English to Quapaw Dictionary

G

grape

► ha-zi (házi) - grape

► ha-zi (házi) - grapes [MS, MR, FR, OM]

► ex: ha-zi taⁿ-ka (házi ttą́ka) - big grape [MS]

► ex: ha-zi ma-zhoⁿ a-shi (házi mažǫ́ áši) - grapes, out in the country [MS]

► Dhegiha: ha-zi (háçi) - grape [Omaha]; ha-zi (háçi) - grapes [FL-Osage]; ha-zu (háazu) - grape [CQ-Osage]; ha-zu (házu) - grapes, esp. fox grapes [Kaw]

 

grape dumplings

► ha-zi te-ni (házitténi), ha-zi ta-ni (házi ttaní) - grape dumplings, “grape soup” [OM]

► cf. ha-zi (házi) - grapes; ta-ni (ttani) - soup; ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (ttanióhǫ), ta-ni-o-hoⁿ-de (ttanióhǫde), ta-niu-hoⁿ-de (ttanü´hǫde) - soup, beef soup; ta-ni-o-hoⁿ (tâ-ni-o-ho) - soup [LH]

► Dhegiha: ha-zi (háçi) - grape [Omaha]; ha-zi (háçi) - grapes [FL-Osage]; ha-zu (háazu) - grape [CQ-Osage]; ha-zu (házu) - grapes, esp. fox grapes [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta-ni (taní) - soup [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-ni (ṭa-ní) - soup, broth [FL-Osage]; ʰta-ni (ʰtaaníi) - soup, broth, consommé [CQ-Osage]; ta-niⁿ (ta níⁿ) - soup [Kaw]

 

grape juice, wine

► ha-zi ni (hazíni) - wine, grape juice

► ha-zi ni (hah-zinnih) - wine (vin) [GI]

► cf. ha-zi (házi) - grape; ni (ni) - water, liquid

► Dhegiha: ha-zi ni (haçini) - wine [Omaha]; ha-zi ni (há-çi-ni) - juice of grapes, wine [FL-Osage]; ha-zu ni (háazunii) - grape juice [CQ-Osage]

 

grape vine

► ha-zi kaⁿ-hiⁿ (házi ką́hį) - grape vine

► cf. ha-zi (házi) - grape; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant, sinew, string, line; hi (hi) - tree, bush, vine, stalk, leg

 

grasp

► o-naⁿ (oną́) - take hold of, seize, grasp ► o-bnaⁿ (obną́) - I, o-taⁿ (ottą́) - you, oⁿ-ko-naⁿ-we (ǫkónąwe) - we

► ex: o-naⁿ (oną́) - he took hold of him [JOD]

► ex: o-wa-naⁿ (ówaną) - he grasped them [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke wa-sa naⁿ-pa ni-kʰa o-wa-naⁿ i-ya (maštį́ke wasá nąp͓á nikʰá ówaną iyá) - the rabbit took hold of the two black bears, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ di-ze naⁿ ta-i-ta o-naⁿ a-taⁿ di-ba-xe naⁿ o-zhi-ha o-knaⁿ kaⁿ-niⁿ-kʰe (kóišǫ́ttą mį dizé ną ttáitta oną attą dibáxe ną óžiha okną ką́-nįkʰé) - then he grabbed one, held it by the neck and broke it, then put it in a bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thoⁿ (úthoⁿ) - arrest, grab, to take hold of or arrest them [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thoⁿ (uthóⁿ) - grasp, seize, hold, grab, to grasp or seize an animal or inanimate object [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thoⁿ (uthoⁿ) - catch, caught, clench, clasp, grasp, hold, handle [Omaha]; u-thoⁿ (u-thoⁿ) - to seize, to hold, to grasp [FL-Osage]

 

grasp or hold by the edge

► di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge ► bdi-zi-pa (bdízippa) - I, ti-zi-pa (ttízippa) - you

► cf. ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge; bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit/lie on the edge, to perch; da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold, grasp edge of one's own; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something; ta-zi-pa (tázippa) - burn along the edge of something

 

grasp or hold edge of one’s own

► kdi-zi-pa (kdizíppa) - hold or grasp edge of one’s own ► a-kdi-zi-pa (akdízippa) - I, da-kdi-zi-pa (dakdízippa) - you

► cf. ba-zi-pa (bazíppa) - edge, nudge, push on edge; bi-zi-pa (bizíppa) - sit/lie on the edge, to perch; da-zi-pa (dazíppa) - bite along the edge, nip; di-zi-pa (dizíppa) - grasp or hold by the edge; ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge; ki-di-zi-pa (kídizippa) - hold along the edge for someone; naⁿ-zi-pa (nązíppa) - walk along the edge of something; pa-zi-pa (pázippa) - cut along the edge with a knife; po-zi-pa (pózippa) - punch along the edge of something; ta-zi-pa (tázippa) - burn along the edge of something

 

grasp something for holding, hold

► i-di-za-za (ídizáza) - hold, grasp something for holding ► i-bdi-za-za (íbdizáza) - I, i-ti-za-za (íttizáza) - you

► cf. i-kdi-za-za (íkdizáza) - stick to one here and there; i-di-ze (ídize) - pull up, uproot; di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive

 

grass

► ma-hiⁿ (mahį́) - grass

► ma-hiⁿ (mahį́) - grass [MS, AB, OM]

► cf. ma-hiⁿ ni (mąhí ni) - tea [AB, OM]; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; ma-hiⁿ to (mahį́ tto) - green, lit. “grass-blue”; ma-hiⁿ-xta (mahį́xta) - flower; ma-hiⁿ-xta zhi-te (mahį́xta žítte) - red, light red color

► ex: ma-hiⁿ kʰe (mahį́ kʰe) - the grass

► ex: ma-hiⁿ to-hi (mahį́ ttóhi) - green grass [MS]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ tu (moⁿ-híⁿ tu) - grass [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ (moⁿ-híⁿ) - grass [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ (mąąhį́) - grass, hay [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ (maⁿhíⁿ) - grass, weeds [Kaw]

 

grass cutter, mower

► we-ka-ba-xe (wékabáγe) - mower, grass cutter

► cf. we (we) - with which to; ka-ba-xe (kabáγe) - cut (a cord) in two; ba-ba-xe (babáγe) - break by thrusting; da-ba-xe (dabáγe) - bite in two; di-ba-xe (dibáγe) - to break by pulling; naⁿ-ba-xe (nąbáγe) - break a cord with the feet; pa-ba-xe (pábaγe) - cut in two, as a cord; po-ba-xe (póbaγe) - shoot a rope, cord in two

► Dhegiha: ga-ba-xe (ga-bá-xe) - to break a string by striking with a stick [FL-Osage]

grass, dead grass in a pile, hay

► pe-ska (ppéska) - hay, dead grass in a pile

► pe-ska (ppéska) - hay [MS]

► Dhegiha: pe-ska (p͓éska) - dead grass in a pile [JOD-Omaha]; (p̣é-çka zhu-dse) - blue joint grass (Andropogon furcatus muhl, red) [FL-Osage]

 

grasshopper

► hi-di-ho taⁿ-ka (hídiho ttą́ka) - grasshopper, largest of 3 types

 

► mi-haⁿ-bde (míhąbde) - blackish grasshopper, smaller than hídiho, larger than ttittázi

 

► ti-ta-zi (ttittázi) - grasshopper, smallest species

 

grating sound

► da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound

► cf. da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

► naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet ► a-naⁿ-k’a-xe (aną́kʔaxe) - I, da-naⁿ-k’a-xe (daną́kʔaxe) - you

► cf. ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

► po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing ► po-a-k’a-xe (póakʔáxe) - I, po-da-k’a-xe (pódakʔáxe) - you

► cf. ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

grating, make grating sound by gnawing on

► a-da-x’i (ádaxʔi) - make grating sound by gnawing on, as a rat gnawing on wood or metal

► cf. a-pa-x’i (ápaxʔi) - cut meat from the bone; ka-x’i (kaxʔí) - scrape, as hair from a hide

► ex: shoⁿ-ke ta wa-hi a-da-x’i (šǫ́ke ttawáhi ádaxʔí) - the dog gnawed the deer bone

 

grave

► wa-x’e (waxʔé) - grave

► wa-xe (waxé) - grave [MS]

► cf. xe (xe) - bury; o-xe (óxe) - cache; wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cellar, cache

► ex: di-k’o-te wa-xe (dikʔó tte waxé) - digging a grave [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-xe (waqé) - bury, to bury them [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xe (wa-xé) - grave, the grave, to bury the dead, a funeral, a tomb [FL-Osage]; wa-xe (waxé) - bury, to bury someone [Kaw]

 

► mi-xe (míxe) - grave

► cf. xe (xe) - bury; o-xe (óxe) - cache; wa-ti-xe (wattíxe) - cellar, cache

► Dhegiha: mi-xe (míqe), miⁿ-xe (míⁿqe) - grave [Omaha/Ponca]; mi-xe (mixe) - graveyard, tomb [Omaha]

 

gravy

► we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy

► we-ka-kdo-kdo (wékakdókdo) - gravy [LQ, AG, OM]

► cf. kdo-kdo (kdókdo) - slimy, muddy, ropy, viscous; di-kdo-kdo (dikdókdó) - mash, make mushy; o-ka-kdo (okákdo) - mired, become, stuck in mud; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - molasses, syrup, “ropy sugar”; wa-zhoⁿ-ke ski-de kdo-kdo (wažǫ́ke skíde kdókdo) - syrup [OM]; a-be-di-kno-kno (ahpeh-dihknokenoh) - cabbage (choux) [GI]; a-be-jhi-ʰnoⁿ-ʰnoⁿ (abeǰíʰnǫʰnǫ) - cabbage [AG, OM]

 

gray

► xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

► xo-te (xótte) - gray [FS]

