wa-shiⁿ koⁿ-bda (wašį́ kkǫbdá) - I want some meat (bacon, fat meat) [AG]

ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

ex: wa-ske koⁿ-bda (wáske kkǫbdá) - pass the bread (I want bread) [MS]

ex: ta-bde bde koⁿ-bda miⁿ-kʰe (tábde bdé kkǫbdá mįkʰé) - I want to go hunting [MS]

ex: wa-tʰe koⁿ-bda (watʰé kkǫbdá) - I want a dress [OM]

ex: shkoⁿ-ta (škǫttá) - do you want? [OM]

ex: ni shkoⁿ-ta (ni škǫttá) - do you want water? [MS]

ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

ex: ta-toⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (táttǫ škǫttá) - what do you want? [OM]

ex: wa-tʰe shkoⁿ-ta (watʰé škǫttá) - do you want a dress? [OM]

ex: ma-kaⁿ-sha shkoⁿ-ta (makką́ša škǫttá) - do you want coffee? [AG]

ex: jhi-e ma-kaⁿ sha shkoⁿ-ta niⁿ-kʰe (jhíe makką́ša škǫttá nikʰé) - do you want coffee?' [AG]

ex: wa-ka-ka-xe shkoⁿ ki-de te shkoⁿ-ta (wakákaγe škǫ kíde tté škǫttá) -do you want to go to the show? [OM]

ex: jhi-e ni-zhi shkoⁿ-ta (jhíe niží škǫttá) - do you want the rain? [AG]

ex: i-za-ni oⁿ-ka-kdi wa-naⁿ-bde shkoⁿ-ta (ízani ǫkákdi waną́bde škǫttá) - come on, all of you, if you want to eat [AG]

ex: ni-zhi koⁿ-da niⁿ-kʰe (niží kǫdá nįkʰé) - they want rain [MS]

Dhegiha: goⁿ-tha (goⁿtha) - desire, crave, want [Omaha]; goⁿ-tha (goⁿ´-tha) - to want, to desire, to prefer [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-tha (kǫ́ða) - want, desire [CQ-Osage]; goⁿ-ya (góⁿya) - want, wish, hope, he/she/it wants it [Kaw]

despite

koi-shoⁿ (kóišǫ́) - then, despite, notwithstanding

cf. koi-shoⁿ-e (kóišǫ́e) - no matter what; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą), (kóišǫ́tta) - thus, accordingly, in that way; koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ (kóišǫttą) - that way, in, therefore

 

destabilize

ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at pa-shoⁿ-da-da (ppášǫdada) - I, shpa-shoⁿ-da-da (špášǫdada) - you

cf. shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine; di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning

Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]

 

naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose a-naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (aną́šǫdada) - I, da-naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (daną́šǫdada) - you

cf. shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing; da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine; di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning

Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]

 

destroy

ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all ni-a-de hi (niade hi) - I, ni-da-de hi (nidade hi) - you

Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to exterminate, to get rid of, to destroy, to destroy utterly, annihilate, to give away one’s own possessions till all are gone, to spend money [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - be out of, be lacking, divest oneself of, give away [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out [Kaw]

 

devil

sh’a-taⁿ-ka (šʔattą́ka) - evil spirit, Satan

sh’a taⁿ-ka (šʔa ttą́ka) - devil [MS]

cf. sh’a-taⁿ-ka o-ma-ni (šʔattą́ka ománi) - Devil's Promenade, OK

Dhegiha: ts’a toⁿ-ga (ṭs’á ṭoⁿ-ga) - ts’a (ṭs’á), a contraction of we-ts’a (we-ṭs’á) - snake, toⁿ-ga (ṭoⁿ-ga) - big, Satan, the Osage did not know the name of Satan till the missionaries came [FL-Osage]; ts’a ʰtaⁿ (cʔá htą́ą) - devil, Satan, possibly a contraction of we-ts'a (wécʔa) - snake + ʰtaⁿ (htą́ą), ʰtaⁿ-ka (htą́ka) - big, perhaps borrowed from English Satan [CQ-Osage]

 

i-sa-hoⁿ wa-ka-xe (issahon-wakkah-heh) - devil, demon, fiend (diable) [GI]

 

Devil’s Promenade, Oklahoma

sh’a-taⁿ-ka o-ma-ni (šʔattą́ka ománi) - Devil's Promenade, OK

cf. sh’a-taⁿ-ka (šʔattą́ka) - evil spirit, Satan; sh’a taⁿ-ka (šʔa ttą́ka) - devil [MS]; maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

