Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

food

► o-naⁿ-bde (ónąbde) - food, “something to eat”

► cf. wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine; a-wa-naⁿ-bde (áwaną́bde) - table; wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, lit. “something to stick food”; pa-ze-de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde wanáⁿbde) - supper [MS]; o-zhi ska wa-noⁿ-bde (óži ska wanǫ́bde) - bowl [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-noⁿ-bthe (ú-noⁿ-bthe) - a grocery, food [FL-Osage]; o-noⁿ-bre (ónǫbre) - food, groceries, rations, meal, dinner [CQ-Osage]

► wa-da-tʰe (wadátʰe) - food

► wa-da-tʰe (wadátʰe) - food [FR]

► cf. da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew; kda-tʰe (kda-tʰé) - to eat one’s own; ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat”; da-tʰe-ye (datʰéye) - to have eaten

► Dhegiha: wa-tha-te (watháte) - eat, food, lunch, meal [Omaha]; wa-tha-tse (wa-thá-tse) - the eating of certain kinds of food [FL-Osage]; wa-ya-che (wayáche) - food, different kinds of food [Kaw]

► ta-ta noⁿ-hoⁿ (ttattá nǫhǫ́) - food

foolish

► o-pa-ta-zhi (óppattáži) - be foolish, silly ► o-aⁿ-pa-ta-zhi (óąppattáži) - I’m, o-di-pa-ta-zhi (ódippattáži) - you’re

► wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (wáhǫkáži) - wild, crazy, ill behaved ► aⁿ-wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (ąwáhǫkáži) - I, di-wa-hoⁿ-ka-zhi (diwáhǫkáži) - you

► wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (wáhąká ži) - crazy, wild [MS, AG, MW]

► cf. wa-hoⁿ-ka (wáhǫká) - to be well behaved; zhi (-zhi) - not, negation, negative; wa-x’o wa-haⁿ-ka zhi (uahŭ-uahunkajih) - whore, hooker (putain) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wa-hoⁿ-ga zhi (wáhoⁿgazhi) - fearless, unafraid of the cold, not to be afraid of the cold, as said of one who does not seek a shelter, but continues traveling on foot or horseback [Kaw]

foot, feet

► si (si) - foot

► si (si) - foot, feet [MS, MR, AB, OM]

► si (sih) - feet (pieds) [GI]

► si (si˙) - foot [FS]

► cf. si-kde (sikdé) - footprint, trail, track; si-ha (sihá) - sole of the foot; si-po-za (sippóza) - toe

► ex: si taⁿ-ka (si ttą́ka) - big foot [OM]

► ex: si xwiⁿ (si xwį) - stink feet [OM)]

► Dhegiha: si (si) - foot, feet [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - foot [Omaha]; si (çi) - foot [FL-Osage]; si (síi) - foot, feet [CQ-Osage]; si (si) - foot, feet [Kaw]

foot, one foot, unit of measure

► si-toⁿ-we (síttǫwe) - foot, one, unit of measure

► cf. si (si) - foot; i-toⁿ-we (íttǫwe), i-tʰoⁿ-we (ítʰǫwe) - bushel, measure for solids

► Dhegiha: si e-tʰoⁿ-the (si étʰoⁿthe) - measure, foot, to measure someone’s feet [Omaha/Ponca]

football

► ka-ta-pa (kkattappá) - football, possibly derived from ka (ka) + ta-pe (ttape)

► ka-ta-pa (kkattappá) - football [AG]

► ex: ka-ta-pa-we (kkattappáwe) - (they) play ball [MS]

► ex: oⁿ-ka-kdi ka-ta-pa (ǫkákdi kkattappá) - come on, play ball [AG]

► Dhegiha: ta-be (tabé) - ball [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta-be (ṭa-bé) - ball [FL-Osage]; ʰta-pe (ʰtaapé) - ball [CQ-Osage]; ta-be (tabé) - ball [Kaw]

► ta-diu-diⁿ-ha (ta dyŭ dī ha) - football, from Red Sun and Jake Gokey [MH]

► ta-diu-diⁿ-he (ttadüdį́hé) - ball [MS]

footprint, track, trail

► si-kde (sikdé) - footprint, trail, track

► si-kde (sikdé) - track, footprint [MS]

► ex: si-kde tʰe (sikdé-tʰe) - the footprint

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka si-kde (wažį́ka síkde) - bird's track(s)

► ex: si-kde (sikdé) - Track, male personal name of Old Man Hominy, SigDah Track [MS]

► ex: si-kde a-shi-ti i-da-de (sikdé ášitti idáde) - I saw some footprints outside my house [MS]

► ex: si-kde wi-ta zhi (sikdé wítta ži) - they're not my tracks [MS]

► ex: si-kde di-ta e-koⁿ wi-ta zhi (sikdé dítta ekǫ́ wítta ži) - it looks just like your tracks, not mine [MS]

► Dhegiha: si-gthe (sigthé) - footprint, track, trail, the track or trail of a person or animal [Omaha/Ponca]; si-gthe (çi-gthe), (çi-gthé) - track, footprint [FL-Osage]; ʰta si-le ʰtawaⁿ (ʰtaasílee ʰtaáwą) - Tulsa, Oklahoma, literally, deer crossing town [CQ-Osage]; si-dle (sidlé), si-le (silé), (síle) - footprints, a trail [Kaw]

for nothing, without cause

► o-x’aⁿ ni-ke (óxʔą niké) - for nothing, without cause

► cf. ni-ke (niké) - to have none, be lacking

► ex: o-x’aⁿ ni-ke da-hoⁿ-bde (óxʔą niké dahǫ́bde) - there was no reason for your having such a dream [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-’óⁿ thiⁿ-ge (u’óⁿthiⁿgé) - without cause, without permission, free, for nothing, without pay [Omaha/Ponca]; o-k’aⁿ yiⁿ-ge (ók’aⁿyiⁿge) - without cause, for nothing, freely [Kaw]

forcibly push, forcibly shove

► ba-xi de-de (baxí dedé) - push, shove suddenly, forcibly ► pa-xi da-a-de (ppáxi déade) - I, shpa-xi de-da-de (špáxi dédade) - you

► cf. ba-xi (baxí) - push off balance, shove; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; ba-xi-hi a-de (baxíhi ade) - knock off, push off

► Dhegiha: ba-xi (ba-xí) - to arouse one from sleep by pushing [FL-Osage]; pa-xi (paaɣí) - push to awaken or make active, activate by pushing on [CQ-Osage]; ba-xi (baxí) - rouse by nudging [Kaw]

ford

► ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream ► ni bdi-te bde (ni bdítte bdé) - I, ni ti-te te (ni ttítte tté) - you

► cf. ni (ni) - water; di-te (ditté) - cross a stream; de (de) - go; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish’s name [MS, JOD]; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed, interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads

► Dhegiha: thi-te (¢i-t͓é) - to cross, as a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

► di-te (ditté) - cross a stream ► bdi-te (bdítte) - I, ti-te (ttítte) - you

► cf. ni di-te-de (ní dittéde) - ford a stream; wa-di-te (wadítte) - Crosses Stream, Harry Crawfish’s name [MS, JOD]; a-ki-di-te (ákkiditte) - crossing each other; a-ki-di-te-te (ákkidittétte) - crisscrossed, interlaced, as boughs, vines, etc.; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads

► Dhegiha: thi-te (¢i-t͓é) - to cross, as a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; ni u-thi-ʰtse (ni-ú-thi-ṭse) - to cross a ford [FL-Osage]; yu-tse (yucé) - cross, as a stream [Kaw]

► a-ni-zho-he (ánižóhe) - ford a stream ► a-ni-zho-he (ánižóhe) - I, a-da-ni-zho-he (ádanižóhe) - you

► cf. ni (ni) - water; zho-he (žohe) - ford, wade

► Dhegiha: ni-zhu-he (nízhuhe) - wade [Omaha]; zhu-he (zhúhe) - to ford a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-he (zhú-he) - to ford or wade a stream [FL-Osage]; zho-pshe (žópše) - wade [CQ-Osage]; ni zho-pʰe (ni zhóphe) - to ford, to wade in shallow water [Kaw]

