English to Quapaw Dictionary

E

enough

► e-naⁿ (eną́) - enough

► cf. e (e) - that, aforementioned, he, she, it; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; she-naⁿ (šéną) - enough; de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, many; koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity

► Dhegiha: e-noⁿ xti (enoⁿxji) - only, single [Omaha/Ponca]; e-noⁿ (e-nóⁿ) - sole, exclusive, that only, it alone [FL-Osage]; the-noⁿ (thé-noⁿ) - this much [FL-Osage]; e-na (eená), e-naⁿ (eeną́) - be the only, that only, enough, therefore, that’s why [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ e (hnaⁿ é) - alone, only, just [Kaw]; ye-naⁿ (yénaⁿ), ye-noⁿ (yénoⁿ) - this many, this much, this number [Kaw]

► she-naⁿ (šéną) - enough

► cf. she (šé) - that, those, objects not near the speaker, but visible; e-naⁿ (eną́) - enough; e-naⁿ (éną), e-naⁿ-hi (enąhí) - only that, him, her, it; de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, many; koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity

► ex: ka-she-naⁿ na-ha (kašéną nahá) - don't do that! [AB]

► Dhegiha: she-noⁿ (shenoⁿ) - enough [Omaha]; tha-she-na (thashéna) - of she-na (cena), to finish with the mouth, to tell all the news, leaving none to be told by others, to suck a piece of candy, till all is gone [Omaha/Ponca]; the-noⁿ (thé-noⁿ) - this much [FL-Osage]; ka-she-naⁿ (kaašéną) - be ended, finished, that’s all, something is finished, closing of a prayer, amen [CQ-Osage]; ga-she-hnaⁿ (gashéhnaⁿ) - that's all, that is enough, just this much [Kaw]; ye-naⁿ (yénaⁿ), ye-noⁿ (yénoⁿ) - this many, this much, this number [Kaw]

enough, big enough, of that size

► she-na-ska (šenaská) - big enough, of that size

► cf. de-na-ska (denaská) - of this size; e-naⁿ-ska (enąska) - of a certain size; ka-na-ska (kanaská) - of that size; kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - of equal or like size; koi-na-ska (kóinaská) - size of that distant object; miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big is each, (distributive); ha-na-ska (hánaská) - how big/small, what size; ha-na-ska-ska (hánaskáska) - how big is each; ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► Dhegiha: a-thoⁿ-ska (athoⁿçka) - size [Omaha]; the-thoⁿ-ska (thé-thoⁿ-çka) - this size [FL-Osage]; ga-she-yaⁿ-ska (gashéyaⁿska), ga-she-yoⁿ-ska (gashéyoⁿska) - of a certain size, be that size, be that big, be big enough [Kaw]

enough, deep enough, a certain depth

► she-tʰaⁿ-ha (šetʰą́ha) - deep enough, a certain depth

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep; de-tʰaⁿ-ha (detʰą́ha) - deep, this much; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - depth, equal or like; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth

enough, long enough, a certain length

► she-tʰaⁿ (šetʰą) - long enough, a certain length

► cf. ka-tʰaⁿ (katʰą́) - that long, of that length; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ (kką́ze átʰą) - of equal length; miⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (mįdétʰǫ) - half that length; de-tʰoⁿ (detʰǫ́), de-tʰaⁿ (detʰą́) - long, this (much)

► Dhegiha: ga-she-khaⁿ (gashékhaⁿ) - end, so long and no longer [Kaw]

enough, tall enough, a certain height

► she-tʰaⁿ-ka (šetʰąkká), she-taⁿ-ka (šettąká) - tall enough, a certain height

► cf. a-tʰaⁿ-ka (atʰąkká) - how tall, how high; de-tʰaⁿ-ka (detʰąkká), de-taⁿ-ka (dettąká) - tall, this (much); kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ka (kką́ze atʰąkká) - of equal height; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ka (mįdétʰąká) - half that height

enough, the end

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough

► cf. shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫnį́) - finally, mv/an/sb; shoⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́tʰą) - finally; shoⁿ-tʰe (šǫtʰé) - finally

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper, as it should be, enough, that will do [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop, ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-a-ba (shóⁿ-a-ba) - finally, at length [FL-Osage]; sho-iⁿ-da (shóⁿ-iⁿ da) - enough, satisfying [FL-Osage]; ga-shoⁿ (ga-shóⁿ) - it is enough, sufficient [FL-Osage]; ka-shoⁿ (kaašǫ́) - enough of some activity, final point, end [CQ-Osage]

enter

► o-pʰe (opʰé) - enter, as a lodge ► o-a-pʰe (oápʰe) - I, o-da-pʰe (odápʰe) - you, oⁿ-ko-pa-we (ǫkóPawe) - we

► Dhegiha: o-pa bi (up̣á-bi) - enter [JOD-Omaha]; u-ʰpe (u-p̣é) - to enter [FL-Osage]; o-ʰpe (oʰpé) - enter or go in/into, enter formally as into a peyote meeting [CQ-Osage]; o-pʰe (ophé) - enter [RR-Kaw]

entire

► bdo-ka (bdóka) - circular, round, whole, entire

► cf. o-ma-ni-ka bdo-ka (ománikka bdoká) - year, an entire year; ho bdo-ka (ho bdóka) - sucker, lit. “round fish”; a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka (atʰą́tte bdoká) - forever

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► Dhegiha: bthu-ga (bthúga) - round, circular, whole, entire, all [Omaha/Ponca]; bthu-ga (bthuga) - all, round, cylinder, entire, whole [Omaha]; btho-ga (bthó-ga) - round, cylindrical, entire, a whole thing, a whole, a dollar [FL-Osage]; bro-ka (bróka) - in bulk, wholesale, in large quantities, overall, undivided, by the yard, in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item, in its entirety, fully, whole, entire, complete, dollar [CQ-Osage]; blo-ga (blóga) - the whole, the entire thing, all, dollar [Kaw]

entrails

► shi-we (šíwe), shiu-we (šü´we), shu-we (šúwe) - guts, entrails

► cf. ma-ni-ka shi-we (monikka-chiweh) - worm (ver un) [GI]; shi-we di-sh’iⁿ-sh’iⁿ-da (šíwe dišʔį́šʔįda) - tickle the ribs

► Dhegiha: shi-be (shíbe) - entrails, intestines, guts, innards [Omaha/Ponca]; shi-be (shíbe) - bowels, intestines [Omaha]; shi-be (shí-be), shiu-be (shiú-be), shu-be (shú-be) - entrails, the viscera, intestines [FL-Osage]; shu-pe (šúpe) - intestines, appendix, colon, entrails, insides, stomach area, stomach [CQ-Osage]; shu-we (shúwe), shu-be (shúbe) - guts, intestines, entrails [Kaw]

entrance to a lodge

► ti-zhe (ttíže), (ttižé) - door, entrance to a lodge

► ti-zhe (ttižé) - door [MS]

► ti-zhe (tigeh) - door (porte) [GI]

► cf. ti-zhe ba-si (ttíže basí) - door frame; ti-zhe i-da-kdaⁿ (ttíže idákdą) - door flap; ti-zhe i-si-ze knaⁿ (ttižé isíze kną) - lock, lit. “holds door firm”

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-de (ttižé ákaspe žíka itʰéde) - to shut the door a little

► ex: ti-zhe a-ka-spe zhi-ka i-tʰe-da (ttižé ákaspe jíka itʰedá) - shut the door a little!