Dhegiha: u-moⁿ-thiⁿ (u-móⁿ-thiⁿ) - to walk or move in, in it he moves [FL-Osage]; o-maⁿ-thiⁿ (omą́ðį) - walk in, be in, among, or throughout an area or a group of peple, be active within, live [CQ-Osage]; o-maⁿ-thiⁿ (ómąðį) - walk amoung folks, live among others [CQ-Osage]

 

devour

kda-sniⁿ (kdasnį́) - swallow one's own (food) also devour a-kda-sniⁿ (akdásnį) - I, da-kda-sniⁿ (dakdásnį) - you

cf. da-sniⁿ (dasnį́) - swallow

Dhegiha: tha-zhniⁿ-de (thazhníⁿde) - swallow, to bolt down food without chewing it, to swallow whole [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-hni (tha-hní) - to gulp or swallow, to devour [FL-Osage]; ya-hniⁿ (yahníⁿ) - swallow [Kaw]

 

dewberry

wa-xe-ka ma-ni (waxéka máni) - dewberry

cf. wa-xe-ka ma-ni hi (waxéka máni hí) - dewberry bush

 

wa-xe-ka ma-ni hi (waxéka máni hí) - dewberry bush

cf. wa-xe-ka ma-ni (waxéka máni) - dewberry; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

 

wa-xo-ka taⁿ-ka (waxóka ttą́ka) - dew berry

cf. mi-wa-she shka (miwáše šká) - month in the Quapaw lunar calendar, when the wa-xo-ka taⁿ-ka (waxóka ttą́ka), “dewberries” are ripe in Summer

 

Dhegiha

de-ka (deká) - Dhegiha people

Dhegiha: dhégiha (¢egiha) - belonging to the people of this land, those dwelling here, the aborigines or home people [JOD-Omaha]; the-ga (the-ga) - here, at this place [FL-Osage]; the-ga-ha (the-gá-ha) - here, in this region, in this neiborhood, local [FL-Osage]; the-ka (ðeeká) - these, here, there, be here [CQ-Osage]; the-ka-ha (ðeekáha) - this way [CQ-Osage]; the-ki-ha (ðeekíha) - those from around here, Dhegiha [CQ-Osage]; ye-ga-ha (yegáha) - the name by which the Kansa called themselves when in their own country, literally, “those here” or “those moving this way”, “the people of this land”. If challenged, as in the dark, when on his own reservation, a Kansa will say, “yegá bliⁿ aó” or “yegáha bliⁿ aó” - I am a Yegáha [Kaw]

 

diaper

iⁿ-ti-knaⁿ (įttíkną) - diaper [MS]

iⁿ-ti-knaⁿ (įttíkną) - breech cloth, diaper

iⁿ-ti-knaⁿ  (uⁿtsi ga noⁿ) - breechcloth, from John Quapaw [MH]

Dhegiha: zhe-a-ti-gthoⁿ (zhéatigthoⁿ) - breechcloth, diaper [Omaha]; zhe-a-di-gthoⁿ (zheádigthoⁿ) - breechcloth [Omaha/Ponca]

 

diaphragm

pa-xaⁿ-noⁿ-ta (ppaxą́nǫttá) - diaphragm, caul, omentum

Dhegiha: ʰtse pa-xe-noⁿ-ta (ṭse-p̣á-xe-noⁿ-ta) - the diaphragm [FL-Osage]; tse pa-xiⁿ-naⁿ-ta (ce páxiⁿnaⁿtá) - buffalo caul or diaphragm [Kaw]

 

diarrhea

ta iⁿ-te (tta į́te) - diarrhea, to have diarrhea ta i-aⁿ-te (ttá íąté) - I, ta i-di-iⁿ-te (ttá ídiį́te) - you

Dhegiha: zhe-shtoⁿ (zhéshtoⁿ) - diarrhea, bowl action, to have frequent bowel actions, have diarrhea [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-xe ta (paxe ta) - diarrhea [Omaha]; iⁿ-gthe ni-gthu-ze (iⁿ-gthé ni-gthu-çe) - diarrhea, cholera morbus, dysentery [FL-Osage]

 

dice

koⁿ-se-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sē gŭⁿ) - peach stone dice, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]

koⁿ-si-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sǐ kŭⁿ) - dice (turtle), “kia tuⁿka”, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]

cf. i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet; i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (íkazózo íkǫ) - cards, playing cards; kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]

