Quapaw Dictionary

English to Quapaw Dictionary
A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z
Quapaw Sources	Dhegiha Sources

U.S. President - Up, wrinkle up uphill - utmost

uphill

► o-i-naⁿ-be (óinąbé) - uphill

► cf. o-i-naⁿ-be o-ka-xde (óinąbé okáxde) - facing uphill

► Dhegiha: u-i-thoⁿ-be (uíthoⁿbe) - up-hill [Omaha/Ponca]; i-yoⁿ-be (íyoⁿbe) - uphill [Kaw]

uphill, facing uphill

► o-i-naⁿ-be o-ka-xde (óinąbé okáxde) - facing uphill

► cf. o-i-naⁿ-be (óinąbé) - uphill; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards

► Dhegiha: u-i-thoⁿ-bu-ga-xthe (uíthoⁿbugáqthe) - to be facing up-hill: to lie or extend up-hill [Omaha/Ponca]

upon one another

► a-ki-kniⁿ-xti (ákkiknį́xti) - in a great crowd, crowding together upon one another, sitting upon one another

► cf. a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-ki-kniⁿ (akíkniⁿ) - to sit on one’s own [JOD]; xti (-xti) - very, real, fully

► ex: a-ki-kniⁿ-xti ti tʰe-ti hi-we i-ya (ákkiknį́xti ttí tʰétti híwe iyá) - they went to the lodge, crowding together, sitting upon one another, it is said (they say) [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ʰki-gthiⁿ (á-ḳi-gthiⁿ) - to sit upon one another [FL-Osage]; a-gi-liⁿ (ágiliⁿ) - sit on one’s own [Kaw]

upon, look upon

► a-taⁿ-we (átąwe), (áttąwe) - look upon ► a-a-taⁿ-we (áattąwe) - I, a-da-taⁿ-we (ádattą́we) - you

► a-toⁿ-we (átǫwe) - to look upon [MR]

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; for; at; toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something; a-ki-toⁿ-we (ákkittǫ́we) - watch out for, beware of; take great care of; refrain from

► ex: a-toⁿ-we (atǫ́we) - I looked at him [JOD]

► ex: a-toⁿ-wa-zhi (atǫ́waži) - I did not look at him [JOD]

► ex: i-shta a-toⁿ-we miⁿ-kʰe (ištá átǫ́we mįkʰé) - I’m looking at it [MS]

► ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ ta-miⁿ-kʰe (áwittąwe ažą́tta mįkʰe) - I will lie watching you

► ex: a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - I look (down) on you/I will recline [JOD]

► ex: de tʰe o-wa-di-te niⁿ-kʰe a-pa-po e-ta-kaⁿ-za a-wi-taⁿ-we a-zhaⁿ tta miⁿ-kʰe (dé tʰe owáditte nįkʰé áppapo ettákkąza áwittą́we ažą́ tta mįkʰé) - when he (Grizzly bear) goes, I will lie down looking at you, at the edge of the hill directly above the place where you capture the game [JOD]

► ex: pa-xa-taⁿ a-toⁿ-we (ppaγ[e]á-ttą atǫ́we) - I did it/when/I looked at him [JOD]

► ex: i-shta xi-xi-te pa-xa-taⁿ a-toⁿ-we de-a-de miⁿ-kʰe (ištá xixítte ppaγ[e]á-ttą atǫ́we deáde mįkʰé) - I was peeping out of the corner of my eyes looking at him [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé) - back/I looked/when/I fell down [JOD]

► ex: a-shi a-toⁿ-we taⁿ a-hi-pʰe, maⁿ-da hi a-zhaⁿ, wa-tʰe aⁿ-ka-ze hi kaⁿ hi a-zhaⁿ, e-shoⁿ t’e paⁿ-ze miⁿ-kʰe (áši atǫ́we tą ahipʰé, mąda hí ažą́, watʰé ąkaze hí ką́ hi ažą́, éšǫ́ tʔe ppą́ze mįkʰe) - when I looked back I fell down, I laid there on my back, my dress flew up on me, so I laid there pretending to be dead [JOD]

► ex: a-toⁿ-we-ki-de di-knaⁿ (atǫ́wekidé díkną) - he planned/tried to make me look at him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-doⁿ-be (ádoⁿbe) - look straight at, as in an arrow or the sight of a gun, so as not to miss the mark; to look to, to look at, to oversee [Omaha/Ponca]; a-doⁿ-be (á-doⁿ-be) - to watch over with care; to guard; to aim carefully; to escort [FL-Osage]; a-toⁿ-pe (átǫpe) - watch over, watch, tend, take care of some entity, such as a baby or a purse, or some process, such as cooking [CQ-Osage]; a-doⁿ-be (ádoⁿbe) - oversee, look to or at; watch over [Kaw]

upon, on

► a (a) - on, upon

► ex: a-zhaⁿ (ážą) - bed, bedstead; a (a) - on, upon + zhaⁿ (žą), zhoⁿ (žǫ) - lie, recline

► ex: a-wa-naⁿ-bde (áwaną́bde) - table; a (a) - on, upon + wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine

► ex: a-taⁿ-we (átąwe) - look upon; a (a) - on, upon + toⁿ-we (tǫ́we), taⁿ-we (tą́we) - look at something

► ex: a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon; a (a) - on, upon + na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► ex: a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat, sit on; a (a) - on, upon + kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place

► ex: shoⁿ-ke-a-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį) - horse; shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog + a-kniⁿ (áknį) - sit on

► ex: a-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (áhąnąppáze) - darken, become evening on someone or something; a (a) - on, upon + haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening

► ex: a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface; a (a) - on, upon + knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set or put a singular/inanimate object

► ex: a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; a (a) - on, upon + ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set one’s own, put

► ex: a-k’oⁿ-he (ákʔǫhe), a-k’aⁿ-he (ákʔąhe) - put a horizontal inanimate object on a surface; a (a) - on, upon + k’aⁿ-he (kʔą́he) - lay something down, to lay out

► Dhegiha: a (a) - on, upon; verbal prefix or prep. [JOD-Omaha]; a (a) - on, upon [FL-Osage]; a (á) - on, upon; for (locative prefix; sometimes has benefactive sense) [CQ-Osage]; a (á) - locative prefix to verbs; on, at [Kaw]

upon, once upon a time

► haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (hą́tʰąhí), haⁿ-taⁿ-hi (hą́ttąhí) - once upon a time

► cf. ha-tʰaⁿ (hatʰą́), aⁿ-tʰaⁿ (ą́tʰą) - when; ha-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (hatʰą́ttą), a-tʰaⁿ-taⁿ (atʰą́ttą) - when, in the future; ha-tʰaⁿ-ti (hatʰą́tti) - when, at what time; hoⁿ-tʰaⁿ (hǫ́tʰą) - why; when

► ex: haⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi ni-ka wa-x’o i-da-kda-niⁿ ta-bde da-we (hą́tʰąhí níkka waxʔó idákdanį́ tábde dáwe) - once upon a time, a man and his woman went hunting [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ-doⁿ (atʰóⁿdoⁿ) - at what time or season [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-ʰtoⁿ-doⁿ (ha-ṭoⁿ-doⁿ) - when; when will [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-ta (haatxą́ta), ha-kxaⁿ-ta (haakxą́ta) - when in the future, what time in the future [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-da (hakháⁿda) - when, at what future time? [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-tʰoⁿ-a-di (atʰóⁿadi) - when? at what past time? [Omaha/Ponca]; ha-ʰtoⁿ-dsi (ha-ʰtóⁿ-dsi) - when; at what time; when did [FL-Osage]; ha-txaⁿ-tsi (haatxą́ci), ha-kxaⁿ-tsi (haakxą́ci), ha-tkxaⁿ-tsi (haatkxą́ci) - when in the past, at what time in the past [CQ-Osage]; ha-khaⁿ-ji (hakháⁿji) - when, at what past time? [Kaw]

upon, put upon

► a-knaⁿ (ákną), a-kdaⁿ (ákdą) - put a singular, sitting, inanimate (curvilinear) or cloth, paper, plaster, etc. object upon a surface ► a-a-knaⁿ (áakną) - I, a-da-knaⁿ (ádakną) - you, oⁿ-ka-kdaⁿ-we (ǫkákdąwe) - we

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; knaⁿ (kną), kdaⁿ (kdą) - set or put; a-ki-knaⁿ (ákikną) - set one’s own sitting, inanimate or cloth object on a surface; o-knaⁿ (okną́) - put into; pi knaⁿ (ppi kną́) - put away; ki-knaⁿ (kikną́) - set or put one’s own; stode knaⁿ-knaⁿ (stodé knąkną) - place plural objects in scattered heaps

► ex: ta-siⁿ-te a-knaⁿ (ttasį́tte ákną) - roach (headress), “deer tail put upon” [MS]

► ex: naⁿ-ka a-knaⁿ (ną́kka akną́) - saddle, “put upon the back” [MS]

► Dhegiha: a-gthoⁿ (ágthoⁿ) - to place a curved object, book, paper, piece of calico, etc., on something else, as a foundation; to apply externally, as a plaster or poultice [Omaha/Ponca]; a-gthoⁿ (ágthoⁿ) - to place one thing upon another [FL-Osage]; a-laⁿ (álą) - place vertically against, place on, put on [CQ-Osage]; a-laⁿ (álaⁿ) - put curved or rounded/sitting, or cloth, or paper on [Kaw]

upon, rush upon a foe

► koⁿ-da (kkǫ́da) - to chase, to attack, to rush upon a foe, to run after [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-koⁿ-da hi (ąkkǫ́da hí) - chasing me/he was coming [JOD-Omaha]

► ex: wa-sa pa-hi niⁿ-kʰe da-sniⁿ-zhi hi aⁿ-koⁿ-da hi (wasá ppahí nįkʰé dasnį́ži hí ąkkǫ́da hí) - he did not devour/swallow the bear head, he was coming, chasing me [JOD]

► ex: wa-koⁿ-da (wákkǫda) - attack plural/animate beings

► ex: wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ (wákkǫdá-ną) - he attacked them/past sign [JOD]

► ex: e-shoⁿ e-ti de naⁿ wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke, te miⁿ shiⁿ hi t’e-de naⁿ i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (ešǫ́ étti dé-ną wákkǫdá-ną iyá maštį́ke, tté mį́ šį hí tʔéde-ną iyá maštį́ke) - and the rabbit went thither and attacked the game, he killed a very fat buffalo [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ wa-koⁿ-da naⁿ i-ya (kóišǫ́ wákkǫdá-ną iyá) - then he (the rabbit) attacked the game [JOD]

► ex: wa-koⁿ-da-ya (wákkǫdáya) - attack plural/animate beings, (witnessed), “used of past act seen by speaker”

► Dhegiha: ʰkoⁿ-tha (ḳóⁿ-tha) - to attack; to charge upon an enemy; to raid; to threaten; a menace [FL-Osage]; kaⁿ-ya (káⁿya) - attack, to rush upon a foe, to run after [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-ʰkoⁿ-tha (wa-ḳóⁿ-tha) - to pounce upon; to attack with force and quickness; a riot; a raid [FL-Osage]; wa-kaⁿ-ya (wakáⁿya) - rush on them, attack them; rush to rescue somebody [Kaw]

upon, sit upon dog

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (šǫ́keáknį) - horse, “sit upon dog”

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (šǫ́ke áknį) - horse [MS, AB, AG, OM]

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (schiunkeh-aghenih) - horse (cheval) [GI]

► shoⁿ-ke a-kniⁿ (schiongaghenih) - mare (jument) [GI]

► cf. shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog; a-kniⁿ (aknį́) - sit on; a-kniⁿ (áknį) - chair, seat; a (a) - on, upon; kniⁿ (knį), kdiⁿ (kdį) - sit, be sitting, be in a place