► zho-he (žohe) - ford, wade

► cf. a-ni-zho-he (ánižóhe) - ford a stream

► Dhegiha: zhu-he (zhúhe) - to ford a stream [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu-he (zhú-he) - to ford or wade a stream [FL-Osage]; zho-pshe (žópše) - wade [CQ-Osage]

forearm

► a o-zhiⁿ-ka (á ožįka) - arm below elbow, forearm

► cf. a (a) - arm; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little

► Dhegiha: a-u-zni (áuzni) - forearm, the lower part of the arm [Omaha/Ponca]; a-u-zni (aúçni) - lower arm [Omaha]; a-u-zhiⁿ-ga (á-u-zhiⁿ-ga) - lower or forearm, from the elbow down to the wrist [FL-Osage]; a-o-zhiⁿ-ga (áozhiⁿga) - arm below the elbow, radius [Kaw]

forehead

► pe (ppe) - forehead

► ex: pe niⁿ-kʰe (ppé nįkʰé) - the forehead

► Dhegiha: pe (pe) - forehead [Omaha]; pe (pé) - the forehead [FL-Osage]; ʰpe (ʰpée) - forehead [CQ-Osage]; pe (pe) - forehead [Kaw]

forehead, smooth forehead

► pe o-shta (ppé oštá) - forehead

► cf. pe (ppe) - forehead; o-shta (oštá) - smooth place [JOD]; shta (šta) - smooth, bald, bare; ta-xpi shta (ttaxpí šta) - bald head; di-shta (dištá) - smoothe, plane, sand; shta-ha (štáha) - smooth, rounded

► ex: pe o-shta niⁿ-kʰe (ppé oštá nįkʰé) - the forehead

► Dhegiha: u-shna (c͓ná) - a bare place [Omaha/Ponca]; shna (shna) - shed hair [Omaha]; ʰpe-shta (ʰpeeštá) - smooth forehead [CQ-Osage]; shta (shta) - hairless, destitute of hair [FL-Osage]; shta (shta) - smooth, hairless, bald [Kaw]

fork in a road

► o-zhoⁿ-ke ki-di-zhoⁿ-ka (ožǫ́ke kkídižǫká) - fork in a road

► cf. o-zhoⁿ-ke (ožǫ́ke) - road; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ka-ki-zhe (ožǫ́ke ákakíže) - winding road; o-zhoⁿ-ke a-ki-di-te (ožǫ́ke ákkiditte) - crossroads; ka-xnaⁿ o-zhoⁿ-ke (kaxną́ ožǫ́ke) - migratory route, hunting route; pe-te zhoⁿ-di-taⁿ-da o-zhoⁿ-ke (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da ožǫke) - railway lit. “fire wagon road”

► Dhegiha: moⁿ i-tʰa-xe zhoⁿ-kʰa (moⁿ ítʰaxe zhóⁿkʰa) - forked arrow tip [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-be zhoⁿ-ka (iⁿbe zhoⁿka) - Forked Tail Kite, Swallow Tail Hawk [Omaha]; ni u-ʰki-thi-zhoⁿ-ʰka tse (ni-ú-ḳi-thi-zhoⁿ-ḳa tse) - The Forks, the confluence of the Osage and Little Osage Rivers [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-be zhoⁿ-ʰka wiⁿ (íⁿ-be-zhoⁿ-ḳa-wiⁿ) - Forked Tail Kite Woman, female personal name [FL-Osage]; ni o-i-zhaⁿ-ka (ni oízhaⁿka) - fork in a river [Kaw]; o-i-zhaⁿ-ka (oízhaⁿka), o-wi-zhaⁿ-ka (ówizhaⁿka) - fork of a road or stream, mouth of a stream [Kaw]

fork, a table fork

► wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork

► wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork [OM]

► wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto) - fork [MS]

► wa-naⁿ-bdi-ba-xto (waną́bdibaxto) - fork, lit. “something to stick food” [JOD]

► cf. wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine; ba-xdo (baxdó), ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate; pa ba-xto (ppá baxtó) - nose perforation for ring; naⁿ-ta ba-xto (nąttá baxtó) - perforations for earrings; wa-sa i-ba-xdo-xdo (wasá íbaxdoxdó) - small pieces of black bear meat roasted on sticks or spits [JOD]; i-ba-xdo (íbaxdo) - stuck in him [JOD]; i-ki-pa-xdo (íkkippaxdó) - stick oneself, prick; ki-ne-ba-xdo (kinébaxdó) - cactus [MS]; ho we-ba-xto (ho wébaxto) - fish spear; ma-ze we-ba-xto (máze wébaxto) - spear, war spear; o-po-xdo (opóxdo), o-po-kto (opókto) - shoot through something

► Dhegiha: ba-xthu (baxthu) - pierce [Omaha]; ba-xtho-ge (ba-xthó-ge) - to pierce, perforate, punch, make a hole in a piece of leather [FL-Osage]; ba-xlo-ge (baxlóge) - pierce, impale, hold with a fork [Kaw]

forked lightning

► di-kdi-ze (dikdíze) - forked lightning, forked

► di-kdi-ze (dikdíze) - lightning [MS]

► di-kdi-ze (d¢i-ktçí-ze) - masculine name of the Kwapa tand¢ań or tand¢ań wantañ́k͓a gens, Forked Lightning [JOD]

► che-ka-zhi-ze (čekažíze), de-ka-di-zhe (dekadíže) - lightning [OM]

► Dhegiha: thi-gthi-ze (thigthíze) - lightening, forked lightening [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-gthi-ze (thígthiçe) - electricity [Omaha]; thi-gthi-ze (thi-gthí-çe) - to make striped marks [FL-Osage]; thi-gthe-ze (thi-gthé-çe) - to draw stripes [FL-Osage]; thi-gthe-gthe-ze (thi-gthé-gthe-çe) - the lightning that breaks into branches, forked lightning [FL-Osage]; thi-le-le-ze (ðiléleze) - reduplicated form, forked lighting, literally, making repeated stripes [CQ-Osage]; yu-le-le-ze (yuléleze) - forked lightning [Kaw]

forty

► kde-bdaⁿ to-wa (kdébdą tówa) - forty

► kde-bdaⁿ to-wa (kdébdą tówa) - forty [MS]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; to-wa (tówa) - four

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba du-ba (gthébadúba) - forty [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-bthoⁿ do-ba (gthe-bthoⁿ do-ba) - ghte-bthoⁿ, ten; do-ba, four - four tens: forty [FL-Osage]; le-braⁿ to-pa (lébrą tóopa) - forty, fortieth [CQ-Osage]

four

► to-wa (tówa) - four

► to-wa (tówa) - four [MS, MR, FR, AB, AG, OM]

► to-wa (tŭah) - 4 [GI]

► tʰo-wa (t'ówa) - four [FS]

► ex: miⁿ-taⁿ naⁿ-haⁿ to-wa-i (mį́tą nąhą́ tówaí) - the four of them grew up together [JOD]

► Dhegiha: du-ba (dúba) - four [Omaha/Ponca]; do-ba (dó-ba) - four [FL-Osage]; to-pa (tóopa) - four [CQ-Osage]; to-ba (tóba) - four [Kaw]

four bits, half dollar, fifty cents

► de-ska-de to-wa (déskade towá) - half dollar, fifty cents, four bits

► de-ska-da to-wa (déskada towá) - half dollar, fifty cents [LQ]

► cf. de-ska-de (déskade) - bit, 12 and a half cents, Muskogean skali 'money', French escalin ' shilling'; to-wa (tówa) - four

► ex: de-ska-de miⁿ-xti (déskade mį́xti) - dime, ten cents

► ex: ska-di mi-xti pe-ta-yoⁿ (skádi míxti ppetáyǫ) - fifteen cents

► ex: de-ska-de naⁿ-pa (déskade nąpá), de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - twenty-five cents, quarter, two bits

► ex: de-ska-de noⁿ-ba (déskade nǫbá) - quarter, twenty-five cents

► ex: de-ska-de sha-pe (déskade šappé) - seventy-five cents

four each, by fours

► to-wa naⁿ-naⁿ (towánąną́) - four each, by fours

► cf. miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (mįną́ną) - by ones, one each, one apiece; naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (nąpánąną́) - two each, by twos, two apiece; da-bniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįną́ną) - by threes, 3 apiece; sa-taⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (sáttąną́ną) - five apiece, by fives; sha-pe naⁿ-naⁿ (šáppe ną́ną) - by sixes, 6 apiece, at a time; pe-naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpánąną́) - seven apiece, by sevens; pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, at a time; shaⁿ-ka naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka ną́ną) - by nines; kde-bdaⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdąną́ną) - by tens, 10 apiece/at a time; da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (dábnįáknįną́ną) - by thirteens, 13 apiece; sha-pe a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šappé áknį ną́ną) - by sixteens, 16 each; pe-naⁿ-pa a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (ppénąpáaknį́nąną́) - seventeen apiece, at a time; shaⁿ-ka a-kniⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (šą́kka áknį ną́ną) - by nineteens, 19 each; kde-bnaⁿ naⁿ-pa naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébnąną́paną́ną) - by twenties, 20 apiece; kde-bdaⁿ da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (kdébdądábniną́ną) - by thirties, 30 each; wa-da miⁿ naⁿ-naⁿ (wadá míⁿnąną́) - hourly; na-na (-naná), naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną) - distributive of numerals; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big (is) each, (distributive)