► Dhegiha: ti-zhe-be (tizhébe) - door, doorway, entrance to a tent, lodge, or house [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰtsi-zhe (ṭsí-zhe), ʰtsi-zhe-be (ṭsí-zhe-be) - the door of a house or tipi [FL-Osage]; ʰtsi-zhe (ʰcižé) - door [CQ-Osage]; ʰtsi-zhe-pe (ʰcižépe) - doorway, threshold, formal, used especially for God's doorway at funerals [CQ-Osage]; tsi-zhe-be (cizhébe) - door, doorway [Kaw]

equal

► kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in

► cf. koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ékǫ), koⁿ-ze e-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze eką), koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze áką) - similar, alike; koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ a-zhi (kkǫ́ze ékǫ áži) - copy, write over again; koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ-kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze ákąkʰíde) - treat the same, get even with; kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - quantity, number, equal in; kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - size, of equal; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ (kką́ze átʰą) - length, of equal; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - depth, equal or like; kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ka (kką́ze atʰąkká) - height, of equal

► Dhegiha: i-goⁿ-za (ígoⁿça) - copy [Omaha]; goⁿ-ze-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé ḳi-goⁿ) - alike, resembling [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze ʰki-toⁿ-ha (goⁿ-çé ḳi-toⁿ-ha) - equal in height [FL-Osage]; goⁿ-ze thoⁿ-ska (goⁿ-çé 'thoⁿ-çka) - same in size, as large as [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-ʰki-ʰkoⁿ (kǫzéʰkiʰkǫ) - similar to or like each other, resembling each other [CQ-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]; go-ze ei-ki-khaⁿ (góze ékikhaⁿ) - equal length [Kaw]; go-ze e-na (góze éna) - equal, even in number or quantity, an even number [Kaw]; go-ze e-yoⁿ-ska (góze éyoⁿska) - equal in size, as large as, same size [Kaw]

equal in quantity, number

► kaⁿ-ze a-na (kką́ze ána) - equal in quantity, number

► cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; de-she-naⁿ (dešeną́) - quantity, this much, many; koi-she-naⁿ (kóišeną́) - that amount, that quantity; mi-de-naⁿ (mįdéną) - half that many, quantity

► Dhegiha: go-ze e-na (góze éna) - equal, even in number or quantity, an even number [Kaw]

equal or like depth

► kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ha (kką́ze átʰąha) - equal or like depth

► cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; a-tʰaⁿ-ha (atʰą́ha) - how deep; de-tʰaⁿ-ha (detʰą́ha) - deep, this much; miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ha (mįdétʰąha) - half that depth; she-tʰaⁿ-ha (šetʰą́ha) - deep enough, a certain depth

equal, of equal height

► kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ-ka (kką́ze atʰąkká) - of equal height

► cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; a-tʰaⁿ-ka (atʰąkká) - how tall, how high; de-tʰaⁿ-ka (detʰąkká), de-taⁿ-ka (dettąká) - tall, this (much); miⁿ-de-tʰaⁿ-ka (mįdétʰąká) - half that height; she-tʰaⁿ-ka (šetʰąkká), she-taⁿ-ka (šettąká) - tall enough, a certain height

equal, of equal length

► kaⁿ-ze a-tʰaⁿ (kką́ze átʰą) - of equal length

► cf. kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze), koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze) - equal in; ka-tʰaⁿ (katʰą́) - that long, of that length; miⁿ-de-tʰoⁿ (mįdétʰǫ), miⁿ-de-toⁿ (mįdéttǫ) - half that length; she-tʰaⁿ (šetʰą) - long enough, a certain length

equal, of equal size or like

► kaⁿ-ze a-na-ska (kką́ze ánaska) - of equal size or like

► cf. miⁿ-de-na-ska (mįdénaska) - half that size; de-na-ska (denaská) - of this size; ka-na-ska (kanaská) - of that size; koi-na-ska (kóinaská) - size of that distant object; she-na-ska (šenaská) - big enough size, of that size; ha-na-ska (hánaská) - how big/small, what size; ha-na-ska naⁿ-naⁿ (hánaska ną́ną) - how big is each, distributive; ha-na-ska-ska (hánaskáska) - how big is each; ha-na-ska-ska hi-te (hánaskáska hitté) - whatever size, however big

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze thoⁿ-ska (goⁿçé thoⁿ-çka) - same in size, as large as [FL-Osage]; go-ze e-yoⁿ-ska (góze éyoⁿska) - equal in size, as large as, same size [Kaw]

err

► e-koⁿ-zhi (ekǫ́ži), e-kaⁿ-zhi ka-xe (eką́ži káγe) - wrong, do accidentally, err

► cf. e-kaⁿ (eką́), e-koⁿ (ekǫ́) - like, thus, like that, so; zhi (ži) - negative, not; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; e-kaⁿ xti (ékąxtí), e-koⁿ xti (ekǫ́xti) - really, just so

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-a-zhi (egoⁿazhi) - wrong, illegal, inaccurate, incorrect, false [Omaha]; e-koⁿ-zhi (ékǫži) - not be like this or that, be not thus, be otherwise, unseemly, inappropriate, not right, unsuitable, unfitting, ill-advised, wrong [CQ-Osage]; e-go-zhi (égozhi) - not like, not so, not as [Kaw]

escape

► ki-di-ze (kkídize) - escape from confinement

► kde-de (kdéde) - escape, get away

evade

► naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (nąknǫ́da) - kick at and be evaded ► a-naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (aną́knǫda) - I, da-naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (daną́knǫda) - you

