Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

eel

► ho ste-te (hostétte) - eel

► ho ste-te (hostétte) - eel [OM]

► cf. ho (ho) - fish [MS, AB, OM]; ste-te (stétte) - tall, long; ho pa-si ste-te (ho ppási stétte) - gar, long nosed fish

► Dhegiha: hu we-s’a (hu wés’ǎ) - eel, “snakefish” [Omaha/Ponca]; hu we-ʰts’a (hu wéṭs’a) - eel, snakefish [FL-Osage]; ho we-ts’a (ho wéts’a) - eel [Kaw]

effect, sign of sudden effect

► i-naⁿ (iną́) - sign of sudden effect, sentence final

effort, make effort, try, decide

► di-knaⁿ (dikną́), di-kdaⁿ (dikdą) - try, make effort, decide ► bdi-knaⁿ (bdíkną) - I, ti-knaⁿ (ttíkną) - you

► cf. i-di-kdaⁿ (ídikdą), i-di-knaⁿ (ídikną) - think, decide, form an opinion, plan; i-di-kdaⁿ tʰaⁿ-he (ídikdą tʰą́he) - be wise; i-di-knaⁿ hi o-tʰiⁿ (idikną hi otʰį) - to hit an object softly or carefully; wa-di-kdaⁿ ska (wadikdą ska) - wise, sensible; wa-di-kdaⁿ toⁿ (wadikdą ttǫ) - wise, be, have sense

► ex: i-ki-di-kdaⁿ hne (íkidikdą hné) - slow, go easy [MS]

► ex: wa-bdi-knaⁿ (wápt^¢ik͓naⁿ′) - I am planning something

► ex: i-ti-knaⁿ (ítik͓naⁿ) - you plan

► ex: i-di-knaⁿ ni-ka (íd^¢ik͓naⁿ′ niká) - they were deciding

► Dhegiha: hi-goⁿ i-thi-gthoⁿ (hígoⁿ íthigthoⁿ) - tell, slowly, deliberately, to tell a myth, legend, or fable slowly and deliberately [Omaha/Ponca]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (ithigthoⁿ) - thought, idea [Omaha]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - slowly, or at a slow pace [FL-Osage]; i-thi-gthoⁿ (í-thi-gthoⁿ) - to think, to consider, to study, to contemplate [FL-Osage]; i-thi-laⁿ (íðilą) - think about, have on one’s mind, want, wish [CQ-Osage]; i-yu-laⁿ (íyulaⁿ) - proceed carefully (deliberately), decide, form an opinion, judge [Kaw]

effort, with great effort

► wa-shkaⁿ-hi (wašką́hi), wa-shkoⁿ-hi (waškǫ́hi) - hard, with great effort

► cf. wa-shkaⁿ (wašką́) - strong, be strong; wa-shkaⁿ-hi ka-xe (wašką́hi káγe) - strengthen, make strong; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wašką́ttąka) - powerful, all-powerful; wa-shkaⁿ taⁿ-ka (wa-ckáⁿ táñ-k͓a) - a nickname of te zhi-ka (tejik͓a) of the Buffalo gens; All Powerful [JOD]; wa-shkoⁿ-hi a-ki-di-taⁿ (waškǫ́hi ákkidittą́) - to pull hard on

► ex: i-e wa-shkaⁿ-hi aⁿ-da-ki-de (íe wašką́hi ą́dakide) - make loud talking (talk louder to me) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wa-shkoⁿ-hi (washkóⁿhi) - Strength (of Thunder), name [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ (washkoⁿ) - energy [Omaha]; wa-shkoⁿ toⁿ-ga (washkoⁿ toⁿga) - strong, stout, brawn, mighty [Omaha]; a-wa-shkoⁿ (awashkoⁿ) - struggle [Omaha]; a-wa-shkoⁿ xti (awashkoⁿ xti) - endurance [Omaha]; u-wa-shkoⁿ (úwashkoⁿ) - of wa-shkoⁿ (wackaⁿ), strength [Omaha/Ponca]; we-wa-shkoⁿ (wéwashkoⁿ) - of wa-shkoⁿ (wackaⁿ), that which makes people exert themselves or make efforts [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-shkoⁿ (wa-shkóⁿ) - strength, might, force, power, to struggle hard, effort, to make an effort [FL-Osage]; wa-shkoⁿ ʰtoⁿ-ga (wa-shkóⁿ ṭoⁿ-ga) - great strength [FL-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (waašką́) - try hard, do one's best, make an effort, struggle, strength, might, force, power [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ ʰtaⁿ-ka (waašką́ʰtąka) - strong having great strength [CQ-Osage]; wa-shkaⁿ (washkáⁿ) - try, do one's best, make an effort [Kaw]

egg

► i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (-wittá) - egg

► cf. i-ta-de (íttade) - give birth to a child, bear a child; i-ta ha (ítta há) - egg shell; i-ta o-zi (ítta ozí) - egg yolk; i-ta o-ska (ítta oská) - egg white; si-kwi-ta (sikkwittá) - hen’s egg, “chicken egg”; wa-zhiⁿ-koi-ta (wážįkóittá) - bird’s egg

► Dhegiha: we-ta (wéta) - egg [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ta (wéta) - egg [Omaha]; ba-ʰta (bá-ṭa), ʰpa-da (p̣á-da) - an egg [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ta (ʰpáata) - egg [CQ-Osage]; i-ta (itá) - egg [Kaw]

egg shell

► i-ta ha (ítta há) - egg shell

► cf. i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (-wittá) - egg; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell

► Dhegiha: we-ta ha (wéta ha) - egg shell [Omaha]; ʰpa-ta xu-ha (ʰpáata xúha) - eggshell [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-gi-ta xu-ha (wazhìⁿgitá xuhá) - egg shell [Kaw]

egg white

► i-ta o-ska (ítta oská) - egg white

► cf. i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (-wittá) - egg; ska (ska) -white

► Dhegiha: we-ta u-ska (wéta u-ska), we-tu-ska (wétuská) - egg white, the white of an egg [Omaha/Ponca]; we-ta u-ska (wéta uçka) - egg white [Omaha]; ʰpa-ta-ska (ʰpáataska) - egg white [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-gi-ta ska (wazhìⁿgitá ská) - egg white [Kaw]

egg yolk

► i-ta o-zi (ítta ozí) - egg yolk

► cf. i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (-wittá) - egg; zi (zi) - yellow

► Dhegiha: we-ta u-zi (wéta uçi) - egg yolk [Omaha]; pa-ʰta zi thiⁿ-kshe (p̣á-ṭa çi thiⁿ-kshe) - the yolk of an egg, “egg-yellow-that is” [FL-Osage]; ʰpa-ta zi (ʰpáatazi) - egg yolk, lit. “yellow of egg” [CQ-Osage]; wa-zhiⁿ-gi-ta zi-hi (wazhìⁿgitá zíhi) - egg yolk [Kaw]

egg, bird’s egg

► wa-zhiⁿ-koi-ta (wážįkóittá) - bird’s egg, wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažįka) + wi-ta (witta)