► Dhegiha: wiⁿ thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wiⁿthoⁿthoⁿ) - each [Omaha]; wiⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ (wíⁿ-thoⁿ-thoⁿ) - one apiece, one by one [FL-Osage]; miⁿ yaⁿ-ye (míⁿ yaⁿye) - one apiece, one to each, distributive [Kaw]

four times

► hi-to-wiⁿ (hítowį́) - four times

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - four; hi-noⁿ-xtiⁿ (hínǫxtį) - once, one time; hi-naⁿpa-iⁿ (hínąpą́į) - twice, two times; hi-da-bniⁿ (hídabnį́) - thrice; hi-sha-piⁿ (híšappį́) - six times; hi-shaⁿ-kiⁿ (híšą́kkį́) - nine times; hi-sha-pe-a-kniⁿ (híšappeaknį́) - sixteen times

fourteen

► to-wa a-kniⁿ (tówa áknį) - fourteen

► to-wa a-kniⁿ (tówa áknį) - fourteen [MS]

► cf. to-wa (tówa) - four; ; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ du-ba (agthíⁿduba) - fourteen, fourteen [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gthiⁿ do-ba (a-ghtiⁿ́ do-ba) - fourteen [FL-Osage]; a-liⁿ to-pa (álįį tóopa), le-braⁿ a-liⁿ to-pa (lébrą álįį tóopa) - fourteen, fourteenth [CQ-Osage]; a-li do-ba (alidóba) - fourteen [Kaw]

fourth finger, the fourth finger

► naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) - the fourth finger [MS]

► cf. naⁿ-pe o-za (nąpé ozá), naⁿ-piu-za (nąpüza) - finger; i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral; tʰe (tʰe) - the

fourth toe

► si-po-za zhi-ka o-ba-taⁿ (sippóza žíka obáttą) - fourth toe, “next to the little toe”

► cf. si-po-za zhi-ka (sippóza žíka) - little toe; o-ba-tʰaⁿ (obátʰą) - next; si-po-zo-skaⁿ-skaⁿ o-ba-taⁿ (sippózoską́ską obáttą) - second toe; hi o-ta-ho-kde o-ba-taⁿ (hí ottahokdé obáttą) - teeth, bicuspid

► Dhegiha: si-pa-hi u-thi-zoⁿ u-thu-a-tʰoⁿ (sipáhi uthízoⁿ uthúatʰoⁿ) - fourth toe, “toe next to the middle toe” [Omaha/Ponca]; si-pa-hi u-a-zhiⁿ-ga u-thu-a-toⁿ (çipáhi uazhiⁿga uthuatoⁿ) - fourth toe [Omaha]

fourth, fraction

► i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► cf. i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral; to-wa (tówa) - four

fourth, ordinal numeral

► i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral

► cf. naⁿ-piu-za i-to-wa tʰe (nąpüza ítowa tʰe) - fourth finger [MS]; i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we-du-ba (wéduba) - fourth [Omaha]; we-du-ba (wéduba) - the fourth one [Omaha/Ponca]; we-do-ba (wédo-ba) - the fourth [FL-Osage]; we-to-pa (wétoopa) - fourth [CQ-Osage]; we-do-ba (wédoba) - fourth, ordinal number [Kaw]

fold down

► a-di-be-xiⁿ (ádibexį́) - fold down

► cf. di-be-x’iⁿ (díbexʔį́) - bend down, pull down

► ex: hoⁿ-biⁿ-te-a-ha a-di-be-xiⁿ (hǫbį́tteáha ádibexį́) - turn down the flaps of moccasins

fold flat, flatten

► di-bda-ska (dibdáska) - flatten, fold flat ► bdi-bda-ska (bdíbdaska) - I, ti-bda-ska (ttíbdaska) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; bda-ska (bdáska) - flat; ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Platte river, NE; ni bda-ska (ni bdáska) - Nebraska [OM]; iⁿ-chʰoⁿ bda-ska (į́čʰǫ bdáska) - flying squirrel; zhaⁿ bda-ska (žąbdáska) - board; naⁿ-pe bda-ska i-tʰiⁿ (nąpé bdaská itʰį́) - slap; wa-kdi-shka bda-ska (wakdíška bdáska), wa-xti-shka bda-ska (waxtíška bdáska) - bedbug, “flat insects”

► Dhegiha: btha-ska (btháska) - flat [Omaha/Ponca]; btha-ska (bthá-çka) - flatten [FL-Osage]; bra-ska (bráaska) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-ska (bláska) - flat, as the edges, not the surfaces, of something [Kaw]

fold in a bundle, wrap

► o-di-shiⁿ (odíšį) - wrap, fold in a bundle ► o-bdi-shiⁿ (obdíšį) - I, o-ti-shiⁿ (ottíšį) - you, oⁿ-ko-di-shiⁿ-we (ǫkódišįwe) - we

► cf. niⁿ-te o-di-shiⁿ (nį́tte ódišį) - pants, trousers; wa-tʰe di-shiⁿ (watʰé díšį) - apron; we-do-di-shiⁿ (wédodíšį) - pie; pa-hi o-di-shiⁿ, pa-ho-di-shiⁿ (pah-hŭ-odischih) - bonnet (bonnet) [GI]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-shiⁿ (uthíshiⁿ) - cover, to cover, as with a garment [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-shiⁿ (u-thí-shiⁿ) - to wrap anything up [FL-Osage]; o-thi-shi (oðíši) - wrap, cover for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc. [CQ-Osage]; a-yi-shiⁿ (áyishiⁿ) - to bundle up in a cloth or blanket [Kaw]; o-yu-shiⁿ (oyúshiⁿ) - bundle something up, cover something by surrounding it [Kaw]

fold, times, x-fold

► hi-“numeral”-a-ki-kde (hi-“numeral”-ákkikde) - times, fold, x-fold

► ex: hi-naⁿ-pa-a-ki-kde (hínąpá ákkikdé) - double, twofold

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-koⁿ kʰi-gthe (shóⁿkoⁿ kʰígthe) - nine times in a row [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-boⁿ kʰi-gthe (gthéboⁿ kʰígthe) - ten times in succession, ten times in a row [Omaha/Ponca]

fold, wrinkle

► be-shoⁿ (besǫ́) - wrinkle, fold

► cf. be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (besǫ́sǫ); be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold

► be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (besǫ́sǫ) - wrinkled, in folds

► cf. be-shoⁿ (besǫ́) - wrinkle, fold; be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold

► be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́de) - wrinkle up, fold ► be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-a-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́adé) - I, be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ i-naⁿ-da-de (besǫ́sǫ iną́dadé) - you

► cf. be-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (besǫ́sǫ) - wrinkled, in folds; i-naⁿ-de (iną́de) - put sg/si/in or cloth/paper; be-shoⁿ (besǫ́) - wrinkle, fold

for a long time

► ti-aⁿ-hi (ttią́hi) - a long time, a very long time, long ago, for a long time [JOD]

► jhi-aⁿ-hi (jhią́hi), zhoⁿ-hi (žǫ́hí) - longtime [OM]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe-ti ti-aⁿ-hi ki-zhi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ekką́ nįkʰétti ttią́hi kíži iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit had not returned to his grandmother for a long time, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ-miⁿ-kʰe maⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́-mįkʰé mą́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ti-aⁿ-he (ttią́he) - long ago

► ti-aⁿ-ti (ttią́tti) - in the olden times, old time [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti taⁿ (ttią́tti ttą) - in the olden times-when [JOD]

► ex: ti-aⁿ-ti e-koⁿ pa naⁿ i-ya-we (ttiąttí ekǫ́ ppá ną iyáwe) - in the olden times they were like that, they say [JOD]

for someone, to put/set one’s own down for someone

► ki-ki-knaⁿ (kíkik͓ną́) - she put down her own for him; she put down it, her own, for him [JOD]

► cf. ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set one’s own, put; knaⁿ (kną) - set, put

si/in; a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put, put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear--JOD) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put sg/si or cloth, paper into

► ex: e o-do-ha-ke ni a-shka ki taⁿ pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe ki-ki-knaⁿ (é odóhake ní áška kí tą ppahí nįkʰé kíkikną́) - that-last one-water-near-reached here again-when-head-the (part)-she put down her own for him [JOD]

► ex: e-ti i-to-wa tʰaⁿ o-do-ha-ke ki-ki-knaⁿ-wi (étti ítowa tʰą odóhake kíkikną́wi) - they put down the fourth, last born for him [JOD]

for what reason

► ha-ki (háki) - why, for what reason

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where

forenoon

► hoⁿ-ba i-haⁿ-ke (hǫba ihąke), hoⁿbe-haⁿ-ke (hǫbéhąké) - morning, forenoon

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; haⁿ-ke (hą́ke) - nearly, almost; miⁿ haⁿ-pe-haⁿ-ke (mį́ hąpéhąké) - nearly noon; haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke te (hą́pa hą́kette) - nearly day; haⁿ-ba haⁿ-ke te (hą́ba hą́kette) - dawn, nearly; pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it's almost dark [MS]; pa-zi de haⁿ-ke (ppázi dé hąké) - nearly night