► cf. xo-te zhi-hi (xotté žihí) - roan; maⁿ-kdi-xtaⁿ xo-te (mąkdíxtą xótte) - starling; to-ho xo-te (ttohó xotté) - pale green; ni-xo-te (nixótte) - ashes; siⁿ-te shta xo-te (sįtté šta xótte) - opossum

► Dhegiha: xu-de (qúde) - gray, brown [Omaha/Ponca]; xu-de (xúde) - gray [Omaha]; xo-de (xó-de) - drab, a grayish color [FL-Osage]; xo-dse (xó-dse) - gray, a gray line [FL-Osage]; xo-tse (xóce) - gray, dull, color or finish, faded, grayish like ashes, smoky [CQ-Osage]; xo-je (xóje) - grey, light blue [Kaw]

 

gray fox

► to-ka xo-te (ttókka xótte) - grey fox

► to-ka xo-te (ttókka xótte) - fox (gray fox) [MS]

► cf. to-ka ha (tukkah-hah) - fox hide (peau de renard) [GI]; xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

► Dhegiha: ti-kʰa xu-de (tíkʰaqúde) - fox, the common fox, which is gray and about a foot long [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-koⁿ xu-de (tikoⁿ xude) - red fox [Omaha]

 

gray squirrel

► siⁿ-ka xo-te (sį́ka xótte) - gray squirrel

► cf. siⁿ-ka sa (sį́ka sá) - black squirrel; siⁿ-ka zi (sį́ka zí) - fox squirrel

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-ga xo-dse (çíⁿ-ga xo-dse) - gray squirrel [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - squirrel, the reddish-gray or fox squirrel common in Nebraska and the Dakotas [Omaha/Ponca]; siⁿ-ga (çiⁿga) - tree squirrel [Omaha]; siⁿ-ga (çíⁿ-ga) - squirrel [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-ka (sį́ka) - squirrel [CQ-Osage]; siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - fox squirrel, red squirrel [Kaw]

 

gray tree

► zhaⁿ xo-te (žą xótte) - gray tree [MS]

► zhaⁿ xo-te  (žǫ xótte) - post oak, Q. stellate

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-xu-dse (zhóⁿ-xu-dse) - gray oak, Quercus borealis [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ-xo-dse hi (zhóⁿ-xo-dse hi) - the gray tree, the post oak, this tree is sometimes known as the iron oak, but should not be confused with ironwood [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ xo-je hu (zháⁿ xoje hú) - white oak tree, oak, white grey wood tree [Kaw]

 

gray, become gray from use or wear

► i-ka-xo-te (íkaxótte) - become gray from use or wear

► cf. i (í) by means of, with which to; ka (ka) - by striking, wind, water; xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

 

gray, small duck with grey feathers

► miⁿ-xa ti xo-te (mį́γa tti xótte) - small duck with grey feathers

► cf. miⁿ-xa (mį́γa) - duck; xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

► Dhegiha: mi-xa zhiⁿ-ga xo-dse (mí-xa zhiⁿ-ga xo-dse) - teal duck [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-gha zhiⁿ-ga xo-je (míⁿgha zhíⁿga xóje) - wood duck [Kaw]

 

grayish-blue crane

► pe-tʰaⁿ (ppétʰą) - greyish-blue crane

► cf. pe-tʰaⁿ zhi-ka (pé-taⁿ jí-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa pe-tʰaⁿ (petaⁿ) or Crane gens; Young Crane. This name is borne by Amos New-House [JOD]; pe-tʰaⁿ e-ni-ka-shi-ka (pétaⁿ énikacík͓a) - the Crane gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pe-toⁿ (pétoⁿ) - crane bird [Omaha]; pe-ʰtoⁿ (p̣e-ṭoⁿ) - crane, long-legged and long-necked bird [FL-Osage]; be-khaⁿ (békhaⁿ) - crane [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ xo-dse (p̣é-ṭoⁿ xo-dse) - the gray crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ xo-je (pékʰaⁿ xóje) - gray crane [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ ska (p̣é-ṭoⁿ çka) - the white crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ ska (p̣ékʰaⁿ ska), be-kʰaⁿ ska (békʰaⁿ ska) - whooping crane [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰpe-ʰtoⁿ hiu stse-dse (p̣é-ṭoⁿ hiu-stse-dse) - long legged crane, sandhill crane [FL-Osage]; pe-kʰaⁿ ta-hu yu-shiⁿ-zhe (pékʰaⁿ táhu yushíⁿzhe) - crooked necked crane [Kaw]

 

grayish, whitish, white in the distance

► saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish [JOD]

► saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance

► cf. saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sįtte są́hą) - whitish grayish tail (of a rabbit) [JOD]zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink; zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM)]; ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora; to soⁿ-ha (tu soⁿho) - pale green [JOD]; tu sa-ho (tu sá-ho) - pale green [OM]; haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”

► Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

 

graze shooting and gash

► po-ste (póste) - graze shooting and gash ► po-a-ste (póaste) - I, po-da-ste (pódaste) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing, punching; po-ste-ste (pósteste) - shoot or punch to slivers; o-ste (oste) - crack, cracked, split; o-ste-ke (ostéke) - crack, split; ba-ste (basté) - cut into, gash; bi-ste (bisté) - split, gash; da-ste (dasté) - split with teeth; di-ste (disté) - split, pull off string; o-di-ste (odíste) - split by pulling a knife through; ka-ste (kasté) - gash, split something; o-ka-ste (okáste) - split something by striking; naⁿ-ste (nąsté) - kick a gash in something; pa-ste (páste) - gash, cut with a knife blade

 

graze something while shooting

► po-kʰiⁿ-te (pókʰįtte) - graze something while shooting ► po-a-kʰiⁿ-te (póakʰį́tte) - I, po-da-kʰiⁿ-te (pódakʰį́tte) - you

► cf. po (pó) - by shooting, blowing, punching; ba-kʰiⁿ-te (bakʰį́tte) - miss, slip pushing something; da-kʰiⁿ-te (dakʰį́tte) - bite at and miss, snap at; di-kʰiⁿ-te (dikʰį́tte) - lose grip, slip over; ka-kʰiⁿ-te (kakʰį́tte) - strike at and miss; kiⁿ-kʰiⁿ-te (kkį́kkįtté) - slippery; naⁿ-kʰiⁿ-te (nąkʰį́tte) - kick at and miss, pass by; pa-kʰiⁿ-te (pákʰįtte) - cut at something and miss it

► Dhegiha: ba-kshiⁿ-dse (ba-kshíⁿ-dse) - to miss an object at which a thrust is made, to scrape a hide [FL-Osage]; wa-kshiⁿ-dse (wá-kshiⁿ-dse) - to miss hitting them [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-kshiⁿ-dse (noⁿ-kshíⁿ-dse) - barely missing an object in kicking at it [FL-Osage]; thi-kshiⁿ-dse (thi-kshíⁿ-dse) - failure to get a good grasp or hold [FL-Osage]; ka-kshiⁿ-tse (kakšį́ce) - miss a target, miss out on by arriving late [CQ-Osage]; thi-kshiⁿ-tse (ðikšį́ce) - miss, fail at, be incorrect at, not get right, drop, let slip, let slip away [CQ-Osage]; ba-khiⁿ-je (bakhíⁿje) - miss, slip with a spear, to fail in cutting an object with a knife [Kaw]

 

grease

► sta-de (stáde) - grease ► sta-a-de (stáadé) - I, sta-da-de (stádadé) - you, sta-oⁿ-da-we (stáǫdawe) - we

► cf. i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da i-sta-de (žą ódittą́da ístadé) - wagon grease

► Dhegiha: zna-the (znáthe) - grease, lubricate, to grease, rub grease on [Omaha/Ponca]; sna-the (çná-the) - to grease, to grease a wagon or oil machinery, to heal the wound of a child by using an ointment made from buffalo grease [FL-Osage]; sta-the (stáðe) - apply a substance, smear on, anoint, apply as salve or medicine to a wound, lit., “cause to be smooth”, paint, cream, grease, ointment [CQ-Osage]; sta-ye (stáye) - grease something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-zna-the (waçnathe) - painter [Omaha]; we-zna-the (wéçnathe) - lanolin, hand cream, cream, lotion, lubricant, wagon grease [Omaha]; we-sta-the (wé-çta-the), we-sda-the (wé-çda-the) - ointment for the hair which is made from the fat of the buffalo, grease paint, paint, house paint, varnish, oil, oil for lubricating [FL-Osage]

 

► i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with ► i-sta-a-de (ístaadé) - I, i-sta-da-de (ístadadé) - you

► cf. sta-de (stáde) - grease; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da i-sta-de (žą ódittą́da ístadé) - wagon grease

► Dhegiha: i-ha i-zna-the (íha íznathe) - ointment, lip grease, grease or ointment for the lips [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-i-noⁿ-ge i-zna-the (zhóⁿinóⁿge íznathe) - axle grease, tar [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-e i-zna-the (nie içnathe) - salve [Omaha]; noⁿ-be i-zna-the (noⁿbe íçnathe) - hand cream [Omaha]; i-sda-the (í-çda-the) - grease for the hair [FL-Osage]; ni-e i-sda-the (ni-é i-çda-the) - a salve, a medicine for healing, vaseline, ointment [FL-Osage]; i-sta-ye (ístaye) - grease an object with something [Kaw]; pa-hu i-sta-ye (pahú istáye) - hair oil, made of the fat of buffalo, deer, or elk [Kaw]

 

► zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da i-sta-de (žą ódittą́da ístadé) - wagon grease

► cf. zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (žą ódittą́da) - wagon, cart; zhoⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (jon-udit-tontah) - cart (char[r]ette) [GI]; zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da (žą́dittą́da) - wagon; i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with; sta-de (stáde) - grease