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka (wažį́ka) - bird; i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (wittá) - egg; si-kwi-ta (sikkwittá) - hen’s egg, “chicken egg”

► Dhegiha: wa-zhiⁿ-ga i-ta (wazhíⁿga itá), wa-zhiⁿ-gi-ta (wazhíⁿgitá) - bird’s egg [Kaw]; wa-zhiⁿ-ga ʰpa-da (wa-zhíⁿ-ga p̣a-da) - bird’s egg [FL-Osage]

egg, chicken egg, hen’s egg

► si-kwi-ta (sikkwittá) - hen’s egg, “chicken egg”

► si-kwi-ta (sikkwittá) - egg [MS, AG, OM]

► si-ka i-ta (sikkah-iktah) - hen egg, chicken egg (œuf de poule) [GI]

► cf. si-ka (síkka) - chicken; i-ta (ítta), wi-ta (-wittá) - egg; wa-zhiⁿ-koi-ta (wážįkóittá) - bird’s egg

► Dhegiha: zi-zi-kʰa (zizíkʰa) - turkey, wild turkey or domestic turkey [Omaha/Ponca]; siu-ka (çiú-ka) - chicken [FL-Osage]; su-ʰka (súʰka) - chicken [CQ-Osage]; si-ka (síka) - chicken [Kaw]

egg, crack as an egg

► ka-xi-xe (kaxixé), (kaxíxe) - crack something, as an egg ► a-xi-xe (áxixe) - I, da-xi-xe (dáxixe) - you

► cf. di-xi-xe (dixíxe) - crack nuts, nutcracker

► Dhegiha: xi-xe (qíxe) - broken in hollow object, broken in as any hollow object [Omaha/Ponca]; ta-ge i-ga-xi-xe (tage igaxixe) - nut cracker [Omaha]; ga-xi-xe (ga-xí-xe) - to break or crack hard substance like corn, nuts, etc., by striking [FL-Osage]; ka-xu-xe (kaaxúɣe) - split, split open, crack or splinter by sudden impact [CQ-Osage]

► di-xnaⁿ-zhe (dixną́že) - crack something, as an egg ► bdi-xnaⁿ-zhe (bdíxnąže) - I, ti-xnaⁿ-zhe (ttíxnąže) - you

► cf. xnaⁿ-zha-de (xnąžáde) - shivered to pieces

► Dhegiha: thi-xthoⁿ-zhe (thi-xthóⁿ-zhe) - to smash or to squash, as to smash ripe fruit, to pulverize [FL-Osage]; thi-loⁿ-zhe (ðilǫ́že) - chop, grind, grind up [CQ-Osage]; yu-xloⁿ-zhe (yuxlóⁿzhe) - grind up, mash up, to reduce to small pieces or meal by turning around, as with a millstone, mash something up with your hands [Kaw]

eight

► pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight [MS, AB, FR]

► pi-da-bniⁿ (ppidábnį) - eight [MR]

► pe-de-bnaⁿ (ppedébną) - eight [OM]

► pe-da-bniⁿ (pehdaghenih) - 8 [GI]

► pʰe-da-bniⁿ (p'eDáBinį) - eight [FV]

► pʰe-da-bne (p'eDáBine) - eight [VG]

► Dhegiha: pe-tha-bthiⁿ (pethábthiⁿ) - eight [Omaha/Ponca]; pe-tha-bthiⁿ (pethabthiⁿ) - eight [Omaha]; ʰki-e-do-pa (ḳi-é-do-pa) - eight, the archaic word for eight is ʰpe-tha-bthiⁿ (p̣e-tha-bthiⁿ) [FL-Osage]; ʰki-e-to-pa (ʰkietóopa) - eight, literally two fours beside each other [CQ-Osage]; pe-ya-bliⁿ (péyabliⁿ) - eight [Kaw]; ki-a-do-ba (kiadóba) - eight [Kaw]

eight apiece

► pe-da-bni naⁿ-naⁿ (ppedábnįną́ną) - eight apiece, at a time

► cf. pa-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight; naⁿ-naⁿ (-ną́ną), na-na (-naná) - distributive of numerals

► Dhegiha: pe-ya-bliⁿ yaⁿ-ye (péyabliⁿ yáⁿye) - eight apiece, eight each, distributive [Kaw]; ki-a-do-ba yaⁿ-ye (kíadóba yàⁿye) - eight apiece, eight each, distributive [Kaw]

eighteen

► pe-da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ (ppedábnį áknį) - eighteen, “8 sitting on 10”, the contracted and more common form

► pe-da-bniⁿ a-kniⁿ (ppedábnį áknį) - eighteen [MS]

► cf. pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight; a-kniⁿ (aknį) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ pe-tha-bthiⁿ (agthíⁿpethábthiⁿ) - eighteen, the other eight [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gthiⁿ ʰki-e-do-ba (a-gthiⁿ ḳi-e-do-ba) - eighteen [FL-Osage]; a-liⁿ ʰki-e-to-pa (álįį ʰkietóopa), le-braⁿ a-liⁿ ʰki-e-to-pa (lébrą álįį ʰkietóopa) - eighteen, eighteenth [(CQ-Osage]; a-liⁿ pe-ya-bli (alíⁿpeyábli) - eighteen [Kaw]; a-li ki-ya-do-ba (àlikiyadóba) - eighteen [Kaw]

eighth

► i-pe-da-bniⁿ (íppedábnį) - eighth

► cf. pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► Dhegiha: we-pe-tha-bthiⁿ (wépethábthiⁿ) - eighth, the eighth one [Omaha/Ponca]; we-pe-ya-bli (wépeyábli) - eighth [Kaw]

eighty

► kde-bdaⁿ pe-da-bniⁿ (kdébdą ppedábnį) - eighty

► kde-bdaⁿ pe-da-bniⁿ (kdébdą ppedábnį) - eighty [MS]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; pe-da-bniⁿ (ppedábnį) - eight

► Dhegiha: gthe-ba pe-tha-bthiⁿ (gthéba péthabthiⁿ) - eighty [Omaha/Ponca]; gthe-bthoⁿ ʰki-e do-ba (gthé-bthoⁿ ḳi-e do-ba) - gthe-bthoⁿ, ten; ḳi-e do-ba, eight - eight tens: eighty [FL-Osage]; le-braⁿ ʰki-e-to-pa (lébrą ʰkietóopa), le-braⁿ a-liⁿ ʰki-e-to-pa (lébrą álįį ʰkietóopa) - eighty, eightieth [CQ-Osage]; le-blaⁿ ki-a-do-ba (léblaⁿ kíadóba) - eighty [Kaw]

elbow

► i-sto-hi (istóhi), iⁿ-sto-hi (įstóhi) - elbow

► i-sto-hi (istóhi) - elbow [MS]