► hoⁿ-ba i-haⁿ-ke-taⁿ (hǫba ihąkettą), haⁿ-be-haⁿ-ke-taⁿ (hąbéhąkéttą) - forenoon, in or during

forest

► zhoⁿ o-toⁿ (žǫ́ ottǫ́), zhaⁿ o-ta (žą́ ottá) - forest

► cf. zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - wood, tree; o-toⁿ (ottǫ́), o-taⁿ (ottą́) - abound; xoⁿ-te-hi o-taⁿ (xǫttéhi ottą́) - Rock Creek, I.T., lit., “cedars abound in it”; near Quapaw, OK; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

forever

► a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - future time, at some; a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in future; ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą) - when (in the future); ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time; bdo-ka (bdóka) - entire, whole, circular, round

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ-xti-a-di (atʰóⁿqtiádi) - when, in the remote past [Omaha/Ponca]; a-toⁿ-a-di-ya (atoⁿadiya) - when [Omaha]; ha-toⁿ-doⁿ (ha-tóⁿ doⁿ) - when [FL-Osage]; ha-ʰtoⁿ-dsi (ha-ṭoⁿ´-dsi) - when, at what time [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-tsi (haatxą́ci), ha-kxaⁿ-tsi (haakxą́ci) - when in the past, at what time in the past [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time [Kaw]; ha-khaⁿ-ji (hakháⁿji) - when, at what past time [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

forget

► a-kdaⁿ-niⁿ (ákdąnį́) - forget ► a-a-kdaⁿ-bniⁿ (áakdąbnį́) - I, a-da-kdaⁿ-tiⁿ (ádakdąttį) - you, oⁿ-ka-kdaⁿ oⁿ-niⁿ (ǫ́kakdą ǫnį́) - we, I and one other, oⁿ-ka-kdaⁿ oⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫ́kakdą ǫnį́we) - we

► cf. kdaⁿ-ni-ke (kdąníke) - drunk, confused

► Dhegiha: a-gthoⁿ-thiⁿ (á-gthoⁿ-thiⁿ) - to forget, failure to remember, unable to recall something that is past [FL-Osage]; a-loⁿ-thiⁿ (álǫðį) - get drunk [CQ-Osage]; gthoⁿ-thiⁿ (gthóⁿthiⁿ) - foolish, silly [Omaha/Ponca]; gthoⁿ-thiⁿ (gthoⁿ́-thiⁿ) - to be drunk [FL-Osage]; loⁿ-thiⁿ (lǫ́ðį) - be drunk, inebriated, intoxicated [CQ-Osage]; loⁿ-yiⁿ (lóⁿyiⁿ) - foolish, bewildered, distracted [Kaw]

form an opinion, plan, think, decide

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan ► i-bdi-kdaⁿ (íbdikdą) - I, i-ti-kdaⁿ (íttikdą) - you

► i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - thoughtfully, deliberately

► cf. di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - wise, be, have sense

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wápt^çik͓naⁿ́) - I am planning something [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (ítik͓naⁿ) - you plan [JOD]

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (ítik͓naⁿ) - you decide [JOD]

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-ka (íd^¢ik͓naⁿ́ niká) - they were deciding [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one's mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

fortnight

► haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi naⁿ-pa (hąbá wattéxi nąpá) - fortnight, “two Sundays”

► cf. haⁿ-ba (hą́ba), hoⁿ-ba (hǫ́ba), hoⁿ-pa (hǫ́pa), haⁿ-pa (hą́pa) - day, daytime; wa-te-xi (wattéxi) - difficult, too much, too high a price; naⁿ-pa (ną́pa), noⁿ-pa (nǫ́pa), noⁿ-ba (nǫ́ba) - two; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi (hą́ba wattéxi) - Sunday; haⁿ-ba wa-te-xi zhi-ka (hą́ba wattéxi žíka) - Saturday, “little Sunday”

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ba wa-ʰkoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba (óⁿ-ba wa-ḳoⁿ-da-gi thoⁿ-ba) - once in two weeks, a fortnight [FL-Osage]

fox hide

► to-ka ha (ttókka ha) - fox hide

► to-ka ha (tukkah-hah) - fox hide (peau de renard) [GI]

► cf. to-ka xo-te (ttókka xótte) - fox, grey; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► Dhegiha: ti-kʰa xu-de (tíkʰaqúde) - fox, the common fox, which is gray and about a foot long [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-koⁿ xu-de (tikoⁿ xude) - red fox [Omaha]

fox squirrel

► siⁿ-ka zi (sį́ka zí) - fox squirrel

► cf. siⁿ-ka (sį́ka) - squirrel; zi (zi) - yellow; siⁿ-ka sa (sį́ka sá) - black squirrel; siⁿ-ka taⁿ-ka (sį́ka ttą́ka) - badger; siⁿ-ka xo-te (sį́ka xótte) - gray squirrel

► Dhegiha: siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - squirrel, the reddish-gray or fox squirrel common in Nebraska and the Dakotas [Omaha/Ponca]; siⁿ-ga (çiⁿga) - tree squirrel [Omaha]; siⁿ-ga (çíⁿ-ga) - squirrel [FL-Osage]; siⁿ-ka (sį́ka) - squirrel [CQ-Osage]; siⁿ-ga (síⁿga) - fox squirrel, red squirrel [Kaw]

fox, grey fox

► to-ka xo-te (ttókka xótte) - fox, grey

► to-ka xo-te (ttókka xótte) - fox, “grey fox” [MS]

► cf. xo-te (xótte), (xotté) - gray; to-ka ha (ttókka ha) - fox hide

► Dhegiha: ti-kʰa xu-de (tíkʰaqúde) - fox, the common fox, which is gray and about a foot long [Omaha/Ponca]; ti-koⁿ xu-de (tikoⁿ xude) - red fox [Omaha]

fraction

► i-da-bni-ka (ídabnika) - third, fraction

► cf. i-da-bniⁿ (ídabnį́) - third, ordinal numeral; da-bniⁿ (dábnį) - three

► i-to-wa-ka (ítowaka) - fourth, fraction

► cf. i-to-wa (ítowa) - fourth, ordinal numeral; to-wa (tówa) - four

► i-sa-taⁿ-ka (ísattąka) - fifth, fraction

► cf. i-sa-taⁿ (ísattą) - fifth, ordinal numeral; sa-toⁿ (sáttoⁿ), sa-taⁿ (sáttą) - five

fragment

► o-shpe (ošpé) - fragment

► cf. zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpe (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpé) - trees in a curvilinear clump; di-shpe (dišpé) - pull off something adhering; i-di-shpe (ídišpe) - break off, break out; ka-shpe (kašpé) - cut off, knock off a piece; i-ka-shpe (íkašpe) - break from weight; pa-shpe (pašpé) - cut out a piece with a knife, to cut it out with a knife (that portion) [JOD]; pa-shpa-shpa (pášpašpa) - dice, cut into small pieces; di-shpa-shpa (dišpášpa) - tear into pieces; zhoⁿ o-toⁿ o-shpa-shpa (žǫ́ ottǫ́ ošpášpa) - trees in scattered clumps

► Dhegiha: u-shpe (u-shpé) - a fragment [FL-Osage]; o-shpe zhiⁿ (ošpéžį) - fragment, small piece, chip, bit, bits and baubles, one’s small things, change left over after purchase, coins, small change, pennies [CQ-Osage]

frame, door frame

► ti-zhe ba-si (ttíže basí) - door frame

► cf. ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge

Fraxinus, ash tree

► ta-shna hi (ttašną́hi) - ash tree, Fraxinus

► Dhegiha: ta-zhnoⁿ-ge (tazhnóge) - ash tree [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-zhnoⁿ-ge (tazhnoⁿge) - ash tree [Omaha]

free, let go

► di-shtaⁿ de-de (dištą́ dedé) - let go, free

► cf. di-shtaⁿ (dištą́) - finish, complete; de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go

► Dhegiha: thi-shtoⁿ the-the (thishtoⁿ thethe) - turn loose, release [Omaha]; thi-shtoⁿ ga-xe (thi-shtóⁿ ga-xe) - to discharge one employed [FL-Osage]; thi-shtoⁿ gthe ga-xe (thi-shtóⁿ gthe ga-xe) - to release one from confinement, to let one go free who has been under arrest, to liberate a captive [FL-Osage]; yu-shtaⁿ ye-ye (yushtáⁿ yéye) - to drop or let go of something suddenly [Kaw]

Frenchman, whiteman

► i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - Frenchman, whiteman

► iⁿ-shta-xe (inschtacheh) - French (Français) [GI]

► i-sta-ge (istáge) - French [OM]

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - eyelash; i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit. “dark whiteman”