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge a-gthiⁿ (shóⁿge ágthiⁿ) - to ride a horse [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ge a-gthiⁿ (shoⁿge agthiⁿ) - horseback [Omaha]; ʰka-wa a-gthiⁿ (ḳa-wa a-gthiⁿ) - to ride horseback [FL-Osage]; ʰka-wa a-liⁿ (ʰkáwaalįį) - horseback, ride horseback, mounted on a horse [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿ-ge) - horse [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-ge (shoⁿge) - horse [Omaha]; shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿ-ge) - dog or wolf [FL-Osage]; shoⁿ-ke (šǫ́ke) - dog, wolf [CQ-Osage]; shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿge) - horse [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰka-wa (ḳá-wa) - horse, nag, pony, this word is a corruption of the Spanish word for horse, caballo [FL-Osage]; ʰka-wa (ʰkáwa) - horse, pony [CQ-Osage]; ka-wa (káwa), ka-wa-e (kawáe), ka-wa-ye (kawáye) - horse, a borrowing from Spanish caballo, the “ancient” (older) word is shoⁿ-ge (shóⁿge), both words were commonly used [Kaw]

upon, stand upon

► a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - stand upon

► a-na-zhiⁿ (ánažį) - floor

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; na-zhiⁿ (nažį́) - stand

► ex: a-na-zhiⁿ kʰe (ánažį kʰe) - the floor

► ex: iⁿ-ka-bde a-na-zhiⁿ (įkábde anážį) - Lovers Leap near Quapaw, OK

► Dhegiha: a-na-zhiⁿ (ánazhiⁿ) - to stand on any object; to stand by some one [Omaha/Ponca]; a-noⁿ-zhiⁿ (á-noⁿ-zhiⁿ) - to stand on [FL-Osage]; a-naⁿ-zhiⁿ (ánąąžį) - stand on top of, be superior to in some quality; step on, step in [CQ-Osage]; a-na-zhiⁿ (ánazhiⁿ), a-no-zhiⁿ (ánozhiⁿ) - stand on something; step on something [Kaw]

upon, swarm upon

► ba-di-di-te (badíditte) - cover in a mass, swarm upon

► Dhegiha: ba-thi-de (bathíde) - full, swarming or covered with [Omaha/Ponca]; ba-thi-de (ba-¢í-de) - full: used of superficial or surface fulness; said of fish in a school; said of worms and maggots moving on the surface of a dead body; swarming with lice; always refers to animate objects, and may be rendered, “full of moving objects” [JOD-Omaha]; ba-yu-iⁿ-da-je (bayúiⁿdáje) - be full of, covered with, thick with said of surface fullness only (covered with) [Kaw]

upon, to have fine dust blown upon one

► a-ka-sho-te (ákašótte) - to have fine dust blown upon one

► cf. a (a) - on, upon; ka (ka) - by striking, by action of the wind or water; sho-te (šótte) - smoke

► ex: aⁿ-ka-sho-te (ą́kašotte) - I have/had fine dust blown on me

► ex: aⁿ-ka-sho-te a-maⁿ-bdiⁿ (ą́kašótte amą́bdį) - I walk while dust is blowing on me

► ex: a-di-ka-sho-te (ádikašótte) - you have/had fine dust blown on you

► ex: a-di-ka-sho-te da-maⁿ-tiⁿ (ádikašótte damą́tį) - you walk while dust is blowing on you

► ex: a-ka-sho-te maⁿ-niⁿ (ákašótte mąnį́) - to walk while fine dust or snow is blowing on him

► Dhegiha: a-ga-shu-de (ágashúde) - blow dust or fine snow on a person [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ga-shu-de (gashúde) - to raise a dust or smoke, to blow up a cloud of dust, sand, or snow, as the wind does; said also of a driving snow-storm; to raise a dust, as by beating carpets out of doors [Omaha/Ponca]; ga-sho-dse (ga-shó-dse) - the filling of the air by dust blown by strong wind [FL-Osage]

upon, urinate upon

► a-te-zhe (áteže) - urinate upon ► a-a-te-zhe (áatéže) - I, a-da-te-zhe (ádatéže) - you

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ (áteže ną) - urinated on him/past act [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we, o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe a-te-zhe naⁿ, i-ya-we (téže žíka híde ką́-nįkʰé iyáwe, ódotʰe nįkʰé áteže ną, iyáwe) - as she sat awhile, she urinated a little, they say, she urinated upon the man eater, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-ne-zhe (ánezhe) - to urinate on any object [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: ne-zhe (nezhe) - urinate [Omaha]; ne-zhe (néje) - to urinate; urine [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-zhe (ṭsé-zhe) - to urinate [FL-Osage]; tse-zhe (céže) - urinate [CQ-Osage]; je-zhe (jézhe) - urinate [Kaw]

upper arm

► a-koⁿ-ta (akkǫ́tta) - upper arm; large tendon in the arm of humans and monkeys and that of the foreleg in oxen, etc.

► cf. a (a) - arm; koⁿ (kkǫ), kaⁿ (kką) - root of a plant; sinew, string, line

► Dhegiha: a-kʰoⁿ-tʰa (ákʰoⁿtʰa) - the large tendon of the arm [Omaha/Ponca]; a-kʰoⁿ-tʰa koⁿ (ákʰoⁿtʰa kóⁿ) - the muscle of the arm [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: a-ʰkoⁿ(á-ḳoⁿ) - muscle of the arm [FL-Osage]; a-ʰkoⁿ (áaʰkǫ) - muscle [CQ-Osage]; a-kaⁿ (ákaⁿ) - muscle of the arm [Kaw]

upper eyelid

► i-shta-ha maⁿ-shi (ištáha mąší) - upper eyelid

► cf. i-shta-ha (ištáha) - eyelid; i-shta (ištá) - eye; ha (ha) - skin, bark, hide, shell; maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, heaven, high

► ex: i-shta-ha kʰe (ištáha mąší kʰe) - the upper eyelid

► Dhegiha: i-shta ha (ishtáha) - the eyelids [Omaha/Ponca]; iⁿ-shta ha (iⁿshta ha) - eyelid [Omaha]; iⁿ-shta ha (iⁿ-shtá ha) - skin of the eye [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-shta ha (įįštáhaa) - eyelid [CQ-Osage]; i-shta kaⁿ-ha (ishtákaⁿha), i-shta-xu-ha (ishtáxuha) - eyelids [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

upper leg

► de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg

► cf. de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg; de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

► de-ta-ba-kaⁿ (déttabákką) - front part of upper leg

► cf. de-ta (détta) - upper part of leg; de-ta-ba-ko (déttabakkó) - leg above the knee, thigh; de-ta-ba-ko wa-hi (déttabakkó wahí) - femur, thigh bone

upper lip

► i-ha-zho maⁿ-shi (íhažó mąší) - upper lip

► cf. i-ha zho (íhažó) - lip; i-ha (íha) - mouth; zho (žo) - flesh, meat; maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, heaven, high

► ex: i-ha-zho maⁿ-shi kʰe (íhažó mąší kʰe) - the upper lip

► Dhegiha: i-ha maⁿ-shi-ta (íha maⁿshíta) - upper lip [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-ha (íha) - lip [Omaha/Ponca]; i-ha (íha) - lips [Omaha]; i-ha (í-ha) - mouth [FL-Osage]; i-ha (íhaa) - mouth [CQ-Osage]; i-ha (íha) - mouth, or top of the mouth [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: zhu (zhu) - flesh, body [Omaha/Ponca]; zhu (zhu) - flesh or body [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

Upper World or Sky gens also known as Thunder Being gens

► ma-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (máxe níkkašíka) - Upper World people, identical to wa-kaⁿ-ta e-ni-ka-shi-ka (wakką́tta énikkašíka) - the Thunder Being gens, obtained from George Redeagle and Buffalo Calf

► cf. ma-xe (máxe) - sky; the upper world; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níkkašíka) - people

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xe (moⁿxe) - sky [Omaha]; ma-xe (má-xe), maⁿ-xe (máⁿ-xe) - the upper world [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-xe (móⁿ-xe) - the sky [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xe (mą́ąɣe) - sky, weather, the upper world [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghe (máⁿghe) - sky, weather, the upper world [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (ní-ka-cíⁿ-ga), ni-a-shiⁿ-ga (ní-a-cíⁿ-ga) - a person, a human being, Indian; human beings, people; formerly applied to Indains alone [JOD-Omaha]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashíⁿga), (níkʰashíⁿga) - people, person [Omaha/Ponca]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (nikashiⁿga) - person, people, human, citizen, man [Omaha]; ni-ʰka-shi-ga (ní-ḳa-shi-ga) - a people, people, man, person, persons [FL-Osage]; ni-ʰka-shi-ka (níʰkašika) - the people, a people, live, exist [CQ-Osage]; ni-ka-shiⁿ-ga (níkashiⁿga) - person, people, men, clan [Kaw]

upper world which shines with white light

► ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora, “upper world which shines with white light”

► cf. ma-xe (máxe) - cloudless sky, the upper world; saⁿ-haⁿ (są́hą) - whitish, grayish [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xe (moⁿxe) - sky [Omaha]; ma-xe (má-xe), maⁿ-xe (máⁿ-xe) - the upper world [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-xe (móⁿ-xe) - the sky [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xe (mą́ąɣe) - sky, weather, the upper world [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghe (máⁿghe) - sky, weather, the upper world [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: soⁿ-hoⁿ (çóⁿ-hoⁿ) - resembling white, whitened animal skins [FL-Osage]; saⁿ-haⁿ (sáⁿhaⁿ) - whitish, grayish [Kaw]

upper world, sky

► ma-xe (máxe) - cloudless sky, the upper world

► ma-xe (máxe) - sky [ASG]

► ex: ma-xe ni-ka-shi-ka (máxe níkkašíka) - Upper World people gens (clan)

► ex: ma-xe o-ta-saⁿ-haⁿ (maγe ottasąhą) - aurora, “upper world which shines with white light”

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-xe (moⁿxe) - sky [Omaha]; ma-xe (má-xe), maⁿ-xe (máⁿ-xe) - the upper world [JOD-Omaha]; moⁿ-xe (móⁿ-xe) - the sky [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-xe (mą́ąɣe) - sky, weather, the upper world [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-ghe (máⁿghe) - sky, weather, the upper world [Kaw]

upper world, Thunder People who make their abode in the upper world

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́) - thunder, the Kwapa have persons named after the taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́), i.e. Thunder People who make their abode in the upper world [JOD]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tąną́) - masculine name, Levi Goodeagle’s name [JOD, FR]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (ton-no) - thunder (tonnerre) [GI]

► taⁿ-naⁿ (tánne) - lightning [ASG]

► cf. taⁿ-daⁿ (ttądą́) - panther, puma, mountain lion, cougar; taⁿ-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́ną ttą́ka), taⁿ-daⁿ taⁿ-ka (ttą́dą ttą́ka) - mountain lion, puma; iⁿ-taⁿ-daⁿ (įttą́dą) - panther, puma, mountain lion, cougar; iⁿ-ta-naⁿ taⁿ-ka (įttáną ttą́ka) - mountain lion, panther, cougar, puma

► ex: taⁿ-naⁿ zhi-ka (tąną́ žiká) - Little Thunder Person or Little Thunder Being, masculine name [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-naⁿ haⁿ-ka (tąną́ hą́ka), taⁿ-daⁿ haⁿ-ka (ttądą́ hą́ka) - masculine name [JOD]

upper, upward, above, heaven, high

► maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, heaven, high

► ex: di-maⁿ-shi (dimą́ši) - pull up high

► ex: di-maⁿ-shi hne (dimą́ši hné) - raise it up! [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi de (mą́ši dé) - go up, ascend

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative

► ex: pe-te shte maⁿ-shi hi (ppettéšte mą́ši hí) - very high blaze, flame [JOD]

► ex: i-ha-zho maⁿ-shi (íhažó mąší) - upper lip

► ex: i-shta-ha maⁿ-shi (ištáha mąší) - upper eyelid

► ex: maⁿ-shi (mąší) - mountain [OM]

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mąší hi) - cliff

► ex: maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mąší ttą́ka) - mountain

► ex: maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mą́ši ttą́ka) - Rocky Mountains [ASG]