► cf. i-sto (ísto) - arm below the elbow

► Dhegiha: a-stu-hi (astuhi) - elbow [Omaha/Ponca]; a-stu-hi (açtú-hi) - elbow [Omaha]; i-stu-hi (i-çtú-hi) - elbow [FL-Osage]; a-sto-hu (ástohu) - elbow [Kaw]

► i-sto (ísto) - arm below the elbow

► i-sto (iss-tŭ) - elbow (coude) [GI]

► cf. i-sto-hi (istóhi), iⁿ-sto-hi (įstóhi) - elbow

► Dhegiha: i-sto (iistó) - elbow [CQ-Osage]

► a di-ko-zhe (á dikóže) - bend the arm at the elbow

► cf. a (a) - arm; di-ko-zhe (dikóže) - bend something; ko-zhe (kóže) - crooked; di-ko-ko-zhe (dikókože) - zigzag

► Dhegiha: te-a-thi-gu-zhe (teáthigúzhe) - bent forelegs, the forelegs of animals [Omaha/Ponca]; zhi-be thi-gu-zhe (zhíbe thigúzhe) - bandy-legged, bow legged [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-gu-zhe (thíguzhe) - crooked [Omaha]; bi-thi-gu-zhe (bithiguzhe) - bent [Omaha]; zhi-be thi-ku-zhe (zhibe thikuzhe) - bowlegged [Omaha]

► a o-zhiⁿ-ka (á ožįka) - arm below elbow, forearm

► cf. a (a) - arm; zhi-ka (žiká), (žíka), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little

► Dhegiha: a-u-zhiⁿ-ga (á-u-zhiⁿ-ga) - lower or forearm, from the elbow down to and including the wrist [FL-Osage]; a-o-zhiⁿ-ga (áozhiⁿga) - arm below the elbow, radius [Kaw]

elder

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔakée hí), (šʔaké hí) - old man, elder

► sh’a-ke (jakeh) - old, elderly, aged (vieux) [GI]

► ch’a (čʔa) - old [OM]

► cf. sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very); sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿkʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman's wife

► Dhegiha:iⁿ-sh’a-ge (iⁿshage) - old man, elder [Omaha]; te sh’a-ge (tésh’age) - old buffalo [Omaha]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’a-gé) - old age, a term applied to people and horses [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge (ṭs’á-ge) - father-in-law [FL-Osage]; ʰts’a-ge zhiⁿ-ga (ṭs’á-ge zhiⁿ-ga) - an old man [FL-Osage]; ts’a-ke (cʔáke) - my father-in-law used by a man addressing or referring to his wife’s father; used by anyone referring to a man’s father-in-law [CQ-Osage]; ts’ai-zhiⁿ (cʔáižį) - elderly man; husband, typically used by an older woman speaking to or referring to her elderly husband [CQ-Osage]; ts’a-ge (ts’áge) - old man; father-in-law; fail, be unable for lack of time [Kaw]; (ts’áge zhíⁿga), (ts’ágehiⁿga) - elder; ancestor; any of the deities or supernatural beings, an old man, a venerable man; an ancestor; one of the ancients or supernatural beings: hence, applied to the deities; the father of one's father-in-law; old man; be old [Kaw]

► sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very)

► cf. sh’a-ke hi (šʔakée hí), (šʔaké hí) - old man, elder; sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿkʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman's wife

► sh’a-ke xti (šʔáke xtí) - elders, the very old people

► cf. sh’a-ke hi (šʔáke hí) - old, aged (very); sh’a-ke hi (šʔakée hí), (šʔaké hí) - old man, elder; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: i-shta-xe sh’a-ke e-ka-xnaⁿ niⁿkʰe (ištáγe šʔáke ekáxną nįkʰe) - the old Frenchman's wife

elder aunt on mother’s side

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt

► iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - aunt, older [OM]

cf. iⁿ-da (įdá) - my mother; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature

► cf. ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother

► Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ) - adult animal, adult person, elder [Omaha]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿ-hoⁿ) - older person [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - an adult, to grow, to age, to mature [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ́ǫ) - be old, grow up to adulthood, mature, adulthood, grownups, adults, old folks, elders in times past, old ones, advanced age, old age [CQ-Osage]; noⁿ-hoⁿ (nóⁿhoⁿ) - adult [Kaw]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - old, mature [Kaw]

elder uncle on father’s side

► i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother

cf. i-da-te (idátte) - his or her father; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt

elder, a man’s elder brother

► i-zhiⁿ-de (ižį́de), e-zhiⁿ-de (ežį́de) - man's elder brother ► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my, di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your

► Dhegiha: i-zhiⁿ-the (izhíⁿthe) - elder brother [Omaha]; i-zhiⁿ-the (i-zhíⁿ-the) - his elder brother, brother older than himself [FL-Osage]; i-zhiⁿ-the (ižį́ðe) - his older brother (more precise than English ‘his brother’) [CQ-Osage]; i-zhi-ye (izhíye) - man’s elder brother [Kaw]

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wižį́de) - my elder brother (male speaking)

► wi-zhiⁿ-de (wi-jindheh) - my older brother (frere aîné) [GI]

► Dhegiha: wi-zhiⁿ-the (wizhíⁿthe) - elder brother [Omaha]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wi-zhíⁿ-the) - my elder brother, my brother older than myself [FL-Osage]; wi-zhiⁿ-the (wižį́ðe) - my older brother (used only when speaker is male) [CQ-Osage]; wi-zhi-ye (wizhíye) - my elder brother [Kaw]

► di-zhiⁿ-de (dižį́de) - your elder brother (speaking to a male)

► Dhegiha: thi-zhiⁿ-the (ðižį́ðe) - your older brother (used only when speaking to a man) [CQ-Osage]; yi-zhi-ye (yizhíye) - your elder brother [Kaw]

► i-zhiⁿ-de-de (ižį́dede), e-zhiⁿ-de-de (ežį́dede) - to have as an elder brother ► i-zhiⁿ-de-a-de (ižį́deade) - I, i-zhiⁿ-de-da-de (ižį́dedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-zhi-ye-ye (izhíyeye) - a man to have for an elder brother, to call someone i-zhi-ye (izhíye) [Kaw]

elder, a man’s elder sister

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke), e-taⁿ-ke (eTą́ke) - sister, man’s elder ► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my, di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your

► i-taⁿ-ke (ittą́ke), i-toⁿ-ke (ittǫ́ke) - sister [OM]

► ex: wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► ex: jhi-taⁿ-ke wi-ta kjhi ta niⁿ-kʰe (ǰíttą́ke wítta kǰi tta nįkʰé) - my sister is coming pretty soon, (should be wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my sister, not jhi-taⁿ-ke (ǰíttą́ke), di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your sister [AG]

► Dhegiha: i-ʰtoⁿ-ge (í-ṭóⁿ-ge) - sister, his elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtaⁿ-ke (iʰtą́ke) - his/her older sister, i.e., the oldest among a group of sisters; not necessarily older than the person referred to by "his" or "her" [CQ-Osage]; i-taⁿ-ge (itáⁿge) - man’s or woman’s younger sister [Kaw]