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-i-noⁿ-ge i-zna-the (zhóⁿinóⁿge íznathe) - axle grease, tar [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ha i-zna-the (íha íznathe) - ointment, lip grease, grease or ointment for the lips [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-e i-zna-the (nie içnathe) - salve [Omaha]; noⁿ-be i-zna-the (noⁿbe íçnathe) - hand cream [Omaha]; i-sda-the (í-çda-the) - grease for the hair [FL-Osage]; ni-e i-sda-the (ni-é i-çda-the) - a salve, a medicine for healing, vaseline, ointment [FL-Osage]; i-sta-ye (ístaye) - grease an object with something [Kaw]; pa-hu i-sta-ye (pahú istáye) - hair oil, made of the fat of buffalo, deer, or elk [Kaw]

 

grease, fat, lard, oil

            ► we-kdi (wékdi) - fat, grease, lard, oil

            ► we-kdi (wéktçi) - grease, fat [JOD]

            ► we-kdi (weghetih) - oil (huile) [GI]

► we-kdi (wékdi) - lard, grease [AB]

► we-kjhi (wékǰí) - lard, grease [OM]

► cf. we-kdi u-do-bi-tʰaⁿ (wékdi odóbitʰaⁿ) - fat wrapped around [JOD]; ma-ze-ni we-kdi (mazéni wékdi) - butter, lit. “milk grease”; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; a-ta-kaⁿ we-kdi (áttakką wékdi) - lamp oil; ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - lamp, coal oil

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

 

great

► a-ta-pa (áttappa) - great, exceeding, often, always [JOD]

► a-ta-pa (áttappá) - too

► cf. a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly, much; a-ta-pa-xti (áttappaxtí) - off and on, at regular intervals [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ta (áta) - extreme, exceedingly, excellent, chief one, beyond, over, far beyond, furthest [JOD-Omaha]; a-ta-shoⁿ (atashoⁿ) - severe, too much, exceed, excess [Omaha]; a-ʰta (á-ṭa) - beyond [FL-Osage]

 

great care, take great care of, watch out for, beware of, refrain from

► a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of, take great care of, refrain from ► a-a-ki-toⁿ-we (áakkittǫ́we) - I, a-da-ki-toⁿ-we (ádakkittǫ́we) - you, oⁿ-ka-ki-toⁿ-wa-we (ǫ́kakkittǫwawe) - we

► cf. toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), (áttąwe) - look upon; o-ki-toⁿ-we (ókittǫ́we) - depend on someone; o-toⁿ-we (otǫ́we) - look at singular/animate/object; o-toⁿ-we (ótǫwe) - look at plural/animate/objects; wa-ki-toⁿ-we (wakíttǫwe) - scout for someone; wa-toⁿ-we (watǫ́we) - scout, reconnoiter; wa-toⁿ-we de (watǫ́we dé) - go as a scout, reconnoitre

► ex: a-ki-toⁿ-wa (ákkittǫwá) - take care!

► ex: shi-zhi-ka a-ki-toⁿ-wa (šížika ákkittǫwá) - take great care of the infant!

► Dhegiha: a-gi-doⁿ-be (á-gi-doⁿ-be) - watches over whatever is his own [FL-Osage]; a-ⁿki-ʰtoⁿ-be (á-ḳi-ṭoⁿ-be) - discreet, to guard one’s self against trouble [FL-Osage]; a-ki-toⁿ-pe (ákitǫpe) - watch over, tend someone who is not a family member or not close [CQ-Osage]; a-ki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (ákiʰtǫpe) - watch over, look after, look at one’s own things or people, watch over, look after, look at one’s own [CQ-Osage]; a-ʰki-ʰtoⁿ-pe (áʰkiʰtǫpe) - watch over oneself, watch oneself, look at oneself, look after oneself, watch over each other, watch over things for oneself, watch over one’s own things [CQ-Osage]; a-gi-doⁿ-be (ágidoⁿbe) - look at something, examine something, watchover [Kaw]; a-ki-toⁿ-be (ákitoⁿbe) - see for oneself, look at an object closely to understand for oneself, to scrutinize [Kaw]

 

great crowd, sitting upon one another, crowding together upon one another

► a-ki-kniⁿ-xti (ákkiknį́xti) - in a great crowd, crowding together upon one another, sitting upon one another

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíkniⁿ) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí tʰétti híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-gthiⁿ (á-ḳi-gthiⁿ) - to sit upon one another [FL-Osage]; a-gi-liⁿ (ágiliⁿ) - sit on one’s own [Kaw]

 

great deal, not a little

► haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi (hą́eą́ži), (hą́eąží) - not a little, a great deal [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ she-mi ke wa-ki-shka-te haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi wa-saⁿ-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šemí ke wákiškátte hą́eąží wasą́de tʰą́ ną) - then-girl-the plural-played with them-a great deal-she liked (prized) them-the standing-past sign [JOD]

► ex: xa-ke haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi niⁿ (γaké hą́eą́ži nį́) - he cried out-not a little-the moving one [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de haⁿ-e-aⁿ-zhi tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą eką nį́ wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé hą́eąží tʰą ną) - then-so-the moving-orphan-the standing-treated her miserably-a great deal-the standing-past sign [JOD]

 

great effort, with a great effort, with all one’s might

► a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all one’s might [JOD]

► cf. a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]; ki-zho-wa (kižówa) - quick, handy

► ex: a-zho-wa-xti so-te hi kde ke (ážowáxti sótte hí kde ké) - with great effort/with all her might, very fast/rapidly, she went homeward [JOD]

 

► a-zho-wa hi (ažowá hi) - as fast as possible [JOD]

► cf. a-zho-wa-xti (ážowáxti) - with a great effort, with all one’s might [JOD]; ki-zho-wa (kižówa) - quick, handy

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pa (ážowa hi ppá) - they were doing their best (to escape) [JOD]

► ex: a-zho-wa hi pʰí a-ni-he, so-te a-ni-he, aⁿ-xda te a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ (ažowá hi pʰí aníhe, sótte aníhe, ą́xde tte ažąmį́) - I was coming as fast as possible, I was moving fast, I thought he was going to overtake me [JOD]

 

great effort, with great effort, hard

► wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong, with an effort, all one’s might; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wa-ckáⁿ táñ-k͓a) - a nickname of te zhi-ka (tejik͓a) of the Buffalo gens; All Powerful [JOD]; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkoⁿ-hi (washkóⁿhi) - Strength (of Thunder), name [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ toⁿ-ga (washkoⁿ toⁿga) - strong, stout, brawn, mighty [Omaha]; a-wa-shkoⁿ (awashkoⁿ) - struggle [Omaha]; a-wa-shkoⁿ xti (awashkoⁿ xti) - endurance [Omaha]; u-wa-shkoⁿ (úwashkoⁿ) - of wa-shkoⁿ (wackaⁿ), strength [Omaha/Ponca]; we-wa-shkoⁿ (wéwashkoⁿ) - of wa-shkoⁿ (wackaⁿ), that which makes people exert themselves or make efforts [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkoⁿ ʰtoⁿ-ga (wa-shkóⁿ ṭoⁿ-ga) - great strength [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ ʰtaⁿ-ka (waašką́ʰtąka) - strong having great strength [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one's best, make an effort [Kaw]

 

great horned owl

► wa-po-ka he taⁿ (wappóka he ttą́) - great horned owl, Bubo virginianus

► cf. wa-po-ka (wappóka) - owl; wa-po-ka (wappoka) - hoot owl [MS]; wa-po-ka (uampŭka) - owl (hibou) [GI]; wa-pʰo-ka (wa˙p'ó˙Ga) - owl, gray owl [FS]; wa-po-ka-wa-na-xe (wappóka wanáγe) - owl, eared, Asio otus; he (he) - horn, antler

► Dhegiha: wa-pʰú-ga-ha-da (wapʰúgahada), wa-pʰu-ga-ha-ha-da (wapʰúgahaháda) - short-eared owl [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-pu-ga-ha-ha-da (wapúgahahada) - barred owl [Omaha]; wa-ʰpo-ga (wa-p̣ó-ga) - the gray owl, the gray owl is an Osage symbol of night, it is also a life symbol, it is a bird that succeeds in bringing its young safely to maturity [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰpo-ka (waʰpóka) - owl [CQ-Osage]; wa-poⁿ-ga (wapóⁿga) - small owl, not the screech owl, hoot owl, the small owl whose cry is, “oo! oo! oo! ooooo!” [Kaw]

 

great many

► a-na-hi-te-xti (anáhittéxti) - many, a great many

► cf. a-na-hi-te (anáhitte) - much; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

 

great many people

► ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi (níkkašíka žóhi hi) - a great many people

► cf. ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man;  zho-hi (žóhi) - much, many; hi (hi) - very; zho-hi ka-xe (žóhi káγe) - to multiply; shi-zhi-ka zho-hi hi (šižíka žóhi hi) - family, “a lot of children” [MS]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: “wa-sa ka-hi-ke taⁿ-ka niⁿ-kʰe ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi e-ti hi-wi-naⁿ t’e-da-we i-ya,” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (wasá kahíke ttą́ka nįkʰé níkkašíka žóhi hí étti híwi-ną́ tʔédawé iyá,” iwéke iyá maštį́ke nįkʰé) - “it is said (they say) that a great many people went there and they killed the black bear principal chief,” the rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya (hǫ́tʰąhi níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá) - then, a great many people gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

 

green

► to (tto) - blue, green, grue

► to (to) - blue or green [MR]

► tʰo (t'o˙) - blue and green [FS]

► to (tuh) - green (vert) [GI]

► to (tto) - blue [FR, LQ, OM]

cf. wa-zhiⁿ to (wažį́ tto) - paroquet; ma-hiⁿ to (mahį́ tto) - green, lit. “grass-blue”; ma-xpi to (maxpí tto) - blue, sky blue color; naⁿ-ka to (nañ́-ka tu) - Blue Back, masculine of the (Kwapa) oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) gens: Blue Back [JOD]; naⁿ-ka to zhi-ka (nañ́ka tu jik͓á) - masculine name, Little Green Back [JOD]; ke-da to (ké-d^¢a tú) - masculine name, Blue Sky; killed father of wa-zhiⁿ da-kniⁿ (wajĭⁿ d^¢akt^çiⁿ) and son of miⁿ x’aⁿ-sa (miⁿ q’aⁿsa) [JOD]; iⁿ-to-ska to (įttoská tto) - blue beads; to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue; to hi (ttohi) - blue [MS]