Dhegiha: k’oⁿ-su (kʔǫ́su), k’oⁿ-se (kʔǫ́se) - dice, Osage dice [CQ-Osage]; k’oⁿ-su-k’oⁿ (kʔǫ́sukʔǫ́) - play dice, Osage dice game [CQ-Osage]; k’o-se koⁿ (k'óse kóⁿ) - shoot dice [Kaw]; k’o-su i-k’oⁿ (k'ósu ik'óⁿ) - play a gaime with six brass nail-heads [Kaw]; k’o-su i-k’oⁿ (k'óⁿsu ik'óⁿ) - shoot dice, originally with six brass nails [Kaw]; k’o-su (k'ósu) - brass nails, studs, used as dice [Kaw]; k’o-se (k'óse), k’o-su (k'ósu) - brass nails, such as are put on women's knife-sheaths, something that they made, little round things out of bone (studded with brass nails) and played games with them: k’o-se (k'óse), those [with] little spots - dice [Kaw]

 

kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]

cf. kaⁿ-te si (kkątté si) - peach stone; i-koⁿ (íkǫ), i-kaⁿ (íką) - gamble, bet; i-ka-zo-zo i-koⁿ (íkazózo íkǫ) - cards, playing cards; koⁿ-si-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sǐ kŭⁿ) - dice (turtle), “kia tuⁿka”, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]; koⁿ-se-koⁿ (gŭⁿ sē gŭⁿ) - peach stone dice, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]

Dhegiha: wa-koⁿ (wakoⁿ) - gamble, bet [Omaha]; i-ʰk’oⁿ(í-ḳ’oⁿ) - to gamble, to contend in gambling [FL-Osage]; k’oⁿ (kʔǫ́) - play, gamble [CQ-Osage]; i-k’oⁿ (ík'oⁿ), (ik'óⁿ) - gamble, to contend in a race or other competition [Kaw]

 

dice, cut

pa-shpa-shpa (pášpašpa) - dice, cut into small pieces pa-a-shpa-shpa (páašpášpa) - I, pa-da-shpa-shpa (pádašpášpa) - you

cf. di-shpa-shpa (dišpášpa) - tear into pieces; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment

Dhegiha: shpa-shpa (shpashpa) - fragment [Omaha]; u-shpa-shpa (ushpáshpa) - piece, remnant [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-shpa-shpa (bá-shpa-shpa) - to cut an apple or potato into many pieces with a knife [FL-Osage]; ga-shpa-shpa (gashpáshpa) - chip off many pieces [Kaw]

 

didn’t

zhi (-zhi) - not, negation, negative wa-zhi (waží) - we not

ex: wi-na-x'oⁿ zhi (winaxʔǫ́ ži) - I didn't hear you [MS]

ex: bda-taⁿ zhi (bdattą́ ži) - I don't/didn't drink

ex: da-taⁿ zhi (dattą́ ži) - she/he doesn't/didn't drink

ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ shoⁿ-ke o-di-ho zhi (hǫnį́ttą šǫ́ke ódiho ži) - why didn't dog, didn't bark at you? [MS]

ex: koⁿ-da zhi e (kǫdá ži e) - she didn't like it (she did’nt want it) [MS]

Dhegiha: zhi (zhi) - not [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi (zhi) - not [FL-Osage]; zhi (ži), a-zhi (aží) - not, negative, negator [CQ-Osage]; zhi (zhi) - negative suffix of verbs [Kaw]

 

die

t’e (tʔe) - die aⁿ-t’e (ątʔé) - I, di-t’e (ditʔé) - you, wa-t’a-we (watʔáwe) - we

t’e (teh) - die, pass away (mourir) [GI]

cf. t’e-de (tʔede) - kill; t’e-hi (tʔe hi) - death [OM]; t’e-xti (tʔéxti) - dead, stone cold also t’e-xti hi (tʔexti hi) with a second intensifier; t’e-ki-de (tʔékkide) - kill someone's (relation, etc); da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold

ex: de-do tʰi, t’e kʰe (dedo tʰi, tʔe kʰe) - he/she arrived here, the dead (person)

ex: t’e ki-da-kniⁿ pa naⁿ (tʔe kidáknį pa ną) - they liked to die

Dhegiha: t’e (t’e) - to die, to be dead [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰts’e (ṭs’e) - to die, decease, demise, defunct, to swoon, to faint [FL-Osage]; ts’e (cʔé) - die, death, the dead, dead person [CQ-Osage]; ts’e (ts’e) - dead, to die, be dead [Kaw]