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman's wife

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxįį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes [CQ-Osage]; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe) - white man, Frenchman, eyebrows [Kaw]

fresh meat

► ta to-ka (ttatókka), ta do-ka (ttadókka) - meat, fresh

► cf. ta (tta) - meat, especially dried meat; to-ka (tókka) - wet

► ex: ta to-ka niⁿ-kʰe (ttatókka-nįkʰé) - the meat

► Dhegiha: ta nu-ka (tanúka) - fresh meat [Omaha/Ponca]; ta nu-ka (tanuka) - fresh meat [Omaha]; ʰta do-ʰka (ṭá-do-ḳa) - meat [FL-Osage]; ta do-ka (ta dóka) - fresh meat, raw meat [Kaw]

Friday

► ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, “eat no meat”

► ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday [MS]

► cf: ta (tta) - meat, dried meat, deer, da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew, zhi (ži) - not, negative, da-tʰa-zhi (datʰáži) - fast, not to eat, da-tʰa-zhi (datáži) - ate not [JOD]

ta da-tʰa zhi (tta dátʰa ži) - Friday, eat no meat [RR-Quapaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰta tha-ta zhi hoⁿ-ba (ṭa-thá-ta-zhi hoⁿ-ba) - ṭa - meat, tha-ta - eat, zhi - not, hoⁿ-ba - day, day not eat meat, Friday [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-pa ʰta tha-tsʰa zhi (hą́ąpa ʰtaaðáacʰaži) - Friday, literally, day of no meat eating [CQ-Osage]; ta ya-cha zhi (ta yáchazhi) - Eats no Deer, subclan of the Kaw deer clan [Kaw]

fried meat, cooked with the grease

► ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer, meat, especially dried meat; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - dried meat, especially buffalo, elk, or deer meat, jerky [Omaha/Ponca]; ta (ta) - dried meat [Omaha]; ʰta (ṭa) - the deer, meat of any kind, deer [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰtáa) - deer, doe, fawn, buck, meat [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - deer, meat of any sort [Kaw]

fried, fry

► we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► cf. we-kdi (wékdi) - fat, grease, lard, oil; o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature

► ex: ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► ex: wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► Dhegiha: we-gthi (wégthi) - fat, grease, oil, the soft fat of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; we-gthi (wé-gthi) - grease, oil, kerosene [FL-Osage]; we-li (wéli) - oil, lard, grease or similar substance such as shoe polish, gasoline, kerosene [CQ-Osage]; we-li (wéli), we-dli (wédli) - grease, oil [Kaw]

friend

► ko-ta (kkóta) - friend ► ko-ta wi-ta (kkóta wítta) - my, ko-ta di-ta (kkóta dítta) - your

► ko-ta (kkóta) - friend [AB, AG)]

► ex: koi ko-ta wi-ta (kói kkóta wítta) - that's my friend [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-ʰka-ge (ikʰáge) - friend, his male friend [Omaha/Ponca]; ka-ge-ho (kagého) - friend [Omaha]; i-ka-ge (ikage) - friendship, buddy [Omaha]; ʰko-tha (ḳó-tha), ʰku-tha (ḳu-tha) - a friend [FL-Osage]; i-ʰko-tha (i-ḳó-tha) - a friend, fellow [FL-Osage]; ʰko-tha (ʰkóða) - friend [CQ-Osage]; i-ʰko-wa (iʰkówa) - friend [CQ-Osage]; ko-ya (kóya) - friend, confidant [Kaw]

► o-do-wa-ki (odówakki) - to side with them, to defend them [JOD]

► cf. o-do-ki-zhi (odókkiži) - talk against, not defend

► ex: o-do-wa-ki (odówakki) - he sided with them [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ ma-shtiⁿ-ke ni-ka-shi-ka o-do-wa-ki e-koⁿ za-ni-xti t’e-wa-de koⁿ-da naⁿ i-ya (ettǫ́ maštį́ke níkkašíka odówakki ekǫ́ zaní-xti tʔewade kǫ́da ną iyá) - therefore the rabbit, who sided with the (Indians) people wanted to kill all of the black bears, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-ki (u-thú-ki) - to defend, to defend a friend or relative in a fight or altercation, to uphold in an argument [FL-Osage]

► wa-do-ta-di (wadóttadi) - friend of different tribe

► Dhegiha: tho-da (thó-da) - peace, peaceful [FL-Osage]; tho-da-the (thó-da-the) - to be friendly, to be on friendly terms with another person, peaceful relationship between two tribes, reciprocity [FL-Osage]; wa-tho-da-the (wa-thó-da-the) - to make peace [FL-Osage]; wa-tho-da-ʰki-the (wa-thó-da-ḳi-the) - relative, relation, kinship [FL-Osage]; u-tho-da-ʰki-the (ú-tho-da-ḳi-the) - relative, kindred, natural ties of kin [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-the (ðótaðe) - regard as a friend [CQ-Osage]; tho-da-ʰki-e (thó-da-ḳi-e) - reconcile, reconciliation [FL-Osage]; tho-ta-ʰki-the (ðótaʰkiðe) - become aquainted with each other, regard each as friends, hold each other dear, take or regard each other as relatives, be related [CQ-Osage]; i-tho-ta-ʰki-the (iiðótaʰkiðe) - make a friend of, person who is made into a friend [CQ-Osage]

frighten, scare

► di-na-xi-da (dináxida) - scare, frighten ► ti-na-xi-da (ttinaxida) - you

► cf. na-xi-da (naγida) - to be scared

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xi-tha (noⁿxitha) - scare [Omaha]; xi-tha (qítha) - through fear of failure, reluctant, doubtful, to hate to undertake, to think that someone will not answer for the purpose [Omaha/Ponca]; xi-tha (xi-thá) - lack of confidence [FL-Osage]; ʰki-xi-tha (ʰkíxiða) - despair, mistrust oneself, not trust oneself, doubt oneself, give up [CQ-Osage]

fringe

► hiⁿ-ha (hįhá) - fringe, border of a hide

► ka-zi-zi-te (kazízitte) - fringe

► cf. ka-zi-zi-di (kazízidí) - snip into shreds (with scissors); ka-zi-pa (kazíppa) - chop, cut at the edge

frog

► wa-xno-shka (waxnóška) - frog

► wa-xno-shka (waxnóška) - frog [MS]

► Siouan: hna-shka (hnaßka) - frog [Dakota]; gna-shka (gnašká) - frog [Lakota]

frog, tree frog

► taⁿ-na e-ka-xna (ttąná ekáxna) - tree frog, lit. “wife of the ground”

► cf. taⁿ-naⁿ (ttąná) - ground; i-ka-xnaⁿ (ikáxną), e-ka-xnaⁿ (ekáxną), i-ka-xnoⁿ (ikáxnǫ) - wife, man’s wife

from that same time on

► e-ki-taⁿ-tʰoⁿ (ekkíttątʰǫ́) - from that same time on

from the other side

► ma-sa-ni-tʰaⁿ (masanítʰaⁿ) - from the other side [JOD]

► cf. ma-sa-ni (masáni) - on opposite side, across; a horizontal object, a road or river

► ex: shka-te shoⁿ-niⁿ naⁿ-zha ma-sa-ni-tʰaⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka miⁿ ki-baⁿ hi-de (škátte šǫ-nį́ ną́ža masanítʰaⁿ níkkašíka mį́ kíbą híde) - after he had been playing awhile, a person called to him from the other side (of the river) [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ kaⁿ-iⁿ kda-i taⁿ, “hoⁿ-pe i-maⁿ-ta ma-sa-ni ki-di-shto-ta-i-ni-he,” i-we-ki niⁿ i-ya ni-ka-saⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą ką́-į kdá-i tą, “hǫpé imą́tta masáni kidíštottá-inihé,” iwéki nį́ iyá nikkąsą́) - then-just as they started home-when-shoe-other one-on one side-pull ye it off from her-he was saying it to them-it is said-police [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ma-sa-ni (masáni) - other side, the other side, to the other side, on the other side [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta-taⁿ (masániatátaⁿ) - from the other side [JOD-Omaha]; ni ma-sa-ni-a-ta ma (ní masániatá ma) - those on the other side of the river [JOD-Omaha]; ma-sa-ni-a-ta (masániata) - to the other side of [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-soⁿ thiⁿ-tʰa (moⁿ-çóⁿ thiⁿ-ṭa) - on one side [FL-Osage]; moⁿ-soⁿ-i-ʰta (moⁿ-çoⁿ-í-ṭa) - at the other side [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-tsʰe-ʰta (mącʰéʰta) - other side, on/to the other side, underneath, inner one or innermost one [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-tsiⁿ-ha (mącį́ha) - to or on the other side, opposite [CQ-Osage]; ma-siⁿ (masíⁿ), mo-siⁿ (mosíⁿ) - other side of something, as a stream; in the direction of the other side; on one of two sides [Kaw]

from then on

► e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - from then on

► e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - thence, subsequently [JOD]