► cf. ba-knoⁿ-da (baknǫ́da) - miss when thrusting at; bi-knoⁿ-da (biknǫ́da) - miss, slip from under; da-knoⁿ-da (daknǫ́da) - snap at and miss; di-knoⁿ-da (dikdǫ́da) - fumble, let slip, fail to hold; ka-knoⁿ-da (kaknǫ́da) - fail in hitting at something; pa-knoⁿ-da (páknǫda) - miss cutting something elusive; po-knoⁿ-da (póknǫda) - miss in shooting or thrusting

► Dhegiha: bi-gthoⁿ-tha (bí-gthoⁿ-tha) - to miss hold [FL-Osage]; bo-gthoⁿ-tha (bó-gthoⁿ-tha) - to miss a mark [FL-Osage]; ga-gthoⁿ-tha (ga-gthóⁿ-tha) - failure to knock a man down by striking him [FL-Osage]; thi-gthoⁿ-tha (thi-gthóⁿ-tha) - to fail to get a good hold or grasp, to let a child drop to the floor by accident [FL-Osage]; ba-laⁿ-ya (bálaⁿya) - fail cutting in cutting or sawing by missing the object, to make a mistake in cutting or sawing [Kaw]; bo-laⁿ-ya (bólaⁿya) - miss in shooting punching, or blowing; make a mistake in shooting, punching, or blowing with the mouth [Kaw]; bu-laⁿ-ya (buláⁿya) - miss while trying to jump upon, to press down on an object, as a rabbit, which suddenly jumps aside, going beyond the effect of the pressure, one assumes this refers to a rabbit that is being hunted or trapped [Kaw]; da-laⁿ-ya (dálaⁿya) - miss, as sparks [Kaw]; ga-laⁿ-ya (galáⁿya) - fail to knock down or kill by striking, fail to cut wood, as with an ax, caused by the ax's brushing or slipping by the object without hitting it [Kaw]; naⁿ-laⁿ-ya (naⁿláⁿya) - miss one's footing, miss a place one jumps for, miss what one kicks at [Kaw]; ya-laⁿ-ya (yaláⁿya), ya-laⁿ-ye (yálaⁿye) - miss with the mouth, as when trying to bite or swallow something, deceive, call names, lie [Kaw]; yu-laⁿ-ya (yuláⁿya), yu-laⁿ-ye (yulaⁿye) - miss or fumble in trying to grasp or pull an object which is too large laⁿ-ye (láⁿye) to be handled [Kaw]

evaporate

► ta-da-xiⁿ (tádaγį) - evaporate from heat or cold

► cf. ta (tá) - by extreme temperature

► Dhegiha: na (ná) - by extreme temperature [Omaha/Ponca]; da (da) - by heat, a prefix denoting fire or the effects of fire in it’s destruction, to feeze, frozen [FL-Osage]; ta (táa) - by extreme of temperature, by heat or cold [CQ-Osage]; da (dá) - instrumental prefix indicating effect of fire, heat, or extreme cold (more often heat than cold) [Kaw]

even I

► wi-e-hi-taⁿ (wiéhittą́) - I myself, even I

► cf. wi-e (wíe) - I, me; wi-e e-miⁿ-kʰe-ti (wíe émįkʰétti) - as for me; wi-e-hoⁿ (wíehǫ) - I too, me too, as for me; wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́), wi-naⁿ (wíną) - only I, I alone; wi-e-taⁿ (wíettą) - if it were I; wi-e-te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant; wi-e-zha (wíeža) - but I, whereas I

► Dhegiha: wi-e (wíe) - I, me [Omaha/Ponca]; wi-e (wí-e) - I, me [FL-Osage]; wi-e (wíe) - me, I [CQ-Osage]; wi-e (wié) - I, me [Kaw]

even with, parallel, opposite

► e-ta-ki-kaⁿ-za (ettákkikką́za) - opposite, even with, parallel

► cf. e-ta-kaⁿ-za (ettákkąza) - above, directly, opposite; koⁿ-ze (kkǫ́ze), kaⁿ-ze (kką́ze) - equal in

► Dhegiha: ʰkoⁿ-za-ha gthiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha gthiⁿ) - to sit side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha moⁿ-thiⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha moⁿthiⁿ) - to walk side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za-ha zhoⁿ (ḳóⁿ-ça-ha zhoⁿ) - to lie side by side [FL-Osage]; ʰkoⁿ-za shkoⁿ (ḳoⁿ-çá shkoⁿ) - simultaneous [FL-Osage]

even, get even

► e-ki-k’aⁿ (ékikʔą́) - get even, pay off a wrong ► e-ki-a-k’aⁿ (ékiakʔą́) - I, e-ki-da-k’aⁿ (ékidakʔą́) - you

► Dhegiha: e-goⁿ-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-goⁿ-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - retaliation of one individual upon another [FL-Osage]; e-gi-wa-gi-ʰk’oⁿ (é-gi-wa-gi-ḳ’oⁿ) - revenge, injury for injury received, retaliation of one tribe on another tribe [FL-Osage]

► koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze ákąkʰíde) - treat the same, get even with ► koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ a-kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze áką ákʰide) - I, koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ da-kʰi-de (kkǫ́ze áką dákʰide) - you

► cf. koⁿ-ze e-koⁿ (kkǫ́ze ékǫ), koⁿ-ze e-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze eką), koⁿ-ze a-kaⁿ (kkǫ́ze áką) - similar, alike; kʰi-de (kʰide) - cause to

► Dhegiha: goⁿ-ze-goⁿ (goⁿ-çé-goⁿ) - alike in appearance, similar, uniform [FL-Osage]; koⁿ-ze-koⁿ (kǫzékǫ) - be the same as or like another, like, similar to or identical to [CQ-Osage]; go-ze e-go (góze égo) - alike, resembling something [Kaw]

even, so much as

► ke-hi-te (kéhitte) - even, so much as

► ex: wa-hi mi ke-hi-te da-xoⁿ na-ha (wahí mí k͓éhitĕ taqŭⁿ nahá) - beware, you so much as break one bone …. [JOD]

evening

► pa-ze (ppáze) - evening

► cf. a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; pa-ze de (ppazéde) - evening; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti pa-ze he-be hi a-kde (ešǫ́ ettí ppáze hébe hí akdé) - so already (that) evening I started home