 

die, certain to die

t’e ki-ha (tʔé kihá) - certain to die, be terminal aⁿ-t’e aⁿ-ki-ha (ątʔé ąkíha) - I, di-t’e di-ki-ha (ditʔé dikíha) - you

cf. t’e (tʔe) - die; ki-ha (kihá) - finish, quit

Dhegiha: t’e (t’e) - to die, to be dead [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰts’e (ṭs’e) - to die, decease, demise, defunct, to swoon, to faint [FL-Osage]; ts’e (cʔé) - die, death, the dead, dead person [CQ-Osage]; ts’e (ts’e) - dead, to die, be dead [Kaw]

 

die, crack and die from being cut

ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut as corn

cf. ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold, used with almost all instrumental prefixes; ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching; ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

 

die, dry up and die

ta-ta-xe (táttaxe) - dry up and die, as vegetation from the sun

cf. ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat/cold, used with almost all instrumental prefixes; ba-ta-xe (battáxe) - dry up, root up the soil; bi-ta-xe (bittáxe) - dry up, press dry; da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed; di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot; ka-ta-xe (kattáxe) - crack and die from being cut as corn; pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk; po-ta-xe (póttaxe) - cause to dry up from punching

 

die, said of one's kin

ki-t’e (kitʔé) - die, said of one's kin aⁿ-t’e (ątʔé) - I, di-t’e (ditʔé) - you

cf. ki (kí) - one’s own; t’e (tʔe) - die

ex: shoⁿ-ke ki-t’e (šǫ́ke kitʔé) - his/her dog died

ex: ni-ka ki-t’e (níkka kitʔe) - widow, to lose one's husband

ex: wa-x’o ki-t’e (waxʔó kitʔé) - widower

ex: wa-x’o ki-t’e niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó kitʔé nįkʰé) - the widower

Dhegiha: gi-ts’e (gí-ts’e) - to lose a relative by death [FL-Osage]; gi-ts’e (gits’é) - one's own (kinsman or animal) to die on one [Kaw]

 

different

e-zhi (éži) - another, different

cf. e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different; di-e-zhi (dieží) - change, alter, abrogate

Dhegiha: a-zhi (azhi) - strange [Omaha]; e-zhi (é-zhi) - not that kind [FL-Osage]; e-zhi (éezhi) - odd, unusual, of a different kind, inappropriate, unsuitable, different, other, otherwise, strange [CQ-Osage]; e-zhi (ézhi) - other, different, another [Kaw]

 

e-zhi-naⁿ-naⁿ (éžiną́ną) - different things, different

cf. e-zhi (éži) - another, different; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals; di-e-zhi (dieží) - change, alter, abrogate

Dhegiha: a-zhi (azhi) - strange [Omaha]; e-zhi (é-zhi) - not that kind [FL-Osage]; e-zhi (éezhi) - odd, unusual, of a different kind, inappropriate, unsuitable, different, other, otherwise, strange [CQ-Osage]; e-zhi (ézhi) - other, different, another [Kaw]

 

difficult

wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

cf. o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi zhi-ka (hą́ba wattéxi žíka) - Saturday, “little Sunday”; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, two Sundays

Dhegiha: wa-te-xi (watéxi) - difficult action with a purpose, male name [Omaha]; wa-ʰtse-xi (wa-ṭsé-xi) - difficult to destroy, to be tenacious of life, stingy, ungenerous, not liberal, penurious [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰtse-xi (waʰcéxi) - be difficult, hard, challenging, not easy to do [CQ-Osage]

wa-tse-xi (wacéxi) - be hard, difficult to endure, something difficult, be difficult [Kaw]

 

o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

cf. wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price; ; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi zhi-ka (hą́ba wattéxi žíka) - Saturday, “little Sunday”; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, two Sundays

Dhegiha: u-ʰtse-xi (ú-ṭse-xi) - acts difficult to perform, such as warlike acts required to be performed in order to win honors and rank [FL-Osage]; te-xi (téxi) - difficult, hard do [Omaha]; ʰtse-xi (ʰcéxi) - sacred, precious, difficult [CQ-Osage]