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister

► wi-taⁿ-ke (wittą́ke) - my older sister [MS, MR, AB, AG, OM]

► Dhegiha: wi-taⁿ-ge (wiʇañ′ge) - my sister [JOD-Omaha]; wi-ʰtaⁿ-ke (wiʰtą́ke) - my older sister, used when speaker is male or female, my sister, loosely used mutually among unrelated younger and older female speakers to show respect, my wife, lit., "my sister", used to refer to speaker's wife when they have no children and possibly to address her [CQ-Osage]; wi-taⁿ-ge (witáⁿge) - my younger sister [Kaw]

► di-taⁿ-ke (dittą́ke) - your older sister

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-ge (thi-ṭóⁿ-ge) - your sister [FL-Osage]; thi-taⁿ-ke (ðiʰtą́ke) - your older sister, used by anyone speaking to a man or a woman, referring both to a sister older than the addressee and to the oldest of the addressee's sisters, who may not be older than the addressee [CQ-Osage]; yi-taⁿ-ge (yitáⁿge) - your younger sister [Kaw]

► i-taⁿ-ke-de (ittą́kede) - sister, to have as an elder ► i-taⁿ-ke-a-de (ittą́keade) - I, i-taⁿ-ke-da-de (ittą́kedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-taⁿ-ge-ye (itáⁿgeye) - to have for a sister, to call someone i-taⁿ-ge (itáⁿge) - [Kaw]

elder, a woman’s elder brother

► i-ti-to (ittítto), i-ti-to (eTíTo) - woman’s elder brother, his or hers ► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my, di-ti-to (dittítto) - your

► Dhegiha: i-ti-nu (itínu) - elder brother [Omaha]; i-tsiⁿ-do (i-tsiⁿ́-do) - her elder brother [FL-Osage]; i-ʰtsiⁿ-to (iʰicį́to) - her older brother, any of her brothers who is older than she is [CQ-Osage]; i-tsi-do (icído) - woman's eldest brother [Kaw]

► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my brother, woman's elder (female speaking)

► wi-ti-to (wittítto) - my elder brother (female speaker) [MS]

► Dhegiha: wi-tsiⁿ-do (wi-tsiⁿ́-do) - brother older than myself, woman speaking [FL-Osage]; wi-ʰtsiⁿ-to (wiʰcį́to) - my elder brother, oldest of speaker's brothers, not necessarily older than the speaker, used only when speaker is female, more precise than English, my older brother [CQ-Osage]; wi-tsi-do (wicído) - my elder brother, female speaking; my step-brother, female speaking, older; my father's brother's son, older than myself, female speaking; my mother's brother's daughter's son, female speaking; my mother's sister's son, older than myself, female speaking [Kaw]

► di-ti-to (dittítto) - your brother, woman’s elder (speaking to a female)

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtsiⁿ-to (ðiʰicį́to) - your older brother, used only when speaking to a woman [CQ-Osage]; yi-tsi-do (yicído) - your elder brother, addressing a woman [Kaw]

► i-ti-to-de (ittíttode) - brother, to have as an elder ► i-ti-to-a-de (ittíttoade) - I, i-ti-to-da-de (ittíttodade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-tsi-do-ye (icídoye) - woman to have someone as her older brother, to call someone i-tsi-do (icído) [Kaw]

elder, a woman’s elder sister

► i-zhoⁿ-de (ižǫ́de), e-zhoⁿ-de (ežǫ́de) - woman's elder sister ► wi-zhoⁿ-de (wižǫ́de) - my, di-zhoⁿ-de (dižǫ́de) - your

► Dhegiha: zhoⁿ-the ha (zhoⁿthé ha) - older sister [JOD-Omaha]; i-zhoⁿ-the (i-zhóⁿ-the) - her elder sister [FL-Osage]; i-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (ižǫ́ą) - her elder sister, more precise than English “her sister” [CQ-Osage]; i-zho-we (izhówe) - man or woman's elder sister [Kaw]

► wi-zhoⁿ-de (wižǫ́de) - my elder sister (woman speaking)

► Dhegiha: wi-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (wižǫ́ą) - my elder sister, older than the speaker, used only when speaker is female [CQ-Osage]; wi-zho-we (wizhówe) - my elder sister [Kaw]; wi-zho-we a (wízhowe á) elder sister! (female speaking - address form) [Kaw]

► di-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (dižǫ́de) - your elder sister (speaking to a woman)

► Dhegiha: thi-zhoⁿ-aⁿ (ðižǫ́ą) - your older sister, used only when speaking to a woman [CQ-Osage]; yi-zho-we (yizhówe) - your elder sister [Kaw]

► i-zhoⁿ-de-de (ižǫ́dede), e-zhoⁿ-de-de (ežǫ́dede) - to have someone as elder sister ► i-zhoⁿ-de-a-de (ižǫ́deade) - I, i-zhoⁿ-de-da-de (ižǫ́dedade) - you

► Dhegiha: i-zho-we-ye (izhóweye) - have another woman as an elder sister [Kaw]

elder, old lady

► wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]

► cf. wa-x’o (waxʔó) - woman; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother

elder, old man, grown man

► ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man

► cf. ni-ka (níkka) - man; naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother

elder, old, grown up, mature

► naⁿ-haⁿ (ną́hą), (nąhą́), naⁿ-hoⁿ (nąhǫ) - old, grown up, mature ► aⁿ-naⁿ-haⁿ (ą́nąhą́) - I

► cf. ni-ka naⁿ-haⁿ (níkka ną́hą) - old man, grown man; wa-x’o naⁿ-haⁿ (waxʔó ną́hą) - old lady [MS]; iⁿ-da nyoⁿ-hoⁿ (įdanyǫ́hǫ) - older aunt; i-da-te naⁿ-haⁿ (idátte nąhą́) - man’s father’s older brother

► ex: wi-e naⁿ-hi naⁿ-haⁿ e-ti miⁿ-kʰe (wíe naⁿhí naⁿhaⁿ́ ĕtí miñkĕ́) - I am the eldest [JOD]

elderberries

► ta-ni-ba-he-ta o-da-s’iⁿ (taníbahétta ódasʔį) - elderberries

► cf. ta-ni (taní), ta-niⁿ (tanį́) - tobacco; ta-ni-ba (taníba) - pipe; ta-ni-ba-he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus); ke-naⁿ-ba-xdo da-s’iⁿ (keną́baxdó dasʔį́) - cactus fruit, “what sticks...”