► Dhegiha: tu (tu) - blue, green [Omaha/Ponca]; tu (tu) - any blue [Omaha]; ʰto (ṭo) - green [FL-Osage]

 

green corn

► wa-shtaⁿ-ka (waštą́ka) - green corn

► cf. shtoⁿ-ka (štǫká) - soft; di-shtoⁿ-ka (dištǫ́ka) - hold a soft object; a-bi-shtaⁿ-ka (ábištąka) - sit softly on, as when a horse is saddled with a blanket; pa-zhiⁿ-zhe o-shtaⁿ-ka (ppažį́že oštą́ka) - nose, tip, “soft part”; naⁿ-ta o-shtaⁿ-ka (nąttá oštąká) - ear lobe

► Dhegiha: shtoⁿ-ga (shtoⁿgá) - soft, puffy, bunched [Omaha/Ponca]; shtoⁿ-ga (shtoⁿga) - soft [Omaha]; shtoⁿ-ga (shtoⁿ-ga) - soft [FL-Osage]; shtoⁿ-ka (štǫ́ka) - soft [CQ-Osage]; shtoⁿ-ga (shtoⁿgá) - be soft [Kaw]

 

green grass

► ma-hiⁿ to-hi (mahį́ ttóhi) - green grass [MS]

► cf. ma-hiⁿ to (mahį́ tto) - green, lit. “grass-blue”; ma-hiⁿ (mahį́) - grass; to (tto) - blue, green, grue; hi (hi) - very; to hi (ttohi) - blue [MS]; zhaⁿ to-hi (žą ttohi) - mulberry tree [MS]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ tu (moⁿhiⁿtu) - grass [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho (moⁿ-híⁿ ṭo-ho) - greens, vegetables [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho (mąąhį́ ʰtóho) - green, literally, blue/green grass [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho e-koⁿ (mąąhį́ ʰtóho éekǫ) - green, literally, like blue/green grass [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ to-ho (maⁿhíⁿtóho) - weed, a green grass [Kaw]

 

green, blue, grue

► to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue

► tu-hu (tuhú) - pale blue [OM]

► tu-hu (tu-hú) - pale blue [LH]

► cf. to (tto) - blue, green, grue; sa to-ho (sá ttóho) - dark blue or green; to-ho xo-te (ttohó xotté) - pale green

► Dhegiha: ʰto-ho (ṭó-ho) - green or blue [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ho (ʰtóho) - blue [CQ-Osage]; to-ho (tóho) - blue or bluish black, green; Kaw color terminology lumps blue and green together, with light blue being considered more like gray. So, in English where we might say “sky blue” and “pea green”, in Kaw it would be, in effect, “sky tóho” and “pea tóho,” that is, “tóho” in each case [Kaw]

 

green, bright green

► to toⁿ-ba  (tu tomba), to toⁿ-be (tu tombe) - bright green [LH]

► tu toᵐ-ba (tu tóᵐba) - bright green [OM]

► cf. to (tto) - blue, green, grue; taⁿ-ba (tą́ba), toⁿ-ba (tǫ́ba) - a light

 

green, dark blue or green

► sa to-ho (sá ttóho) - dark blue or green

► cf. sa (sa) - black; to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue; to-ho xo-te (ttohó xotté) - pale green

► Dhegiha: sa-be tu e-goⁿ (sábe tu égoⁿ) - blue, black, bluish black [Omaha/Ponca]; tu e-goⁿ sa-be (tú égoⁿ sábe) - dark blue [Omaha/Ponca]; tu-sa-be (túsábe) - dark blue or green, sky blue [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰto-sa-be (ṭó-ça-be) - black-green: blue [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ho sa-pe (ʰtóho sápe) - purple, lit., ‘blue black’ [CQ-Osage]

 

green, lit. “grass-blue”

► ma-hiⁿ to (mahį́ tto) - green, lit. “grass-blue”

► cf. ma-hiⁿ (mahį́) - grass; to (tto) - blue, green, grue; ma-hiⁿ to-hi (mahį́ ttóhi) - green grass [MS]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-hiⁿ tu (moⁿhiⁿtu) - grass [Omaha]; moⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho (moⁿ-híⁿ ṭo-ho) - greens, vegetables [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho (mąąhį́ ʰtóho) - green, literally, blue/green grass [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ ʰto-ho e-koⁿ (mąąhį́ ʰtóho éekǫ) - green, literally, like blue/green grass [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ to-ho (maⁿhíⁿtóho) - weed, a green grass [Kaw]

 

green, pale green

► to saⁿ-haⁿ (tto są́hą) - pale green

► to soⁿ-ha (tu soⁿho) - pale green [JOD]

► tu sa-ho (tu sá-ho) - pale green [OM]

► cf. to (tto) - blue, green, grue; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish [JOD]; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - white in the distance; saⁿ (są) - white in the distance; zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - scarlet, pink; zhi-te saⁿ-haⁿ (žítte sąhą́) - pink [OM)]; haⁿ-ba i-ta-xe saⁿ-haⁿ (hą́pa įttáγe są́hą) - daybreak, lit. “tip of daylight”; ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora; siⁿ-te saⁿ-haⁿ (sį́tte są́hą) - whitish tail [JOD]

► Dhegiha: soⁿ (çoⁿ) - pale [Omaha]; soⁿ-the (sóⁿthe) - cleanse, whiten, whitewash [Omaha/Ponca]; soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

 

► to-ho xo-te (ttohó xotté) - pale green

► cf. to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue; xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray

► Dhegiha: ʰto-ho xo-dse (ṭó-ho-xo-dse) - a bluish gray [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ʰto-ho (ṭó-ho) - green or blue [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ho (ʰtóho) - blue [CQ-Osage]; to-ho (tóho) - blue or bluish black, green [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: xu-de (qúde) - gray, brown [Omaha/Ponca]; xu-de (xúde) - gray [Omaha]; xo-de (xó-de) - drab, a grayish color [FL-Osage]; xo-dse (xó-dse) - gray, a gray line [FL-Osage]; xo-tse (xóce) - gray, dull, color or finish, faded, grayish like ashes, smoky [CQ-Osage]; xo-je (xóje) - grey, light blue [Kaw]

 

green, raw, unripe

► sa-ka (sakká) - raw, green, unripe

► Dhegiha: sa-kʰa (sákʰa) - raw, uncooked, green, unripe, said of plums, choke cherries, or grapes when they are hard [Omaha/Ponca]; sa-ʰka (çá-ḳa) - raw, uncooked [FL-Osage]; sa-kaⁿ (sákaⁿ) - something raw [Kaw]

 

greeting, hello

► ha-we (hawé) - hello, greeting

► ha-we (hawé) - hello [AG, OM]

► ex: naⁿ-pe o-di-zhoⁿ-zhoⁿ, ha-we (nąpé ódižǫ́žǫ, hawé) - hello, shake hands [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-ho (ahó) - hello (male) [Omaha]; ha-we (ha-wé) - to greet, ha-ve (ha-vé) - female, to greet [FL-Osage]; ha-we (hawé) - hello, female speakers may say either ha-we (hawé) or ha-ve (havé/havéu), where v is a sound between English v and a semivoiced w, this word is the one place such a sound occurs in Osage [CQ-Osage]; ha-we (hawé) - hello (female speaking) [Kaw]; ho-we (howé) - yes, male speech; also, “well!”, as a sentence launcher or salutation, which may be used to introduce a topic, and “thank you!”, in modern times (21st century) it has come to be used exclusively as the masculine form for “hello.” [Kaw]; ho (ho) - hello, male speech [Kaw]

 

greeting, how are you

► hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫnįkʰé) - how are you?, greeting

► hoⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ nįkʰé) - how are you? [OM]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; ni-kʰe (nikʰé) - 2sg continuative aux sitting

► ex: hoⁿ (hǫ) - what is the matter [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ dátʰą́še) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta (hą waxʔó dítta) - what is the matter with your woman/wife [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta (hą́e níkka dítta) - what is the matter/what happened with your man/husband [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ i-she naⁿ (hǫ išé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ a-doⁿ (hoⁿ á-doⁿ) - why, what [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ (hǫ́ǫ), ha-oⁿ (háaǫ) - do how, do however, do in whatever way, do what, do what with, do what about, do whatever with, do whatever [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: niⁿ-kʰe (niⁿkʰe) - second person singular [JOD-Omaha]; niⁿ-kshe (nįkšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2^nd sg. sitting object [CQ-Osage]; hniⁿ-khe (hniⁿkhé) - continuative you, while sitting [Kaw]

 

► hoⁿ ni-she (hǫ nišé) - how are you? [MS]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - what, how, in what manner; ni-she (nišé), da-ni-she (danišé) - 2sg continuative aux moving

► ex: hoⁿ (hǫ) - what is the matter [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ da-tʰaⁿ-she (hǫ́ dátʰą́še) - what is the matter with you? [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ zhoⁿ-kʰe (hǫ žǫkʰé) - what is the matter with you who recline? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ wa-x’o di-ta (hą waxʔó dítta) - what is the matter with your woman/wife [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-e ni-ka di-ta (hą́e níkka dítta) - what is the matter/what happened with your man/husband [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ i-she naⁿ (hǫ išé ną) - what do you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she (hą išé) - what did you say? [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ she (hǫ́ šé) - what did you say? [OM]