► ex: maⁿ-shi (mąší) - heaven [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit. “talks on high”

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above”

► ex: da-wa-ta maⁿ-shi (dawattá mąší) - pray for up (you pray to heaven) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki niⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši okkí nįkʰé) - pray (he/she is praying) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te wa-kaⁿ-ta maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe (įttátte wakką́tta mąší nįkʰé) - Father (God) is up in heaven [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši ábazo) - to point up/above [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha we-da-ba-zo maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši nįkʰé tą́ha wédabázo mąši ábazo) - because she was sitting above, the index/forefinger pointed up [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši mįkʰé) - high/I who sat; above/I the sitting one; above/I who sat [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ zhaⁿ a-ba-ko koi-shoⁿ e-ti kʰe taⁿ a-te bde a-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe (éšą žą ábakko kóišǫ́ étti kʰé tą átte bd[e]á-ttą mą́ši mįkʰé) - then, I climbed up high in this crooked tree and I sat there [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ aⁿ-ba-zo (kóišǫ́ttą mą́ši mįkʰé tą ą́bazo) - then as I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha aⁿ-ba-zo (mą́ši mįkʰe tą́ha ą́bazo) - because I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąši ką́-nįkʰé) - high/so she sat awhile [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-te, i-ya-we, a-ba-ko ko-i-shoⁿ maⁿ-shi kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we (žą átte iyáwe, abakkó kóišǫ́ mąši ką́-nįkʰé, iyáwe) - she climbed high up into a crooked tree and sat there, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

upright

► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ádikʰą itʰéde) - pull over a singular/standing/inanimate object; make an upright object lean by pulling it ► a-di-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (ádikʰą itʰédade), a-ti-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-da-de (áttikʰą itʰédade) - you

► cf. a-kʰaⁿ i-tʰe-de (ákʰą itʰéde) - set up a movable object so that it leans against something; di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate; a-kʰaⁿ i-he-de (ákʰą ihéde) - turn and tip up as a board; a-kʰaⁿ hi-zhoⁿ (ákʰą hížǫ) - lean on someone and cause him/her to fall

► Dhegiha: a-thi-ʰkoⁿ (á-thi-ḳoⁿ) - lay on either side; to recline as when attacking [FL-Osage]; a-thi-kxaⁿ (áðiikxą) - lie down against; lean up against, recline, rest [CQ-Osage]; a-yu-khaⁿ (áyukhaⁿ) - lean on something, as a door [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-kaⁿ (á-kaⁿ) - leaing against [JOD-Omaha]; a-koⁿ (á-koⁿ) - to lean on a post, tree, or rock [FL-Osage]; a-kxaⁿ (áakxą) - lean up against; lie against; lie down, as to sleep or rest [CQ-Osage]; a-khaⁿ (ákhaⁿ) - lean on something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

► a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing or perpendicular object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it, as in pitching a tent, placing a candle on a table, etc. ► a-a-kde (áakdé) - I, a-da-kde (ádakdé) - you, oⁿ-ka-kda-we (ǫkákdawe) - we

► cf. o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► ex: ma-shoⁿ a-a-kde (mášǫ áakde) - I stick a feather upright (in my hair)

► ex: a-shi a-kde (aši akde) - to set an object on top of something else

► ex: siⁿ-te a-kde (sį́tte ákde) - to wear a tail in the belt, ballplayers evidently did this

► ex: wa-kde sa i-niⁿ-ha a-kde pa naⁿ (wákde sá inįhá ákde pa ną́) - they wore (a) black feather on the head too [JOD]

► Dhegiha: a-gthe (ág¢e) - to stick an upright object or feather in something; place upright on [JOD-Omaha]; a-gthe (á-gthe) - to place on top of another in an upright position [FL-Osage]; a-le (ále), a-dle (ádle) - place an item upright on another item, set on [CQ-Osage]; a-le (ále) - stand a perpendicular object, such as a candlestick, on a surface [Kaw]

► bda-ska i-tʰe-de (bdáska itʰéde) - pull something upright on short end ► bda-ska i-tʰe-a-de (bdáska itʰéadé) - I, bda-ska i-tʰe-da-de (bdáska itʰédadé) - you

► cf. bda-ska (bdáska) - flat; i-tʰe-de (itʰéde) - stand something up, singular/standing/inanimate

► Dhegiha: btha-ska (btháska) - flat [Omaha/Ponca]; btha-ska (bthaska) - flat [Omaha]; btha-ska (b¢á-ska) - flat, as boards [JOD-Omaha]; btha-ska (bthá-çka) - flatten [FL-Osage]; bra-ska (bráaska) - flat [CQ-Osage]; bla-ska (bláska) - flat, as the edges, not the surfaces, of something [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: i-te-the (i-té-¢ĕ) - put it; to put or place, make stand, usually applied to objects standing on end, as barrels; to put many small things in one pile or heap [JOD-Omaha]; i-tse-the (i-tsé-the) - to place with someone for safe keeping; to put down something erect [FL-Osage]; i-che-ye (ichéye) - put down a standing/inanimate object or pile of objects [Kaw]

► di-do-tʰaⁿ-kde (didótʰąkde) - pull upright ► bdi-do-tʰaⁿ-kde (bdídotʰą́kde) - I, ti-do-tʰaⁿ-kde (ttídotʰą́kde) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; do-toⁿ (dóttǫ), do-taⁿ (dóttą) - straight; o-do-taⁿ (ódottą́) - right, to be right; a-kde (akdé) - put; set a standing (perpendicular), object upright upon a surface or within something which supports it, as in pitching a tent, placing a candle on a table, etc.; o-kde (okdé) - put lengthwise, to stand

► Dhegiha: ʰtsi-thu-ʰtoⁿ-gthe (ṭsí-thu-ṭoⁿ-gthe) - tent sitting upright [FL-Osage]; yu-yo-taⁿ-le (yuyótaⁿle) - set up, as a tent or tipi [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thu-toⁿ (thútʰoⁿ) - straight, correct [Omaha/Ponca]; thu-toⁿ (thu tóⁿ) - beeline, straight [Omaha]; thu-taⁿ (¢ú-taⁿ) - straight, correct [JOD-Omaha]; tho-ʰtoⁿ (thó-ṭoⁿ) - present or standing [FL-Osage]; yo-taⁿ (yótaⁿ) - straight up [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: thi-thu-toⁿ (thithutoⁿ) - arrange [Omaha]; thi-tho-ʰtoⁿ (thi-thó-ṭoⁿ), thi-thu-ʰtoⁿ (thi-thú-ṭoⁿ) - to straighten by manipulation of the hands; to make straight that which is crooked; reparation of a wrong; to regulate; to make a rule by which to guide or to be guided [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: u-thu-ʰtoⁿ (u-thú-ṭoⁿ), o-tho-ʰtoⁿ (ó-tho-ṭoⁿ) - straight; upright; true; honest; good character; accurate; rectitude; moral integrity; good behavior [FL-Osage]; o-tho-ʰta (oðóʰta), o-tho-ʰtaⁿ (oðóʰtą) - straight up [CQ-Osage]; o-tho-ʰtaⁿ (óðoʰtą), o-tho-ʰta (óðoʰta) - behave; straight, virtuous; behavior, good behavior, acting with rectitude [CQ-Osage]; o-yo-taⁿ (óyotaⁿ) - right, correctly, properly [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: gthe (gthe) - a thing placed in an upright position; placed upright or in a standing position [FL-Osage]; le (le) - standing object acted upon [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a-gthe (á-gthe) - to place on top of another in an upright position [FL-Osage]; a-le (ále) - place an item upright on another item, set on [CQ-Osage]; a-le (ále) - stand a perpendicular object, such as a candlestick, on a surface [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-gthe (u-gthé) - a socket; to use as supports for [FL-Osage]; o-le (olé) - put a standing/inanimate object into something [Kaw]

uproot a plant, pull up

► di-ta-t’e (dittátʔe) - uproot a plant, pull up ► bdi-ta-t’e (bdíttatʔe) - I, ti-ta-t’e (ttíttatʔe) - you

► cf. di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to; ta (tá) - by extreme temperature, heat or cold; t’e (tʔe) - die; ta-t’e (tátʔe) - withered from heat or cold; ba-ta-t’e (battátʔe) - kill, cause to wither; bi-ta-t’e (bittátʔe) - press to death; da-tʰa-t’e (datʰátʔe) - gnaw to death; ka-ta-t’e (kattátʔe) - kill, cut off, cause to wither; naⁿ-ta-t’e (nąttátʔe) - trample to death; pa-ta-t’e (páttatʔe) - wither, cause by cutting; po-ta-t’e (póttatʔe) - kill vegetation by punching; ta-ta-t’e (táttatʔe) - wither from exposure to heat

► Dhegiha: thi-na-t’e-ga (thinát’ega) - to make grass, etc., wither by pulling or holding [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-da-ts’e-ga (thi-dá-ts’e-ga) - to cause green plants to wither by rough handling [FL-Osage]; yu-da-ts’e-ga (yudáts’ega) - wilt from being pulled up, as plants, wood [Kaw]

uproot, pull off

► di-shto-te (dištótte) - pull off, uproot ► bdi-shto-te (bdíštotte) - I, ti-shto-te (ttíštotte) - you

► cf. o-di-shto-te (odíštotte) - to pull off [JOD]; hi di-shto-te (hi dištótte) - pull a tooth; hoⁿ-pe ki-di-shto-te (hǫpé kidištótte) - to pull off someone’s moccasins; ka-shto-te (kaštótte) - open a barrel; kdi-shto-te (kdištótte) - take off, remove one’s own; o-naⁿ-shto-te (oną́štotte) - to kick off, remove by kicking [JOD]; o-shto-te (oštótte) - broken in, caved in

► Dhegiha: thi-zhnu-de (¢iɔnúde) - pulled off; pulling it off [JOD-Omaha]; thi-zhnu-de (thizhnúde) - to pull off, as a garment; to pluck off, as feathers; to pull out of; to pull a curved object or clothing between the tishi and the tiha of a lodge [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-stsu-dse (thi-stsú-dse) - to draw or pull off; to draw, as to pull [FL-Osage]; thi-shto-e (ðiištóe), thi-shto-we (ðiištówe), thi-shto-wi (ðiištówi), thi-shto (ðiištó) - take off or remove a garment; undress; remove or take off by pulling, pull off (e.g., a shoe or boot); pull (e.g., a tooth) to remove it [CQ-Osage]; yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - remove a garment; take off an article of clothing; undress [Kaw]; yu-shtso-je (yushcóje), yu-shto-je (yushtóje) - pull up a peg, pull up on something [Kaw]

uproot, pull up

► i-di-ze (ídize) - pull up, uproot

► cf. di-ze (dizé) - get, take, receive; wa-di-ze di-ze (wadíze dizé) - to get goods on credit; zhoⁿ di-ze (žǫ́ díze) - to get wood; kdi-ze (kdíze) - take one’s own; i-di-za-za (ídizáza) - hold, grasp something for holding; i-kdi-za-za (íkdizáza) - stick to one here and there

► Dhegiha: thi-ze (thizé) - to take, accept, receive; to take up an object [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-ze (¢izé) - take, took, receive, seize [JOD-Omaha]; thi-ze (thize) - take; receive; draw out; take out; anybody accepts [Omaha]; thu-ze (thu-çé) - to take, to receive or accept [FL-Osage]; thu-ze (ðuuzé) - select, choose, take, get, draw water, gather or pick fruit [CQ-Osage]; yu-ze (yuzé) - get, take, accept [Kaw]

upset, make unsteady by pressing

► bi-shoⁿ-da-da (bišǫ́dada) - upset, make unsteady pressing ► pi-shoⁿ-da-da (ppíšǫdada) - I, shpi-shoⁿ-da-da (špíšǫdada) - you