► Dhegiha: u-tha-s’iⁿ (uthás’iⁿ) - connected, joined, in connection with, joined to [Omaha/Ponca]; u-tha-ʰts’iⁿ (u-thá-ṭs’iⁿ) - attached, attachment, as fruit is attached to a vine or tree [FL-Osage]

elderbush

► ta-ni-ba-he-ta hi (taníbahétta hi) - elder bush (Sambucus)

► cf. ta-ni-na (taníba) - pipe; ta-ni-ba-he-ta o-da-s’iⁿ (taníbahétta ódasʔį) - elderberries

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-noⁿ-ba-hu to (noⁿnóⁿbahu tó) - elderberry, lit., “blue pipe stem” [Kaw]

elephant

► o-ki-te ni-ke (okkítte níke) - elephant, lit. “without joints”

► cf. o-ki-te (okkítte) - joint; ni-ke (niké) - none, to have, be lacking

► Dhegiha: u-kʰi-tʰe (ukʰítʰe) - joint [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ʰki-ʰtse (u-ḳí-ṭse) - joint [FL-Osage]; o-ʰki-tsʰe (óʰkicʰe) - joint [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-che (okíche), o-ku-che (okúche) - joint, the place where two bones are joined [Kaw]

eleven

► miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mį́xti áknį) - eleven

► miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mįxti aknį) - eleven [MS]

► cf. miⁿ (mį) - a, one; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully, intensifier suffix; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ wiⁿ (agthíⁿwiⁿ) - eleven, “the extra one” [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gthiⁿ wiⁿ xtsi (a-gthiⁿ́ wiⁿ xtsi) - eleven [FL-Osage]; a-liⁿ wiⁿ-xtse (álįį wį́xce), le-braⁿ a-liⁿ wiⁿ-xtse (lébrą álįį wį́xce) - eleven, eleventh [CQ-Osage]; a-li mi-xtsi (àlimíxci) - eleven [Kaw]

► kde-bnaⁿ-taⁿ miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (kdébnąttą́ mį́xti áknį) - eleven, “10 when 1 sitting on”, same as miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mįxti aknį), the contracted and more common form

► kde-bnaⁿ miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (gĕdēhbŏnāh milchti-agheni) - 11 [GI]

► cf. kde-bnaⁿ (kdébną), kde-bdaⁿ (kdebdą) - ten; taⁿ (taⁿ) - when, if; miⁿ (mį) - a, one; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully, intensifier suffix; miⁿ-xti (mį́xti) - one; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - sit on

► Dhegiha: a-gthiⁿ wiⁿ (agthíⁿwiⁿ) - eleven, “the extra one” [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gthiⁿ wiⁿ xtsi (a-gthíⁿ wiⁿ xtsi) - eleven [FL-Osage]; a-liⁿ wiⁿ-xtse (álįį wį́xce), le-braⁿ a-liⁿ wiⁿ-xtse (lébrą álįį wį́xce) - eleven, eleventh [CQ-Osage]; a-li mi-xtsi (àlimíxci) - eleven [Kaw]

eleven times

► miⁿ-xti a-kniⁿ (mį́xtiaknį́) - eleven times

► cf. hi-numeral-a-ki-kde (hi-numeral-ákkikde) - times, fold, x-fold; hi-noⁿ-xtiⁿ (hínǫxtį) - once, one time; hi-naⁿ-pa a-ki-kde (hínąpá ákkikdé) - double, twofold; hi-da-bniⁿ (hídabnį́) - thrice; hi-to-wiⁿ (hítowį́) - four times; hi-sha-piⁿ (híšappį́) - six times; hi-shaⁿ-kiⁿ (híšą́kkį́) - nine times; hi-sha-pe-a-kniⁿ (híšappeaknį́) - sixteen times

elk

► oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰa (į́pʰa) - elk

► iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk [MS]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ (oⁿpoⁿ) - elk [Omaha]; oⁿ-ʰpoⁿ (ǫ́p̣oⁿ) - elk [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-pxaⁿ (ó̜pxą) - elk [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰaⁿ) - elk, probably the female [Kaw]

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ) - masculine name of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) or Elk gens; Elk [JOD]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ (óⁿpoⁿ) - Elk, male name [Omaha]

Elk Bent

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ ko-sha (aⁿ′-paⁿ kúca) - masculine, Elk Bent (exact part unknown) (Geo R's name); 3rd name of Geo Redeagle, so called when given away to old Joe A Dr., "father" who adopted Geo & gave him this 3rd name-after Geo had very ill … about to die [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; ko-zhe (kóže) - crooked; di-ko-zhe (dikóže) - bend something; di-ko-ko-zhe (dikókože) - zigzag

Elk Foot

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ si (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ sí) - masculine of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) gens: Elk Foot [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; si (si) - foot

► Dhegiha: si (si) - foot, feet [Omaha/Ponca]; si (çi) - foot [Omaha]; si (çi) - foot [FL-Osage]; si (síi) - foot, feet [CQ-Osage]; si (si) - foot, feet [Kaw]

Elk gens or clan

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ e-ni-ka-shi-ka (ǫ́pʰǫ énikkašíka) - elk gens or clan

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) - Elk gens (clan), obtained from Alphonsus Valliere [JOD]

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ e-ni-ka-shi-ka (áⁿpaⁿ énikacíka) - Elk People, obtained from Mrs. Stafford (Hañka gentes, Hañka side) [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; ni-ka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - person, people, a man, clan

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ʰpoⁿ (ǫ́p̣oⁿ) - Elk People, the name of the Hoⁿ-ga gentes who adopted the elk as their gentile name [FL-Osage]; o-pʰaⁿ ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (ópʰaⁿ níkashiⁿga) - Elk people (clan) [Kaw]

Elk that is Supernatural

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ wa-kaⁿ-ta (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ wa-kan′-t͓ă) - masculine of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpaⁿ) gens; Elk that is Supernatural. A name of the chief, John Medicine [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; wa-kaⁿ-ta (wakką́tta), wa-koⁿ-ta (wakǫ́ta) - God; wa-kaⁿ-ta (wa-kań-t͓ă) - masculine name of the Kwapa wakanta or Thunder-being gens, Thunder-being [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa-koⁿ-da (wakoⁿda) - God [Omaha]; wa-koⁿ-da (wakóⁿda) - power, of the sacred stones, name [Omaha]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-da (wa-ḳóⁿ-da) - God, the name applied by the Osage to the mysterious, invisable, creative power which brings into existence all living things of whatever kind [FL-Osage]; wa-ʰkoⁿ-ta (waʰkǫ́ta) - God [CQ-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-da (wakáⁿda) - god [Kaw]; wa-kaⁿ-da (wa-káⁿ-da) - Thunder God, male name [Kaw]

elk, Big Elk

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ taⁿ-ka (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ tañ′-k͓a) - masculine name of the Kwapa Elk gens; Big Elk [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; taⁿ-ka (ttą́ka) - big, large

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ toⁿ-ga (óⁿpoⁿ toⁿga) - Big Elk, male name [Omaha]; o-pʰaⁿ taⁿ-ga (opʰáⁿ táⁿga) - Big Elk, male name [Kaw]

elk, Carried an Elk on His Back

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ k’iⁿ (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ k’iⁿ′) - masculine name of the Kwapa oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (oⁿpʰŭⁿ) gens; Carried an Elk on his back [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry, pack on the back; ki-k’iⁿ (kikʔį́) - carry on one's own back, pack; kda-k’iⁿ (kdakʔį) - carry one's own bundle or pack; ski-ke k’iⁿ (skíke kʔį) - carry a heavy load; wa-k’iⁿ (wakʔį́) - pack; i-k’iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders [MS]; maⁿ-o-zhi i-k’iⁿ (mą́oži íkʔį) - quiver strap