► Dhegiha: hoⁿ a-doⁿ (hoⁿ á-doⁿ) - why, what [FL-Osage]; hoⁿ (hǫ́ǫ), ha-oⁿ (háaǫ) - do how, do however, do in whatever way, do what, do what with, do what about, do whatever with, do whatever [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thiⁿ-she) - 2sg aux, in motion [JOD-Omaha]; tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thíⁿ-she) - you who are going [FL-Osage]; thaiⁿ-she (ðaįšé), thaⁿ-she (ðąąšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 2^nd sg. subject (action or state may continue from past to present, corresponding to English perfect ‘have/had been’ [CQ-Osage]; ya-yi-she (yayishé) - continuative, you (sg), while moving (or not visible) [Kaw]

 

► ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (háažǫ nišé) - how are you? (how are you doing?) [AG]

► jhi-e ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (ǰíe hážǫ níšé) - how are you? (how are you doing?) [AG]

► cf. zhoⁿ (žǫ) - you do, be; ni-she (nišé), da-ni-she (danišé) - 2sg continuative aux moving; di-e (díe) - you

► ex: iⁿ-kdaⁿ, ha-zhoⁿ ni-kʰe, i-ke (įkdą́, hažǫ́ nikʰé, iké) - first son/what you do?/you who sit/she said [JOD]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (hažǫ́ wiké) - what are you (plural) doing? [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-zhoⁿ (ážoⁿ) - how you do [JOD-Omaha]; ha-zhoⁿ (há-zhoⁿ) - what are you doing?, what did you do? [FL-Osage]; ha-zhoⁿ (háažǫ) - how are you doing it?, what did you do with it?, what did you do?, what did you do about it?, whatever you do. [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ha (ha) - what (F), hau (hau) - what (M) - [Omaha]; ha (haa) - indefinite, many of the question words are indefinites with initial ha (haa) [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ (žóⁿ) - you do it [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - you do [FL-Osage]; zhoⁿ (žǫ) - you do [CQ-Osage]; zhoⁿ (zhoⁿ) - you do [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thiⁿ-she) - 2sg aux, in motion [JOD-Omaha]; tha-thiⁿ-she (tha-thíⁿ-she) - you who are going [FL-Osage]; thaiⁿ-she (ðaįšé), thaⁿ-she (ðąąšé) - continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present or past time) for moving 2^nd sg. subject (action or state may continue from past to present, corresponding to English perfect ‘have/had been’ [CQ-Osage]; ya-yi-she (yayishé) - continuative, you (sg), while moving (or not visible) [Kaw]

 

grieved, sad

► naⁿ-te shi-ke (ną́tte šíke) - sad, grieved ► naⁿ-te aⁿ-shi-ke (ną́tte ąšíke) - I, naⁿ-te di-shi-ke (ną́tte dišíke) - you

► cf. naⁿ-te (ną́tte), noⁿ-te (nǫ́tte), naⁿ-de (ną́de) - heart; shi-ke (šíke) - bad; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-de pi-a-zhi (noⁿde piazhi) - hard hearted [Omaha]; noⁿ-de (nóⁿde) - heart [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ-de (noⁿde) - heart [Omaha]; noⁿ-dse (nóⁿ-dse), thóⁿ-dse - the heart [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-tse (ną́ące), thaⁿ-tse (ðą́ące) - heart [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ-je (náⁿje) - heart [Kaw]

 

► wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - poor, pitiful ► aⁿ-wa-xpa-ni (ąwáxpaní) - I’m, di-wa-xpa-ni (diwáxpaní) - you’re

► ex: wa-haⁿ-niⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ wa-xpa-ni-de (wahą́nįké tʰą waxpánidé) - (they) treated the orpan miserably [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-xpa-ni (níkkašíka waxpání) - poor people [MS]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni (waxpáni) - pity me [OM]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni mi (waxpáni mí) - pity for myself [OM]

► ex: wa-xpa-ni ska (waxpáni ská) - my pity for you, I’m pitying you, pity you [OM]

► Dhegiha: wa-xpa-ni (waqpáni), wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waqpáthiⁿ) - poor, to be poor [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpathiⁿ) - poverty, poor [Omaha]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (wa-xpá-thiⁿ) - to suffer from exhaustion, in need, poverty-stricken, poor in spirit, in great grief, in sorrow, a mourner [FL-Osage]; wa-xpa-thiⁿ (waxpáðį), wa-xpaiⁿ (waxpáį), wa-xpeiⁿ (waxpéį) - poor, poverty stricken, pitiful, humble, long suffering as the victim of pain, poverty, or ill fortune [CQ-Osage]; wa-xpa-yiⁿ (waxpáyiⁿ) - be humble, pitiful, be poor, to feel poorly, feel ill [Kaw]

 

grind or scrape or while cutting

► pa-k’a-xe (pákʔaxe) - scrape or grind while cutting ► pa-a-k’a-xe (páakʔáxe) - I, pa-da-k’a-xe (pádakʔáxe) - you

► cf. ba-k’a-xe (bakʔáxe) - make scratching sound; bi-k’a-xe (bikʔáxe) - scratching sound by pressing; da-k’a-xe (dákʔaxé) - make grating sound; da-k’a-k’a-xe (dakʔákʔaxe) - make gnawing sound; di-k’a-xe (dikʔáxe) - scratch superficially; di-k’a-k’a-xe (dikʔákʔaxe) - scratching sounds, as a dog; ka-k’a-xe (kakʔáxe) - make a scraping sound; naⁿ-k’a-xe (nąkʔáxe) - make grating sound with feet; po-k’a-xe (pókʔaxe) - grating sound from probing

► Dhegiha: ba-k’a-xe (bak’áxe) - to make a scraping sound by scraping with glass [Omaha/Ponca]; tha-k’a-xe (thak’axe) - to make a grating noise by gnawing [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰk’a-xe (ḳ’a-xe) - scraping sound, the sound of scraping china dishes [FL-Osage]; ga-ʰk’a-xe (ga-ḳ’a-xe) - sound of grating [FL-Osage]; thi-ʰk’a-xe (thi-ḳ’á-xe) - the clicking, rattling sounds as from the sharpening of a knife, or from the rattling of plates, or from the tail of a rattlesnake [FL-Osage]; k’a-ghe (k’ághe) - rattling, scratching or grating [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bak’ághe) - to make a grating sound of a file in filing, to push a stick firmly against some hard object, which it cannot penetrate, and from which it glances off [Kaw]; ba-k’a-ghe (bák’aghe) - make the grating sound, as in sawing through bone or metal [Kaw]; bo-k’a-ghe (bók’aghe) - grating sound, as in punching or shooting against bone or metal and glancing off, ricochet [Kaw]; bu-k’a-ghe (buk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by pressure, esp. on metal [Kaw]; ga-k’a-ghe (gak’ághe) - make a grating sound on metal; rattle, as stones in a can [Kaw]; naⁿ-k’a-ghe (naⁿk’ághe) - to make a grating sound by walking on, or by machine, to make a grating or creaking sound by walking on thin metal, or by machinery coming in contact with it [Kaw]; ya-k’a-ghe (yak’ághe) - make a grating noise [Kaw]

 

grind, pound corn in a mortar

► wa-pʰe (wapʰé) - pound, grind corn in a mortar ► a-wa-pʰe (awápʰe) - I, wa-da-pʰe (wadápʰe) - you

► cf. pʰe (pʰe) - pound something in a mortar

► Dhegiha: pshe (pshe) - to pound corn into fine meal [FL-Osage]; pʰe (phé) - pound in a mortar, as corn or wheat [Kaw]

 

grindstone, sharpen, as on a grindstone

► ka-moⁿ-kʰi-de (kamǫ́kʰide) - sharpen, as on a grindstone ► ka-moⁿ-a-kʰi-de (kamǫ́akʰide) - I, ka-moⁿ-da-kʰi-de (kamǫ́dakʰide) - you

► Dhegiha: a-ba-moⁿ (ábamoⁿ) - file, to file something [Omaha/Ponca]; i-bi-moⁿ (ibimoⁿ) - file, to file with [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ba-moⁿ (wébamoⁿ) - file, saw, hand-saw [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ba-moⁿ (webamoⁿ) - file [Omaha]; ba-moⁿ (ba-móⁿ) - to file with a rasp, to file, to remove the outer skin of corn by rubbing [FL-Osage]; we-ba-moⁿ (wé-ba-moⁿ) - file, a steel file [FL-Osage]; ba-maⁿ (bamáⁿ) - rub or file [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: we-thi-moⁿ (wéthimoⁿ) - razor-strop, hone, whet-stone, something used for sharpening [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-moⁿ (thi-móⁿ) - to sharpen [FL-Osage]; i-thi-moⁿ (i-thi-moⁿ) - to grind with [FL-Osage]; thi-moⁿ (ðiimǫ́) - sharpen [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-hiⁿ i-yu-maⁿ (máⁿhiⁿ íyumàⁿ) - whetstone, knife sharpener [Kaw]

 

grip, lose grip, slip over

► di-kʰiⁿ-te (dikʰį́tte) - lose grip, slip over ► bdi-kʰiⁿ-te (bdíkʰįtte) - I, ti-kʰiⁿ-te (ttíkʰįtte) - you

► cf. ba-kʰiⁿ-te (bakʰį́tte ) - miss, slip pushing something; bi-kʰiⁿ-te (bikʰį́tte ) - rub a slippery surface; da-kʰiⁿ-te (dakʰį́tte) - bite at and miss, snap at; ka-kʰiⁿ-te (kakʰį́tte ) - strike at and miss; naⁿ-kʰiⁿ-te (nąkʰį́tte) - kick at and miss, pass by; pa-kʰiⁿ-te (pákʰįtte) - cut at something and miss it; po-kʰiⁿ-te (pókʰįtte) - graze something while shooting

► Dhegiha: thi-kshiⁿ-dse (thi-kshíⁿ-dse) - failure to get a good grasp or hold, fail to grasp [FL-Osage]; thi-kshiⁿ-tse (ðikšį́ce) - drop, let slip, let slip away, miss, fail at, be incorrect at, not get right [CQ-Osage]; yu-khiⁿ-je (yukhíⁿje) - slip in grasping or holding, drop something; miss when reaching for something, to fail to grasp an object which is too active and eludes capture [Kaw]