► cf. e-shoⁿ-we e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́we ettítʰą) - and from then on

► ex: “wi-taⁿ-niⁿ hi wa-te-baⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe, e-ti-tʰaⁿ o-kda-x’a-x’a-we ka!” i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“wíttąnį hí wattébą ttá mįkʰé, ettítʰą okdáxʔáxʔáwe ká!” iwéke iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “I will give the attack cry first, immediately afterward you must give the scalp yell,” the rabbit said to them, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: e-di-taⁿ (edítaⁿ) - since then, thence, from that time, from that cause, from that [JOD-Omaha]; e-dsi-toⁿ (e-dsí-toⁿ) - thence, from that place [FL-Osage]; tsi txaⁿ (ci txą) - from [CQ-Osage]; e-ji-khaⁿ (ejíkhaⁿ) - there, from, thither, from that place [Kaw]

from then on, and from then on

► e-shoⁿ-we e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́we ettítʰą) - and from then on

► cf. e-shoⁿ-we (ešǫ́we) - then; e-shaⁿ (éšą), e-shoⁿ (ešǫ́) - then, at length; e-shaⁿ-taⁿ (ešą́ttą) - then, at that time; e-shaⁿ-hi (ešąhí) - at length, after some time [JOD]; e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - from then on; e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ (éttǫttítʰą) - therefore, from then on; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, far away

from then on, therefore

► e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ (éttǫttítʰą) - therefore, from then on

► cf. e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - from then on; e-shoⁿ-we e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́we ettítʰą) - and from then on; ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, far away

from this place

► de-she-tʰaⁿ (dešetą́) - from this place [JOD]

► ex: de-she-tʰaⁿ ka-ki-de-de (dešetą́ kákidéde) - from this place-going in that direction [JOD]

from what

► ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, nearby

► ho-wa-tʰe-ti-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettítʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, far away

► ex: ho-wa-tʰe-ti t’e-da-i te i-te i-da-ki-de te i-ye niⁿ i-ya wa-x’o zhi-ka niⁿ (“hówatʰétti tʔédai tté-itte idákide tté,” iyé nį iyá waxʔóžíka nį) - the old woman said, “wherever they may have killed him, I will seek him,” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► cf. ho-wa (hówa) - where; tʰe (tʰe) - the singular/standing/inanimate, collective/inanimate; e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ettítʰą) - from then on; e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ (éttǫttítʰą) - therefore, from then on; e-shoⁿ-we e-ti-tʰaⁿ (ešǫ́we ettítʰą) - and from then on; ho-wa-tʰe-ta-tʰaⁿ (hówatʰettátʰą) - from what sg/st/in or cl/in, nearby

from whatever place

► ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place; ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki e-hi-te (hakí ehitté) - anywhere, (where+soever) [JOD]; ha-ke hi-te (haké hitté), ha-ke i-te (haké itté) - wherever, anywhere

from whatever place, where from

► ha-ki-de-de-tʰaⁿ (hákidedétʰą) - where from, from whatever place

► cf. ha-ki (háki) - where; ha-ki-de-de (hákidede) - where, which direction; ha-ki-tʰaⁿ (hakítʰą) - from whatever place

► ex: ha-ki-wa-de-de (hákiwadede) - how do you get over there, which road, how do you go? [MS]

from, on the opposite side from

► i-ki-xa-ta (ikkixátta) - on the opposite side from; of a house, tent, etc.

► cf. i-ka-xa-ta (íkaxátta) - on opposite side of something

► ex: hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi, “i-ka-xa-ta koi-ta kniⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-sa niⁿ-kʰe (hǫ́tʰąhí, “íkaxátta kóitta knį́,” iyí iyá wasá nįkʰé) - then the black bear said, “sit over there on the other side of the lodge,” it is said (they said) [JOD]

front part of upper leg

► de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg

► cf. de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg; de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

frost, killing frost

► xaⁿ-iⁿ-ke (xą́įke) - frost, killing frost

► cf. xaⁿ-iⁿ-ke zhi-ka (xą́įke žíka) - frost, light frost

► Dhegiha: xe-woⁿ-ge (qewóⁿge) - frost on the ground, but not on vegetation, be frost on the ground, but not on any vegetation that can be damaged [Omaha/Ponca]; xe-woⁿ-ge (xéwoⁿge) - frost [Omaha]; xe-moⁿ-ge (xé-moⁿ-ge) - frost, hoarfrost [FL-Osage]; xe-maⁿ-ke (xémąke) - dew, frost [CQ-Osage]; xe-maⁿ-ge (xémaⁿge) - frost [Kaw]

frost, light frost

► xaⁿ-iⁿ-ke zhi-ka (xą́įke žíka) - frost, light frost

► cf. xaⁿ-iⁿ-ke (xą́įke) - frost, killing frost; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

fry, fried

► we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”

► cf. we-kdi (wékdi) - fat, grease, lard, oil; o-hoⁿ (ohǫ) - cook, boil; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature

► ex: ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► ex: wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

frybread

► wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wékdütahą) - fry bread [MS, MR, FR]

► cf. wa-ske (wáske), (waské) - bread; we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (wékdi otahą) - fry, fried, “cooked with grease”; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-mu-ske (wamúske) - wheat, bread, wheat bread [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-bo-ske (wa-bó-çke) - wheat, flour [FL-Osage]; wa-bo-ski (wabóski) - bread, wheat flour [Kaw]

fruit, cactus fruit

► ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo da-s’iⁿ (keną́baxdó dasʔį́) - cactus fruit, “what sticks...”

► cf. ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo (keną́baxdó) - cactus plant; ta-ni-ba-he-ta o-da-s’iⁿ (taníbahétta ódasʔį) - elderberries

► Dhegiha: u-tha-s’iⁿ (uthás’iⁿ) - connected, joined, in connection with, joined to [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ʰts’iⁿ (u-thá-ṭs’iⁿ) - attached, attachment, as fruit is attached to a vine or tree [FL-Osage]

fruit, orange fruit

► kaⁿ-te hi (kką́tte hí) - orange fruit

► kaⁿ-te hi (kką́tte hí) - orange (fruit) [MS]

► koⁿ-te hi (kkǫ́tte hí) - orange (fruit) [OM]

► cf. kaⁿ-te (kką́tte) - apple [MS, OM]; kaⁿ-te hi (kkąttéhi) - apple tree [MS]; kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe (kką́tte íįxe) - apple; kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe (kongteh - ipicheh) - apple (pomme) [GI]; kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe hi (kką́tte íįxé hi) - apple tree; kaⁿ-te iⁿ-xe si (kką́tte íįxe sí) - apple seed; kaⁿ-te si (kką́tte sí) - apple seed [MS]; kaⁿ-te ni (kkątténi) - apple juice [MS]; kaⁿ-te si (kkątté si) - peach stone; kaⁿ-te si i-koⁿ (kuⁿ ta sī ī kuⁿ) - peach stone dice (different type), from Lizzie Cedar [MH]; kaⁿ si koⁿ (gŭⁿ sē gŭⁿ) - peach stone dice, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]; kaⁿ si koⁿ (gŭⁿ sǐ kŭⁿ) - dice (turtle), “kia tuⁿka”, from Mrs. P. Claber [MH]; kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątte žíka) - cherry; kaⁿ-te zhi-ka (kkątté žíka) - plum; kaⁿ-te shta (kkątté šta) - plum; kaⁿ-te shta (konteh-schtah) - pear (poire) [GI]; kaⁿ-te shta si (kkąttéštá si) - plum pit; kaⁿ-te waⁿ-poⁿ-shta (konteh uonponschtah) - plum, prune (prune) [GI]; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (kkątté ttą́ka) - peach, clingstone; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka (konteh-tonkah) - peach (pêche fruit) [GI]; kaⁿ-te taⁿ-ka hi (kkątté ttą́ka hi) - peach tree, clingstone

► Dhegiha: koⁿ-de (kóⁿde) - a plum, plums [Omaha/Ponca]; koⁿ-de (koⁿde) - plum [Omaha]; ʰko-dse (ḳóⁿ-dse) - plums, any kind of fruit, as plums, peaches, apples, applied to fruit in general [FL-Osage]; ʰkaⁿ-tse (ʰką́ące) - apple, fruit [CQ-Osage]; kaⁿ-je (káje) - plum [Kaw]

fruit, pick fruit

► di-we (diwé) - pick fruit, berries, etc. ► bdi-we (bdíwe) - I, ti-we (ttíwe) - you

► Dhegiha: ʰkoⁿ-dse thu-we (ḳóⁿ-dse thu-we) - fruit picking [FL-Osage]

full

► o-she-xti (óšexti) - full

► cf. o-she (óše) - plentiful, plenty, a lot; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully; wa-she (wašé) - rich, be rich; ka-wa-she (kawáše) - make in abundance