► Dhegiha: ‘iⁿ (‘iⁿ) - carry [JOD-Omaha]; ʰk’iⁿ (ḳ’iⁿ) - to carry [FL-Osage]; k’iⁿ (kʔį́) - carry, carry on the back [CQ-Osage]; k'iⁿ (k'iⁿ) - pack on the back, carry on the back [Kaw]

elk, Standing Elk

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ na-zhiⁿ (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ ná-jiⁿ) - masculine name of the Kwapa Elk gens; Standing Elk [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ noⁿ-zhiⁿ (óⁿpoⁿ noⁿzhiⁿ) - Standing Elk, male name [Omaha]

elk, White Elk

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ ska (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ ská ) - masculine name of the Kwapa Elk gens; White Elk near by [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; ska (ska) - white

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ ska (óⁿpoⁿ ska) - White Elk, male name [Omaha]; o-pʰaⁿ ska (opʰáⁿ ska) - White Elk, near at hand, male name [Kaw]

elk, Young Elk

► oⁿ-pʰoⁿ zhi-ka (oⁿ′-pʰŭⁿ jí-k͓a), (aⁿ′paⁿ jik͓á) - masculine name of the Kwapa Elk gens; Young Elk; Geo. Lane [JOD]

► cf. oⁿ-pʰaⁿ (ǫ́pʰą), oⁿ-pʰoⁿ (ǫ́pʰǫ), iⁿ-pʰoⁿ (įpʰǫ) - elk; zhi-ka (žiká), zhi-ga (žigá) - small, little, young

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-poⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (óⁿpoⁿ zhiⁿga) - Young Elk, male name [Omaha]; o-pʰaⁿ zhiⁿ-ga (opʰáⁿ zhíⁿga) - Young Elk, male name [Kaw]

elliptical

► sto-ka (stokká) - oblong, elliptical, Omaha sno-ka (snokka)

► cf. di-sto-ka (distókka) - round, make elliptical

► Dhegiha: snu-ʰka (çnú-ḳa) - oval, egg-shaped [FL-Osage]

► di-sto-ka (distókka) - round, make elliptical ► bdi-sto-ka (bdístokka) - I, ti-sto-ka (ttístokka) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand; sto-ka (stokká) - oblong, elliptical, Omaha sno-ka (snokka)

► Dhegiha: snu-ʰka (çnú-ḳa) - oval, egg-shaped [FL-Osage]

elm

► e-hi (ehí) - elm tree

► Dhegiha: e-hiu (é-hiu) - elm tree [FL-Osage]; e-hiu hiⁿ-dse ni-shtu-shtu (é-hiu hiⁿ-dse ni-shtu-shtu) - slippery elm [FL-Osage]; e-hu (ehú) - elm [Kaw]

► hiⁿ-te naⁿ-be hi (hį́tte ną́be hi) - elm tree, slippery

► Dhegiha: hiⁿ-dse gthi-gthi-e (híⁿ-dse gthi-gthi-e), hiⁿ-dse ni-stse-stse (híⁿ-dse ni-stse-stse) - slippery elm [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-dse ni-stsi-stu-e (híⁿ-dse ni-stsi-stu-e) - slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) [FL-Osage]; hiⁿ-je hu (híⁿje hu) - elm tree, bass or linden [Kaw]; hiⁿ-je (híⁿje) - elm [Kaw]; hiⁿ-je shtsu-shtse (híⁿje shcúshce) - slippery elm [Kaw]

elsewhere

► e-ki-zhi (ekíži) - somewhere else, elsewhere

► cf. ki (ki) - be returning to here; zhi (ži) - not

► ex: koⁿi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-ki-zhi bde ta-ni-he (kǫišǫ́ttą ekíži bdé ttánihé) - so I am going to go somewhere else

► ex: ki-zhi (kíji) - he did not reach home [JOD]

► Dhegiha: gi (gi) - comeback, return home, to go back, go homeward [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gi (a-gi), gi-e (gi-e) - return, returned [FL-Osage]; gi (gi) - motion back to somewhere, go back, return [Kaw]

elusive, miss cutting something elusive

► pa-knoⁿ-da (páknǫda) - miss cutting something elusive ► pa-a-knoⁿ-da (páaknǫ́da) - I, pa-da-knoⁿ-da (pádaknǫ́da) -you

► cf. ba-knoⁿ-da (baknǫ́da) - miss when thrusting at; bi-knoⁿ-da (biknǫ́da) - miss, slip from under; da-knoⁿ-da (daknǫ́da) - snap at and miss; di-knoⁿ-da (dikdǫ́da) - fumble, let slip, fail to hold; ka-knoⁿ-da (kaknǫ́da) - fail in hitting at something; naⁿ-knoⁿ-da (nąknǫ́da) - kick at and be evaded; po-knoⁿ-da (póknǫda) - miss in shooting or thrusting

► Dhegiha: bi-gthoⁿ-tha (bí-gthoⁿ-tha) - to miss hold [FL-Osage]; bo-gthoⁿ-tha (bó-gthoⁿ-tha) - to miss a mark [FL-Osage]; ga-gthoⁿ-tha (ga-gthóⁿ-tha) - failure to knock a man down by striking him [FL-Osage]; thi-gthoⁿ-tha (thi-gthóⁿ-tha) - to fail to get a good hold or grasp, to let a child drop to the floor by accident [FL-Osage]; ba-laⁿ-ya (bálaⁿya) - fail cutting in cutting or sawing by missing the object, to make a mistake in cutting or sawing [Kaw]; bo-laⁿ-ya (bólaⁿya) - miss in shooting punching, or blowing; make a mistake in shooting, punching, or blowing with the mouth [Kaw]; bu-laⁿ-ya (buláⁿya) - miss while trying to jump upon, to press down on an object, as a rabbit, which suddenly jumps aside, going beyond the effect of the pressure, one assumes this refers to a rabbit that is being hunted or trapped [Kaw]; da-laⁿ-ya (dálaⁿya) - miss, as sparks [Kaw]; ga-laⁿ-ya (galáⁿya) - fail to knock down or kill by striking, fail to cut wood, as with an ax, caused by the ax's brushing or slipping by the object without hitting it [Kaw]; naⁿ-laⁿ-ya (naⁿláⁿya) - miss one's footing, miss a place one jumps for, miss what one kicks at [Kaw]; ya-laⁿ-ya (yaláⁿya), ya-laⁿ-ye (yálaⁿye) - miss with the mouth, as when trying to bite or swallow something, deceive, call names, lie [Kaw]; yu-laⁿ-ya (yuláⁿya), yu-laⁿ-ye (yulaⁿye) - miss or fumble in trying to grasp or pull an object which is too large laⁿ-ye (láⁿye) to be handled [Kaw]

embankment

► maⁿ-zi (mą́azi) - bank, embankment

► cf. ma-zi o-di-ko-te (mázi ódikótte) - bluff, cliff; ma-zi-ya (mazíya) - shore

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-ka-spe (mą́azi ákaspe) - to cave in on, as a bank does

► ex: maⁿ-zi a-di-ka-spe na-ha (mą́azi ádikáspe nahá) - beware lest the bank cave in on you!