 

grizzly bear

► maⁿ-tʰo (mątʰó), moⁿ-chʰo (mǫčʰó) - grizzly bear

► cf. maⁿ-tʰo tʰaⁿ (mątʰó tʰą) - the grizzly

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-chʰu (moⁿchʰú) - grizzly bear [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-chu (moⁿchu) - grizzly bear [Omaha]; miⁿ-ʰtsu (miⁿ-ṭsú) - grizzly bear [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-cho (miⁿchó) - grizzly bear [Kaw]

 

grizzly bear, Ancestral or First Grizzly Bear

► maⁿ-tʰo haⁿ-ka (maⁿtú hañk͓a) - masculine name, Ancestral or First Grizzly Bear [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-tʰo (mątʰó), moⁿ-chʰo (mǫčʰó) - grizzly bear; haⁿ-ka (hą́ka) - ancestral, first

 

grizzly bear, Black Grizzly Bear

► maⁿ-tʰo sa (maⁿtú sá) - masculine name, Black Grizzly Bear [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-tʰo (mątʰó), moⁿ-chʰo (mǫčʰó) - grizzly bear; sa (sa) - black, black that is near, distinct

 

grizzly bear, Young Grizzly Bear

► maⁿ-tʰo zhi-ka (maⁿ-tú jí-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa mantú enikacík͓a or Grizzly bear gens, Young Grizzly Bear [JOD]

► maⁿ-tʰo zhi-ka (maⁿtú jik͓a) - masculine name, Little Lion (Young Grizzly Bear) [JOD]

► cf. maⁿ-tʰo (mątʰó), moⁿ-chʰo (mǫčʰó) - grizzly bear; zhi-ka (žiká, žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: mi-tsiu zhiⁿ-ga (mi-tsiú-zhiⁿ-ga) - Little Grizzly Bear, male personal name [FL-Osage]; miⁿ-cho zhiⁿ-ga (miⁿchó zhíⁿga) - Young Grizzly Bear, male name [Kaw]

 

groan

► i-ka-toⁿ (íkattǫ) - grunt, groan, moan ► i-da-ka-toⁿ (idákattǫ) - I, i-da-ka-toⁿ (ídakattǫ) - you

► Dhegiha: i-ka-toⁿ (ikatoⁿ), i-ga-toⁿ (igatoⁿ) - grunt, moan, groan [Omaha]; i-ga-tʰoⁿ (ígatʰoⁿ) - grunt, groan [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-ʰtoⁿ (í-ga-ṭoⁿ) - to groan, to moan [FL-Osage]

 

groove in an arrow shaft

► maⁿ di-kde-ze (mą díkdeze) - groove in an arrow shaft

► cf. maⁿ (mą) - arrow; di (di) - by hand, pulling; kde-ze (kdezé) - striped

► Dhegiha: moⁿ thu-gthe-ze (móⁿ-thu-gthe-çe) - the grooves made in an arrow shaft [FL-Osage]; maⁿ yu-le-ze (máⁿ yuléze) - groove in an arrow shaft, screw of any sort [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-gthe-ze (uthígtheze) - screw [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-gthe-ze (uthígtheçe) - screw [Omaha]

► Dhegiha: thi-gthe-ze (thi-gthé-çe) - to draw stripes [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: gthe-ze (gthéze) - striped [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-ze (gtheze) - striped [Omaha]; gthe-ze (gthe-çé) - striped [FL-Osage]; le-ze (léze) - striped, lined, having lines [CQ-Osage]; le-ze (lezé) - striped [Kaw]

 

groove, rut, make by pulling

► o-di-xo-we (odíxowe) - rut, groove, make by pulling ► o-bdi-xo-we (obdíxowe) - I, o-ti-xo-we (ottíxowe) - you

► cf. di-xo (diγó) - mark, scratch, draw line; di-xo-we (diγówe) - drag something along; da-xo-we (daxówe) - drag with teeth, draw into mouth

► Dhegiha: thi-xu (thixú) - draw, mark, to make marks on paper, to make marks such as are made on arrows [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xu (thixu) - sketch, mark [Omaha]; thi-xu (thi-xú) - to scratch marks on rocks or draw lines on paper [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-e (thi-xú-e) - to drag something on the ground [FL-Osage]; thi-xu-we (thi-xú-we) - to drag some dead animal by rope, to lead a horse to water [FL-Osage]; thi-xo-we (ðiiɣówe), thi-xo-e (ðiiɣóe), thi-xo (ðiiɣó) - drag [CQ-Osage]; yu-gho-we (yughówe) - drag, pull behind [Kaw]

 

grope around, feel one’s way

► di-taⁿ-taⁿ (dittą́ttą) - feel one's way, grope around ► bdi-taⁿ-taⁿ (bdíttąttą) - I, ti-taⁿ-taⁿ (ttíttąttą) - you

► cf. di-taⁿ (dittą́) - feel, touch something; di-taⁿ-kde (dittą́kde) - touch to attract attention

► Dhegiha: thi-tʰoⁿ-tʰoⁿ (thitʰoⁿtʰoⁿ) - to touch or grasp repeatedly, to feel one’s way by touching [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-toⁿ-toⁿ (thitoⁿtoⁿ) - feel [Omaha]; yu-taⁿ-taⁿ (yutáⁿtaⁿ) - feel one's way, as a blind person, or as one does in the dark [Kaw]

 

ground

► taⁿ-na (ttąná) - ground

► cf. taⁿ-na e-ka-xna (ttąná ekáxna) - tree frog, lit. “wife of the ground”

► Dhegiha: toⁿ-de (tóⁿde) - the ground [Omaha/Ponca]; toⁿ-de (toⁿde) - earth, ground [Omaha]; ʰtoⁿ-de (ṭóⁿ-de) - ground [FL-Osage]; taⁿ-je (táⁿje) - ground [Kaw]

 

ground hog

► xo-ka (xóka) - ground hog, possibly badger

► Dhegiha: xu-ga (qúga) - badger [Omaha/Ponca]; xu-ga (xúga) - badger [Omaha]; xo-ga (xó-ga) - badger [FL-Osage]; xo-ka (xóoka) - badger [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-ga (xóⁿga) - badger [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-thiⁿ xu-de (moⁿthíⁿqude) - prairie dog [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-thiⁿ xu-de (moⁿthiⁿ xude) - ground hog, prairie dog [Omaha]; moⁿ-thiⁿ xo-dse (moⁿ-thíⁿ-xo-dse) - a prairie dog [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-yiⁿ xo-je zhiⁿ-ga (maⁿyíⁿxòje zhìⁿga), maⁿ-yiⁿ xo-je hiⁿ-ga (maⁿyíⁿxòje hìⁿga) - prairie dog [Kaw]

 

ground squirrel

► he-ta (hétta) - ground squirrel

► cf. he-xthiⁿ (héqthiⁿ) - chipmunk, ground squirrel [Omaha/Ponca]; he-xthiⁿ (héxthiⁿ) - ground squirrel [Omaha]; he-xthi zhiⁿ-ga (hé-xthi zhiⁿ-ga) - little ground squirrel [FL-Osage]; he-xliⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (héxliⁿ zhíⁿga) - ground squirrel [Kaw]

 

ground, drum on ground or floor with feet

► naⁿ-ko-ke (nąkkóke) - drum on ground or floor with feet ► a-naⁿ-ko-ke (aną́kkoke) - I, da-naⁿ-ko-ke (daną́kkoke) - you

► cf. ba-ko-ke (bakkóke) - drum, thump as on a door; bi-ko-ke (bikkóke) - drum on something with palm; ka-ko-ke (kakkóke) - beat a drum; po-ko-ke (pókkoke) - rumbling from shooting against

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ko-ge (noⁿ-kó-ge) - a thud, as of stamping the foot [FL-Osage]

 

ground, earth, soil, dirt

► ma-ni-ka (maníkka) - earth, soil, ground

► ma-ni-ka (maníkka) - ground, earth, dirt, soil [MS, OM]

► ma-ni-ka (monick-kah) - soil, ground, earth (terre de la) [GI]

► ma-ni-ka (maní˙kka) - earth, dirt, ground [FS]

► cf. ma-ni-ka de-xe (maníkka déγe) - pottery, clay pottery; ma-ni-ka di-haⁿ-haⁿ (maníkka dihą́hą) - earthquake; ma-ni-ka o-ka-kdo (maníkka okákdo) - quicksand; ma-ni-ka shi-we (maníkka šíwe) - worm, earthworm

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-thiⁿ-kʰa zi (moⁿthíⁿkʰa zí) - yellow earth, used in painting [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-ʰka (moⁿ-thíⁿ-ḳa), moⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (moⁿ-iⁿ́-ḳa) - ground, earth, soil, clay, mud [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-thiⁿ-ʰka (mǫðįʰka), maⁿ-iⁿ-ʰka (mą́įʰka) - soil, ground, earth, clay, mud, dirt [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-yiⁿ-ka (maⁿyíⁿka) - earth, ground, clay, soil [Kaw]

 

ground, on the ground, down below, below

► ki-ha-ti (kihátti) - down below, below, on the ground [JOD]

► cf. ki-ha (kihá) - down [JOD]; ti (-tti) - at, by, in; ki-ha-knaⁿ (kihákną) - helped her off (the horse) [JOD]

► ex: kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe-ti ki-ha-ti a-zhoⁿ koⁿ-bda-zhi hi (ką́-mįkʰé-tti kihátti ažǫ́ kkǫ́bdáži hí) - so, I stayed there awhile, I really didn't want to sleep on the ground [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze naⁿ zhoⁿ koⁿ-da-zhi i-ya-we ki-ha-ti (kóišǫ́ttą hą́nąppáze ną žǫ kǫdaží iyáwe kihátti) - then when it was dark, she did not want to sleep at the bottom, they say [JOD]