► cf. bi (bi) - by pressing, rubbing; shoⁿ-da-da (šǫ́dada) - unsteady, insecure; di-shoⁿ-da (dišǫdá), di-shoⁿ (dišǫ́) - pull over and spill (liquid); di-shoⁿ-shoⁿ-da (dišǫšǫda) - loosen by working back/forth; ba-shoⁿ-da-da (bašǫ́dada) - loosen, destabilize pushing at; da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine; di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance; ka-shoⁿ-da-da (kašǫ́dada) - undercut by striking, chopping; naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose; pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine; po-shoⁿ-da-da (póšǫdadá) - make top heavy by thrusting at; ta-shoⁿ-da-da (tášǫdadá) - top heavy, unsteady by burning; naⁿ-te shoⁿ-da-da-zhi (ną́tte šǫ́dadáži) - stout hearted, “heart, not unsteady/not insecure”

► Dhegiha: shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿthá) - spilled, upset and spilled, tipped over and spilled [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshóⁿtha) - loosened in its socket, as a fence post ot a tooth [Omaha/Ponca]; shoⁿ-shoⁿ-tha (shoⁿshoⁿtha) - limber [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (bashoⁿtha) - pour, dump [Omaha]; ba-shoⁿ-tha (ba-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel, either by accident or on purpose [FL-Osage]; gi-shoⁿ-tha (gí-shóⁿ-tha) - to make loose, to droop or fall, loose jointed, broken [FL-Osage]; ga-shoⁿ-tha (ga-shóⁿ-tha) - to spill water from a vessel by striking against it [FL-Osage]

upset, pull at, pull over

► di-xtaⁿ (dixtą́) - pull at, pull over, upset ► bdi-xtaⁿ (bdíxtą) - I, ti-xtaⁿ (ttíxtą) - you

► cf. ka-xtaⁿ (kaxtą́) - pour out, empty something; a-ka-xtaⁿ (ákaxtą) - pour water on, baptize; naⁿ-xtaⁿ (nąxtą́) - kick over, spill

► Dhegiha: thi-xtoⁿ (thixtoⁿ) - drain [Omaha]; thi-xtaⁿ (ðixtą́) - pour, draw water or run water [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: xtoⁿ (qtoⁿ) - to drop, as a liquid [Omaha/Ponca]; xtoⁿ (xtoⁿ) - to spill, to slop over [FL-Osage]; xtaⁿ (xtáⁿ) - leak in, drip out, empty out, spill [Kaw]

upside down

► ki-kda-shoⁿ (kkikdášǫ), ki-kda-shaⁿ (kkikdášą) - turned upside down

► ex: ki-kda-shaⁿ zhaⁿ (kkikdášą žą́) - lie on one's stomach

► Dhegiha: a-gi-gtha-shoⁿ (ákigtháshoⁿ) - bottom upwards [Omaha/Ponca]

► di-ki-kda-shoⁿ (dikkíkdašǫ) - turn upside down, pull over ► bdi-ki-kda-shoⁿ (bdíkkikdašǫ) - I, ti-ki-kda-shoⁿ (ttíkkikdašǫ) - you

► Dhegiha: thi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thiákigtháshoⁿ) - to turn an object upside down by pulling [Omaha/Ponca]; thi-a-ki-gtha-shoⁿ (thi akigthashoⁿ) - turn over [Omaha]; yu-ki-la-shaⁿ (yukúlashaⁿ) - roll over, turn upside down; to turn an object such as a boat bottom upward by pulling [Kaw]

upstream, face upstream

► ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-xde (kkímąhą okáxde) - face upstream, face the wind ► ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-a-ka-xde (kkímąhą óakáxde) - I, ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-da-ka-xde (kkímąhą ódakáxde) - you

► cf. ki-maⁿ-haⁿ (kímąhą) - against the wind or current; o-ka-xde (okáxde) - face a certain direction, face a direction, facing towards

► Dhegiha: ki-moⁿ-hoⁿ u-ga-xthe (kímoⁿhoⁿ úgaqthe) - facing the coming wind or current [Omaha/Ponca]; ʰki-moⁿ-hoⁿ u-ga-xthe (ḳí-moⁿ-hoⁿ u-ga-xthe) - facing the wind [FL-Osage]; ʰki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ka-le (ʰkímąhą okále) - facing the wind [CQ-Osage]; ki-maⁿ-haⁿ o-ga-xle (kímaⁿhaⁿ ogáxle) - facing the wind or upstream [Kaw]

upward, upper, above, heaven, high

► maⁿ-shi (mąší) - upper, upward, above, heaven, high

► ex: di-maⁿ-shi (dimą́ši) - pull up high

► ex: di-maⁿ-shi hne (dimą́ši hné) - raise it up! [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi de (mą́ši dé) - go up, ascend

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mą́ši hí) - high, high up, incommunicative

► ex: pe-te shte maⁿ-shi hi (ppettéšte mą́ši hí) - very high blaze, flame [JOD]

► ex: i-ha-zho maⁿ-shi (íhažó mąší) - upper lip

► ex: i-shta-ha maⁿ-shi (ištáha mąší) - upper eyelid

► ex: maⁿ-shi (mąší) - mountain [OM]

► ex: maⁿ-shi hi (mąší hi) - cliff

► ex: maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mąší ttą́ka) - mountain

► ex: maⁿ-shi taⁿ-ka (mą́ši ttą́ka) - Rocky Mountains [ASG]

► ex: maⁿ-shi (mąší) - heaven [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki (mą́ši okkí) - Christian, lit. “talks on high”

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki o-ti (mą́ši okkí ótti) - church, “house to talk above”

► ex: da-wa-ta maⁿ-shi (dawattá mąší) - pray for up (you pray to heaven) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi o-ki niⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši okkí nįkʰé) - pray (he/she is praying) [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi wa-koⁿ-ta kniⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąší wakǫ́ta knį nįkʰé) - God is up there (God resides in heaven) [MS]

► ex: iⁿ-ta-te wa-kaⁿ-ta maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe (įttátte wakką́tta mąší nįkʰé) - Father (God) is up in heaven [MS]

► ex: maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši ábazo) - to point up/above [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi niⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha we-da-ba-zo maⁿ-shi a-ba-zo (mą́ši nįkʰé tą́ha wédabázo mąši ábazo) - because she was sitting above, the index/forefinger pointed up [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe (mą́ši mįkʰé) - high/I who sat; above/I the sitting one; above/I who sat [JOD]

► ex: e-shaⁿ zhaⁿ a-ba-ko koi-shoⁿ e-ti kʰe taⁿ a-te bde a-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe (éšą žą ábakko kóišǫ́ étti kʰé tą átte bd[e]á-ttą mą́ši mįkʰé) - then, I climbed up high in this crooked tree and I sat there [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ aⁿ-ba-zo (kóišǫ́ttą mą́ši mįkʰé tą ą́bazo) - then as I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi miⁿ-kʰe taⁿ-ha aⁿ-ba-zo (mą́ši mįkʰe tą́ha ą́bazo) - because I was sitting above, it pointed at me [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-shi kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (mąši ką́-nįkʰé) - high/so she sat awhile [JOD]

► ex: zhaⁿ a-te, i-ya-we, a-ba-ko ko-i-shoⁿ maⁿ-shi kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe, i-ya-we (žą átte iyáwe, abakkó kóišǫ́ mąši ką́-nįkʰé, iyáwe) - she climbed high up into a crooked tree and sat there, they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: moⁿ-shi (móⁿshi) - above; high in the air [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shi (móⁿ-shi) - up above, the arch of heaven, zenith [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (mą́ši) - be upward or upright [CQ-Osage]; maⁿ-shi (máⁿshi) - high up, as the sun in the sky [Kaw]

urge, to feel like

► ti-aⁿ (tią́) - to feel like, somewhat

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéže tią́ áttaha) - I feel a strong urge to urintate [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe te-zhe ti-aⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé téže tią́ nįkʰé) - the woman was feeling the urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: he-shiⁿ ti-aⁿ (héšį tią́) - feel a sneeze coming on

► ex: a-ki-zhi ti-aⁿ (ákkiži tią́) - feel like farting

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I want to lay down (I feel like lying down) [MS]

► ex: a-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (ažǫ́ tią́) - I'm going to bed (I feel like lying down) [OM]

► ex: da-zhoⁿ ti-aⁿ (dažǫ́ tią́) - sleepy (you feel like laying down) [MS]

► Dhegiha: tʰi-thiⁿ-ge (tʰithíⁿge) - to feel a desire or inclination to [Omaha/Ponca]; i thiⁿ-ge (i thiⁿ-ge) - the desire to [FL-Osage]; i-yiⁿ-ge (iyíⁿge) - feel a physical urge, as to cough, sneeze, etc. [Kaw]

urinate

► te-zhe (téže) - urinate ► a-te-zhe (atéže) - I, da-te-zhe (datéže) - you, oⁿ-te-zha-we (ǫtéžawe) - we

► te-zhe (téže) - urinate [OM]

► te-zhe (tézhe) - to piss [ASG]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ (atéže tią́) - I urinate/felt an inclination [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (atéje tiáⁿ ataha) - I urinate/felt an inclination/exceedingly [JOD]

► ex: koi-shoⁿ-taⁿ e-kaⁿ niⁿ haⁿ-pa haⁿ-ke taⁿ a-te-zhe ti-aⁿ a-ta-ha (kóišǫ́ttą éką nį hąp͓á hąke tą́ atéže tią́ áttaha) - so then it was almost day when I had a strong urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe ti-aⁿ (téže tią́) - to urinate/she felt an inclination [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o niⁿ-kʰe te-zhe ti-aⁿ niⁿ-kʰe (waxʔó nįkʰé téže tią́ nįkʰé) - the woman was feeling the urge to urinate [JOD]

► ex: zho-wa hi a-te-zhe zhi-ka de-a-de (žówa hí atéže žíka deáde) - few, little/very/I urinate/little/I sent it off [JOD]

► ex: e-kaⁿ niⁿ zho-wa hi a-te-zhe zhi-ka de-a-de kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe (éką nį žówa hí atéže žíka deáde ką́-mįkʰé) - so as I was sitting there, I urinated a little, I sent a little off [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de (téže žíka híde) - urinating/a little/she caused it to come [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ (áteže ną) - urinated on him/past act [JOD]

► ex: te-zhe zhi-ka hi-de kaⁿ niⁿ-kʰe i-ya-we, o-do-tʰe niⁿ-kʰe a-te-zhe naⁿ, i-ya-we (téže žíka híde ką́-nįkʰé iyáwe, ódotʰe nįkʰé áteže ną, iyáwe) - as she sat awhile, she urinated a little, they say, she urinated upon the man eater, they say [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ (atéže ną) - I urinated/when [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de (ą́teže hidé) - urinating on me/sends it hither [JOD]

► ex: a-te-zhe naⁿ, “ta-taⁿ ke aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zhe hi-de e-te te,” i-ye (atéže ną, “táttą ke ą́teže hidé, mikkáxʔe ą́teže hidé étte tte,” iyé) - when I urinated, “what is this urinating on me, I wonder if it’s the stars urinating on me?” he said [JOD]

► ex: te-zha-i (téžai) - they urinate [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-te-zha-i (ą́težai) - they urinate on me [JOD]

► ex: koi ta-taⁿ te-zha-i ke, mi-ka-x’e aⁿ-te-zha-i ke e-te te (kói táttą téžai ké, mikkáxʔe ątežai ke étte tté) - what is that urinating, I wonder if the stars are urinating on me [JOD]

► Dhegiha: ne-zhe (nezhe) - urinate [Omaha]; ne-zhe (néje) - to urinate; urine [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-zhe (ṭsé-zhe) - to urinate [FL-Osage]; tse-zhe (céže) - urinate [CQ-Osage]; je-zhe (jézhe) - urinate [Kaw]

► te-zhe ki-de (téžekkíde) - urinate, cause oneself to urinate

► te-zhe ki-de (tegek-kideh) - urinate (lacher l'eau) [GI]

► cf. te-zhe (téže) - urinate; ki-de (kkíde) - cause oneself

► ex: te-zhe ki-de bde (téže kkíde bdé) - I want to go pee (I’m going to urinate) [MS]