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-a (moⁿa) - cliff, bank, steep place, cliff or river bank [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ (moⁿ) - earth, ground, archaic word used in compounds [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-ha (móⁿ-ha) - a cliff, a bank [FL-Osage]; maⁿ (mąą) - related to the ground or earth [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-a-hnaⁿ (máⁿahnaⁿ) - said of a stream that hugs a cliff, thereby forming a cove [Kaw]

embarrassed to ask a favor

► a-ki-pa-kda (ákipakda) - embarrassed to ask favor

► cf. a-ba-kda (ábakda) - hesitate from shame or diffidence when about to ask a favor of someone not related

► Dhegiha: a-ba-gtha (ábagtha) - to hesitate or draw back through shame or diffidence [Omaha/Ponca]; wa-ba-gtha (wabagtha) - bashful [Omaha]; a-ba-gtha (á-ba-gtha) - backward, bashful, diffident, shy [FL-Osage]; wa-ba-gtha (wá-ba-gtha) - shy, bashful, modest, modesty, shamefaced [FL-Osage]; a-ba-la (ábala) - bashful, hesitant or draw back through shame or diffidence [Kaw]; a-gi-ba-la (ágibala) - be ashamed to speak to his or her in- laws, as to a father-in-law or mother-in-law, a son-in- law or daughter-in-law; to be bashful towards such a person, this term refers to traditional social customs that required avoidance between certain relatives, such as those identified here by JOD, violating this restriction would cause shame to both parties [Kaw]

ember

► tʰa-kde (t'ákkaDe) - coal, ember [FS]

► ta-xde sa (táxde sa) - coal, “black coal” [MS]

► ta-xde (táxde) - coals, charcoal

► cf. iⁿ ta-xde (į́ ttáxde) - coal, lit. “stone charcoal”; ta-xde ki-kde-zhe (taxdé kkikdéže) - dead coals; ta-xde we-kdi (táxde wékdi) - coal oil; ta-xde we-kdi a-ta-kaⁿ (táxde wékdi áttakką́) - coal oil lamp

► Dhegiha: noⁿ-xthe na-ka-de (noⁿxthé nakade) - ember [Omaha]; noⁿ-xthe (noⁿxthe) - coal fuel, charcoal [Omaha]; noⁿ-xthe (noⁿ-xthé) - charcoal, coal [FL-Osage]; naⁿ-xle (naⁿxlé) - coals, embers [Kaw]

emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną) - smell, emit any odor

► bnaⁿ (bną) - smell [OM]

► cf. di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands); o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something; ta-bnaⁿ (tábną) - to smell of something burning; xdi bnaⁿ (xdí bną), xti bnaⁿ (xtí bną) - smell like decayed vegetables

► ex: xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - smoke, to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS]

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, emit odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - smell, fumes, odor [Omaha]; bthoⁿ (bthoⁿ) - odor, scent [FL-Osage]; braⁿ (brą́) - smell, emanate an odor, give off a fragrance, scent [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ (blaⁿ) - smell, odor, emit an odor, exhale [Kaw]

emit bad odor

► bdaⁿ shi-ke (bdą šíke), bnaⁿ shi-ke (bną šíke) - smell bad

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną) - smell, emit any odor; shi-ke (šíke) - bad

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ pi-a-zhi (bthoⁿ piazhi) - bad odor [Omaha]; bthaⁿ pi-a-zhi (b¢áⁿ píäjǐ) - a bad odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ pi-zhi (bthóⁿ p̣i-zhi) - an offensive smell [FL-Osage]; braⁿ ʰpi-zhi (brą ʰpíiži) - it smells bad [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ pi-zhi (blaⁿ pízhi) - smell bad, emit a bad odor [Kaw]

emit good odor

► bdaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bdą hóttą), bnaⁿ ho-taⁿ (bną hóttą) - smell good

► cf. bnaⁿ (bną) - smell, emit any odor; ho-taⁿ (hóttą) - good

► Dhegiha: bthoⁿ u-doⁿ (bthoⁿ udoⁿ) - good odor [Omaha]; bthaⁿ u-daⁿ (b¢áⁿ údaⁿ) - a good odor [Omaha/Ponca]; bthoⁿ tha-gthiⁿ (bthoⁿ-thá-gthiⁿ) - odor smell good, fragrance, pleasing odor [FL-Osage]; braⁿ tha-liⁿ (brą ðáalį) - it smells good [CQ-Osage]; blaⁿ ya-li (blaⁿ yali) - smell good, emit a good odor [ Kaw]

emit offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį), xo-wiⁿ (xowį́) - stink, emit offensive odor

► xwiⁿ (xwį) - stink [MS]

► ex: si xwiⁿ (si xwį) - stink feet [OM]

► ex: ni xwiⁿ (ni xwį) - sulphur spring water [OM]

► Dhegiha: xwiⁿ (qwiⁿ), xuiⁿ (quíⁿ) - corrupt, putrid, rotten, offensive, stink, stinking, as carrion [Omaha/Ponca]; xuiⁿ (xuiⁿ) - stink, stench [Omaha]; xwiⁿ (xwiⁿ) - fetid, offensive smell [FL-Osage]; xoiⁿ (ɣoį́) - stink, stinky, fetid odor or offensive smell [CQ-Osage]

► zaⁿ-ze (zą́ze) - smell, offensive, strong smell

► cf. to-si zaⁿ-ze (tosí zą́ze) - armpit odor

► Dhegiha: zoⁿ-ze (zóⁿze) - musky, smelly, strong smelling like a goat or a male deer [Omaha/Ponca]; zoⁿ-ze (zoⁿze) - stink [Omaha]; zaⁿ-zi (zą́zi) - sour odor, acrid smell, such as armpit odor or onion smell [CQ-Osage]

empty

► kdo-x’a (kdoxʔa), xdo-x’a (xdoxʔa) - empty

► cf. maⁿ-xdo-x’a (mąxdoxʔa), maⁿ-kdo-xa (mąkdóxa) - cave, lit. “hollow earth”; o-kdo-x’a (okdóxʔa) - insides, interior of animal; di-kdo-x’a (dikdóxʔa), di-kto-x’a (diktóxʔa) - empty by pulling contents out