► ex: pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it's almost dark [MS]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze (páze) - evening, dusk, time between afternoon and night [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-ze (páçe) - evening [Omaha]; pa-ze (pá-çe) - evening, close of the day [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ze (ʰpáze) - evening, in the evening time, not quite dark yet, night [CQ-Osage]; pa-ze (páze) - evening, late fternoon [Kaw]

evening meal

► pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]

► cf. pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; de (de) - this, now; wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine

► Dhegiha: pa-ze wa-tha-tʰe (páze wathátʰe) - supper, dinner, evening meal [Omaha/Ponca]; pa-ze wa-tha-te (paçe wathate) - supper [Omaha]; pa-ze wa-noⁿ-bthe (pá-çe wa-noⁿ-bthe) - an evening meal [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ze wa-noⁿ-bre (ʰpáze wanǫ́bre) - supper, evening meal [CQ-Osage]

evening, at night, after dark

► pa-ze de (ppazéde) - evening

► pa-ze de (ppazéde) - at night [MS]

► pa-ze de (páze d¢é) - after dark, “evening went” [JOD]

► cf. pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]; a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► ex: pa-ze-de haⁿ-ke (ppázedé hąké) - it's almost dark [MS]

► ex: pa-zi de haⁿ-ke (ppázi dé hąké) - nearly night

► koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ pa-ze de (k͓öicáⁿtaⁿ páze d¢é) - then it became night [JOD]

► pa-ze de taⁿ kniⁿ-wi (pazĕ d¢é taⁿ k͓níⁿwi) - after dark they camped [JOD]

► pa-ze de haⁿ-ke taⁿ niⁿ-ke-ti ki-wi (páze d¢é hañk͓é táⁿ niñkĕti kiwi) - almost dark, they returned home [JOD]

► Dhegiha: pa-ze the (paze the) - this evening [Omaha]; ʰpa-ze the (ʰpáze ðe) - this evening [CQ-Osage]

evening, darken, become evening on someone or something

► a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening; pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; pa-ze de (ppazéde) - evening; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]

► ex: na-xi-da-hi aⁿ-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (náxidahi ą́hąnąppáze) - it got dark around me suddenly

► ex: a-di-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (ádihąnąppaze) - it got dark on you

► ex: wa-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-za-we (wáhąnąppázawe) - it got dark on us

► Dhegiha: a-ga-ha-na-pa-ze (ágahanapáze) - to be dark over, to overshadow [Omaha/Ponca]; haⁿ-iⁿ-pa-ze (haⁿíⁿpaze) - to get dark [Kaw]

evening, darkness

► haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening

► haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - dark [AG]

► cf. haⁿ (hą), hoⁿ (hǫ) - night; pa-ze (ppáze) - evening; a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something; a-pa-ze (appáze) - nightfall; pa-ze de (ppazéde) - evening; pa-ze de wa-naⁿ-bde (ppazéde waną́bde) - supper [MS]

► Dhegiha: u-ga-ha-na-pa-ze (ugáhanapáze) - darkness [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ga-hoⁿ-noⁿ-pa-ze (uga honnon paçe) - black out, darkness [Omaha]; hoⁿ-noⁿ-pa-ze (hóⁿ-noⁿ-pa-çe) - night darkness, hoⁿ (hoⁿ), night; noⁿ-pa-ze (noⁿ-pa-çe), darkness: jail, this refers to the gloomy aspect of the prison [FL-Osage]; haⁿ-naⁿ-ʰpa-ze (hą́ąnąʰpáze) - night, at night, dark, darken, become/get dark, dark night, darkness of night, jail, guardhouse, prison [CQ-Osage]; haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (háⁿnaⁿpàze) - be darkness, be dark [Kaw]; o-ga-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze daⁿ (ogáhaⁿnaⁿpáze-daⁿ) - during darkness, the other Kansa use haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (haⁿnaⁿpaze), but o-ga-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (ogáhaⁿnaⁿpaze) may be an archaic word, and it agrees with the Ponca in form [Kaw]

ever

► shoⁿ-zho-ki-de (šǫžókide), shoⁿ-zhoⁿ-ki-de (šǫžǫ́kide) - always, ever, never

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, unceasing, enduring [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿ-shoⁿ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-e (shóⁿ-shoⁿ-e) - forever, always, without stopping [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (šǫ́šǫ), shoⁿ-shoⁿ-we (šǫ́šǫwe) - always, forever, during that time, refers to something going on and on through time, uninterruptedly [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ (shóⁿshoⁿ) - always, ever, continually [Kaw]

every single one

► za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one

► cf. za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the; hi (hi), (-hi) - very; with numerals: just, only

► Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody, total [FL-Osage]; za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody [CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or everything [Kaw]

everybody

► za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the

► za-ni (zaní) - all [AB]

► i-za-ni (ízani) - all [AG]

► cf. za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one

► ex: za-ni o-zha ki-we (zaní óža kiwé) - everbody come dance [MS]

► ex: o-zha za-ni ki-wa-we (óža zaní  kiwawe) - everybody come dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha hne za-ni (ą́ba óža hné zaní) - whole bunch of them dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand [AG]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said

► ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

► Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody, total [FL-Osage]; za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody [CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or everything [Kaw]

everyone

► be-ni-zhi (béniži) - everyone

► cf. be (be) - who; beni (bení) - companionless [JOD]; be-a-zhi (béaži) - nobody

► Dhegiha: e-be (ébe) - who, somebody, someone [Omaha/Ponca]; be (be) - whoever, anyone of them [FL-Osage]; pe (pée) - who, whom, to who, whose turn, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one [CQ-Osage]; be (be), (be’) - who, someone, somebody [Kaw]

► za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the

► za-ni (zaní) - all [AB]

► i-za-ni (ízani) - all [AG]

► cf. za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one

► ex: za-ni o-zha ki-we (zaní óža kiwé) - everbody come dance [MS]

► ex: o-zha za-ni ki-wa-we (óža zaní  kiwawe) - everybody come dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ o-zha kdi hne za-ni (šíną óža kdi hné zaní) - you (all) come back again and dance [MS]

► ex: shi-naⁿ za-ni kdi hne (šíną zaní kdi hné) - everybody come back again (request) [MS]

► ex: aⁿ-ba o-zha hne za-ni (ą́ba óža hné zaní) - whole bunch of them dance all night (request) [MS]

► ex: e-che-zha, i-za-ni i-shpa-hoⁿ ni-kʰa-she (eččéža, ízaní íšpahǫ níkʰáše) - goodness, you all that understand [AG]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka za-ni hi a-shi-ti kda-naⁿ-we i-ya (níkkašika zaní hi ášitti kdánąwe iyá) - all of the people went again from the interior of the hill, it is said