► ex: shoⁿ-ke te-zhe ki-de niⁿ-kʰe (šǫ́ke téže kkíde nįkʰé) - dog pees (the dog is urinating) [MS]

► Dhegiha: ne-zhe (nezhe) - urinate [Omaha]; ne-zhe (néje) - to urinate; urine [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-zhe (ṭsé-zhe) - to urinate [FL-Osage]; tse-zhe (céže) - urinate [CQ-Osage]; je-zhe (jézhe) - urinate [Kaw]

urine

► te-zhe-ni (téženi) - urine

► cf. te-zhe (téže) - to urinate; ni (ni) - water, liquid

► ex: te-ska te-zhe-ni (tteská téženi) - beer, “cow urine” [OM]

► ex: te-zhe-ni o-zhi-ha (téženi óžiha) - bladder, “urine bag”

► Dhegiha: ne-zhe ni (nezhe ni) - urine [Omaha]; ne-zhe ni (néje ni) - human urine [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse-zhe-ni (ṭsé-zhe-ni) - urine [FL-Osage]; tse-zhe-ni (céženii) - urine [CQ-Osage]; je-zhe ni (jézhe ni) - urine [Kaw]

us

► wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff, the plural object of verbs

► ex: naⁿ-pe-wa-hi (nąppéwahi) - us hungry [JOD]; naⁿ-pe-hi (nąppéhi) - to be hungry + wa (wa)

► ex: wa-kda-niⁿ (wákdanį) - he has us, his relations wa (wa) + a-kda-niⁿ (akdánį) - have or keep one’s own

► Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3^rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1^st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - things; a thing which [FL-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

► wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff, the plural object of verbs

► we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases; pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: wa-bi-saⁿ-ta-we (wábisąttawe) - he or they lay on us; wa (wa) + a-bi-saⁿ-te (ábisątte) - catch by pressing on; hold down, e.g., on his back; lie on something + a-we (-awe)

► ex: wa-da-ska-we (wádaskáwe) - it sticks to us; wa (wa) + a-da-ska (ádaska) - stick, adhere + a-we (-awe)

► ex: wa-haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-za-we (wáhąnąppázawe) - it got dark on us; wa (wa) + haⁿ-naⁿ-pa-ze (hą́nąppáze) - darkness, evening + a-we (-awe)

► ex: wa-kda-niⁿ kdi-we (wákdanį kdiwé) - they brought us back hither; wa (wa) + a-kda-niⁿ kdi (akdánį kdí) - to have brought back one’s own + a-we (-awe)

► ex: shkoⁿ-wa-da-we (škǫ́wadáwe) - they cause us to move [JOD]; shkoⁿ (škǫ) - move + wa (wa) + de (de) - to cause + a-we (-awe)

► ex: “wi-te-ke, ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi shkoⁿ-wa-da-we,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“wítteke, níkkašíka žóhi hi škǫ́wadáwe,” iyí iyá maštį́ke niⁿkʰe) - “my uncle (my mother’s brother), many people are here and will dislodge us,” it is said the rabbit said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: wa (wa) - a syllable used in different ways: a fragment pronoun denoting the plural animate object of verbs; them; a sign of the subject of an action [JOD-Omaha]; wa (wa) - things, stuff; people folks (indefinite; eliminates the need for a direct or indirect object); 3^rd person pl. patient pronominal (‘they’, subject of stative verb [can be omitted]; ‘them’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa…api (wa…api), wa (wa) - 1^st person pl. patient pronominal (‘we’, subject of stative verbs; ‘us’, object of active verbs [CQ-Osage]; wa (wa) - things; a thing which [FL-Osage]; wa (wa) - “them”: plural object marker; the pronoun “we” in <S> conjugations [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: Kansa uses be (-be) or bi (-bi), and the Osage, pe (-pe) or pi (-pi), as a plural ending, where the Omaha and Ponka employ i (-i) [JOD-Omaha]; a-pi (-api), pi (-pi), a-pe (-ape), pe (-pe) - pluralizer of 1^st or 2^nd persons (‘we, ‘us’, ‘you’); pluralizer of imperative; pluralizer of 3^rd person; noncontinuative marjer for 3^rd person (sg. or pl.); marker of predicative noun-plus-adjective phrases [CQ-Osage]; be (-be) - plural marker; 3rd singular non-continuative marker; completed action (usually translated into English as past tense) [Kaw]; bi (-bi) - plural and 3rd singular marker used after í [Kaw]

► aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we dual, I and one other, the two of us

► we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases; pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: aⁿ-da-taⁿ-wa (ądáttąwá) - let us drink it!; aⁿ (ą) + da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink + a-we (-awe) + a (a) - command!

us, just us Indians dance

► zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi (žožítte éną óžawi) - just us Indians dance [MS]

► cf. zho zhi-te (žožítte) - Indian, “flesh red”; e-naⁿ (éną) - only, just that; o-zha (óža) - dance; wi (-wi) - pluralizer

► ex: wa-jhi-ni kde ta zho-zhi-te e-naⁿ o-zha-wi koⁿ-bda (waǰíni kdé tta žožítte éną óžawi kkǫbdá) - you white people go home and us Indians dance all night (when the white people go home, I want just us Indians to dance) [MS]

us, let’s eat

► aⁿ-da-tʰe te-a (ądátʰe ttéa) - let’s eat

► cf. aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; da-tʰe (datʰé) - eat, chew; te-a (tteá) - will or let [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-da-tʰe te-a (ądátʰe ttéa) - let us eat it [JOD]

► ex: “aⁿ-da-tʰe te-a,” i-yi i-ya-we (“ądátʰe ttéa,” iyí iyáwe) - she said, “let’s eat it,” they say [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-tha-tʰe (aⁿ¢áte) - we eat; we eat it [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ya-che (aⁿyáche) - we eat [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ʰtse-a (ṭse-á) - shall; when asked to [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will, let, please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]

ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as “let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s (the speaker and one other person); che (che) - exhortative; the exhortative ending ta che (ta che) is more like “definitely will” or “surely will,” but functions similarly to the English “lets” or “let it be so” [Kaw]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: a (a) - imperative sign; interrogative, placed after the word or phrase to which it belongs [Omaha/Ponca]; a (a) - an interrogation sign [FL-Osage]; a (a) - imperative [CQ-Osage]

us, let’s go

► aⁿ-ka-de te (ąkáde tté) - let’s go

► cf. aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; de (de) - go; te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will

► ex: aⁿ-ka-de te (ąkáde tte) - let us (two) go [JOD]

► ex: “iⁿ-kaⁿ-e t’e-a-de e-de! aⁿ-ka-de te,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke tʰaⁿ (“įkká-e tʔeáde edé! ąkáde tte,” iyí iyá maštį́ke tʰą) - “my grandmother, I have sure enough killed him! let’s go,” it is said that the rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: koⁿ-ska ki-k’iⁿ di-kna, aⁿ-ka-de te (kǫ́ska kikʔį́ dikná, ąkáde tté) - quickly decide what you will pack, let’s go [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-de te (ąkáde tte) - let us (two) go [JOD]

► ex: “aⁿ-ka-de te, ma-shtiⁿ-ke,” i-ye niⁿ i-ya sni-wa-te (“ąkáde tte, maštį́ke,” iyé nį iyá sniwátte) - the Winter said, “Rabbit, let’s go,” it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-the te (añgá¢e te) - let us go; we will go [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-the (añgá¢e) - we go [Omaha/Ponca]; aⁿ-ka-the (ąkáðe) - we go [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-ye (aⁿgáye) - we [dual] go [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will, let, please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]

ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as “let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s (the speaker and one other person); che (che) - exhortative; the exhortative ending ta che (ta che) is more like “definitely will” or “surely will,” but functions similarly to the English “lets” or “let it be so” [Kaw]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

us, let’s go home

► aⁿ-ka-kde te (ąkákde tté) - let’s go home

► cf. aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward; te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te, i-ke tʰaⁿ (įkną́, ąkákde tté, iké tʰą) - first son, let’s go home, he said to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ka-le ʰce (ąkále ʰce) - let’s go back [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ka-gthe (añgág¢e) - we go homeward [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-gthe (oⁿ-ga-gthe) - we go home [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka-le (ąkále) - we go back there, return home, go home [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will, let, please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]

ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as “let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s (the speaker and one other person); che (che) - exhortative; the exhortative ending ta che (ta che) is more like “definitely will” or “surely will,” but functions similarly to the English “lets” or “let it be so” [Kaw]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

► aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (ąkákde tteá) - let’s go home

► cf. aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; kde (kdé) - go home, to start homeward; te-a (tteá) - will or let [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (ąkákde tteá) - let us go homeward, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: wa-zhiⁿ-ka zho-hi hi t’e-aⁿ-de aⁿ-ka-kde te-a (wažį́ka žóhi hí tʔeą́de ąkákde tteá) - we have killed many birds, let’s go home [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-knaⁿ, aⁿ-ka-kde te, i-ke tʰaⁿ (įkną́, ąkákde tté, iké tʰą) - first son, let’s go home, he said to him [JOD]

us, let’s go there

► aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i (ąkáhi taí) - let’s go there

► cf. aⁿ-ka (ąka), oⁿ-ka (ǫka) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; hi (hi) - arrive, reach there, have been; ta-i (taí) - we shall, let’s, will (plural) [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-hi ta-i, wa-x’o-zhi-ka i-ki-e niⁿ (ąkáhi taí, waxʔóžiká ikíé nį) - let’s go there, the old woman was saying to him [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-hi (añgáhi) - we arrive [JOD-Omaha]; oⁿ-ga-hi (oⁿ-ga-hi) - we go; we have been [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ka hi (ąkáhi) - we go there, come there, arrive there; we be there, in attendance [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ga-hi (aⁿgáhi) - we arrive, reach [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will, plural [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

us, let’s kill them

► t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (tʔeą́wade taí) - let’s kill them

► cf. t’e-da (tʔede) - kill; aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff, the plural object of verbs; ta-i (taí) - will (plural), we shall, let’s [JOD]

► ex: t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (tʔeą́wade taí) - we kill them/will (pl.) [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke za-ni hi t’e-aⁿ-wa-de ta-i (wasá ke zaní hi tʔeą́wade taí) - let’s (we shall) kill all the black bears [JOD]

► Dhegiha: t’e-the (t’éthé) - to cause to die; to kill, as by accident; to slaughter cattle; to wound a foe in battle; to scare nearly to death, slayer [Omaha/Ponca]; t’e-the (t’é-the) - the kill, fatal [Omaha]; ʰts’e-the (ṭs’e-the) - to kill, to slay, to destroy by killing, to dispatch [FL-Osage]; ts’e-the (cʔéðe) - kill, slay assassinate; make die [CQ-Osage]; ts’e-ye (ts’éye) - kill a person or animal [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will (plural); will; shall [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

us, let’s make

► aⁿ-ka-xe ta-i (ąkáγe ttaí) - let’s make

► cf. aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause; ta-i (taí) - will (plural), we shall, let’s [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ka-xe ta-i (ąkáγe ttaí) - let us make him [JOD]

► ex: “ma-shtiⁿ-ke ka-hi-ke aⁿ-ka-xe ta-i,” i-ke-ya-we ke, i-ya (“maštį́ke kahíke ąkáγe ttaí,” íkeyáwe ké, iyá) - “let’s (we shall) make Rabbit chief,” they said to one another, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-ga-xe ta-i (añgáxe taí) - let us make; we will make; we will do [JOD-Omaha]

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-ga-xe (oⁿ-gá-xe) - we make [FL-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will (plural); will; shall [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

us, let’s race

► oⁿ-ki-a-naⁿ te (ǫkkiáną-tte) - let us race

► cf. aⁿ (ą), oⁿ (ǫ) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; ki-a-naⁿ (kkiáną) - race; te (tte) - future, potential or optative marker, shall, will

► Dhegiha: ki-ba-naⁿ (kí-ba-naⁿ) - to run a race; racing [JOD-Omaha]; ʰki-ba-noⁿ (ḳí-ba-noⁿ) - to run a race; to race [FL-Osage]; ʰki-pa-naⁿ (ʰkipáną) - race; run in a competition, perhaps lit., ‘place oneself first’ [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: te (te) - will, let, please [JOD-Omaha]; ʰtse (ṭse) - shall or will go [FL-Osage]

ʰtse (ʰce) - may it be that, often translated as “let, allow, have, tell someone to, let’s (the speaker and one other person); che (che) - exhortative; the exhortative ending ta che (ta che) is more like “definitely will” or “surely will,” but functions similarly to the English “lets” or “let it be so” [Kaw]; tse (ce) - future or potential aspect: shall or will; please [Kaw]

us, let’s see

► aⁿ-naⁿ-de ta-i (ąną́de ttaí) - let’s see

aⁿ-naⁿ (ąną́), oⁿ-noⁿ (ǫnǫ́) - we, 1^st person dual, I and one other; i-de (íde) - see, find; ► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will (plural); will; shall [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

► ex: aⁿ-naⁿ-de ta-i (ąną́de ttaí) - let us see!