► Dhegiha: xthu-’a (qthu’a) - hollow, baggy [Omaha/Ponca]; xthu-’a (qthu’a) - intestines, guts, innards, everything inside the abdominal cavity, “hollow places” above the hips [Omaha/Ponca]; xthu-’a (xthu’a) - hollow, empty [Omaha]; xthu-xa (qthúqa) - empty, emptied of its contents [Omaha/Ponca]; xtho-ʰk’a (xthó-ḳ’a) - empty, emptiness [FL-Osage]; xthu-‘a (xthú-‘a) - any kind of a hollow in a tree or log, sometimes written xthu-ʰk’a (xthú-ḳ’a) [FL-Osage]; xlo-k’a (xlók’a) - hollow, empty [Kaw]

empty by pulling contents out

► di-kdo-x’a (dikdóxʔa), di-kto-x’a (diktóxʔa) - empty by pulling contents out ► bdi-kdo-x’a (bdíkdoxʔa) - I, ti-kdo-x’a (ttíkdoxʔa) - you

► cf. kdo-x’a (kdoxʔa), xdo-x’a (xdoxʔa) - empty; maⁿ-xdo-x’a (mąxdoxʔa), maⁿ-kdo-xa (mąkdóxa) - cave, lit. “hollow earth”; o-kdo-x’a (okdóxʔa) - insides, interior of animal

► Dhegiha: yu-xlo-k’a (yuxlók’a) - empty by pulling out the contents, as a quiver or a basket [Kaw]

empty something, pour out

► ka-xtaⁿ (kaxtą́) - pour out, empty something ► a-xtaⁿ (áxtą) - I, da-xtaⁿ (dáxtą) - you

► cf. a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize; di-xtaⁿ (dixtą́) - pull at, pull over, upset; naⁿ-xtaⁿ (nąxtą́) - kick over, spill

► Dhegiha: pe ni a-ga-xtoⁿ (péni agaxtoⁿ) - baptize, anoint [Omaha]; xtoⁿ (qtoⁿ) - drip, pour [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-xtoⁿ (thixtoⁿ) - drain [Omaha]; ni ga-xtoⁿ (ní-ga-xtoⁿ) - to pour water, to spill water [FL-Osage]; wa-ga-xtoⁿ (wagáxtoⁿ) - the act of pouring water [FL-Osage]; o-ka-xtaⁿ (okáxtą), o-ka-xta (okáxta) - pour or dump out [CQ-Osage]; thi-xtaⁿ (ðixtą́) - pour, draw water or run water [CQ-Osage]; ga-xtaⁿ (gaxtáⁿ) - pour out, empty out, throw out dirt [Kaw]; xtaⁿ (xtáⁿ) - leak in, drip out, empty out, spill [Kaw]

end

► o-hoⁿ-ke (ohǫ́ke) - end

► Dhegiha: u-hoⁿ-ge (uhoⁿge) - end [Omaha]; u-hoⁿ-ge (u-hóⁿ-ge) - the end of anything, as a month, year, or stick, the borders, the outer edge, the head of, the source, of a stream [FL-Osage]; oⁿ-hoⁿ-ge (oⁿhóⁿge) - end of something [Kaw]

► shoⁿ (šǫ) - the end, enough

► cf. shoⁿ-niⁿ (šǫnį́) - finally, mv/an/sb; shoⁿ-tʰaⁿ (šǫ́tʰą) - finally; shoⁿ-tʰe (šǫtʰé) - finally

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - fit, proper, as it should be, enough, that will do [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - quit, stop, ready [Omaha]; shoⁿ (shoⁿ) - complete, perfect, it is done [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-a-ba (shóⁿ-a-ba) - finally, at length [FL-Osage]; sho-iⁿ-da (shóⁿ-iⁿ da) - enough, satisfying [FL-Osage]; ga-shoⁿ (ga-shóⁿ) - it is enough, sufficient [FL-Osage]; ka-shoⁿ (kaašǫ́) - enough of some activity, final point, end [CQ-Osage]

ends touch

► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéade) - I, a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikkíkde itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch

► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch ► a-ki-ki-kde i-he-da-de (ákkikkíkde ihédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch

► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-de (ákkikdáska itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch ► a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-a-de (ákkikdáska itʰéade) - I, a-ki-kda-ska i-tʰe-da-de (ákkikdáska itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-ki-ki-kde i-tʰe-de (ákkikkíkde itʰéde) - put two standing, inanimate objects so their ends touch; a-ki-ki-kde i-he-de (ákkikkíkde ihéde) - put two long inanimate objects, e.g., books, planks, so their ends touch; a-ki-knaⁿ i-naⁿ-de (ákkikną iną́de) - put two sitting curvilinear objects so their edges touch

enemy within the tribe

► o-zhaⁿ wa-kniⁿ-zhi (óžą waknį́ži) - enemy (within the tribe), “a bad person to sleep among”

► cf. ti o-zhaⁿ (ttí ožą́) - household, family; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline, sleep; ki-da-kni-zhi (kídakníži) - unhappy, discontented

► Dhegiha: u-ki-te (ukíte) - tribe, fight external foes [Omaha]; u-kʰi-t’e (ukʰít’e) - fight, to fight [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ki-t’e-the (u-kí-t’ĕ-¢ĕ) - to regard one as an enemy [Omaha/Ponca]; u-ki-t’e i-e (u-kí-t’ĕ i-é) - a foreign word or language [Omaha/Ponca]; o-ʰki-ʰtse (oʰkíʰce) - tribe other than Osage, off-tribe, enemy, stranger [CQ-Osage]; o-ki-tse (okíce), o-ku-tse (okúce) - nation, different tribe, stranger, foreigner, enemy, foe [Kaw]

engine, railroad engine

► pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da so-te (pétĕ júⁿ d^¢itaⁿd^¢á sutĕ΄) - railroad engine [JOD]

► zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da so-te (žǫ́ dittą́da sotté) - train, locomotive, lit., “wagon go fast” [MS]

► pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da) - locomotive, lit., “fire wagon”

► pe-te zhoⁿ di-taⁿ-da ti (ppétte žǫ́dittą́da ttí) - train, lit., “fire wagon house”

► cf. pe-te (ppétte) - fire; zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - tree, wood; o-di-taⁿ-da (odíttąda) - turn something, pull around; o-di-taⁿ-taⁿ-da (odíttąttą́da) - roll something over and over; zhaⁿ-di-taⁿ-da (žą́dittą́da) - wagon, “running wood”; zhaⁿ o-di-taⁿ-da (žą ódittą́da) - wagon, cart; so-te (sotté) - fast, swift of an animal

► Dhegiha: thi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (thi-ṭóⁿ-tha) - to roll [FL-Osage]; u-thi-ʰtoⁿ-tha (u-thí-ṭoⁿ-tha) - anything propelled by rolling, a wagon, buggy, a carriage [FL-Osage]; o-thi-taⁿ (oðíʰtą) - car, wagon [CQ-Osage]; i-taⁿ-yaⁿ (ítaⁿyaⁿ) - wagon, cart [Kaw]; o-yu-taⁿ-ya (oyútaⁿya), o-yu-taⁿ-ya (óyutaⁿya) - wagon, cart [Kaw]