► ex: ki-ha-ti ti maⁿ-tʰe ki-we (kihátti ttí mą́tʰe kíwe) - down below within the lodge, they arrived there [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ki-ha (kihá) - down, downward, down into [Omaha/Ponca]; ki-ha-di (kihádi) - down below [JOD-Omaha]; ʰki (ḳi) - down upon the ground [FL-Osage]

 

ground, paw the ground, as dog or horse

► wa-ka-k’o (wakákʔo) - paw the ground, as dog or horse

► cf. we-ka-k’o (wékakʔo) - flesher for hides; we-ba-k’o (wébakʔo) - scraper or flesher for hides; di-k’o (dikʔó) - dig with knife, spade or paws

► Dhegiha: we-ga-’u (wéga’u) - of ga-’u (ga’u), a scraper used in fleshing a hide, by pulling or scraping towards the operator [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ga-ʰk’u (wé-ga-ḳ’u) - skin scraper [FL-Osage]; ga-k’u (ga-ḳ’u) - scrape [FL-Osage]; we-ga-k’o (wégak’o) - scraper, flesher for hides [Kaw]; ga-k’o (gak’ó) - to paw away the earth or snow, as horses do; scrape off, as snow, with an instrument, as a hoe or ax [Kaw]

 

ground, plant a post in the ground

► po-za (póza) - plant a post in the ground ► po-a-za (póaza) - I, po-da-za (pódaza) - you, po-oⁿ-za-we (póǫzawe) - we

► cf. zhoⁿ po-za (žǫ póza) - post, fence post

► Dhegiha: mu-za (múza) - plant, as a post [JOD-Omaha]; zhoⁿ mu-za (zhoⁿ muça) - tripod [Omaha]; bo-za (bó-ça) - to plant a post in the ground [FL-Osage]; bo-za (bóza) - fence post, marker, monument; plant a post or stick in the ground, to plant a post or stick in the ground, either obliquely, as a tripod for a kettle, or perpendicularly, as a fence post [Kaw]

 

group

► sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, sg/st/in; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

► Dhegiha: thi-sto-the (thi-çto-the), thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; stu-e (çtu-e) - gathering [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - to convene or to assemble, a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kiistó) - assemble as for a council, gather for a council, meet and talk things over [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; gu-sto (gustó) - assemble, meet together [Kaw]

 

► sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group; sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

► Dhegiha: thi-sto-the (thi-çto-the), thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; stu-e (çtu-e) - gathering [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - to convene or to assemble, a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kiistó) - assemble as for a council, gather for a council, meet and talk things over [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; gu-sto (gustó) - assemble, meet together [Kaw]

 

► sto-de hi naⁿ-zhiⁿ (stodé hi nąžį́) - stand in a group

► cf. sto-de (stóde) - collect, heap, pile, gather; na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand; sto-de hi (stodé hi) - collected in a heap, grouped; sto-de i-tʰe-de (stodé itʰéde) - collect small objects in a group; ma-hiⁿ sto-de (mahį́ stóde) - haystack; pe-zhe xda-he sto-de (ppežé xdáhe stóde) - wheat stack; sto-de knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps; sto-de-zhi (stodéži) - collect small objects in a heap; sto-de-wa-zhi (stodéwaži) - place plural/animate objects in one place; a-ki-sto-de i-tʰe-de (ákkistóde itʰéde) - pile up, make a heap; ki-sto (kistó) - assemble, gather, council of a gens

► Dhegiha: thi-sto-the (thi-çto-the), thi-stu-the (thi-çtú-the) - gathered in folds [FL-Osage]; stu-e (çtu-e) - gathering [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ḳi-çtó), ʰki-stu (ḳi-çtú) - to convene or to assemble, a council, an assemblage, a meeting, United States Congress, the Senate, a court, a session [FL-Osage]; ʰki-sto (ʰkiistó) - council meeting, tribal council season meeting, conference [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kiistó) - assemble as for a council, gather for a council, meet and talk things over [CQ-Osage]; ki-sto (kisto) - council [Kaw]; gi-sto (gistó) - assemble, as people do, gather [Kaw]; gu-sto (gustó) - assemble, meet together [Kaw]

 

► bdo-ka (bdóka) - circular, round, whole, entire

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year; ho bdo-ka (ho bdóka) - sucker, lit. “round fish”; a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever

► ex: bdo-ka o-di-o-za-hi o-wa-xde (bdoká odiózahí ówaxde) - in a very short time, he overtook the entire group [JOD]

► ex: e-de ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi o-kda-x’a-x’a-we i-ya bdo-ka hi (edé níkkašíka žóhi hi okdáxʔaxʔáwe iyá bdóka hi) - but there were a great many people, the entire group gave the scalp yell, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

 

grouse

► sho taⁿ-ka (šo ttą́ka) - prairie hen, pinnated grouse

► cf. sho-shta (šóšta), shu-shta (šúšta) - quail, partridge; shi-o-shta (šióšta) - partridge; shi-shta (šíšta) - quail

► Dhegiha: shu (shú) - prairie hen, in winter [Omaha/Ponca]; shu (shu) - prairie chicken, lesser chicken [Omaha]; shu taⁿ-ga (shútaⁿga) - prairie chicken, quail [Kaw]

 

growl

► xniⁿ-ke (xnįké), xdiⁿ-ke (xdįké) - growl, snarl as a dog or wolf

► cf. di-xdiⁿ-ke (dixdį́ke), di-xniⁿ-ke (dixnį́ke) - to make growl

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ (qthiⁿ) - to snarl or growl, like a dog or wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl [Omaha]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl of an animal [FL-Osage]; xliⁿ (xlíⁿ) - growl, as a dog or wolf [Kaw]

 

► di-xdiⁿ-ke (dixdį́ke), di-xniⁿ-ke (dixnį́ke) - to make growl ► bdi-xdi-ke (bdíxdįke) - I, ti-xdiⁿ-ke (ttíxdįke) - you

► cf. xniⁿ-ke (xnįké), xdiⁿ-ke (xdįké) - growl, snarl as a dog or wolf

► Dhegiha: xthiⁿ (qthiⁿ) - to snarl or growl, like a dog or wolf [Omaha/Ponca]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl [Omaha]; xthiⁿ (xthiⁿ) - growl of an animal [FL-Osage]; xliⁿ (xlíⁿ) - growl, as a dog or wolf [Kaw]

 

grown, grown up, mature, old

► naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą, nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ, nąhǫ́) - old, grown up, mature ► aⁿ-naⁿ-hoⁿ (ą́nąhǫ́) - I, di-naⁿ-hoⁿ (dínąhǫ́) - you, wa-naⁿ-hoⁿ-we (wánąhǫwe) - we

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature, adult; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt [OM]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - a man’s father’s older brother; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; she-mi naⁿ-haⁿ (šémi ną́hą) - young girl; naⁿ-haⁿ zhi-ka (ną́hą žiká) - girl who has reached puberty; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; naⁿ-hoⁿ-de (nąhǫ́de), naⁿ-haⁿ-de (nąhą́de) - cultivate, bring to maturity

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ą́nąhą́) - me grownup [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-mi-zhi-ka taⁿ-hi a-hi-bda shoⁿ-hi aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ąmížiká tąhí ahíbda šǫ́hi ą́nąhą́) - though/when I was a young girl, I bathed (in the creek/river) until I was grown [JOD]

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mįtą́ nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► ex: wi-zhoⁿ-de wi-ti-to i-niⁿ-ha, shi-zhi-ka e-ta-we e-naⁿ-hi o-shte ke, wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wižǫ́de wittítto inįhá, šižíka ettáwe enąhí ošté ke, wíe nąhí nąhą́ ettí mįkʰé) - my elder sister and elder brother, their children are all that is left, I am the eldest [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore a breechcloth [JOD]

► ex: e-ti ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke a-di-ski naⁿ-hi pa naⁿ (étti níkka nąhą́ ke adiskí ną́hi pá ną) - (back then), the grown men only wore their hair shaved [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ naⁿ-hi i-ti-knaⁿ pa naⁿ ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ ke, do-ka-ni hi pa naⁿ (ittíkną ną́hi ittíkną pá ną níkka nąhą́ ke, dokkáni hi pá ną) - the grown men only wore a breach cloth, they were naked to the waist (no shirt) [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ ke wa-tʰe shte-ka i-niⁿ pa naⁿ (waxʔó nąhą́ ke watʰé šteká inį́ pa ną́) - grown women wore short dresses [JOD]

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: shiⁿ-ʰto noⁿ-hoⁿ (shíⁿ-ṭo-noⁿ-hoⁿ) - a bachelor, a single man [FL-Osage]; shi-do noⁿ-hoⁿ (shído noⁿhoⁿ) - a youth, a young man that is nearly grown [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wakʔó nǫ́hǫ́) - a woman who has been married, but who is now alone, a widow [JOD-Osage]; wa-k’o noⁿ-hoⁿ (wak’ó noⁿhóⁿ) - grown woman  [Kaw]

 

grubbing hoe

► zhoⁿ-koⁿ da-k’e (žǫ́kkǫ dakʔé) - grubbing hoe

► cf. zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant, sinew, string, line; k’e (kʔe) - dig with a grubbing hoe

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-koⁿ (zhoⁿkoⁿ) - root [Omaha]; zhoⁿ-koⁿ (zhoⁿkóⁿ) - a root, the roots of trees etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ʰkoⁿ (zhoⁿ-ḳoⁿ) - roots of any plant or tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ k’aⁿ (žą́ą kʔą) - root or roots of a tree, bush, etc. [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (zháⁿkaⁿ) - root of a plant or tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ’e (’e) - dig, pare, peel [Omaha/Ponca]; e (e) - they excavate [Omaha]; ʰk’e (ḳ’e) - to dig [FL-Osage]; k’e (kʔé) - dig, dig up [CQ-Osage]; k’e (k’e) - dig [Kaw]

 