► ex: ma-ze-ska o-she a-niⁿ niⁿ (mazéska óše anį́ nį) - rich people (they have a lot of money) [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-she (ú-she) - plenty, plentiful [FL-Osage]; o-she (óše) - exist plentifully, lots, abundance, plenty, profusion of something [CQ-Osage]

full moon

► mi-aⁿ-pa shoⁿ-shoⁿ (mią́pa šǫ́šǫ) - full moon

► cf. mi-aⁿ-pa (mią́pa), mi-oⁿ-pa (miǫ́pa), mi-aⁿ-ba (mią́ba) - moon; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ) - round, spherical; hoⁿ-bniⁿ-ke shoⁿ-shoⁿ (hǫbnį́ke šǫ́šǫ) - pea; ma-kaⁿ shoⁿ-shoⁿ (makką́ šǫ́šǫ) - pills (medicine), lit. “globular medicine” [OM]; to shoⁿ-shoⁿ (tošǫ́šǫ) - Irish potato [MS, AB, OM]; di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (dišǫ́šǫ) - mould spherical with hands; wa-ske di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ (wáske dišǫ́šǫ) - corn dumplings

full of, covered with

► ba-ni (báni) - covered with, full of

► cf. ba-di-di-te (badíditte) - cover in a mass, swarm upon

► Dhegiha: ba-thi-de (bathíde) - full, swarming or covered with [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-yu-iⁿ-da-je (bayúiⁿdáje) - be full of, covered with, thick with [Kaw]

full, be full, as a container

► o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container ► oⁿ-ki-pi (ǫ́kippi) - I’m, di-ki-pi (díkippi) - you’re

► cf. naⁿ-pe o-ki-pi (nąpé ókkippí) - handful; ki-pi ka-xe (kíppi káγe) - to fill; o-pi hi-hi-ka (oppí hihíkka) - box, paper or cardboard; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away si/in/, a part/cloth; o-pi-zhi (óppiži) - drawer, box; pi-ki-zhi (ppíkiži) - to put away one’s own [JOD]; zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (žąppiži), zhoⁿ-pi-zhi (žǫppíži) - wooden box, truck; xoⁿ-te zhaⁿ-pi-zhi (xǫtté žąppiži) - cedar chest [MS]

ex: o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he filled the bag [JOD]

► Dhegiha: u-ki-pi (úkipi) - full, brim full [Omaha]; u-gi-pi (u-gí-p̣i) - full, will contain no more, replete [FL-Osage]; o-kiu-ʰpiu (oküʰpü), o-ku-ʰpi (ókuʰpi) - full of, have a fullness of, be filled with, be full, be flooded, full amount, houseful [CQ-Osage]; o-gi-pi (ogípi) - be full, filled, full as a box, barrel, kettle, etc., filled as a lodge or room with people, full as with worms, maggots, etc. [Kaw]

full, handful

► naⁿ-pe o-ki-pi (nąpé ókkippí) - handful

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; o-ki-pi (okíppi) - be full, as a container

► ex: o-zhi-ha ki-pi ka-xe (óžiha kíppi káγe) - he filled the bag [JOD]

full, to be full

► o-bi-ske (obíske) - to be full

full, to fill full after eating

► we-naⁿ-te (wénątte) - to fill full after eating ► we-a-naⁿ-te (wéanątte) - I, we-da-naⁿ-te (wédanątte) - you, we-naⁿ-ta-i (wénaⁿtái), we-naⁿ-ta-wi (wénaⁿtáwi), we-naⁿ-ta-we (wénaⁿtáwe) - they

► ex: we-naⁿ-ta-i (wénaⁿtái) - they felt full after eating [JOD]

► Dhegiha: we-noⁿ-de (wénoⁿde) - full, to feel full after eating [Omaha/Ponca]; we-noⁿ-de (wé-noⁿ-de) - gratified, satiated [FL-Osage]; we-noⁿ-dse (wé-noⁿ-dse) - to feed until filled to satisfaction [FL-Osage]; we-naⁿ-tse (wéenące) - be full, filled, have one’s hunger sated [CQ-Osage]; we-naⁿ-je (wénaⁿje) - full, satisfied after a meal [Kaw]

fully, real, very

► xti (-xti) - very, real, fully, intensifier suffix

► ex: miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one [MS, MR, FR, AG, OM]

► ex: o-xta-xti (óxtaxti) - honor someone, treat with respect

► ex: o-she-xti (óšexti) - full

► ex: a-na-hi-te-xti (anáhittéxti) - many, a great many

► ex: wa-x’o zhi-ka-xti (waxʔóžikaxti), wa-x’o zhi-ka hi (waxʔóžiká hi) - aged woman

► ex: t’e-xti (tʔéxti) - dead, stone cold

► ex: shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - fat, very, really

► ex: sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► ex: e-koⁿ xti (ekǫ́ xti), e-kaⁿ xti (éką xtí) - really, just so

► ex: e-shoⁿ-xti (ešǫ́xti) - just so [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-be xti (hǫbé xti) - moccasins

► ex: we-s’a-xti (wésʔaxti) - rattlesnake, “real snake”

► ex: mi xti (mí xti) - myself, I indeed

► ex: o-ka-xpa xti (okáxpa xti) - town name, Real Quapaws

► ex: shi-ke-xti (šíkextí) - very bad

► ex: hoⁿ-a-bde a-tʰaⁿ-he, shi-ke-xti i-da-hoⁿ-bde (hǫ́abde átʰąhé, šíkextí idáhǫbdé) - I’ve had dream, I dreamed a very bad dream [JOD]

► ex: za-ni-xti (zaníxti) - every single one

► ex: za-ni-xti t’e-a-wa-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde (zaníxti tʔeáwadawe idáhǫbdé) - every single one, they killed us all, I dreamed that [JOD]

► ex: a-kda-xti (ákdaxti) - to suffer exceedingly

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► ex: a-kʰi-kniⁿ-xti (akʰíknį-xti) - in a great crowd, crowding together upon one another, sitting upon one another [JOD]

► ex: a-kʰi-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ta hi-we i-ya (akʰíknį-xti tti tʰetta híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, they say' (JOD)]

► ex: e-naⁿ-xti (énąxti) - nothing but that, only that

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka naⁿ-xti wa-da-tʰe-we i-ya (wasá ke níkkašíka-nąxtí wádatʰéwe iyá) - the black bears only ate people, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-xti-shka naⁿ-xti ta-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha waxtíška-nąxtí ttatʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in future [JOD]

fumble

► di-kdoⁿ-da (dikdǫ́da) - fumble, let slip, fail to hold ► bdi-kdoⁿ-da (bdíkdǫda) - I, ti-kdoⁿ-da (ttíkdǫda) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; ba-knoⁿ-da (baknǫ́da) - miss when thrusting at; bi-knoⁿ-da (biknǫ́da) - miss, slip from under; da-knoⁿ-da (daknǫ́da) - snap at and miss; ka-knoⁿ-da (kaknǫ́da) - fail in hitting at something; naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (nąknǫ́da) - kick at and be evaded; pa-knoⁿ-da (páknǫda) - miss cutting something elusive; po-knoⁿ-da (póknǫda) - miss in shooting or thrusting

► Dhegiha: thi-gthoⁿ-tha (thí-gthoⁿ-tha) - fail to get a good grip, to drop by accident [FL-Osage]; yu-laⁿ-ya (yuláⁿya), yu-laⁿ-ye (yulaⁿye) - miss or fumble in trying to grasp or pull an object which is too large to be handled [Kaw]

► di-shnoⁿ-da (dišnǫ́da) - let slip, fumble something ► bdi-shnoⁿ-da (bdíšnǫda) - I, ti-shnoⁿ-da (ttíšnǫda) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling; ba-shnoⁿ-da (bašnǫ́da) - push at and fail or miss; bi-shnoⁿ-da (bišnǫ́da) - fail, miss applying pressure; da-shnoⁿ-da (dašnǫ́da) - slip in eating, talking, etc; ka-shnoⁿ-da (kašnǫ́da) - miss the mark striking at something; naⁿ-shnoⁿ-da (nąšnǫ́da) - lose one's footing, slip; pa-shnoⁿ-da (pášnǫda) - fail to cut something with a knife; po-shnoⁿ-da (póšnǫda) - miss a target shooting

► Dhegiha: zhnoⁿ (zhnoⁿ) - verb root, to miss, let fall, zhnoⁿ-tha (c͓naⁿ¢a), ba-zhnoⁿ (bac͓naⁿ), bu-zhnoⁿ (buc͓naⁿ), tha-zhnoⁿ (¢ac͓naⁿ), thi-zhnoⁿ (¢ic͓naⁿ), ga-zhnoⁿ (gac͓naⁿ), ma zhnoⁿ (mac͓naⁿ), mu-zhnoⁿ (muc͓naⁿ) [Omaha/Ponca]