► ex: e za-ni zhaⁿ iⁿ-ke (é zaní žą́ įké) - they all reclining

► Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody, total [FL-Osage]; za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody [CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or everything [Kaw]

everything

► za-ni (zaní) - all, all of the

► za-ni (zaní) - all [AB]

► i-za-ni (ízani) - all [AG]

► cf. za-ni hi (zaníhi) - every single one

► Dhegiha: za-ni (zaní) - all [Omaha/Ponca]; za-ni (ça-ní) - all, everything, everybody, total [FL-Osage]; za-ni (záani) - whole, all, everyone, everybody [CQ-Osage]; za-niⁿ (zaníⁿ) - all everybody or everything [Kaw]

evil spirit, devil, Satan

► sh’a-taⁿ-ka (šʔattą́ka), ch’a-taⁿ-ka (čʔattą́ka) - evil spirit, Satan

► sh’a taⁿ-ka (šʔa ttą́ka) - devil [MS]

► cf. sh’a-taⁿ-ka o-ma-ni (šʔattą́ka ománi) - Devil's Promenade, OK

► Dhegiha: ts’a toⁿ-ga (ṭs’á ṭoⁿ-ga) - ts’a (ṭs’á), a contraction of we-ts’a (we-ṭs’á) - snake, toⁿ-ga (ṭoⁿ-ga) - big, Satan, the Osage did not know the name of Satan till the missionaries came [FL-Osage]; ts’a ʰtaⁿ (cʔá htą́ą) - devil, Satan, possibly a contraction of we-ts'a (wécʔa) - snake + ʰtaⁿ (htą́ą), ʰtaⁿ-ka (htą́ka) - big, perhaps borrowed from English Satan [CQ-Osage]

exceedingly

► a-ta-ha (áttaha) - too, exceedingly

► ex: i-ye a-ta-ha naⁿ (iyĕ átahá naⁿ) - he talks too much [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ ataha) - I felt an extreme urge to urinate [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ta-shoⁿ (atashoⁿ) - severe, too much, exceed, excess [Omaha]

► naⁿ-e-he (nąéhe) - exceedingly, very very

► xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► cf. shiⁿ-xti (šįxtí) - fat, very, really; sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people; a-na-hi-te-xti (anáhittéxti) - many, a great many

► ex: a-tʰaⁿ-te bdo-ka aⁿ-kda-xti naⁿ ni-tʰe (atʰą́tte bdóka ą́kdaxti ną́ nitʰé) - I have suffered exceedingly all the time

► Dhegiha: xti (qti) - very, really, real [Omaha/Ponca]; xtsi (xtsi) - verily, very [FL-Osage]; xtsi (xci) - real, really, exactly, very, fully, indeed, precisely [CQ-Osage]; xtsi (xcí) - real, very [Kaw]

excell

► di-ho-taⁿ (dihóttą) - do well, to excell ► bdi-ho-taⁿ (bdíhottą) - I, ti-ho-taⁿ (ttíhottą) - you

► cf. ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good

► Dhegiha: thi-u-doⁿ (thiúdoⁿ) - to make good, to repair [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-tha-gthiⁿ (thi-thá-gthiⁿ) - to improve, to make better [FL-Osage]; thu-tha-liⁿ (ðuðáalį) - make good, fix, remedy, bless [CQ-Osage]

exchange

► i-ki-kaiⁿ-de (íkkikkaįde) - trade, barter, exchange ► i-ki-kaiⁿ-a-de (íkkikkaįade) - I, i-ki-kaiⁿ-da-de (íkkikkaįdade) - you

► cf. i-ki-kaiⁿ-ki-de (íkkikkáįkkíde) - trade something of someone's on him

► Dhegiha: i-ki-koⁿ-wiⁿ-the (ikíkoⁿwiⁿthe) - change, trade [Omaha]; i-ʰki-ʰka-wiⁿ-the (í-ḳi-ḳa-wiⁿ the) - to exchange, to trade, to barter [FL-Osage]; i-ʰki-ʰka-wiⁿ (íʰkiʰkawį) - exchange, trade, swap, change [CQ-Osage]

exist

► niⁿ (nį), (nyį) - be in a location, exist ► bniⁿ (bnį́) - I, tiⁿ (ttį́) - you, oⁿ-niⁿ-we (ǫnį́we) - we

► ex: dedótą bniⁿ (d^¢ed^¢útaⁿ p͓níⁿ), déketitaⁿ bniⁿ (d^¢ék͓etítaⁿ p͓níⁿ) - I am Dhegiha [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - to be [Omaha/Ponca]; thiⁿ (ðį́) - be a certain way, live as, exist as, be characterized by the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ (yiⁿ) - to be, to be so, to be such a one, indicates permanent or long-term condition [Kaw]

► ni (ni) - alive, conscious

► ex: ni-de (níde) - save a life, cause to live

► Dhegiha: ni (ni) - to exist, to live [FL-Osage]; ni (ní) - live, be alive, be living, be well or all right, be in good health [CQ-Osage]; ni (ni) - live, to be alive [Kaw]

► ni tʰaⁿ, ni toⁿ (ni-ton) - life, existence (vie) [GI]

► cf. ni (ni) - alive, conscious; tʰaⁿ (tʰą) - 3sg standing continuative auxiliary; taⁿ (ttą), toⁿ (ttǫ) - possess, have

► Dhegiha: ni ta (níta) - alive, life [Omaha]

► ni o-kniⁿ (ni-unkani) - live, exist (vivre) [GI]

► cf. ni (ni) - alive, conscious; o-kniⁿ (oknį́) -  sit in, dwell in, live in; oⁿ-ka-niⁿ (ǫ́kanį) - we, 1pl continuative auxiliary moving

► ti-ta (tittá) - live, be alive ► aⁿ-ti-ta (ą́titta) - I, di-ti-ta (dítitta) - you

► cf. ki-ti-ta (k͓ítitá) - revived, came to life again [JOD]

expected, do more than expected

► ka-chʰaⁿ-he … naⁿ (kkačʰą́he -ną) - do more than expected

expedition

► ka-xnaⁿ (kaxną́) - migrate, go on hunting expedition

► cf. ka-xnaⁿ o-zhoⁿ-ke (kaxną́ ožǫ́ke) - migratory route, hunting route

► Dhegiha: ga-xthoⁿ (gaqthóⁿ) - hunting party, a hunting party including all or most of a tribe [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-xthoⁿ-the (ga-xthóⁿ-the) - to migrate, to go on a hunting expedition [FL-Osage]; ka-loⁿ-the (kaalóⁿðe) - travel, migrate, go on a hunting expedition [CQ-Osage]; ga-xlaⁿ (gaxláⁿ) - migrate, go an on extensive hunting expedition with many or all of the tribe; to go with a large party, each man taking his household [Kaw]

expend, to expend someone’s property

► ni-ki-de (níkide) - to expend someone’s property

► cf. wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous; give away; ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none”; ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all