► ex: “aⁿ-naⁿ-de ta-i, e-koⁿ te e-ki-oⁿ!” sni-wa-te i-yi i-ya (“ąną́de ttaí, ékǫ tte ékiǫ́!” sniwátte iyí iyá) - “let’s (we shall) see, do so!” it is said that Winter said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-thaⁿ-the (aⁿ¢áⁿ¢e) - we find it [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-naⁿ-the (ąną́ðe) - we see [CQ-Osage]

► Dhegiha: ta-i (tai) - will (plural); will; shall [JOD-Omaha]; ta-i (ta-i) - we shall, let’s [Omaha]; ʰtai (ʰtai) - let’s, clause final element conveying an extortion or suggestion for a group including the speaker and at least two other persons [CQ-Osage]

us, only us

► oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us

► cf. oⁿ-ko (ǫkó), aⁿ-ko (ąkó) - we, pronoun; naⁿ (ną) - only, just, soley, nothing else, nothing but, alone; wi-naⁿ (wíną), wi-e-naⁿ (wíeną́) - only I, I alone; di-naⁿ (díną) - you only

► Dhegiha: aⁿ-gu-hnaⁿ (añgú-hnaⁿ) - we alone [JOD-Omaha]; aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną), aⁿ-ko-na (ąkóna) - we only, it is only we [CQ-Osage]

us, they kill us

► t’e-a-wa-da-i (tʔeáwadaí) - they kill us [JOD]

► cf. t’e-de (tʔede) - kill; wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff, the plural object of verbs; we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases; pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: “hoⁿ-niⁿ-taⁿ za-ni t’e-a-wa-da-i ni-hoⁿ,” i-ya-we, i-ya, wa-sa ke (“hǫnį́ttą zaní tʔeáwadaí nihǫ́,” iyáwe, iyá, wasá ke) - “how could anyone kill all of us?”, the black bears said, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: t’e-a-wa-tha-i (t’éawa¢aí) - killed us [JOD-Omaha]; t’e-a-wa-the (t’éawá¢ĕ) - they kill us [JOD-Omaha]; t’e-a-wa-the hnaⁿ-i (t’éawa¢ĕ-hnáⁿi) - they were killing us [JOD]

► t’e-a-wa-da-we (tʔeáwadawé) - we were killed [JOD]

► cf. t’e-de (tʔede) - kill; wa (wa) - them, they, things, stuff, the plural object of verbs; we (-we), a-we (-awe), wi (-wi), a-wi (-awi), a-i (-ai) - pluralizer for verbs and noun phrases; pluralizer in relative clauses

► ex: za-ni-xti t’e-a-wa-da-we i-da-hoⁿ-bde (zaní-xti tʔeáwadawé idáhǫbde) - I dreamed that they killed us all, every single one of us [JOD]

► Dhegiha: t’e-a-wa-tha-i (t’éawa¢aí) - killed us [JOD-Omaha]; t’e-a-wa-the (t’éawá¢ĕ) - they kill us [JOD-Omaha]; t’e-a-wa-the hnaⁿ-i (t’éawa¢ĕ-hnáⁿi) - they were killing us [JOD]

us, we

► aⁿ-ko-we (ąkówe), oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we

► aⁿ-ko-we (ąkówe), oⁿ-ko-we (ǫkówe) - we [OM]

► oⁿ-ko-we (uⁿkúwe) - we [ASG]

► cf. oⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ǫkóną), aⁿ-ko-naⁿ (ąkóną) - only we, only us; oⁿ-ko-ta (ǫkótta) - our, the two of ours, (dual); oⁿ-ko-ta-we (ǫkóttawe) - our, ours (plural); oⁿ-ko-we-taⁿ (ǫkówettą) - we (rather than others); oⁿ-ko-we-zha (ǫkóweža) - we (contrastive), “we, on the one hand”

► Dhegiha: oⁿ-gu (óⁿgu) - we; us [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ-gu (oⁿku) - we [Omaha]; oⁿ-gu-e (oⁿ-gú-e) - we [FL-Osage]; aⁿ-ko (ąkó), aⁿ-ko-e (ąkóe), aⁿ-ko-ta (ąkóta) - we, us [CQ-Osage]; aⁿ-ge (aⁿgé) - we, us [Kaw]

use cedar

► xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - to inhale cedar smoke, to use cedar [MS] ► xoⁿ-te o-bdi-bnaⁿ (xǫtté obdíbną) - I, xoⁿ-te o-ti-bnaⁿ (xǫtté ottíbną) - you, xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ (xǫtté odibną) - he/she, xoⁿ-te o-di-bnaⁿ-we (xǫtté odibnąwe) - they, xoⁿ-te aⁿ-ko-di-bnaⁿ-we (xǫtté ąkódibnąwe) - we

► cf. xoⁿ-te (xǫtté) - cedar; o-di-bnaⁿ (odíbną) - inhale something, smell something; o (o) - locative, place at which, at a place, culmination of a certain action or state, wherein a certain thing takes place, in, inside, into; di (di) - by hand, pulling; cause by using the hands; bnaⁿ (bną), bdaⁿ (bdą) - smell, emit any odor; di-bdaⁿ (dibdą́), di-bnaⁿ (dibną́) - smell (hands)

► Dhegiha: xoⁿ-dse (xóⁿ-dse) - the red cedar [FL-Osage]; xoⁿ-tse (xǫ́ǫce) - cedar [CQ-Osage]; xoⁿ-je (xóⁿje) - cedar, the red [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: u-thi-bthoⁿ (uthíbthoⁿ) - to scent, smell, or snuff an odor; to inhale an odor [Omaha/Ponca]; u-thi-bthoⁿ (u-thí-bthoⁿ) - to smell [FL-Osage]; o-thi-braⁿ (oðíbrą) - smoke, cause to smell, as in making cedar smoke for a cleansing or a blessing, lit., “wherein one causes there to emanate an odor” [CQ-Osage]; o-yu-blaⁿ (oyúblaⁿ) - smell something, sniff at something [Kaw]

use up, take or destroy all

► ni-de hi (nidé hi) - use up, take or destroy all ► ni-ade hi (niade hi) - I, ni-da-de hi (nidade hi) - you

► cf. ni-ki-de (níkide) - to expend someone’s property; ni-wa-de (níwade) - exterminate, lit. “leave none”; wa-ni-de (waníde) - to be generous, give away; wa-ni-ki-de (waníkide) - give away someone’s property

► Dhegiha: ni-the (ní-the) - destroy, to get rid of; to exterminate; to destroy utterly; annihilate; to spend money, to give away one’s own possessions till all are gone [FL-Osage]; ni-the (níðe) - give away, divest oneself of; be out of, be lacking [CQ-Osage]; yiⁿ-ye (yíⁿye) - exterminate, wipe out, to bring to nothing [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: wa-thi e-the (wathi éthe) - give away [Omaha]; wa-ni-the (waníðe) - give things away, hold a giveaway; giveaway (ceremony at ilǫ́ǫška dances and other special occasions) [CQ-Osage]; wa-yiⁿ-ye (wayíⁿye) - give away freely, as gifts at a dance; to give to a stranger or to a member of another tribe [Kaw]

use, do, have, be

► ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - use, do, be, have (as a disease) ► moⁿ (mǫ) - I, zhoⁿ (žǫ) - you, ’oⁿ (ʔǫ) - he/she, aⁿ-koⁿ (ąkǫ́) - we dual, I and one other, aⁿ-koⁿ-we (ąkǫ́we), oⁿ-koⁿ-we (ǫkǫ́we) - we

► ex: bnaⁿ-se ’oⁿ (bną́se ʔǫ) - to have smallpox

► ex: e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ), e-ki-’oⁿ (ékiʔǫ) - do as someone has said or done

► ex: e-ki-oⁿ (ékiǫ́) - do that [JOD]

► ex: “aⁿ-naⁿ-de ta-i, e-koⁿ te e-ki-oⁿ!” sni-wa-te i-yi i-ya (“ąną́de ttaí, ékǫ tte ékiǫ́!” sniwátte iyí iyá) - “we shall see, do so!” it is said that Winter said [JOD]

► ex: kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de (kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé) - he caused him to do so at short intervals [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ e-ti-hi kda-he-he e-ki-oⁿ-ki-de tʰaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (šíną ettíhi kdahéhe ékiǫ-kkidé tʰą ną, iyá) - at that time, he (Rabbit) made him (Rabbit’s son) do it repeatedly, it is said [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-ki-oⁿ (ą́kiǫ́) - he treated mine [JOD]

► ex: “ko-i-she aⁿ-ki-oⁿ a-zhaⁿ-miⁿ, e-ta-ni wi-ta,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke e-zhiⁿ-ke niⁿ-kʰe (“kóiše ą́kiǫ́ ážąmį́, ettáni wítta,” iyí iyá maštį́ke ežį́ke nįkʰe) - I think that he has been treating my kinsman so,” it is said the Rabbit’s son said [JOD]

► ex: e-koⁿ-zhi wa-’oⁿ (ekǫ́ži waʔǫ́), e-kaⁿ-zhi wa-’oⁿ (eką́ži waʔǫ́) - to do wrong, injure, sin

► ex: e-wa ’oⁿ (éwa ʔǫ), e-maⁿ (émą), e-waⁿ (éwą), e-woⁿ (éwǫ) - to be cause of trouble; be blameworthy

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ (hažǫ́) - what you do? [JOD]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ta ni-she (hážǫ tta nišé) - what are you going to do with it (you who is moving)? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ shkoⁿ-ta (hážǫ škǫttá) - what do you want with it? [MS]

► ex: ha-zhoⁿ ni-she (hážǫ nišé) - how are you? how are you doing (you who is moving)? [AG]

► ex: “iⁿ-kdaⁿ, ha-zhoⁿ ni-kʰe,” i-ke (“įkdą́, hažǫ́ nikʰé,” iké) - she said, first son, what are you doing? [JOD]

► ex: kʰa-ke, ha-zhoⁿ wi-ke (kʰaké, hažǫ́ wike) - younger brothers, what are you doing? [JOD]

► ex: hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ (hínįhá ʔǫ́) - to do one’s utmost, to the limit

► ex: i-aⁿ (ią́), i-oⁿ (iǫ́), i-yaⁿ (iyą́) - with, by means of

► ex: o-kaⁿ-shi-kaⁿ ’oⁿ (okką́šiką́ ʔǫ́) - be hateful

► ex: pi-’oⁿ (ppiʔǫ́) - do well, expresses precocity

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ (ǫ́ǫ) - suffer from, have as an illness, be sick from, perhaps more literally “be enveloped by (sickness)”, “(sickness) lies upon someone”, wear, use [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do; use; stay, live (reside); put in, put into [Kaw]

used

► aⁿ-maⁿ (ąmą́), oⁿ-moⁿ (ǫmą́), moⁿ (mǫ́) - I usually, I used to [JOD]

► cf. ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - use, do, be, have (as a disease); naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often, habitual