► di-shta-te de-de (dištátte déde) - take hold of but fumble ► bdi-shta-te de-a-de (bdíštátte déade) - I, ti-shta-te de-da-de (ttíštátte dédade) - you

► cf. de-de (déde) - sent away, causative of go; di-shtaⁿ de-de (dištą́ dedé) - let go, free

► Dhegiha: yu-shta-je (yushtáje) - pick up suddenly, grab up, snatch up [Kaw]

fun, make fun of, laugh often

► i-xa-xa (íxaxa) - laugh often, make fun of

► cf. i-xa (íxa) - laugh, smile; i-xa de-de (íxa déde) - giggle, laugh much

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha ‘oⁿ-we

wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe: disísike hínįhá ʔǫ́wé) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were very cruel to mankind [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i-xa-xa (ixaxa) - humiliate, ridicule, harass [Omaha]; i-xa-xa (i-xá-xa) - to ridicule [FL-Osage]

fur

► hiⁿ (hį) - fur, hair of the body, down of bird

► cf. ta hiⁿ (ttahį́) - deer’s hair da-ka-hiⁿ (dakáhį) - whiskers, sideburns; di-ba-hiⁿ (dibáhį) - beard; ta-te-hiⁿ (ttattéhį) - hair on the sides of the head, hair on the temples; i-ha-hiⁿ (íhahį́) - mustache

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke hiⁿ (maštį́ke hį́) - rabbit fur [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair on body, fur [Omaha]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - hair or fur, hair of the human body, also the hair of an animal [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ (hį́į) - hair, whiskers, fur, fuzz as on a peach [CQ-Osage]; hiⁿ (hiⁿ) - fur, body hair, feathers [Kaw]

further away

► ko-ti (kótti) - further away

► cf. ko-ti te-ta (kottí ttettá) - beyond; si-o-ti ko-ti te-ta (siótti kkottí ttettá) - the day before yesterday; ka-sa-ni ko-ti te-ta (kasáni kkottí ttettá) - day after tomorrow

► Dhegiha: gu-di-ha-ta-tʰoⁿ (gúdihatátʰoⁿ) - beyond, far, from beyond, from far away [Omaha/Ponca]

further, the further one, that singular/standing/animate

► ko-wa-tʰaⁿ (kówatʰą) - that sg/st/an, the further one

► cf. tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - the st/an; tʰaⁿ (-tʰą) - continuative auxiliary, sg/st/an

► ex: ko-wa-he-de-tʰe (kówahídetʰé) - that sg/st/in, yon

► ex: ko-wa-ke (kówake) - those pl/st/an, yon

► ex: ko-wa-kʰe (kówakʰe) - that sg/ly/an or in, yon

► ex: ko-wa-ni-kʰa (kówanikʰá) - those pl/si or ly, yon

► ex: ko-wa-niⁿ (kówanį) - that sg/mv/an, yon

► ex: ko-wa-niⁿ-kʰe (kówanįkʰé) - that sg/si/an or in, yon

► ex: ko-wa-pa (kówapa) - those pl/mv/an, yon

future tense

► ta (tta) - future tense; potential mode clitic ► ta miⁿ-kʰe (tta mįkʰé) - I, ta niⁿ-kʰe (tta nįkʰé) - you; taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ttąkatʰą́), ta oⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (tta ǫkatʰą́) - we, I and one other

► ex: shi-naⁿ ka-saⁿ-niⁿ a-kdi ta miⁿ-kʰe (šíną kasą́nį akdí tta mįkʰé) - I'll come back tomorrow [MS]

► ex: a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe (akdé tta mįkʰé) - I'm going home (I will be going home) [MS]

► ex: wi-e mo-sho-ki a-kde ta miⁿ-kʰe ka-sa-ni (wíe móšokki akdé tta mįkʰé kasáni) - I am going to church in the morning (tomorrow) [AG]

► ex: bda-taⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (bdattą́ tta mįkʰé) - I will be drinking

► ex: she-ta a-kʰi-kniⁿ ta miⁿ-kʰe (šétta akʰíknį tta mįkʰé) - I will return thither (in sight) and take my seat

► ex: a-wi-ki-pa ta miⁿ-kʰe (áwikkippá ttá mįkʰé) - I will meet you

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ toⁿ ti te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą ttǫ tti tté tta nikʰé) - why you go to town? (why are you going to town?) [MS]

► ex: hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te ta ni-kʰe (hǫnį́ttą tté tta nikʰé) - why will you be going?, why are you going? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (háažǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it? [MS]

► ex: a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ sh-ta oⁿ-ka-hi taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ášiǫhéttą šétta ǫkáhi ttąkatʰą́) - later on, we will reach there (where you are)

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde taⁿ-ka-tʰaⁿ (ą́kakdé tta ą́katʰą) - we are going home (me and you are going home) [MS]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ sh’a-ke tʰaⁿ ni o-ha wa-taⁿ a-ki-de ta tʰaⁿ naⁿ (kóišǫ́ttą šʔaké tʰą ni ohá wattą́ akidé tta tʰą́ ną) - then the old man was about to go after goods along the creek/river [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta (ta) - will, shall, potential or future marker [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰta (ṭa) - shall, he shall, you shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta (ʰta) - future tense marker, will, be going to, could, so that it could/might be, what if, were it the case that, would be [CQ-Osage]; ta (ta) - future potential or intentive aspect [Kaw]

► ta-i (taí) - we shall, let’s [JOD]

► ta-i (taí) - will (plural) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi tʔeą́wade taí) - let us (let’s) kill all the black bears [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ-ba o-taⁿ-ka hi taⁿ o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (hą́ba otą́ka hi ttą́ odákdaxʔáxʔa taí iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - as soon as day arrives, you’all will give the scalp yell, rabbit said to them, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► ex: o-da-kda-x’a-x’a ta-i (odákdaxʔáxʔá taí) - you’all will give the scalp yell [JOD]

► ex: e-ti te na-ha i-di-si-si-ke hi ta-i e-de (étti tté nahá idísisike hi ttai edé) - do not go there, they will sure enough abuse you [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o-zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔóžiká ikíé nį) - we will arrive there/we will go, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► ex: “hoⁿ o-wi-ki-bda-ke tai miⁿ-kʰe”, i-we-ke i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“hǫ ówikibdáke taí mįkʰé”, iwéke iyá maštį́ke) - the rabbit said, “yes, I will tell you’all” it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

► ta-i-tʰe (taitʰé) - shall (plural), they shall [JOD]

► ex: di-shi-ka-we taⁿ-ha wa-kdi-shka e-naⁿ-xti da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (díšikáwe tą́ha wakdíška éną-xti datʰé taitʰé) - because you’all have been bad, you’all shall eat nothing but insects and reptiles in the future [JOD]

► ex: wa-na-xe di-ni-ke ta-i-tʰe (wanáγe diníke taitʰé) - you’all shall be without a soul, spirit, and mind [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-da wi-te-ke e-ta-we di-da-tʰe ta-i-tʰe (įdá wítteke ettáwe dídatʰé taitʰé) - my mother, my uncle, theirs (offspring), they will eat you [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ta-i-te (ta íte) - shall [Omaha]; ta-i-te (taité) - will surely, shall, shall surely [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i-tʰe (ta-i-tʰe) - shall [Omaha]; ʰta-i-tse (ṭa-í-tse) - they shall [FL-Osage]; ʰta-i-te (ṭa i te) - they will [FL-Osage]

► te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will be

► ex: bda-taⁿ te (bdattą́ tte) - I will/would drink

► ex: pa-hi-o-knaⁿ a-wa-naⁿ-bde a-shi a-a-ki-knaⁿ te (ppáhi-ókną áwanąbde áši áakikną tte) - I will put my hat on the table

► ex: di-taⁿ-niⁿ e-ti da! a-shi-oⁿ-he-taⁿ she-ta pi te (díttąnį étti dá! ášiǫhéttą šétta ppi tte) - you go there first, and I will join you later on

► ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niží tte) - it’s going to rain [OM]

► ex: ni-zhi te (niži tte) - it will rain

► ex: e-koⁿ te (ekǫ́ tte), e-kaⁿ te (eką́ tte) - so shall it be, it will be like that [JOD]

► ex: hau, e-kaⁿ te, i-yi (hau, eką́ tte, iyí) - yes, it will be like that, he said; yes, so shall it be, he said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]; ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as ‘let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s’ [CQ-Osage]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

future, at some future time

► a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - at some future time

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever; ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in future; ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time

► Dhegiha: a-taⁿ-daⁿ (ataⁿ́daⁿ) - at what time (of the day) [JOD-Omaha]; ha-toⁿ-doⁿ (ha-tóⁿ doⁿ) - when [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time [Kaw]

future, when in future

► ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in future

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-ta-i te (atʰą́ttai tte) - at some future time; ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time; a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever

ex: ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ te te (hatʰą́ttą tté tte) - when you going? [MS]

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