► ex: o-ki-hi-ta ni-ki-de tʰe (okíhitta níkide tʰe) - he is anxious to expend it all

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to spend money, to give away one’s own possessions till all are gone, to exterminate, to destroy utterly, annihilate, [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - be out of, be lacking, give away, divest oneself of [CQ- Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out, to bring to nothing [Kaw]; yiⁿ-wa-ya-be (yíⁿwayábe) - he was exterminating them [Kaw]

expert

► ki-shkaⁿ (kkišką́) - quick, expert at something ► a-ki-shkaⁿ (ákkišką) - I, da-ki-shkaⁿ (dákkišką) - you

► Dhegiha: gi-shkoⁿ (gishkóⁿ) - to be quick or handy at doing something [Omaha/Ponca];
gi-shkoⁿ e-goⁿ (gishkóⁿ égoⁿ) - quickly [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-shkoⁿ xti (gishkóⁿ qti) - very rapidly, very fast, very quickly [Omaha/Ponca]; gi-shkoⁿ xti e-goⁿ (gishkóⁿqtiégoⁿ) - very quickly or suddenly [Omaha/Ponca]

► pi-‘oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) also pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ), do well, expresses precocity ► pi-moⁿ (ppímǫ) - I, shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you

► cf. pi-naⁿ (ppíną), pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ) - do well at something precociously

► Dhegiha: pi-oⁿ (pioⁿ) - fix [Omaha]; pi-oⁿ (pi-óⁿ) - expert, skillful [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-oⁿ (ʰpíǫ) - know how to do something, learn, be skilled at or expert in [CQ-Osage]

explode

► ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - soda pop, “exploding water”

► ni po-to-xe (nippóttoxe) - pop (soda pop) [LQ, OM]

► cf. ni (ni) - water, liquid; po-to-xi (póttoxi) - burst from a shot or punch; ba-to-xi (battóxi) - burst by punching, pushing; bi-to-xi (bittóxi) - burst from pressure/weight; di-to-to-xi (dittóttoxi) - one of the sounds of thunder; di-to-xi (dittóxi) - discharge, make a bang; ka-to-xi (kattóxi) - burst, break open; naⁿ-to-xi (nąttóxi) - step on and burst something; ta-to-xi (táttoxi) - burst, to cause by burning

► Dhegiha: ni-ga-ʰto-xe (ni-gá-ṭo-xe) - to splash water with the hands [FL-Osage]; ni-noⁿ-ʰto-xe (ni-nóⁿ-ṭo-xe) - splash with the foot [FL-Osage]; ni ka-pxo-ʰke (niikáapxoʰke) - soda pop, soft drink, lit., “liquid explodes” [CQ-Osage]; ni ga-pʰo-ke (ni gaphóke), ni ga-pʰo-ki (ní gaphóki) - soda pop [Kaw]

exposure, wither from exposure to heat

► ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► cf. t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-ta-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching

express

► oⁿ-te (ǫtté) - expresses denial, sentence final modal particle, uninflected

expresses precocity, do well

► pi-‘oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) also pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ), do well, expresses precocity ► pi-moⁿ (ppímǫ) - I, shpi-zhoⁿ (špížǫ) - you

► cf. pi-naⁿ (ppíną), pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ) - do well at something precociously

► Dhegiha: pi-oⁿ (pioⁿ) - fix [Omaha]; pi-oⁿ (pi-óⁿ) - expert, skillful [FL-Osage]; ʰpi-oⁿ (ʰpíǫ) - know how to do something, learn, be skilled at or expert in [CQ-Osage]

expresses uncertainty, such and such

► te te (tte tté) - such and such, expresses uncertainty, hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ te te (hǫnį́ttą tte tté)

► cf. e-te te (étte tté) - perhaps, maybe; wi-e te-te (wíettetté) - I or whoever was meant

extend

► noⁿ-pe da-ki-a-ti (nǫpé dakkiattį́) - extend the arm towards person

► cf. naⁿ-pe (nąpé), noⁿ-pe (nǫpé) - hand; da-ki-a-tiⁿ (dakkiattį́) - hand, stretch out to someone

► bi-te (bitté) - hands, extended to person address ► pi-te (ppítte) - I, shpi-te (špítte) - you

exterminate

► ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none” ► ni-a-wa-de (niawade) - I, ni-wa-da-de (niwadade) - you, ni-oⁿ-wa-da-we (niǫwadawe) - we

► cf. ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all; wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous, give away

► ex: o-ki-hi-ta ni-ki-de tʰe (okíhitta níkide tʰe) - he is anxious to expend it all

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to exterminate, to destroy utterly, annihilate, to spend money, to give away one’s own possessions till all are gone [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - be out of, be lacking, give away, divest oneself of [CQ- Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out, to bring to nothing [Kaw]; yiⁿ-wa-ya-be (yíⁿwayábe) - he was exterminating them [Kaw]

► ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all ► ni-a-de (niade) - I, ni-da-de (nidade) - you

► cf. ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none”; wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous, give away

► ex: o-ki-hi-ta ni-ki-de tʰe (okíhitta níkide tʰe) - he is anxious to expend it all

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - to exterminate, to destroy utterly, annihilate, to spend money, to give away one’s own possessions till all are gone [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - be out of, be lacking, give away, divest oneself of [CQ- Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out, to bring to nothing [Kaw]; yiⁿ-wa-ya-be (yíⁿwayábe) - he was exterminating them [Kaw]

extinguish

► a-da-zhi (ádaži) - extinguish, scatter ► a-da-a-zhi (ádaáži) - I, a-da-ta-zhi (ádattáži) - you, a-da-oⁿ-zhi-we (ádaǫžíwe) - we