► ex: bda-taⁿ oⁿ-maⁿ (bdattą́ ǫmą́) - I used to drink

► ex: naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi aⁿ-maⁿ (ną́ppeą́hi ąmą́) - me hungry/I used to be [JOD]

► ex: wi-e-hoⁿ, wi-zhiⁿ-de naⁿ-pe-aⁿ-hi aⁿ-maⁿ taⁿ-ha he-be a-ki-k’iⁿ koⁿ-bda (wíehǫ, wižį́de ną́ppeą́hi ąmą́ tą́ha hébe akíkʔį kkǫbda) - my elder brother, I too want to carry my own piece because I have been hungry [JOD]

► moⁿ (mǫ́) - I used, I use [JOD]

► ex: de-do ti-aⁿ-hi kaⁿ miⁿ-kʰe moⁿ (dédo ttią́hi ką́ mįkʰé mǫ́) - I have been dwelling here a very long time [JOD]

► ex: “di-e wi-bda-sniⁿ maⁿ te-a,” i-ke (“díe wíbdasnį́ mą́ ttéa,” iké) - I will swallow you, he said to her [JOD]

► ta-taⁿ zhoⁿ (ttattą́ žǫ́) - you used to drink

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - in the past, past sign, past act, when, time when

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often, habitual postclitic

► ex: da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we (daxʔéąkkidé nąwé) - you (pl.) used to be kind to him for me [JOD]

► ex: ma-shtiⁿ-ke ho-wa ni-kʰa-she da-x’e-aⁿ-ki-de naⁿ-we e (maštį́ke hówa nikʰáše daxʔéąkkidé nąwé e) - which of you’all were (used to be) kind to Rabbit for me? [JOD]

► ex: a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ naⁿ (ákinį hi nį́ ną) - he took thither for him/the mv. one/in the past [JOD]

► ex: da-tʰa-i tʰe he-be a-ki-niⁿ hi niⁿ naⁿ i-ya maⁿ-da-taⁿ (datʰaí tʰe hébe ákinį hi nį́ ną iyá mądá-ttą) - he would (used to) secretly take a piece of what they ate to him, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hnoⁿ (hnoⁿ) - a sign of occasional regular, or customary action [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually; customarily [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ), naⁿ (ną), na (na) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to; distributed to each [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always; generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

used to brush away evil

► iⁿ-tʰaⁿ-he (in taⁿ hē) - owl feather fan for brushing away evil in medicine tent in mescal (peyote) ceremony, from George Red Eagle [MH]

► iⁿ-tʰaⁿ-hi (įtʰą́hi), iⁿ-tʰaⁿ-he (įtʰą́he) - owl fan

► iⁿ-tʰaⁿ-he (in taⁿ hē) - fan of (?) tail used to brush away evil in “mescal” ceremony, from Solomom Quapaw [MH]

► cf. iⁿ-tʰaⁿ (į́tʰą) - owl; iⁿ-taⁿ (į́ttą), iⁿ-tʰaⁿ (į́tʰą) - nighthawk, bullbat; iⁿ-tʰaⁿ-ha (įtʰą́ha) - owl skin with feathers on

► Dhegiha: i-toⁿ (í-toⁿ) - the horned owl, the horned owl figures in the tribal war rites of the Osage as a symbol [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-ʰtoⁿ (íⁿ-ṭoⁿ) - the snowy/white owl [FL-Osage]; iⁿ-khaⁿ (íⁿkhaⁿ), i-khaⁿ (íkhaⁿ), iⁿ-thaⁿ (íⁿthaⁿ) - owl [Kaw]

► ma-shaⁿ (mâⁿcaⁿ) - eagle plume used to brush away evil in mescal ceremony, from Francis Good Eagle [MH]

► ma-shaⁿ (mášą), ma-shoⁿ (mášǫ) - feather, wing or quill feather

► ma-shoⁿ (mosch-schon) - feather (plume) [GI]

► ma-shaⁿ (mâⁿ câⁿ) - plume, tied in hair, same ceremony [peyote], represents “Lightning-man”, from George Red Eagle [MH]

► cf. wa-zhiⁿ-ka ma-shaⁿ (wažį́ka mášą) - bird’s wings

► ex: ma-shoⁿ a-a-kde (mášǫ áakde) - I stick a feather upright (in my hair)

► Dhegiha: ma-shoⁿ (máshoⁿ) - quill feather [Omaha/Ponca]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (moⁿshoⁿ) - feather, hackle feather [Omaha]; moⁿ-shoⁿ (móⁿ-shoⁿ) - feather, plume, plumage [FL-Osage]; maⁿ-shaⁿ (mą́šą), maⁿ-shoⁿ (mą́šǫ), moⁿ-shoⁿ (mǫ́šǫ) - feathers of certain kinds of birds, such as eagle, hawk, and macaw, fan made of feathers as used in peyote meeting [CQ-Osage]; mo-shoⁿ (móshoⁿ), mo-sho (mósho) - feather, quill feather [Kaw]

used, those I used to see

► wi-a-de pa (wiáde ppá) - those I used to see [JOD]

► cf. i-de (íde) - see, find; we-de (wéde) - to see, find or discover things; a-pa (apa), pa (ppa) - the, definite article for plural/moving/animate objects; plural continuative aspect marker

► ex: wi-a-de pa (wiáde ppá) - I have seen them/the ones who (those I used to see) [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, iⁿ-tʰoⁿ-na maⁿ-o-zhi k’iⁿ koⁿ pa naⁿ wi-a-de pa e-koⁿ kaⁿ, i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, įtʰǫ́na mą́oží kʔį́ kǫ́ ppá ną wiáde ppá ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like the young unmarried men (able to take wives) whom I have seen carrying quivers on their backs,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

using

► i (í) - by means of, with which to, with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to

► ex: i-di-shi-we (ídišíwe) - key, i (í) + di-shi-we (dišíwe) - open up, open

► ex: i-ka-xe (ikáγe) - with which to make, i (í) + ka-xe (káγe) - make, do, cause

► ex: i-ka-za (íkaza) - whip; to hit with, i (í) + ka-za (kazá) - whip

► ex: i-k’iⁿ (íkʔį) - suspenders, i (i) + k’iⁿ (kʔį) - carry or pack on the back

► ex: i-t’e-de (itʔéde) - kill with something, i (í) + t’e (tʔe) - die + de (de) - cause

► ex: ni i-da-taⁿ (ni ídattą́) - cup, ni (ni) - water + i (i) + da-taⁿ (dattą́) - drink

► ex: wa-naⁿ-bde i-ba-xto (waną́bde íbaxto) - fork, a table fork, wa-naⁿ-bde (waną́bde) - eat a meal, dine; food + i (í) + ba-xto (baxtó) - pierce, stab, perforate

► ex: zhaⁿ i-maⁿ-niⁿ (žą́ imą́nį) - stilts, zhaⁿ (žą) wood + i (i) + maⁿ-niⁿ (mąnį́) - walk

► Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

► i-aⁿ (ią́), i-oⁿ (iǫ́), i-yaⁿ (iyą́) - with, by means of

► cf. i (í) - by means of, with which to, with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to; ’oⁿ (ʔǫ), ’aⁿ (ʔą) - use, do, be, have (as a disease)

► ex: i-oⁿ (iǫ́) - by means of [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te kaⁿ-de ka-ba-xe, i-ya-we, iⁿ-spe zhi-ka e i-oⁿ ka-ba-x,e i-ya-we (mątté-kkąde kabáγe, iyáwe, į́spe žiká é iǫ́ kabáγe, iyáwe) - she chopped the canoe string/rope in two, they say, using the hatchet she chopped the string/rope in two, they say [JOD]

► ex: maⁿ-te i-oⁿ di-xe di-knaⁿ (mątté iǫ́ dixé dikną́) - (they) planned to chase/pursue him by using a canoe [JOD]

► Dhegiha: i (i) - a prefix denoting the means or instrument, the place where, time when, etc. [Omaha/Ponca]; i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: ’oⁿ (’oⁿ) - do, be [Omaha/Ponca]; oⁿ (ǫ́) - do, engage in an activity [CQ-Osage]; oⁿ (ǫ́ǫ) - suffer from, have as an illness, be sick from, perhaps more literally “be enveloped by (sickness)”, “(sickness) lies upon someone”, wear, use [CQ-Osage]; ’oⁿ (’oⁿ), oⁿ (oⁿ) - do; use; stay, live (reside); put in, put into [Kaw]

using a sharp edge

► pa (pá) - by cutting with a knife, outer instrumental prefix

► ex: pa-shi-ke (pášike) - ruin by cutting with a knife

► ex: pa-iⁿ-zhi (páįži) - fail in cutting or sawing

► ex: pa-ta-xe (páttaxe) - cut and dry up, e.g. cornstalk

► ex: pa-shoⁿ-da-da (pášǫdadá) - undercut, undermine

► Dhegiha: ma (ma) - by cutting with a knife [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; ba (ba) - a prefix to denote the act of cutting with a knife [FL-Osage]; ba (ba) - a verb prefix denoting an act is done with a stick, spear, or any other sharp thing [FL-Osage]; pa (pá) - by use of a sharp edge, by cutting [CQ-Osage]; ba (bá) - instrumental prefix: by cutting with a blade [Kaw]

using the foot

► naⁿ (ną) - by action of the foot, inner instrumental prefix

► ex: naⁿ-shi-ke nąšíke) - spoil something by stepping on it

► ex: naⁿ-iⁿ-zhi (nąį́ži) - fail in walking or with machine

► ex: naⁿ-ta-xe (nąttáxe) - stomp, trample, thump with feet

► ex: naⁿ-shoⁿ-da-da (nąšǫ́dadá) - destabilize with the foot; kick loose

► Dhegiha: noⁿ (noⁿ), naⁿ (naⁿ) - instrumental prefix, by foot, by action of the foot [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - with the foot/feet [FL-Osage]; naⁿ (nąą) - on or with one’s foot or feet, by foot [CQ-Osage]; naⁿ (ną) - instrumental prefix: by foot, by using the foot or feet [Kaw]

using the hands

► di (di) - by hand, pulling, cause or make to, inner instrumental prefix

► ex: di-shi-ke (díšiké) - ruin by tearing, do wrong

► ex: di-iⁿ-zhi (díįži) - fail in pulling, rowing, etc.