► zhoⁿ-koⁿ i-da-k’e (žǫ́kkǫ ídakʔé) - grubbing hoe

► cf. zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (žą́kką) - root; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant, sinew, string, line; i (í) - instrumental, with which to; k’e (kʔe) - dig with a grubbing hoe

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-koⁿ (zhoⁿkoⁿ) - root [Omaha]; zhoⁿ-koⁿ (zhoⁿkóⁿ) - a root, the roots of trees etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; zhoⁿ-ʰkoⁿ (zhoⁿ-ḳoⁿ) - roots of any plant or tree [FL-Osage]; zhaⁿ k’aⁿ (žą́ą kʔą) - root or roots of a tree, bush, etc. [CQ-Osage]; zhaⁿ-kaⁿ (zháⁿkaⁿ) - root of a plant or tree [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ’e (’e) - dig, pare, peel [Omaha/Ponca]; e (e) - they excavate [Omaha]; ʰk’e (ḳ’e) - to dig [FL-Osage]; k’e (kʔé) - dig, dig up [CQ-Osage]; k’e (k’e) - dig [Kaw]

 

grubbing hoe, dig with a grubbing hoe

► k’e (kʔe) - dig with a grubbing hoe ► a-k’e (akʔé) - I, da-k’e (dakʔé) - we

► cf. zhoⁿ-koⁿ da-k’e (žǫ́kkǫ dakʔé), zhoⁿ-koⁿ i-da-k’e (žǫ́kkǫ ídakʔé) - hoe, grubbing

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: to k’e pa-i (to kʔe pá-i) - they were digging potatoes [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ wa-naⁿ-bde ki-ha naⁿ to k’e da-we (šiną́ waną́bde kihá ną tó kʔe dáwe) - when they finished eating, they went to dig potatoes again [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ’e (’e) - dig, pare, peel [Omaha/Ponca]; e (e) - they excavate [Omaha]; ʰk’e (ḳ’e) - to dig [FL-Osage]; k’e (kʔé) - dig, dig up [CQ-Osage]; k’e (k’e) - dig [Kaw]

 

grue

► to (tto) - blue, green, grue

► to (tto) - blue [FR, LQ, OM]

► to (to) - blue or green [MR]

► to (tuh) - green (vert) [GI]

► tʰo (t'o˙) - blue and green [FS]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ to (wažį́ tto) - paroquet, parakeet; iⁿto-ska- to (įttoská tto) - blue beads; ma-hiⁿ to (mahį́ tto) - green, lit. “grass-blue”; ma-xpi to (maxpí tto) - blue, sky blue color, lit. “cloud-blue”

► Dhegiha: tu (tu) - blue, green [Omaha/Ponca]; tu (tu) - any blue [Omaha]; ʰto-ho (ṭó-ho) - green or blue [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ho (ʰtóho) - blue [CQ-Osage]; to-ho (tóho) - blue or bluish black, green [Kaw]

 

► to-ho (ttóho) - blue, green, grue

► to-ho (tu-hú) - pale blue [LH]

► tu-hu (tuhú) - pale blue [OM]

► cf. to-ho xo-te (ttohó xotté) - pale green; sa to-ho (sá ttóho) - blue or green, dark

► Dhegiha: ʰto-ho (ṭó-ho) - green or blue [FL-Osage]; ʰto-ho (ʰtóho) - blue [CQ-Osage]; to-ho (tóho) - blue or bluish black, green [Kaw]

 

grumble

► wa-di-si-ha (wadísiha) - grumble ► wa-bdi-si-ha (wabdísiha) - I, wa-ti-si-ha (wattísiha) - you, oⁿ-wa-di-si-ha-we (ǫwádisihawe) - we

 

grunt, groan, moan

► i-ka-toⁿ (íkattǫ) - grunt, groan, moan ► i-da-ka-toⁿ (idákattǫ) - I, i-da-ka-toⁿ (ídakattǫ) - you

► Dhegiha: i-ka-toⁿ (ikatoⁿ), i-ga-toⁿ (igatoⁿ) - grunt, moan, groan [Omaha]; i-ga-tʰoⁿ (ígatʰoⁿ) - grunt, groan [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ga-ʰtoⁿ (í-ga-ṭoⁿ) - to groan, to moan [FL-Osage]

 

guard, wrist guard

► xaⁿ-ta-pa (xąttáppa) - wrist guard

 

guilty

► e-maⁿ (émą), e-waⁿ (éwą), e-woⁿ (éwǫ) - to be cause of trouble, be blameworthy

► cf. e-wa-ki-k’oⁿ ka-xe (éwakikʔǫ káγe) - trouble, bring on oneself

► ex: hau, ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-woⁿ niⁿ (haú, maštį́ke éwǫ nį́) - ho, the rabbit is the guilty one! [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-woⁿ (éwoⁿ) - cause to happen [Omaha]; e-woⁿ-xti (éwoⁿxti) - cause sin [Omaha]; e-woⁿ a-ka (é-woⁿ a-ka) - the causer, one who caused the mischief, to blame [FL-Osage]; e-woⁿ (éewǫ), e-waⁿ (éewą) - he does it, he did it [CQ-Osage]; ‘e-moⁿ (‘émoⁿ) - be to blame, be culpable, be at fault [Kaw]

 

gullet

► we-da-shti-te (wédaštítte) - gullet

► cf. da-shti (daští) - swallow; da-shti-te (daštítte) - swallow; da-sniⁿ (dasnį́) - swallow; da-sniⁿ-wa-zhi (dasnį́waží) - they had not eaten up, they had not devoured all [JOD]; kda-sniⁿ (kdasnį́) - swallow one’s own (food), devour

► Dhegiha: we-tha-zniⁿ (wéthazniⁿ) - throat, esophagus, gullet, “the swallower” [Omaha/Ponca]; we-tha-hni (wé-tha-hni) - the gullet, that by which we swallow [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: tha-sniⁿ (¢asníⁿ) - to swallow [JOD-Omaha]; tha-hni (tha-hní) - to gulp or swallow [FL-Osage]; tha-niⁿ (ðaanį́į) - consume, eat up or drink up, devour [CQ-Osage]; ya-hniⁿ (yahníⁿ) - swallow [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: tha-stsu-tse (thá-stsu-tse) - to draw into the mouth by inhalation [FL-Osage]; tha-shtsu-e (ðaašcúe) - swallow (food or drink) [CQ-Osage]

 

gun

► ma-ze (máze) - iron, gun

► ma-ze (máze) - gun, metal, iron [MS]

► maⁿ-ze (mą́ze) - gun also iron [FS]

► cf. ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mazé ttą́ka) - cannon; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol; ma-ze so-te (máze sótte) - rifle

► Dhegiha:  moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron, metal [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ze (móⁿ-çe) - iron or any kind of metal [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (mą́ze) - metal of any kind, lead or iron, wire, cable [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze (máⁿze) - iron, metal in general [Kaw]

 

gun, aim a gun

► ma-ze a-di-taⁿ (máze ádittą) - aim a gun

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; a-di-taⁿ (ádittą) - aim at something; maⁿ a-di-taⁿ (mą́ ádittą) - to aim at with a bow

 

gun, cock a gun

► ma-ze di-zha-ke (máze dižáke) - cock a gun

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; di-zha-ke (dižáke) - pick, pull open, peel

 

gun, pistol

► ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; te-shka (ttešká) - short, stubby; bi-te-shka (bittešká) - press down, rub down; da-te-shka (dattešká) - bite off, shorten; di-te-shka (dittešká), (dittéška) - shorten, cut short, saw off; ka-te-shka (kattešká) - shorten by chopping; pa-te-shka (pátteška) - cut short with a knife

► Dhegiha: te-shka (téshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; che-shka (chéshka) - short [Omaha/Ponca]; je-shka (jeshka) - short [Omaha]; ʰpa-xpe ʰtse-shka (p̣a-xpe ṭse-shka) - the short stunted oak [FL-Osage]

 

► ma-ze shte-ka (mozeh-schtekkeh) - pistol (pistolet) [GI]

► ma-ze shte-ka (mazé štéka) - pistol, “short gun”

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - gun, iron; shte-ka (štéka), (šteká) - short; shte-ka hi (štéka hi), (šteká hi) - short [MS]; hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha shte-ka (hǫbį́tteáha štéka) - slippers, lit., “short moccasin flaps”; wa-tʰe shte-ka (watʰé šteká) - short dress [JOD]; di-ti wa-hi o-shte-ka (dítti wahi oštéka) - short rib

 

gun, rifle

► ma-ze so-te (máze sótte) - rifle

► ma-ze so-te (mŏzeh-sutteh) - rifle (carabine, rifle) [GI]

► cf. ma-ze (máze) - iron, gun; so-te (sotté) - fast, swift of an animal, rapidly; ma-ze taⁿ-ka (mazé             ttą́ka) - cannon; ma-ze te-shka (mazé ttéška) - pistol

 

gunpowder

► si-di (sidí) - gunpowder

► cf. si (si) - grain, seed, pit, kernel; si-di i-bi-xtaⁿ (sidí íbixtą) - tattoo marks, rubbed in with gunpowder

 

guts, entrails

► shi-we (šíwe), shiu-we (šü´we), shu-we (šúwe) - guts, entrails

► cf. ma-ni-ka shi-we (monikka-chiweh) - worm, “bowels of the soil” (ver un) [GI]; shi-we di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (šíwe dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs

► Dhegiha: shi-be (shíbe) - entrails, intestines, guts, innards [Omaha/Ponca]; shi-be (shíbe) - bowels, intestines [Omaha]; shi-be (shí-be), shiu-be (shiú-be), shu-be (shú-be) - entrails, the viscera, intestines [FL-Osage]; shu-pe (šúpe) - intestines, appendix, colon, entrails, insides, stomach area, stomach [CQ-Osage]; shu-we (shúwe), shu-be (shúbe) - guts, intestines, entrails [Kaw]

 

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