► cf. ta (tá-) - burn; zhi (-ži) - not

► Dhegiha: na-zhi (názhi) - to go out, as a fire [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-na-zhi (thinázhi) - light turned off [Omaha]; da-zhi (dá-zhi) - to extinguish a fire [FL-Osage]; thi-da-zhi (thi-dá-zhi) - to put out a fire with the hands, to put out a light [FL-Osage]; ta-zhi (táaži) - go out, not burn, become extinguished [CQ-Osage]; thu-ta-zhi (ðuutáaži), thi-ta-zhi (ðiitáži) - turn off, switch off, extinguish [CQ-Osage]; da-zhi (dázhi) - be extinguished, to have gone out, as a fire [Kaw]

extreme temperature

► ta (tá) - by extreme temperature

► cf. ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning; ta-shi-ke (tášíke) - ruin something by burning it; ta-shti-te (táštite) - warm, heat up; ta-ka-te (tákkatte) - hot, to be hot; ta-skaⁿ (táską) - melt; ta-xe (táxe) - dried up, dead from heat or cold; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat; ma-ze ta-de (máze táde) - stove; ta-da-xiⁿ (tádaγį) - evaporate from heat or cold; ta we-kdi o-ta-haⁿ (tta wékdi otahą) - fried meat, cooked with the grease [MS]; wa-ske we-kdiu-ta-haⁿ (waské wekdütahą) - frybread [MS, MR, FR]

► ex: a-ta-koⁿ i-ta ka-xa (áttakkǫ ita kaγá) - let the light burn (turn on the lantern, make it burn) [MS]

► Dhegiha: na (ná) - by extreme temperature [Omaha/Ponca]; da (da) - by heat, a prefix denoting fire or the effects of fire in it’s destruction, to feeze, frozen [FL-Osage]; ta (táa) - by extreme of temperature, by heat or cold [CQ-Osage]; da (dá) - instrumental prefix indicating effect of fire, heat, or extreme cold (more often heat than cold) [Kaw]

eye

► i-shta (ištá) - eye

► i-shta (ištá) - eye(s) [MS, MR, AB, OM]

► iⁿ-shta (inschta) - eye, eyes (œil-yeux) [GI]

► i-shta (i˙šDá) - eye(s) [FS]

► cf. i-shta-bni (ištábni) - tear, tears; i-shta we-de da-kniⁿ-zhi (ištá wéde daknį́ži) - be nearsighted; i-shta xi-te (ištá xítte) - blind, be blind; i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - Frenchman, whiteman; i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit. “dark whiteman”

► ex: i-shta niⁿ-kʰe (ištá nįkʰé) - the eye

► ex: i-shta a-toⁿ-we miⁿ-kʰe (ištá átǫ́we mįkʰé) - I'm looking at it [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-shta (ishtá) - eye [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta (iⁿshta) - eyes [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta (iⁿ-shtá) - eye, eyes [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta (įįštá), i-shta (iištá) - eye [CQ-Osage]; i-shta (ishtá) - the eye, pair of eyes [Kaw]

eye, birds’ eyes

► wa-zhiⁿ-ka e i-shta (wažį́ka é ištá) - birds’ eyes

            ► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; i-shta (ištá) - eye

► Dhegiha: i-shta (ishtá) - eye [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta (iⁿ-shtá) - eye [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta (įįštá), i-shta (iištá) - eye [CQ-Osage]; i-shta (ishtá) - eye [Kaw]

eye, buckeye

► ta i-shta (tta ištá) - buckeye, “deer eye” [MS]

► cf. ta (tta) - deer, ruminant, meat, esp. dried meat; i-shta (ištá) - eye

► Dhegiha: ʰta-shka hi (ṭá-shka hi) - buckeye, Aesculus, a kind of tea is made from this tree and taken just before a sweat bath to bring up bile, this is also the name given to the white oak tree [FL-Osage]; ʰta-shka hi (ʰtáška hi) - buckeye tea, used in sweat lodge before a peyote meeting to induce vomiting [CQ-Osage]

eyes, close the eyes

► i-shta di-iⁿ-ze (ištá diį́ze), di-iⁿ-ze (diį́ze) - blink, wink, close the eyes ► bdi-iⁿ-ze (bdíįze) - I, ti-iⁿ-ze (ttíįze) - you

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta thi-p’iⁿ-ze (iⁿshta thíp’iⁿçe) - blink [Omaha]; thu-p’iⁿ-ze (ðupʔį́ze) - blink [CQ-Osage]; i-shta yu-p’iⁿ-ze (ishtá yup’íⁿze) - shut the eyes tightly, blink [Kaw]; yu-p’iⁿ-ze (yup’íⁿze) - close the eyes [Kaw]

eye, iris of the eye

► i-shta o-shaⁿ-shaⁿ (ištá ošąšą́) - iris of the eye

eye, pupil of the eye

► i-shta o-sha (ištá oša), i-shto-sha (ištóša) - pupil of the eye

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; sha (ša) - dark, indistinct black

► Dhegiha: i-shtu-sha-be (ishtúshabe) - iris, “dark part of the eye” [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta u-sha be-thoⁿ (iⁿshta usha bethoⁿ) - pupil of the eye [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta u-sha-be (iⁿ-shtá u-sha-be) - the dark of the eye, the pupil [FL-Osage]; i-shta sa-be (ishtá sábe) - pupil of the eye, lit., “eye-black” [Kaw]

► i-shta maⁿ-te hi zhi-ka hi sa (išta mą́tte hi žika hi sa) - pupil of the eye

eye, white of the eye, cornea

► i-shto-ska (ištóska) - cornea, i-shta (išta) + o-ska (oska)

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye(s); ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: i-shtu-ska (ishtúskă) - cornea, white of the eye [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta u-ska thoⁿ (iⁿshta uçka thoⁿ) - white of the eye [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta o-ska (iⁿ-shta-ú-çka) - the white of the eyes [FL-Osage]; i-shto-ska (ishtóska) - cornea of the eye, white of the eye [Kaw]

eyebrow

► i-shta na-xa-xe (ištá naxaxé) - eyebrow

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta noⁿ-xi-xe (iⁿshta noⁿxixe) - eyebrow [Omaha]; i-shta na-qi-xe (ishtánaqíxe) - brow ridge; the ridge above the eyes [Omaha/Ponca]; i-shta na-qi-xe hiⁿ (ishtánaqíxe hiⁿ) - eyebrows [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta noⁿ-xo-xe hiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá noⁿ-xo-xe hiⁿ) - eyebrows [FL-Osage]; i-shta ni-xu-ghe (ishtá nixúghe) - brow ridge, bone under the eyebrows [Kaw]

► i-shta di-hiⁿ (ištá dihį) - eyebrows [MS]