► ex: di-ta-xe (dittáxe) - dry out by pulling up, uproot

► ex: di-shoⁿ-da-da (dišǫ́dadá) - pull off balance

► Dhegiha: thi (thi) - by hand, pulling [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; thi (thi) - action with the hand, action by pulling [FL-Osage]; thu (ðu), thi (ði) - action by hand; cause, make (not necessarily by hand) [CQ-Osage]; yu (yu), yiu (yü) - instrumental prefix: by hand, cause by using the hands; also, a general causative, by unspecified cause [Kaw]

using the mouth

► da (da) - by mouth, inner instrumental prefix

► ex: da-shi-ke (dašíke) - speak badly of or incorrectly

► ex: da-iⁿ-zhi (daį́ži) - fail using the mouth, voice

► ex: da-ta-xe (dattáxe) - dry up from being gnawed

► ex: da-shoⁿ-da-da (dašǫ́dadá) - undermine

► Dhegiha: tha (tha) - instrumental prefix, by mouth [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; tha (ðaa) - by mouth [CQ-Osage]; ya (ya) - instrumental prefix: by mouth, by using the mouth, as in eating, biting, speaking, chewing, singing, etc. [Kaw]

using, with, by means of

► i (í) - instrumental, comitative, requires special pronominal allomorphs

► ex: i-ka-za (íkaza) - to hit with, whip; i (i) + ka-za (kazá), ga-za (gazá) - to whip

► ex: i-sta-de (ístade) - grease with; i (i) + sta-de (stáde) - to grease

► ex: i-tʰiⁿ (itʰį́) - hit, strike with something; i (i) + tʰiⁿ (tʰį́) - verb root, strike, slap, hit

► ex: i-t’e-de (itʔéde) - kill with something; i (i) + t’e-de (tʔede) - kill

► Dhegiha: i (í) - instrumental, by means of, with which to [JOD-Omaha/Ponca]; i (i) - with which to [FL-Osage]; i (í) - with, using, as a means of or to, through, from, due to [CQ-Osage]; i (í) - instrumentive locative: with, using, by means of [Kaw]

usually

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often [JOD]

► naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - habitual postclitic

► cf. naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - in the past, past sign, past act, when, time when

► ex: da-tʰi-zhi hi naⁿ (datʰíži hi ną́) - you did not come hither at all/usually [JOD]

► ex: ho-hoo! da-tʰi-zhi hi naⁿ ni-tʰe! (hohoó! datʰíži hi ną́ nitʰé!) - well! well! you have never come here before now! [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti hi-naⁿ wa-da-xo-we-naⁿ (níkkašíka étti hí-ną wadáxowé-ną) - people/there/arrive/usually/draws them into its mouth/usually [JOD]

► ex: “ni-ka-shi-ka e-ti hi-naⁿ wa-da-xo-we-naⁿ iⁿ,” i-yi i-ya wa-x’o-zhi-ka niⁿ-kʰe (“níkkašíka étti hí-ną wadáxowé-ną į́,” iyí iyá waxʔóžiká nįkʰé) - “when people go there, it always draws them into its mouth,” it is said the old woman said [JOD]

► ex: ni-ka-shi-ka wa-ta-xo-we-naⁿ (níkkašíka wáttaxowe-ną) - people/you draw them into your mouth/usually [JOD]

► ex: di-xa-zhi wa-da-xo-we ni-kʰe, ni-ka-shi-ka wa-ta-xo-we-naⁿ, i-ya-we (dixáži wadáxowé nikʰé, níkkašíka wáttaxowe-ną, iyáwe) - you are the Hill that draws things (people) into its mouth, they say that you always draw people into your mouth [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-we (ną-wé), naⁿ-wi (ną-wi) - they usually, they regularly [JOD]

► ex: o-zha aⁿ-koi-he-naⁿ-we (óža ąkóihe-ną-wé) - we joined in the dance regularly [JOD]

► ex: wa-x’o zho-hi o-zha-naⁿ-we (waxʔó žohí óža-ną-wé) - many women danced regularly [JOD]

► ex: ko-i-shoⁿ-taⁿ, i-ki-pʰe ki-ha naⁿ ni-ka-shi-ka zho-hi hi, tʰi-naⁿ-we (kóišǫ́ttą, íkipʰe kihá ną níkkašíka žóhi hí, tʰí-ną-we) - then, when he is finishes inviting many people, they usually come [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-toⁿ-we-naⁿ-we (ątǫ́we-ną-wé) - they usually look (watch) at me [JOD]

► ex: si-si hi naⁿ-we (sisí hi ną-wé) - they are very active usually [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to naⁿhaⁿ maⁿ-di-taⁿ si-si hi naⁿ-we e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šétto nąhą́ mądíttą sisí hi ną-wé ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like the grown boys who pull a bow and are very active (able to run swiftly and far),” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: to k’e de-naⁿ-wi (tó kʔe dé-ną-wi) - they usually dig for potatoes [JOD]

► ex: i-she naⁿ (išé ną) - you said/regularly [JOD]

► ex: haⁿ i-she naⁿ e (hą́ išé ną e) - what did you usually say? [JOD]

► ex: taⁿ-niⁿ tʰi-da-da naⁿ (ttą́nį tʰidáda ną) - to run/starting often/regularly [JOD]

► ex: “e-ska, wi-zhiⁿ-ke, she-to maⁿ-di-taⁿ pi-oⁿ taⁿ-niⁿ tʰi-da-da naⁿ e-koⁿ kaⁿ,” i-yi i-ya ma-shtiⁿ-ke (“éska, wižį́ke, šétto mądíttą ppiǫ́ ttą́nį tʰidáda ną ékǫ kką,” iyí iyá maštį́ke) - “oh my son I hope that you become like a boy that knows how to pull a bow well and begins to run now and then for short distances,” it is said Rabbit said [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ (sniwátte hí-ži ną) - cold/not very/regularly [JOD]

► ex: e-toⁿ-ti-tʰaⁿ, sni-wa-te hi-zhi naⁿ, i-ya (éttǫttítʰą, sniwátte hí-ži ną, iyá) - therefore, from that time on, it has not been very cold, it is said (before that it was much colder that it is now, now we have the female Winter) [JOD]

► ex: shi-naⁿ (šíną), shi-noⁿ (šínǫ) - again, over and over, repeatedly

► ex: pi-naⁿ (ppíną), pi-noⁿ (ppínǫ) - do well at something precociously

► ex: bda-taⁿ naⁿ (bdattą́ ną) - I drink, I’m a drunkard

► ex: ta-taⁿ naⁿ (ttattą́ ną) - you drink, you’re a drunkard

► ex: naⁿ hi (ną hí) - often/very [JOD]

► ex: i-ye ną-we (iyé-naⁿ-wé) - they said often JOD]

► ex: si di-ze de-de naⁿ hi tʰe-ti, “hoo! hoo! hoo!” i-ye ną-we i-ya (sí dizé dedé ną hí tʰétti, “hoo! hoo! hoo!” iyé-naⁿ-wé iyá) - when he took every step, “hoo! hoo! hoo!” it is said they (the owls) said [JOD]

► ex: naⁿ-ke de naⁿ (nąké de ną) - ran/went/often [JOD]

► ex: kdi naⁿ (kdi ną) - returned/often [JOD]

► ex: e-to-ha hi shi naⁿ-ke de naⁿ, i-ya, xa-da shi kdi naⁿ, i-ya (ettóha hí shi nąké de ną, iyá, xáda shi kdi ną, iyá) - he ran far ahead, it is said, and then back, again and again, it is said [JOD]

► ex: o-di-shaⁿ naⁿ (odíšą ną) - went around him/often [JOD]

► ex: sni-wa-te niⁿ naⁿ-ke shi o-di-shaⁿ naⁿ, i-ya (sniwátte nį nąké shi odíšą ną, iyá) - he ran around and around the Winter, it is said [JOD]

► Dhegiha: hnoⁿ (hnoⁿ) - a sign of occasional regular, or customary action [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually; customarily [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ), naⁿ (ną), na (na) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to; distributed to each [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always; generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

► niⁿ-naⁿ (nįną́) - continuative habitual ► a-ni-he-naⁿ (anihéną) - I, ni-she-naⁿ (nišéną) - you

► cf. niⁿ (nį) - continuative moving; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often, habitual postclitic; in the past, past sign, past act, when, time when

► ex: a-niⁿ niⁿ-naⁿ (anį́ nį-ną́) - he is the one who has (had) her [JOD]

► ex: we-shaⁿ niⁿ-naⁿ (wéšną nį́ną́) - she was thankful [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - the moving [JOD-Omaha]; thiⁿ (thiⁿ) - a man or animal moving about [FL-Osage]; yi (yi) - continuative, moving/animate [Kaw]

► Dhegiha: hnoⁿ (hnoⁿ) - a sign of occasional regular, or customary action [Omaha/Ponca]; noⁿ (noⁿ) - usually; customarily [FL-Osage]; noⁿ (nǫ), naⁿ (ną), na (na) - always, repeatedly, habitually, customarily, usually, recurringly, continually, continue to, used to; distributed to each [CQ-Osage]; hnaⁿ (hnaⁿ) - habitual aspect; usually; always; generally; used to, it used to be so [Kaw]

► niⁿ-kʰe-naⁿ (nįkʰéną) - continuative habitual ► ni-kʰa-naⁿ (nikʰáną) - they

► cf. niⁿ-kʰe (nįkʰé) - continuative sitting; naⁿ (ną), noⁿ (nǫ) - regularly, usually, often, habitual postclitic; in the past, past sign, past act, when, time when

► ex: wa-x’o to-wa ti-kde ni-kʰa-naⁿ (waxʔó tówa ttíkde nikʰá ną) - four women were dwelling in a lodge [JOD]

► Dhegiha: thiⁿ-kʰe (thiⁿ-kʰe) - third person singular [JOD-Omaha]

► shtaⁿ (štą) - habitual aspect suffix

► ex: wa-maⁿ-da-shtaⁿ (wamą́daštą́) - thief, who steals habitually

► ex: i-ye-shtaⁿ (íyeštą́) - talker, loquacious person

► ex: ha-t’e shtaⁿ (hątʔé štą) - sickly [JOD]

► ex: iⁿ-chʰoⁿ taⁿ aⁿ-si-si-zhi, haⁿ-t’e shtaⁿ a-ta-ha taⁿ (įčʰǫ́ tą ąsísiží, hątʔé štą attahá tą) - now I’m not active and I’m very sickly [JOD]

► ex: aⁿ-na-xi-da-shtaⁿ (ąnáγida-štą́) - I am scared/often, regularly [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-zhi, wi-ti-mi, wi-e-taⁿ aⁿ-na-xi-da-shtaⁿ i-naⁿ (hǫží, wíttimí, wiéhittą́ ąnáγida-štą́ iną́) - no, aunt (my father’s sister), even I am often scared [JOD]

► Dhegiha: shtoⁿ (shtoⁿ) - habitually [Omaha/Ponca]; shtoⁿ (shtoⁿ) - habitually [Omaha]; shtoⁿ (shtoⁿ) - in the habit of, habitually, constantly [FL-Osage]; shtaⁿ (štą) - all the time, incessantly, always, a lot, constantly, continuously, keep on doing something [CQ-Osage]; shtaⁿ (shtaⁿ) - habitual aspect suffix or postclitic [Kaw]

► aⁿ-maⁿ (ąmą́), oⁿ-maⁿ (ǫmą́) - I usually, I used to

► ex: a-xa-ke aⁿ-maⁿ (aγáke ąmą́) - I usually cry [JOD]

► ex: i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (ihé ąmą́) - I usually say [JOD]

► ex: hoⁿ-aⁿ-zhi i-he aⁿ-maⁿ (hǫ́ąží ihé ąmą́) - I usually say no [JOD]

► ex: a-wa-k’i aⁿ-maⁿ (awákʔi ąmą́) - I usually give them [JOD]

► ex: o-ka-ki-xe hi o-skaⁿ-skaⁿ hi o-a-zha aⁿ-maⁿ (okákixe hí oską́ską hí óažá ąmą́) - I usually dance, going around in the middle [JOD]

uterus

► shi-o-zhi-ha (šíožíha) - uterus

► cf. o-zhi-ha (óžiha) - sack, bag, pocket, pouch

► ex: ta shi-o-zhi-ha (ttašíožíha) - doe’s womb

► Dhegiha: zhiⁿ u-zhi-ha (zhiⁿúzhiha) - “the sack of the young one;” the placenta; the uterus is sometimes thus called [Omaha/Ponca]

► Dhegiha: u-zhi-ha (úzhiha) - bag, sack [Omaha/Ponca]; u-zhi-ha (úzhi ha) - bag, gunny sack, burlap bag [Omaha]; u-zhi-ha (újiha) - bag, pouch, sack [JOD-Omaha]; u-zhi-ha (ú-zhi-ha), u-zhu-ha (ú-zhu-ha), o-zho-ha (ó-zho-ha) - a sack or bag [FL-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (óožuhaa) - bag, sack, pouch made of hide or leather, literally, skin into which to put stuff [CQ-Osage]; o-zhu-ha (ozhuha) - pouch [Kaw]

utmost, to do one’s utmost

► hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ (hínįhá ʔǫ́) - to do one’s utmost; to the limit

► ex: di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha oⁿ-we (disísíke hí nį há ǫ́wé) - they’all abuse one as much and as often as they can [JOD]

► ex: wa-sa ke ni-ka-shi-ka i-xa-xa taⁿ-da he-we di-si-si-ke hi-niⁿ-ha ’oⁿ-we (wasá ke níkkašíka íxaxa ttą́da héwe: disísike hínįhá ʔǫ́wé) - the black bears made fun of mankind, they were very cruel to mankind [JOD]

Back to Top