 

mi te-xi (mi téqi) - female name, daughter of Mrs. S & mother of Victor Griffen [JOD]

cf. mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: wiⁿ-te-xi (wiⁿtexi) - Sacred Female, female name [Omaha]; mi-te-xi (mitexi) - Sacred Moon, female name [Omaha]; mi-ʰtse-xi (mí-ṭse-xi) - Sacred Sun, female personal name [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-ʰtse-xi (mįįʰcéxi) - precious female, difficult female, stout daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-tse-xi (mícexi) - Female Precious, Difficult to Obtain, female name [Kaw]; miⁿ-tse-xi (miⁿ céxi) - Difficult Moon, female name [Kaw]

 

mi te-xi zhi-ka (mi téqi jik͓á) - female name, Jennie Thompson's sister, drowned in Hominy Creek [JOD]

cf. mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

Dhegiha: wiⁿ-te-xi (wiⁿtexi) - Sacred Female, female name [Omaha]; mi-te-xi (mitexi) - Sacred Moon, female name [Omaha]; mi-ʰtse-xi (mí-ṭse-xi) - Sacred Sun, female personal name [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-ʰtse-xi (mįįʰcéxi) - precious female, difficult female, stout daughter [CQ-Osage]; mi-tse-xi (mícexi) - Female Precious, Difficult to Obtain, female name [Kaw]; miⁿ-tse-xi (miⁿ céxi) - Difficult Moon, female name [Kaw]

 

haⁿ-ka mi te-xi (hą́ka mi ttéxi) - Difficult Female Haⁿ-ka, female personal name [FR]

haⁿ-ka mi-te-xi (hañ′k͓a mi téqi) - female name, daughter of k͓ahík͓e [JOD]

haⁿ-ka mi-te-xi (haⁿ-ka mi-te-xi) - Angel Queen, Maude Angel-Thompson-Supernaw’s name; Fannie Goodeagle Richard’s mother's name

cf. haⁿ-ka (hañ́ʞa) - ancestral gens, first gens; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: haⁿ-ga mi tse-xi (háⁿga mi céxi) - female name [Kaw]; …. hoⁿ-ga (hoⁿ́ga) - leader or first, implies the idea of ancient, or first, people; those who led, moiety or tribal half representing the earth and it’s water [Omaha-Fletcher/LaFlesche]; huⁿ-ga (huⁿ́ga) - ancient one, the one who goes before, leader, peace as symbolized by a little child [Omaha-Fletcher/LaFlesche]; haⁿ-ka (hañ́k͓a) - the name of the gentes on the right side of the Osage tribal circle [JOD-Osage]; hoⁿ-ga (hoⁿ́-ga) - The-sacred-one, Personal name [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ-ga (hóⁿ-ga) - the name of the two great tribal divisions of the Osage Tribe, the division representing the earth with its water and dry land.  The word signifies sacred or holy, an object that is venerated.  It is also the name of a subdivision representing the dry land of the earth.  The dark-plummed eagle is spoken of by this term, because of its synbolic use; a child chosen as an emblem of innocence in a peace ceremony is called Hoⁿ-ga.  The origin of the word, being obscure, can not be analyzed [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - sacred, holy, bald eagle, dark-plummed eagle, earth division of the Osage tribe, innocence emblem in peace ceremony, a child [CQ-Osage]

 

shoⁿ-ke mi-te-xi (căñ′k͓e mí téqi) - female name [JOD]

cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

 

hoⁿ-pa mi-te-xi (hŭⁿ′p͓a mi téqi) - female name, daughter of hañ′k͓a núⁿ [JOD]

cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa) - day, daytime; haⁿ-ba (hąbá), hoⁿ-ba (hǫbá) - light, the morning light; hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa) - day; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba (óⁿba) - day [Omaha/Ponca]; hoⁿ-ba (hóⁿ-ba) - day [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa (hą́ąpa) - day, today [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-ba (háⁿba) - day [Kaw]

 

te mi-te-xi (te mí-té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa Buffalo gens, Buffalo Female Difficult (to be won or captured) [JOD]

cf. te (tte) - buffalo; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

Dhegiha: te mi-te-xi (témitexi) - female name, Sacred Buffalo Cow [Omaha]; ʰtse mi-ʰtse-xi (ṭse mi-ṭse-xi) - female name, Sacred Buffalo Woman [FL-Osage]