► cf. i-shta i-di-hiⁿ (ištá idihį́) - eyelash

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta hiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-hiⁿ) - eyebrows [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta hiⁿ (įįštáhįį) - eyebrows [CQ-Osage]; i-shta hiⁿ (ishtáhiⁿ) - eyelashes, eyebrows [Kaw]; i-shta-hiⁿ maⁿ-shi-ta (ishtáhiⁿ maⁿshíta) - eyebrow [Kaw]

► i-shta-ta-he (ištáttahe), i-shte-ta-he (ištéttahe) - eyebrows

eyeglasses

► i-shta wa-sko-knaⁿ (ištáwaskókną) - eyeglasses

► i-shta wa-sko-knaⁿ (ištá waskókną) - glasses, eye glasses, “i-shta (ištá) - eye + wa-ska (wáska) - clear, intelligible + o-knaⁿ (ókną) - put on [MS]

► cf. i-ye wa-ska (iyéwaska) -  interpreter, lit. “talk clear”; da-wa-ska (dawáska) - clearly, plainly; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set one's own, put; pa-ho-knaⁿ (ppahókną), pa-hi o-kdaⁿ (ppáhi ókdą), pa-hi o-knaⁿ (ppáhi ókną) - hat, cap; iⁿ-te o-kdaⁿ (į́tte ókdą) - mask

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-ze i-shta u-gthe (moⁿçe ishtaugthe) - eye glasses, bifocal [Omaha]; moⁿ-ze iⁿ-shta u-gthoⁿ (moⁿ-çe iⁿ-shtá u-gthoⁿ) - eyeglasses [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-ze iⁿ-shto-laⁿ (mą́ze įįštóolą) - glasses, eyeglasses, spectacles, lorgnette, any device worn over the eye or eyes, lit., “metal to place on the eyes” [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ze i-shto-laⁿ (máⁿze ishtólaⁿ) - glasses, eyeglasses [Kaw]

eyelash

► i-shta i-di-hiⁿ (ištá idihį́) - eyelash

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; hiⁿ (hį) - hair of the body, down of bird; i-shta di-hiⁿ (ištá dihį) - eyebrows [MS]

► Dhegiha: i-shta-the-hiⁿ (ishtáthehíⁿ) - eyelashes [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta the-hiⁿ (iⁿshta thehiⁿ) - eyelash [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta-hiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-hiⁿ) - eyebrows [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-hiⁿ (įįštáhįį) - eyebrows [CQ-Osage]; i-shta hiⁿ (ishtáhiⁿ) - eyelashes, eyebrows [Kaw]

► i-shta xe (ištáxe) - eyelashes [MR]

► cf. i-shta-xe (ištáxe) - Frenchman, whiteman; i-shta-xi sha (ištáxi šá) - negro, lit. “dark whiteman”

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (iⁿ-shtá-xiⁿ) - yellow eyes, a white man [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-xiⁿ (įįštáxįį) - white person, French person, Canadian or English person, light eyes, gray, brown, or yellow eyes [CQ-Osage]; i-shta-xe (ishtáxe) - white man, Frenchman, eyebrows [Kaw]

eyelid

► i-shta-ha (ištáha) - eyelid

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► ex: i-shta-ha (ištáha nįkʰé) - the eyelid

► Dhegiha: i-shta-ha (ishtáha) - eyelid [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta-ha (iⁿshta ha) - eyelid [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta-ha (iⁿ-shtá-ha) - skin of the eye [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta-ha (įįštáhaa) - eyelid [CQ-Osage]; i-shta kaⁿ-ha (ishtákaⁿha) - eyelids, upper or lower [Kaw]; i-shta xu-ha (ishtáxuha) - eyelids, lit., “eye skin” [Kaw]

eyelid, lower eyelid

► i-shta-ha to-shi (ištáha toší) - lower eyelid

► cf. i-shta-ha (ištáha) - eyelid; to-shi (toší) - low, lower; i-ha-zho to-shi (íhažó toší) - lower lip; to-shi-hi-ta (tóšihítta) - at the bottom of something; di-to-shi (dittóši) - pull down something as a window

► ex: i-shta-ha to-shi kʰe (ištáha toší kʰe) - the lower eyelid

► Dhegiha: nu-shi (núshi) - low [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-shi-xchi (núshiqchi) - very low [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-nu-shi (ganúshi) - to cut or throw low [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-shi-a-ha (núshiáha) - low, short, down below [Omaha/Ponca]; nu-shi-a-ha-xchi (núshiáhaqchi) - very low [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-nu-shi (thi nushi) - dim [Omaha]

eyelid, upper eyelid

► i-shta-ha maⁿ-shi (ištáha mąší) - upper eyelid

► cf. i-shta-ha (ištáha) - eyelid; maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, heaven; i-ha-zho maⁿ-shi (íhažó mąší) - upper lip; di-maⁿ-shi (dimą́ši) - pull up high; maⁿ-shi de (mą́ši dé) - go up, ascend; maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative; maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit.”talks on high”; maⁿ-shi hi (mąší hi) - cliff; maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mąší ttą́ka) - mountain

► ex: i-shta-ha kʰe (ištáha mąší kʰe) - the upper eyelid

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi a-di (moⁿshíadi) - tall, be very tall, extend from the ground far up into the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi a-ha (moⁿshiaha) - high [Omaha]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]; maⁿ-shi-ta (maⁿshíta) - above, upper, e.g. upper teeth [Kaw]

eyes, both eyes

► iⁿ-shta ni-koⁿ-ni  (inschta nikkoni) - both eyes (deaux yeux) [GI]

► cf. i-shta (ištá) - eye; ni-kaⁿ-ni (níkkąní), ni-koⁿ-ni-hi (nikkǫ́nihi) - pair, both; si ni-kaⁿ-ni (si níkkąní) - both feet

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-ʰku-wiⁿ (nóⁿ-ḳu-wiⁿ) - the two, both [FL-Osage]; na-ʰkoⁿiⁿ (naʰkǫį́), naⁿ-ʰko-wiⁿ (nąʰkówį) - pair, couple, the two of them [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-koⁿ-mi (nóⁿkoⁿmí) - pair, both, couple, two together [Kaw]

eye, close an eye

► to-zhi (tóži) - wink, close an eye

► i-shta to-zhi (ištá tóži) - closed eye

► Dhegiha: iⁿ-shta thi-do-zhe (iⁿ-shtá thi-do-zhe) - to wink, to nictitate [FL-Osage]; i-shta-the thi-to-zhe (iištáðe ðiitóže) - wink or blink the eyes, lit., ‘mash the eyelids’, wink at, blink the eyes at [CQ-Osage]

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