 

wa-zhiⁿ mi te-xi (wa-jiⁿ′ mi té-qi) - female name of the Kwapa wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wajiñk͓a) or Bird gens; Bird Female Difficult (to be won or captured?). Wife of wa-zhiⁿ ska (wajiⁿ ska) of the same gens. [JOD]

cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird, wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́), (wažį) - bird (abbreviated); mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhiⁿga) - chicken, fowl, any bird, older term, wa-zhiⁿ (wazhiⁿ) - bird (abbreviated)  [Omaha]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wa-zhíⁿ-ga) - any bird or fowl, wa-zhiⁿ (wa-zhíⁿ) - bird (abbreviated) [FL-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ka (waží̜ka) - bird, wa-zhiⁿ (wažį́) - bird (abbreviated)  [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga (wazhíⁿga) - bird, small birds, wa-zhiⁿ (wazhíⁿ) - bird (abbreviated) [Kaw]

 

kde-taⁿ mi te-xi (ktqetăⁿ′ mi teqi) - female name [JOD]

cf. kde-taⁿ (kdetą́) - hawk, smallest species; kde-taⁿ (kdetą́) - hawk [MS]; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: gthe-doⁿ wiⁿ-te-xi (gthedóⁿ wiⁿtexi) - Sacred Female Hawk, female name [Omaha]; le-daⁿ mi (ledáⁿ mi) - Hawk Female, female name [Kaw]

 

zha-we mi-te-xi (jáwe mí teqí) - female name, maⁿ-da kdi-he (maⁿd¢a ktçihĕ′) wife of ka-hi-ke st-te (k͓ahik͓e stĕ′tĕ) [JOD]

cf. zha-we (žáwe) - beaver; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do

Dhegiha: zha-be (zhábe) - beaver [Omaha/Ponca]; zha-be (zhá-be) - beaver [FL-Osage]; zha-pe (žápe) - beaver [CQ-Osage]; zha-be (zhábe) - beaver [Kaw]

 

maⁿ-shaⁿ mi te-xi (maⁿ′caⁿ mitéqi) - female name [JOD]

cf. ma-shaⁿ (mášą), ma-shoⁿ (mášǫ) - feather, wing or quill feather; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ (máshoⁿ) - quill feather [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (moⁿshoⁿ) - feather, hackle feather [Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (móⁿ-shoⁿ) - feather, plume, plumage [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shaⁿ (mą́šą), maⁿ-shoⁿ (mą́šǫ), moⁿ-shoⁿ (mǫ́šǫ) - feathers of certain kinds of birds, such as eagle, hawk, and macaw, fan made of feathers as used in peyote meeting [CQ-Osage]; mo-shoⁿ (móshoⁿ), mo-sho (mósho) - feather, quill feather [Kaw]

 

maⁿ-shka mi te-xi (man′cka mi téqi) - female name, Crawfish Female Difficult (to be won or captured?) [JOD]

cf. maⁿ-shka (mą́ška), moⁿ-shka (mǫ́ška) - crawfish; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį) - female; te-xi (ttexi) - difficult, hard to do, sacred, precious

Dhegiha: moⁿ-shka (moⁿshka) - shrimp, crab, lobster, crayfish [Omaha]; moⁿ-shkoⁿ (móⁿ-shkoⁿ) - crawfish [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shka (máⁿshka) - crawfish, crawdad [Kaw]

 

e-naⁿ mi te-xi (éną mi ttéxi) - The Only Precious, Difficult One, female personal name [OM]

cf. e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; e-naⁿ (eną́) - enough; mi (mi), miⁿ (mį), (mį́) - female; o-te-xi (óttexi) - difficult to do; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price

Dhegiha: e-naⁿ (enaⁿ′) - that only [JOD-Omaha]; e-no xji (enoⁿxji) - only, single [Omaha]; e-noⁿ (e-nóⁿ) - only one, sole, exclusive [FL-Osage]; e-noⁿ xtsi (e-nóⁿ-xtsi) - he, she, or it alone [FL-Osage]; e-na (eená), e-naⁿ (eeną́) - be the only one, that only, therefore, that's why, enough [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [KaW]

 

difficult, hard, to be firm

si-ze (síze) - hard, difficult, to be firm

cf. ti-zhe i-si-ze knaⁿ (ttižé isíze kną) - lock, lit. “holds door firm”; i-ye si-ze ni-ke ka-xe (íye sizénike káγe) - abrogate; sa-ki (sakí) - hard, firm

 

 

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